A message on the topic of syntax and punctuation. Types of sentences according to the number of grammatical bases. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

Collocation

Collocation- these are two or more words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

The semantic connection is determined by the question, the grammatical connection is determined by the ending of the dependent word and the preposition.

Ways to connect words in phrases:

Agreement (the dependent agrees with the main in the form of number, case and gender): my books, autumn forest.

Adjunction (the dependent word is connected to the main word only in meaning): very quickly, began to speak, become more beautiful.

Among subordinating phrases stand out:

• nominal (main word - noun, adjective, numeral): our land, second from the edge;
• verbal (main word - verb, participle, gerund): saw everything, illuminated by the sun, looking around;
• pronominal: something important;
• adverbial: especially sharply.

Remember: A combination of subject and predicate is not a phrase.

Exercise No. 1

Determine the method of communication and type of phrase based on the main word.

Sample: song about a friend (control, nominal).

Belief in success, truthful by nature, desire to keep up, not catching the train, childishly naive, alone with his brother, walking blindly, excessive pomposity, slight amazement, picky about little things, low over the head, striving for success, something extraordinary, not strong enough, free from work, each of ten, any of us, someone else, oak leaf, whispering with her, swinging on the branches, just recently, crying with happiness, studying diligently.

Exercise No. 2

Write down the phrases and indicate the method of communication.

1) Above the indignant Neva stands an idol on a bronze horse with outstretched hand. 2) Stretching out his hand to the heights, a bronze rider rushes behind him on a loudly galloping horse. 3) And happiness was so possible, so close!.. 4) I renounced them and devoted myself to music alone. 5) Someday a hardworking monk will find my work...

(According to A. S. Pushkin).

Exercise No. 3

From these sentences, write down phrases that correspond to the patterns “adj. + noun", "adv. + v.", "loc. + ch.", "ch. + gerund.", "cr. prib. + ex. + noun", "ch. - adv.

1) He walks boldly and straight to the shore with long steps. 2) The wind whispers with her, caressing the green branches. 3) It was buried without honors by enemies in quick sand. 4) In the sandy steppes of the Arabian land, three proud palm trees grew high. 5) In the distance, golden sand was spinning like a blue column. (According to M.Yu. Lermontov)

Offer. The grammatical basis of the sentence. Subject and predicate as the main members of a sentence

Offer– a syntactic unit that consists of a predicatively formed word or combination of words.

Predicativity - this is an affirmation or denial of something, conveyed by the grammatical forms of the main members and the intonation of completeness.

The main feature of a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis (subject and predicate or one of the main members): By morning the flowers bloomed. Morning It got colder.

Subject– the main member of the sentence that answers the questions who? What? Everyone arrived on time.

Predicate – the main member of the sentence that answers the questions what to do? what to do?

Exercise No. 1

Indicate the grammatical bases of sentences and ways of expressing them.

1) A warm night covered the islands. (A. Blok) 2) You and I have fought enough over the past five years. (M.A. Sholokhov) 3) He left home late, it was more useful for his music, so that the world would become quieter and darker, (A. Platonov) 4) He had to go to the middle of the lake on an old boat. 5) Everything that surrounded us seemed extraordinary: the late moon shining over the black lakes, and high clouds, and even the usual sea noise of tall pines. (K.G. Paustovsky) 6) Extraordinary autumn silence. 7) You get up before dawn and wander through the forest for a long time. (I.S. Turgenev) 8) To the right of the front door are shelves with books. 9) Living life is not a field to cross. (Proverb) 10) When we walked here, there were no tracks on the path. (V. Arsenyev)

Exercise 2

Write down the predicates and determine their type.

1) This silence was somehow special, mysterious, scary. 2) There was no doubt that a terrible predator had just stood here. (V. Arsenyev) 3) That’s why the sight of a nameless Russian meadow is so pleasing to the heart, 4) And, of course, beauty is not the last thing at a human holiday in the fall. (V. Peskov) 5) You return home tired, dirty from head to toe, but cheerful and cheerful, with a monstrous appetite. 6) What a pleasure to sit at the gate, listen and watch how it gradually calms down rural life! 7) The nights became warmer, and in their thick and humid darkness one could feel invisible hasty work. (A.I. Kuprin) 8) I called Aksakov grandfather. 9) And in the morning everything crunched around. (K.G. Paustovsky) 10) It was in the summer. Soon after the war. (A.P. Chekhov)

Dash between subject and predicate

There can be only one punctuation mark between the subject and the predicate - a dash.

A dash is placed

There is no dash

If the subject and predicate are expressed: - nouns in the nominative case: London is the capital of Great Britain; - numerals in the nominative case: Three times nine – twenty seven; - indefinite form of verbs: To teach fools - not to spare your fists. If one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by an indefinite form of a verb or a numeral in the nominative case: His goal is to become the hero of a novel.

If the subject is a personal pronoun: I am an artist. If the predicate is an adjective: The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss. If before the predicate there is a negation not, a comparative conjunction, an introductory word or a particle: Poverty is not a vice; The house is like a palace; He is apparently a smart man.

Remember: a dash is placed before the words this, this is, this means, joining the predicate to the subject: A person’s speech culture is a mirror of his spiritual life (Sukhomlinsky); To love means to live the life of the one you love (Paustovsky).

It should be borne in mind that a dash can also appear in an incomplete sentence instead of an absent one verb predicate: Lakes attract us with their smooth surface, seas with their spaciousness, rivers with their movement (Zalygin).

Exercise No. 3

Write it off. Explain the presence or absence of a dash in the following sentences. Underline the subject and predicate.

I. 1. Communication with a book is the highest and irreplaceable form of human intellectual development (Tvardovsky). 2. Developing a literary language is a long process, but I would not say that it is an unpleasant task (Koltsov). 3. The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is three hundred eighty-four thousand four hundred kilometers. 4. Sit with a young person - make yourself younger. 5. “Having legible handwriting is the first rule of politeness,” historian V. O. Klyuchevsky liked to repeat. 6. Reading is not just about learning facts. Reading means developing taste, comprehending the beautiful (Fedin). 7. Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery (Pushkin).

II. 1. The sea is wonderful, blue and gentle (Chekhov). 2. Horses are not a friend to those on foot. 3. The early dawn is fresh in April (Bunin). 4. Straight friends are like brothers. 5. Trying is not torture, and demand is not a problem. 6. To live idlely only to smoke the sky. 7. Learning is always useful. 8. “I am the son of my unfortunate fatherland,” said the officer (Paustovsky).

Exercise No. 4

Rewrite the sentences, placing a dash where necessary. Explain the presence or absence of this punctuation mark in each case.

1. Nature is the birthplace of all talents, starting from... the sun and ending with talents that pass into the history of culture (Prishvin). 2. Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. 3. Mountains are like lush folds on the rich clothing of the earth (Gorky). 4. A fairy tale embodied in poetic form, a person’s dream of beauty (Paustovsky). 5. A sharp tongue is a gift, a long tongue is a punishment. 6. Pyotr Petrovich, at least by my standards, is a very respectable man (Dostoevsky). 7. The Kremlin is a treasure of Russian architecture, the creation of great masters, a living chronicle of centuries-old history.

Secondary members of the sentence

In a common two-part sentence, all members except the main ones are secondary. Among them are:

• additions are minor members of a sentence that answer questions in indirect cases (all cases except the nominative):
• direct (form V.p. without a preposition or R.p. with a verb with negation): sing a song, did not know the truth;
• indirect: in serving the people.

Definitions- secondary members of the sentence that answer the questions what? whose? which?

• agreed (combined with the main word in gender, number and case): attic window;
• inconsistent (controlled by or adjacent to a subordinating word): window to the attic, soft-boiled egg.

Applications- These are definitions expressed by nouns. They can indicate profession, nationality, family relationships, names of books, newspapers and magazines: the Moscow River, the movie “Girls”.

Circumstances- minor members of the sentence that answer the questions where? Where? where? When? how? Among them are the circumstances of place, time, method and mode of action, degree, reason, conditions, goals, concessions: speak loudly, go forward.

Exercise No. 1

Indicate the minor members of the sentence, name their types:

Sample: The road line led into a swamp. (The stitch (what?) of the road is an inconsistent definition; led (where?) into the swamp - a circumstance of the place.

The dew in the tall fragrant grass, from which the spikelets had already been selected, wetted my legs and blouse above the waist. In the transparent silence of the morning the slightest sounds could be heard. The bees flew out from behind the bee fence and disappeared over the hemp towards the swamp.

(According to L.N. Tolstoy)

Exercise No. 2

Place missing letters and punctuation marks, graphically indicate isolated definitions.

1) Frightened by his father’s despair, his mother did not cry in front of him. (A.S. Pushkin) 2) Levin straightened up and looked back with a sigh. 3) The dog stopped, looking mockingly at the horses and looking questioningly at the hunter. (L.N. Tolstoy) 4) The blueness, permeated with rays, became darker and fragmented in its endless change. (Yu.V. Bondarev) 5) Mikhail almost screamed with joy when an old hut appeared on the hill among the tall crying trees. (F. Abramov) 6) T. .polya stands on a hill open to all winds. (Ch. Aitmatov) 7) At the door stood a mustachioed German (soldier) from the Zh..ndarmerie on duty at the corridor. (A. Fadeev)8) Despite the fatigue, the guys were not going to leave.

Exercise No. 3

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Write out from the sentences special circumstances along with the words they refer to.

1) The rest of the horses got scared and, splashing through the water and making a sound like clapping with their hooves, jumped out of the swamp. (L.N. Tolstoy) 2) A light steam hovered over the black fields, filling the air with the smell of thawed earth. (A.I. Kuprin) 3) After reading them several times, I gave the owner a small volume. 4) So, thanks to Pushkin, my friend appeared before me in a completely different light. (M. Gorky).

Two-part and one-part sentences

Two-piece - these are sentences in which both main members are present - subject and predicate: The forests have become prettier.

One-piece- these are sentences in which there is only one main member (subject or predicate): It got colder. I'm hurrying home. Silence.

Types of one-part sentences:

• with the main member of the subject - nominatives: White silence;
• with the main member predicate:

Definitely personal (verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person): ... We will dedicate our souls to the Fatherland with wonderful impulses. (A.S. Pushkin)

Indefinite personal (verb in the form of the 3rd person plural of present and future tense or plural of past tense): There is a knock on the door. They started talking about it unexpectedly.

Generalized-personal (definitely and indefinitely-personal sentences that have a generalized meaning - proverbs): What goes around comes around. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

Impersonal (there is not and cannot be a subject): Feeling sad.

Exercise No. 1

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Highlight the grammatical bases of sentences and indicate the types of one-part sentences.

1) The lorry walked and walked through the forest and did not come across anyone. (K.M. Simonov) 2) Tears cannot help your grief. (Proverb) 3) We make noise, brother, we make noise. 4) This is how they will talk about me later. 5) Well, here's some fun for you. (A.S. Griboedov) 6) To love music, you must first listen to it. (D. Shostakovich) 7) You should leave before you are explicitly forced to do so. (S. Dovlatov) 8) The nanny can’t sleep. 9) There is no truth on earth, but there is no truth above. (A.S. Pushkin) 10) Whoever has infiltrated the rank of a fox will become a wolf in the rank. (V. Zhukovsky) 11) Crossing, crossing! Bank left bank right. Rough snow edge of ice... (A. Tvardovsky)

Exercise No. 2

Indicate the type of one-part sentences and distribute them into groups. (There are no punctuation marks.)

1) Silence. Strip of light. (A. Tvardovsky) 2) Petya was already allowed to walk around the house. (V. Kataev) 3) Treat your native language with care and think about it with love, study it, love it. (V. Lugovskoy) 4) Rich family. A large estate near Moscow. Mansion in Moscow. (V. Veresaev) 5) Sintsov felt uncomfortable breaking this silence. (K. Simonov) 6) You look like me... (M. Tsvetaeva) 7) My eyes were blinded by the wet snow. 8) I accuse you of the very full meeting sins. (Yu. Vizbor) 9) Oh, if only it were possible to speak with one’s soul without a word! (A. Fet) 10) We believe in the morning of our date. (P. Vyazemsky)

Common and uncommon offers

Undistributed - these are sentences that consist only of the main members of the sentence: It got colder. It started to rain.

Common - these are sentences that, in addition to the main members, also have secondary ones: It got cold in the forest. It started to rain heavily.

Note: One-part sentences in which there are secondary members of the sentence are not uncommon.

Exercise No. 1

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Indicate the types of minor members in common sentences.

1) The wind is blowing. The snow is fluttering. Twelve people are walking. (A. Blok) 2) The days of late autumn are usually scolded. 3) The Mazurka sounded. 4) Onegin went up to the window and read it to himself. (A.S. Pushkin) 5) Here on the window, a clumsy prickly pachyderm cactus modestly pressed into the corner. (I. Shmelev) 6) The last plane fell silent. (O. Berggolts) 7) My white linden tree has bloomed and the nightingale dawn has sounded. 8) The winds did not blow in vain; the thunderstorm did not come in vain. (S. Yesenin) 9) Motionless reeds. The sedge does not tremble. Deep silence. (K. Balmont) 10) From the door of the barn standing at the end of the yard, a hunched old woman, bent by life and experience, came out. (M. Sholokhov)

Complete and incomplete sentences

Based on the presence or absence of main and minor members of a sentence, simple sentences are divided into complete and incomplete.

Complete sentences - these are those in which all members of the sentence are present: We went for a walk in the square. It suddenly got dark.

Incomplete- sentences in which the main or minor member of the sentence is missing, which is restored in meaning: They decided to take the short path, I decided to take the long one.

In an incomplete sentence, a dash is placed where the sentence member is missing: The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by the mind. (Proverb)

Exercise No. 1

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Provide incomplete sentences.

1) The night was a river of black clouds. 2) There are only two forms of life: rotting and burning. The cowardly and greedy will choose the first, the courageous and generous will choose the second. (M. Gorky) 3) Mother was sitting in the living room and pouring tea with one hand, she held the teapot with the other edge of the samovar. 4) Right next to the door there was a sofa by the window desk. 5) She spoke loudly, slightly shrilly, but quietly, barely audible. 6) The sun is bright, the sky is blue. (M.Yu. Lermontov) 7) One mushroom picker comes with small mushrooms, the other with large ones. 8) There are paintings and prints on the walls. 9) Above the blue snow covering the thicket of fir trees is a huge blue and surprisingly gentle sky. (I. Bunin)

Exercise No. 2

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Write down incomplete sentences.

1) In front of me is a young birch forest washed by the rain. (G. Skrebitsky). 2) I thought about what to call you. From now on the swan will be Lotus and the swan will be Lily. (K. Khromov) 3) He looked at me and I looked at him. 4) One tells the subscriber the hour of the day and the other the minute. (E. Manko) 5) Atlantic Ocean Indian is third in area and Arctic is fourth. (B. Bogorov) 6) Victory is ahead. (V. Zubkov) 7) For Turgenev, the Motherland began with a park in Spassky-Lutovinovo for Leo Tolstoy with Yasnaya Polyana without which he could not imagine Russia. (M. Rostovtsev) 8) Sleepy and lazy two brothers. (Proverb) 9) The desert is yellow and blue. Blue sky yellow sands. (N. Sladkov)

Simple complicated sentence

Simple sentence is a sentence that has one grammatical basis.

A simple sentence can be complicated:

1) homogeneous members;

2) introductory and plug-in structures;

3) addresses and interjections;

4) isolated members of the sentence.

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous call the members of a sentence that answer the same question and refer to the same word: Her voice was melodious, melodious.

Homogeneous members of a sentence can be connected by intonation and coordinating conjunctions:

Note: definitions are not homogeneous if the first of them defines the entire subsequent combination as a whole as one concept: An early, harsh winter dawn appeared through the deathly haze. (K. Fedin)

Introductory words, phrases and sentences

Introductory words, phrases and sentences - these are syntactic units that serve to express the speaker’s attitude to the content of the statement or indicate the source of the message, the order of thoughts.

Introductory constructions indicate:

• one or another degree of certainty (of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, probably, maybe, should be, it seems, probably, apparently): He probably won’t come. (L. Karelin);
• expression of feelings, emotions (for joy, unfortunately, unfortunately, for grief, for misfortune): Fortunately, the weather was calm, and the pond seemed to fall asleep. (I.S. Turgenev);
• source of the message (according to..., according to the message..., they say, it is known, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to rumors..., from competent sources...): According to him, I was sent by Pugachev to Orenburg as a spy . (A.S. Pushkin);
• the order of thoughts and the method of their design (firstly, finally, so, in one word, in short, for example, means): In a word, this person had a constant and irresistible desire to surround himself with a shell, to create a case for himself. (A.P. Chekhov);
• encouraging the interlocutor to more actively perceive the statement (you see, you know, imagine, believe it): Imagine, our young people are already bored. (I.S. Turgenev)

Plug-in structures they call sentences that contain explanatory or additional information about the content: I quickly had lunch, without answering the caring questions of the kind German woman, who herself burst into tears at the sight of my red, swollen eyes (German women, as is well known, are always happy to cry). (I.S. Turgenev)

Note: The following words and phrases are not introductory; perhaps, allegedly, nevertheless, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, as if, decisively, at the same time, suddenly, after all, hardly, exactly, exclusively, as if, just, approximately, moreover, and, I suppose, meanwhile, at the same time.

Appeal

The appeal may be:

• common (My dear, help me out!);
• undistributed (You are my letter, dear, don’t crumple it up, read it to the end, friend. (A. Akhmatova))

Separate members of the sentence

Separate members of the sentence - these are those that stand out through intonation during pronunciation and by commas in writing.

All minor members of a sentence can be isolated: additions, definitions, circumstances, applications.

Separate definitions

Separate definitions can be expressed:

• participles with dependent words (participial phrases): A path winding between the trees led us to the sea;
• adjectives with dependent words: Red with embarrassment, she shamefully lowered her eyes;
• single adjectives and participles: A sound, distant, fading, reached us.

Types of separate definitions:

• consistent (consistent with the word being defined: The sea, lazily running away, rubbed at our feet);
• inconsistent (related to the word control or adjacency: The house, almost half the size, did not suit us).

Special circumstances

Separate circumstances can be expressed:

• gerunds with dependent words (adverbial phrases): Without thinking about anything, he picked up the phone. (V. Amlinsky);
• nouns with prepositions despite, in view of, as a result of, for the reason of, for the purpose of, on the part of, by virtue of, in the presence of, with the consent of, in contrast to, for the purpose of, thanks to, in the presence of, in the absence of: I went by postal service, and he, due to heavy luggage, he could not follow me. (M.Yu. Lermontov);
• single gerunds: While talking, they walked slowly.

Standalone Add-ons

Common additions with prepositions except, besides, over, including, along with, for lack of, except for, instead of: All of us, with the exception of the new ones, knew this route well.

Dedicated Applications

Detached applications can be expressed:

• single nouns: I don’t like these flowers too much - chrysanthemums;
• nouns with dependent words: To complete the picture there was no shortage of a rooster - a harbinger of changeable weather. (N.V. Gogol)

Clarifying isolated members of a sentence

Clarifying isolated members of the sentence serve to explain other members of the sentence, most often the circumstances of place and time: Ilya Ilyich woke up early, contrary to usual, at eight o’clock. (I. Goncharov)

Difficult sentence

Types of complex sentences

Complex sentences that have two or more grammatical stems are called: Flocks of wild birds, fleeing fires, swept over the village, and at sunset terrible sandstorms broke out. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Complex conjunction sentences

In complex sentences, the parts are connected by intonation and coordinating conjunctions (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive - see the topic “Simple complex sentence”).

In complex sentences, the parts are connected by intonation and complex conjunctions and allied words.

Note: subordinating conjunctions (what, if, that, although) are not members of the sentence, allied words ( relative pronouns or adverbs: which, whose, which, where, where, why, why, why) are members of the sentence.

Complex sentences are divided into groups:

• with attributive clauses: We bought a dress that we had been looking for for a long time;
• with explanatory clauses: It was obvious that he was right;
• with adverbial clauses (place, time, method and mode of action, reasons, goals, conditions, concessions, comparative): To catch the train, we had to catch a car.

Complex sentences can have several subordinate clauses:

• with homogeneous subordination: With such subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clause.

For example: At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native place, where she was born and where the months of her childhood were so memorable (Chernov).

• with sequential subordination: With such subordination, the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause, the second – to the first subordinate clause, the third – to the second subordinate clause, etc. The specificity of the subordinate clauses is that each of them is a subordinate clause in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the subsequent one.

For example: Often in the fall I closely watched the falling leaves in order to catch that imperceptible split second when the leaf separates from the branch and begins to fall to the ground (Paustovsky).

• with parallel subordination: With such subordination, subordinate clauses include:

a) to different words of the main sentence or one part to the entire main sentence, and the other to one of its words;

b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.

For example: From the world called the nursery, a door leads into a space where they dine and drink tea (Chekhov).

There are also SPPs with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.

For example: When the chaise drove out of the yard, he (Chichikov) looked back and saw that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, it seemed, was looking closely, wanting to know where the guest would go (Gogol).

Complex non-union sentences

In non-union complex sentences, the parts are connected only by intonation, without conjunctions or demonstrative words.

Parts of non-union complex sentences are interconnected in meaning. They have the following semantic relationships:

• enumerative (simultaneity and sequence of actions): Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, the horses galloped. (A.S. Pushkin);
• explanatory: One thing was certain: the concert would take place. (Yu. Bondarev);
• additions: Suddenly Varya felt someone’s tears dripping onto her hand. (L. Uvarova);
• causal: They were silent the whole way to the farm: the bumpy ride made it difficult to talk. (M. Sholokhov);
• contrasts: The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service. (A.S. Griboedov);
• comparison: If he looks, he will give you a ruble. (N.A. Nekrasov);
• conditional: If you like to draw, draw for your health. (V. Panova);
• consequences: If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled. (Proverb);
• temporary: When summer comes, we’ll go to the country.

Punctuation

Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members

Separate definitions

Common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined: Sciences alien to music were hateful to me.

Participles or adjectives with dependent words after them indefinite pronoun, are not isolated, since they form one whole with the pronoun: I saw something similar to a mushroom.

Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the one that follows them participial phrase: My sister, who left the other day.

Common definitions that appear before the noun being defined are not isolated (if they do not have additional shades of meaning): Daria Alexandrovna stood among the things scattered around the room.

Common definitions that appear after the noun being defined are not isolated if the latter itself in a given sentence does not express the desired concept and needs a definition: A young officer with a dark and distinctly ugly face came in to see me.

Common definitions are not isolated if in meaning they are connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, being part of the latter: Taiga stood silent and full of mystery.

Two or more single definitions stand out after the noun being defined: Then spring came, bright, sunny.

A single definition is isolated, standing after the defined noun, if it has an additional adverbial meaning: The people, astonished, became like stones.

Common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are isolated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (temporary, causal, conditional, concessive): Frightened by my father’s despair, my mother did not dare cry in front of him.

A common or single definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence, regardless of whether the definition is in front of or after the word being defined: Sunlit fields of wheat lay across the river.

The definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition: I returned to Zurin, sad and silent.

Exercise No. 13

1. The cloud hanging over the high tops of the poplars was already pouring rain. 2. There was a warm, deep darkness full of crickets and stars. 3. Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lanterns. 4. Yesterday, tired from walking through the swamp, I wandered into the barn and fell asleep deeply. 5. They rushed after him, enchanted. 6. Everyone who returned from vacation had a good rest. 7. And the theater was besieged by a violent, energetic sea of ​​people. 8. How can I not grieve as a poor thing! 9. And five minutes later it was already pouring heavy rain. 10. The other older companion was a little behind. 11. In the silence that followed the thunderstorm, the sound of drops falling from tree branches could be heard. 12. We were met by a young guy of about twenty, tall and handsome.

Special circumstances

Separated:

1) participial phrases, regardless of the place occupied in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Greeting the morning, pheasants called to each other from all sides.

2) two single gerunds, acting as homogeneous circumstances, for example: The key of youth, the key is fast and rebellious, runs, boils, sparkling and murmuring.

3) single gerunds, if they retain the meaning of verbality, indicating the time of action, its reason, condition, etc., for example: The Cossacks left without agreeing.

4) participle phrases (gerunds) that come after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction (such a participial phrase (gerund) can be torn off from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence), for example: Life is arranged so devilishly that, without knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love.

Not separated:

1) single gerunds, directly adjacent to the predicate and close in function to adverbs (such gerunds indicate a manner of action), for example: What, sir, are you crying? Live your life laughing.

2) participial phrases, which represent idiomatic expressions, for example: Work with your sleeves rolled up.

3) participial phrases, closely related in content to the predicate and forming the semantic center of the statement, for example: This exercise is done while standing on your toes.

Exception: frozen expressions (adverbial phrases), acting as introductory words and expressions: Apparently, this is so.

4) participial phrases used as homogeneous members with non-isolated circumstances (in artistic speech), for example: The child stood with his mouth open in surprise and not taking his eyes off the dog.

Exercise No. 14

Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. Muromsky, tempted by the good weather, ordered his scanty mare to be saddled. 2. Ivan Kuzmich, respecting his wife, would never have told her the secret entrusted to him in his service. 3. Hawks stood motionless in the sky, spreading their wings and fixing their eyes on the grass. 4. Wouldn’t you, if you had money, spend it? 5. Dubov, sitting astride a bench, disassembled the revolver. 6. A flock of black crows flew away, croaking. 7. About ten Cossacks were crowded near the porch, smoking. 8. A lazy person sits, sleeps while lying, works. 9. Sergei pulled Vera away, nodded to her and left whistling. 10. Calculations are made based on average standards.

Check yourself:

What is the reason for isolating a minor member in a sentence?

A young Cossack, slender and handsome, came up to me.

1) A separate application refers to a proper name and stands after the word being defined.

2) A separate definition introduces additional adverbial meaning and stands before the word being defined.

3) A separate definition comes after the word being defined, which is preceded by another definition.

4) A separate definition is separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence.

Behind the village (1), trembling (2) and covering the whistle of the blizzard (3), a whistle sounded deafeningly.

1) 1; 2)2,3; 3)1,2,3; 4)1,3

1) The guests talked in whispers about this unexpected visit and, fearing to be indiscreet, soon left one after another.

2) Having cleared the well and installed new rods, the team began drilling.

3) The horses swam snorting across the wide river.

4) I can’t say anything in advance, make a decision based on the situation.

5) From the shore came the rustling of drying grass, either fading or intensifying.

6) Stunned, she obediently sat down.

7) The unfamiliar young man, long and awkward, was clearly shy.

8) Grass that had not been mown in summer rustled underfoot.

9) The young forest, dressed in green smoke, is impatiently waiting for warm thunderstorms.

Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

Introductory words and phrases

Commas highlight introductory words and phrases, among which the following main groups are distinguished:

1) introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, surprise, joy, annoyance, horror, etc. ;

2) introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reality of what is being communicated (confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, perhaps, probably, etc.;

3) introductory words indicating the source of what is being reported: they say, report, convey, etc.;

4) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation: so, therefore, means, firstly, further, finally, first of all, on the contrary, on the contrary, etc.;

5) introductory words indicating the formatting of the thoughts expressed: in a word, in one word, briefly, as they say, so to speak, etc.;

6) introductory words, which are an appeal to the interlocutor or to the reader in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented: do you see, see, understand, let’s say;

7) introductory words can indicate an assessment of the measure of what is being reported: at most, at least, at least, etc., as well as have other meanings expressing the speaker’s attitude to the thought he is expressing.

Introductory words are separated by commas. If a word is missing in the introductory phrase, then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma: Such travel, on the one hand, is interesting, but very tiring, on the other.

Exercise No. 15

Insert the necessary punctuation marks.

1. Luckily no one noticed me. 2. To his horror, Vronsky felt that he had made a nasty, unforgivable move. 3. To my surprise, the man greets the carrier Tyulin in the most complacent manner. 4. Of course, I treated the old man very carefully. 5. With his eyes it seems like he would like to eat everyone. 6. The mayor must have been playing around in Perov. 7. You are said to sing as a great master. 8. As you can see, Gavrik was his own man here too. 9. So two respectable men, the honor and decoration of Mirgorod, quarreled among themselves. 10. In a word, grandfather Shchukar became a coachman and groom at the same time. 11. You see, he might not have known this.

Check yourself:

1) By the way, his defiant tone surprised us too.

2) Happiness seemed so huge.

3) In the evenings he is usually at home.

4) As if on purpose, the rains and cold continued throughout May.

Comparative turnover

Comparative phrases with the conjunction HOW are separated by commas:

1) if they, denoting likeness, do not contain any other shades in the meaning: They drank grandmother’s liqueur, yellow as gold, dark as tar, and green;

2) if they begin with AS AND and if they are preceded by the words SO, SUCH, etc., for example: Children, like adults, love movies.

A comma is placed before AS in phrases NO ELSE, HOW and NOTHING ELSE, AS, for example: For a moment it even seemed to him that it was none other than his brother who decided to play a joke on him.

Turns with AS are not separated by commas:

1) if the adverbial meaning comes to the fore in the circulation (usually a mode of action that answers the question HOW?): How the smoke cleared away the dreams;

2) if the main meaning of the phrase is equating or identifying: Try to look at me as a patient obsessed with a disease still unknown to you;

3) if the phrase forms a nominal part of a compound predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate: One is like an emerald, the other is like coral;

4) if the turnover has the character of a stable expression: everything went like clockwork;

5) if the comparative phrase is preceded by a negative particle NOT: he did not act like a friend.

Comparative phrases beginning with the words AS WELL, AS WELL, AS WELL, etc. are distinguished by commas.

Exercise No. 16

Insert punctuation marks where necessary.

RULE: If the revolutions are (NOT) MORE THAN, (NOT) LESS THAN, (NOT) EARLIER THAN, etc. do not express comparisons, then they are considered as integral expressions and a comma is not placed before the conjunction THAN, for example: The work will take at least three hours.

The words PLEASE and HIT in combination with interrogative-negative pronouns and adverbs form complete expressions and are not separated by commas.

Exercise No. 17

Add punctuation marks.

1. The work turned out to be much more than we expected. 2. Compared to the usual norm, precipitation this month was more than double. 3. The departure of the expedition will take place no later than planned. 4. You will receive a response to your request no later than tomorrow. 5. On the road we ate whatever we could find. 6. Towards the end of the hunt, the ducks, as if saying goodbye, began to rise in whole flocks. 7. The wind blew towards her as if trying to stop the young criminal. 8. Our hermit is more tired than Mishenka. 9. From above, I saw Moscow like an anthill.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:

1) connective: AND, YES (meaning “AND”), NEI...NOR;

2) adversative: A, BUT, YES (meaning “BUT”), HOWEVER, THEN, BUT THAT, NOT THAT;

3) dividing: OR, EITHER, LI...LI, THAT...TO, NOT THAT...NOT THAT;

4) connecting: YES, YES AND, ALSO, ALSO;

5) explanatory: THAT IS, NAMELY.

If parts of a complex sentence are significantly common or have commas within them, then a semicolon is placed between them: I only had blue paint; but, despite this, I decided to draw a hunt.

If the second part of a complex sentence contains an unexpected addition or sharp contrast to the first part, then a dash is placed between them instead of a comma: I’m rushing there - and the whole city is already there.

Exercise No. 18

1. Then a light whistle was heard and Dubrovsky fell silent. 2. Dadon fell from the chariot, gasped once, and he died. 3. More pressure and the enemy flees. 4. One more minute of explanation and the long-standing enmity was ready to fade away. 5. Vavila threw something into the fire and stamped on it, and immediately it became very dark. 6. A moment and everything again drowned in darkness. 7. One jump and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo. 8. The crack of a torn shirt and Gavrila lay on the sand with his eyes wildly wide. 9. They laid tin on the roof and the house is ready and there is a roof. 10. You have to look at life practically, otherwise you will always be a fool.

RULE: The comma before the conjunctions AND, YES (meaning “AND”), OR, OR is not placed in a complex sentence:

1) if the parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member: In such a storm, the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of the den;

2) if parts of a complex sentence have a common subordinate clause: When the thunderstorm began, the game stopped and the children rushed to run home;

3) between two nominal sentences: A walk in the forest and boating;

4) between two interrogative sentences: What time is it now and how much time is left before the train leaves?

A comma is not placed between two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of the predicates: It is necessary to rewrite the work and it is necessary to explain the mistakes made in it.

A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence that have a common minor member or a common subordinate clause if these parts are connected by a repeating conjunction: Heavy trucks moved along the streets, and cars raced, and pedestrians walked hurriedly.

Exercise No. 19

Place punctuation where necessary. Indicate the common minor member or common subordinate clause for parts of complex sentences.

1. Soon after sunrise a cloud came and a short rain began to fall. 2. Katya’s lips did not smile and her dark eyes expressed bewilderment. 3. The hallway smelled of fresh apples and there were wolf and fox skins hanging. 4. In the harbor, the lights of the lanterns crowded into a multi-colored group and the trunks of the masts were visible. 5. It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room. 6. Ominous shine and diversity of trees. 7. Who are they and what do they need? 8. In the village the fever persisted and there was muddy mud. 9. When Anya was escorted home, it was already dawn and the cooks were going to the market. 10. The stars were already beginning to fade and the sky was turning gray when the carriage drove up to the porch of the house in Vasilyevskoye.

Check yourself:

Mark the numbers of the sentences in which a comma is placed in place of the gaps.

1) Thunder struck __ in the mountains and streams of rain poured down.

2) The sun slipped from its zenith, the shadows lengthened __ and the heat became milder.

3) The captain puts his hand to the visor __ and his smart eyes smile

4) We are stunned by this heavy blow __ and cannot yet recover from it.

5) The cat sat on the window, thinking carefully _ and pretending that he did not hear the persistent barking.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause.

Sometimes, with intonation emphasis, explanatory subordinate clauses (also conditional with the conjunction LI) standing before the main sentence are separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash: He who is cheerful laughs.

When a subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a complex subordinating conjunction (BECAUSE, IN VIEW OF THAT, BECAUSE THAT, INSTEAD OF THAT, SINCE AS, etc.), then the comma is placed once:

1) before the conjunction, if the subordinate clause follows the main one: We sat on the corner of the bastion, so that we could see everything in both directions;

2) after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main one: As I spoke, he came to his senses.

If before a subordinating conjunction or a relative word there is a negation NOT or a further coordinating conjunction AND, OR, OR, etc., then the subordinate clause is not separated from the main comma: It is not what he said that is important, but how he said it.

The indecomposable expressions WHATEVER HAPPENS, AS WELL AS NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are therefore not separated by a comma.

A subordinate clause consisting of only one relative word is not separated by a comma: He was offended, but did not say why.

Exercise No. 20

Add the necessary punctuation marks.

1. The coachmen tied up the bells so that the ringing would not attract the attention of the watchmen. 2. If my little sister was not yet asleep in her rocking chair in the next room, I would go to her. 3. In the small room that Nekhlyudov occupied there was an old leather sofa. 4. I’m spinning my wheels and I don’t know where I’m going. 5. All the carts, because there were bales of wool on them, seemed very tall and plump. 6. I want to know not how it is done, but why it is done. 7. He is irritable both when he is sick and when he is healthy. 8. The job was done properly. 9. He left and didn’t say why. 10. I said this, but I don’t remember when.

Punctuation in sentences with multiple clauses

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by conjunctions, for example: I loved the March twilight, when it began to freeze, when the gas was lit (Adv.);
2. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are very common, especially when there are already commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them instead of a comma, for example: Davydov felt a little sad because a lot had changed there now; that now he will no longer be able to sit all night long over drawings, that now they have apparently forgotten about him (Sh.).
3. If homogeneous clauses are connected by non-repeating connecting clauses or dividing unions, then a comma is not placed between them, for example: We received news that the Volga had stopped and that carts were stretching across it (Aks.);
4. But when repeating coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between subordinate clauses, for example: He complained that his health was not the same now, and that work had lost its former interest, and that people treated him badly.

Comma at the junction of two conjunctions

When there are two adjacent subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a relative word), as well as when a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating (or relative word) meet, a comma is placed between them unless the second part follows complex union– THEN, SO, BUT, for example: You can do this work, from which, if you do it with soul, you yourself will receive great satisfaction – a subordinate conditional with a conjunction if you can omit or rearrange it to another place in the sentence, therefore a comma between the relative word and put by union.

If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of a complex conjunction, then a comma is not placed between the previous two conjunctions, for example: The captain understood that if he showed indecisiveness now, then nothing could be done later.

Exercise No. 21

Add the necessary punctuation marks.

1. Father eagerly and in detail told me how many birds and fish there are, how many different berries will be born, how many lakes, what wonderful forests grow. 2. Here we sit lonely and don’t know where we will sail and what awaits us in the future. 3. The old man was unable to answer what he would do with the treasure if he found it. 4. The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that when he went somewhere the animal anxiously sniffed the air. 5. She told him that if he was sick, he needed to be treated. 6. I had so much fun in the haymaking that I didn’t even want to go home, although my father was already calling me. 7. Nekhlyudov asked to call back a meeting of peasants in order to agree on a price for the land being given away. 8. Chelkash felt that he was a reveler thief, cut off from everything dear to him, he would never be so greedy and low, not remembering himself. 9. Mechik didn’t understand well why he was sent ahead, but he was ordered to trot and he obeyed. 10. The old man’s eyes were red and wet, and he blinked them to open them.

Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentences

A comma is placed between independent sentences combined into one complex non-union sentence if such sentences are closely related to each other in meaning, for example: He was all in tears, his head drooped, his face was pale, his hands were folded on his chest, his lips were whispering (S.-Shch .);

If the parts of a non-union complex sentence are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread and have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them, for example: It was already evening, the sun had disappeared behind a small pine grove lying half a mile away; her shadow stretched endlessly across the motionless fields (T.).

A colon in a non-union complex sentence is placed:

1. if the second part (one or more sentences) explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part (between both parts you can insert the words NAMELY), for example: The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes, the lanterns shone dimly, the streets were empty (P.);
2. if in the first sentence using the verbs SEE, WATCH, HEAR, KNOW, FEEL, etc. a warning is made that what will follow is a statement of some fact or some description, for example: Pavel feels: someone’s fingers are touching his arm above the hand (N.O.).
3. if the second part indicates the reason for what is said in the first part (a conjunction can be inserted between both parts because), for example: Paul did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical suffering (N.O.).

A dash in a non-union complex sentence is placed:

1. if the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a rapid change of events, for example: A week has passed, another - suddenly a stroller drives into my yard (P.);
2. if the second part contains a sharp contrast in relation to the first part (you can add the conjunction BUT or I), for example: I tried to run - my legs did not move from fear (L.T.);
3. if the second part contains a consequence, a conclusion from what is said in the first part (you can add the word THEREFORE), for example: There was no way to leave unnoticed - he came out openly, as if he was going into the yard (Fad.);
4. if the first part indicates the time of the action mentioned in the second part (you can add the conjunction WHEN), for example: I was driving here - the rye began to turn yellow. Now I’m leaving back - people eat this rye (Prishv.);
5. if the first part denotes the condition for performing the action discussed in the second part (you can add the conjunction IF), for example: To be afraid of death is not to live in the world (proverb);
6. if one part contains a comparison with what is said in the other (you can add conjunctions AS WELL, AS IF), for example: Says a word - the nightingale sings (L.).

A dash is also placed in cases where the second part of a non-union complex sentence is an incomplete sentence, for example: It seemed to me - a mouse.

Exercise No. 22

Add the necessary punctuation marks.

1. The horses set off, the bell rattled, the wagon flew off. 2. Again everything was quiet, only the wind moved the branches of the trees, opening and closing the stars. 3. The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty, only one strip was not compressed... 4. One thing was certain, he would not return. 5. My custom is signed so off my shoulders. 6. Suddenly I feel someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes me. 7. I wanted to paint and the brushes fell out of my hands. 8. The cheese fell out with him, such was the trick. 9. The rank followed him; he suddenly left the service. 10. Don’t go into the forest to be afraid of wolves.

Check yourself:

What numbers should be replaced by commas in a sentence?

Mark the gap numbers where the comma is placed.

1) The frosts fell__1 and the wind seemed warm__2 although it was only February__3 which did not promise warmth__4 and spring.

2) The cloud__1 about which I spoke__2 grew__3 while we were walking through the gardens__4 and in a thick layer covered tightly__5 and impenetrably the entire peak.

3) The wind flowed in a wide, even wave, but sometimes it__1 seemed to jump over something invisible__2 and__3 giving birth to a strong gust__4 fluttered the women’s hair into fantastic manes__5 billowing around their heads.

4) When Karl Ivanovich__1, touched by my story__2, began to console__3 and __4 calm me down, it seemed to me__5__6 that I had definitely seen this terrible dream.

5) For more than half an hour I walked around in bewilderment in front of the fence__1 so that I attracted the attention of an old__2 yard dog__3 which__4 however__5 did not bark at me.

Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. A colon is placed between the author’s words and direct speech when direct speech comes after the author’s words, and a dash when it comes before the author’s words or is broken by the author’s words. For example: Grigory, perking up, blinked at Natalya: “Petro will cut off the Cossack right now, look.” “Has everyone really left?” – thought Irina. “I will go with the Cossacks,” Listnitsky warned the platoon officer. “Tell me to saddle a black one” (Sholokhov).

Each sentence in direct speech is written with a capital letter and at the end of it is placed the sign that is needed for the purpose of the statement and the intonation of this sentence (period, question mark or exclamation mark).

Punctuation marks for direct speech

Direct speech is highlighted in quotation marks if it is in a line. If it begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before the beginning:

The little girl ran and shouted:

Have you seen your mother?

If direct speech comes after the author's words, then a colon is placed in front of it and the first word is written with capital letter; Question and exclamation marks, as well as an ellipsis, are placed before the closing quotation marks, and a period after them, for example: Victor understood everything and said: “Okay, I agree.”

If direct speech comes before the author’s words, then a comma (question or exclamation mark, ellipsis) and a dash are placed after it; the author's words begin with lowercase letter, for example: “This is my father’s horse,” said Bela (L.);

• if there should not be any sign at the place of the break or there should be a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author’s words are highlighted on both sides by a comma and a dash, after which the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example: “Come in, father, - the disabled person answered, “our houses” (P.);
• if there should be a period at the place of the break, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and after them a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter, for example: “We may never see each other again,” he told me. “Before parting, I wanted to explain myself to you” (L.);
• if there should be a question or exclamation mark or an ellipsis at the place of the break, then these marks are preserved before the author’s words and a dash is placed after the corresponding mark; after the author's words there is a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter (it is possible to write with a lowercase letter if the ellipsis at the end of the first part of direct speech would be in the middle of the sentence), for example: “Frost!” – Baklanov shouted after those leaving. “Still, don’t lose sight of each other” (Fad.);
• if the author’s words contain two verbs with the meaning of a statement, one of which refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, then after the author’s words a colon and a dash are placed and the first word of the second part of direct speech is written with a capital letter, for example: “ Let’s go, it’s cold,” said Makarov and asked gloomily: “Why are you silent?” (M.G.);

Indirect speech with the conjunction so expresses the content of the incentive sentences of someone else's speech. For example: The captain ordered the boats to be launched.

Indirect speech with pronouns and adverbs that, who, which, how, where, where, when, why, etc. or whether particle expresses the content of interrogative sentences of someone else's speech. For example: I asked what time it was; We asked those we met where they were going; I asked my friend if he had solved this problem.

A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question.

When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf. It is also important to understand that not all features of someone else's speech can be conveyed indirectly. For example, in indirect speech there cannot be appeals, interjections, forms of the imperative mood and many other forms characteristic of oral speech. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, such words and forms are either omitted altogether or replaced by others. For example: The teacher said: “Alyosha, go get some chalk.” – The teacher told Alyosha to go get some chalk.

Quotes and punctuation marks with them

Quotes are called verbatim (exact) excerpts from the statements and writings of someone, given to confirm or explain one’s thoughts.

Quotes can stand alongside the words of the author and represent direct speech. In this case, punctuation marks for quotations are placed as in sentences with direct speech. For example: V. G. Belinsky wrote: “Pushkin’s verse is noble, elegantly simple, nationally true to the spirit of the language.” But a quotation can be introduced into the author’s speech as part of a sentence. Then it is highlighted in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter. For example: L. N. Tolstoy’s thought “time is the relationship between the movement of one’s life and the movement of other beings,” expressed in his diary, has deep philosophical content. According to F.I. Chaliapin, art may experience times of decline, but “it is eternal, like life itself.”

Exercise No. 1

1. And Balda said reproachfully. You shouldn’t chase after cheapness, priest. 2. Finally I told her, Do you want to go for a walk on the rampart? 3. Passing the front hall, Chichikov twisted his nose and said to Petrushka: You should at least at least unlock the windows! 4. Tell us your biography Artem heard the locksmith Sirotenko’s voice. 5. The wind should blow now... says Sergei. 6. Why aren’t you going? I asked the driver impatiently. 7. Fire! Fire! A desperate cry was heard below. 8. What am I learning? Makar asked again and slammed the book English language. 9. Let’s go, Makarov said coldly and gloomily asked Why are you silent? 10. Go said Saburov. I will come to you soon too.

Exercise No. 2

Rewrite the text, replacing direct speech with indirect speech.

“Do you like our city?” - the children asked. “I like it, especially the flowers decorate it,” I said. “We already have fifty thousand rose bushes. Next year we will fulfill the plan.” “And here’s the plan,” I was surprised. “But what about it? How many residents are there in the city - so many bushes should bloom!” - “Who came up with this?” - "Ivan Ivanovich". “Who is he, this Ivan Ivanovich?” – I asked. “He is one of the first builders of the city,” the girl proudly announced. “He plants the flowers himself.”

Exercise No. 3

Compose and write down sentences with these quotes according to the rules of punctuation, accompanying them with the words of the author. Use different verbs introducing quotations.

1. Strictly speaking, language is never completely established: it constantly lives and moves, developing and improving... (Belinsky). 2. Grammar does not prescribe laws to the language, but explains and approves its customs (Pushkin). 3. ...Our extraordinary language itself is still a mystery (Gogol). 4. In the linguistic sense, a people consists of all people who speak the same language (Chernyshevsky). 5. Brevity is the sister of talent (Chekhov).

Check yourself:

In which sentence is someone else's speech incorrectly formed?

a) Napoleon once remarked that “I may lose this battle, but I cannot lose a minute.”

b) “Madam, should you wrap it up or will you fly?” – the salesman asked a woman who had been choosing a broom in the store for more than two hours.

c) According to L.N. Tolstoy, “art is the highest manifestation of power in a person.”

d) Art, according to F. M. Dostoevsky, “is the same need for a person as eating and drinking.”

§ 1 What is syntax?

IN this lesson Let's try to figure out what concepts such as syntax and punctuation mean in Russian.

First, let's look at a few words:

Was, white, covered, soft, yard, snow, wide.

True, it’s difficult to immediately grasp what we’re talking about?

Maybe these are unrelated words, or maybe an encrypted message?

But as soon as we put together a sentence from these words, everything immediately becomes clear:

The wide yard was covered with white soft snow.

Consequently, in order to understand each other, in speech we use coherent sentences, which, in turn, consist of phrases and words.

Words in phrases and sentences are connected to each other in meaning and grammatically, according to certain rules.

This connection is expressed in endings and prepositions.

For example, you cannot say:

The words must be consistent with each other, i.e. stand in the correct case, as well as gender and number:

Ripe apples.

Walk along the alley.

Consider the following example.

In what case will we get a more accurate description of the object, the most full information about him:

Old book.

There is a very old book on the top shelf of the closet.

The word book only names the subject.

The phrase Old book gives us a more accurate idea of ​​the subject: the book is not new, just acquired, but rather old.

But from the sentence we learn that the book is in the closet and not on the table or in the bag. And in the closet it stands on the top shelf, apparently, the owners value it very much.

Thus, we can conclude that a phrase, like a word, names an object or action, as well as their characteristics. With the help of a sentence, we express our thoughts and feelings, we can make a request or question. In the science of language, linguistics, there is a whole section that studies phrases and sentences and the rules for their construction. This is the syntax.

§ 2 What is punctuation?

Now let's read the poetic lines that Wanda Khotomskaya wrote. Think about what they are talking about.

The poet had a desk.

There were almost a hundred boxes in it.

Boxes were placed in those drawers;

One had commas, the other had parentheses,

In the third there is a dash, in the rest there are dots,

Dashes, dots, quotes, etc.

He kept his desk neat,

He composed poems very carefully.

He takes a handful of signs from the box,

He will put another word in brackets,

Just as often and this way and that way

He uses an exclamation point.

If suddenly you come across a dubious image,

A question mark is immediately placed.

In vain efforts, so as not to rub your forehead,

The poet puts a dash instead of thoughts,

Sometimes there are quotation marks, sometimes there are colons.

And he didn’t spare the ellipsis at the ends.

Let's repeat them again.

These are period and comma, colon and dash, quotation marks and parentheses, ellipsis, question and exclamation marks, semicolon. The study of punctuation marks and the rules for their placement deals with a special branch of linguistics - punctuation.

Whether punctuation marks are so important can be determined by a simple exercise shown in famous cartoon"In the country unlearned lessons" Remember?

Execution cannot be pardoned.

Now try to correctly place a comma in another similar sentence, which is attributed to the Russian Emperor Peter I.

The building cannot be demolished.

Will its meaning change if the comma is rearranged?

Here's another example:

We will most likely get there this way.

If we leave the sentence without a comma, then it becomes clear that the speaker has the shortest path. And along with the comma, doubt appears in the statement:

We will most likely get there this way.

That is, we may get there, but the speaker is not sure.

By the way, do you know that punctuation marks appeared much later than letters. Man first came up with symbols to represent speech sounds and only later for a long time- signs to indicate the end of a sentence, question or pause. A truly punctuation system was formed only after the widespread use of printing.

And already Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” allocates an entire section dedicated to “lowercase characters”, i.e. punctuation marks. It is interesting that since the time of Cyril and Methodius, no new letters have appeared, some even disappeared, but punctuation marks appeared gradually with the development of written speech. More and more new. Who knows, perhaps you and I will be able to witness the introduction of a new punctuation mark.

So, let's repeat again, what are syntax and punctuation?

Syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies phrases and sentences and the rules for their construction.

Punctuation is a branch of the science of language that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their placement.

List of used literature:

1. Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Baranov M.T., Trostentsova L.A. Russian language. 5th grade. – M.: Education, 2008-2012.
2. Stronskaya I.M. Handbook of the Russian language for students in grades 5-9. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Literature”, 2012
3. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I., Kapinos V.I. and others. Russian language: Textbooks for grades 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. educational institutions/ Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Bustard.
4. Nefedova E.A., Uzorova O.V. Rules and exercises in the Russian language. Grades 5-8. – “Aquarium” GIPPV, 1997
5. Goldin Z.D., Svetlysheva V.N. Russian language in tables. Grades 5-11: Reference manual. – M.: Bustard, 2000
6. Arsiriy A.T. Entertaining materials on the Russian language: Book. for students/Ed. L.P. Krysina - M.: Education, 1995
7. Lesson-based developments in Russian language, 5th grade. Egorova N.V. – M.: Vako, 2013.
8. Russian language lessons. A manual for teachers for the textbook by S.I. Lvovoy. Vasiliev I.P. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2010.
9. Materials of the Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources http://school-collection.edu.ru

The concept of syntax, punctuation (from history).

A) Syntax.

Syntax, as a section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech, includes two main parts: 1) the study of phrases and 2) the study of sentences.

Supply is the minimum unit human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has a certain semantic and intonational completeness.

In science there is no single definition of a sentence; on the contrary, more than two hundred different definitions are known. In the history of the development of Russian syntax, one can note attempts to define a sentence in terms of:

logical.

psychological.

formally - grammatically.

A representative of the first direction, F.I. Buslaev, pointed out that “a judgment expressed in words is a sentence” (“Historical Grammar of the Russian Language,” 1858).

A supporter of the second direction, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, gave the following definition: “A sentence is such a word or such an ordered combination of words that is associated with a special movement of thought, known as “predication” (“predicability”)” (“Syntax of the Russian Language” , 1912).

The representative of the formal grammatical direction F. F. Fortunatov considered a sentence as one of the types of phrases. He wrote: “Among the grammatical phrases used in complete sentences in speech, the dominant ones in the Russian language are precisely those phrases that we have the right to call grammatical sentences, since they contain, as parts, a grammatical subject and a grammatical predicate” (“ On teaching Russian grammar in lower and upper grades of secondary schools", 1899).

B) Punctuation.

Punctuation is a collection of rules for placing punctuation marks.

The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate the semantic division of speech. Thus, placing a period indicates the completeness of the sentence from the point of view of the writer.

At the same time, punctuation marks serve to identify various shades of meaning inherent in individual parts of a written text. For example, placing a question mark at the end of a sentence indicates not only the division of speech, but also the interrogative nature of the sentence, its special type according to the purpose of the statement. The choice of sign between parts of a non-union complex sentence, conditioned by one or another understanding of the relationship between these parts, in turn serves as a means of identifying semantic relationships between them.

The Russian punctuation system has great flexibility: along with mandatory rules, it contains instructions that allow punctuation options, which are determined by the rules of punctuation.

Russian punctuation uses ten characters: period, semicolon, colon, dash, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, parentheses, and quotation marks. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by a paragraph (writing on a new line).

There are separating characters (period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and separating characters (two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks).

Difficult sentence.

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more grammatical bases, two or more simple sentences. The simple sentences involved in the creation of a complex sentence are called its parts and represent a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally.

For example:

And the battlefield is fatal

It thunders and burns here and there,

But clearly the happiness is fighting

It's starting to serve us.

(A. Pushkin.)

Parts of a complex sentence are separated from one another by a comma, semicolon, colon or dash.

For example:

The snake lay under the log

And she was angry with the whole world;

She has no other feeling

How to get angry: created this way by nature.

(I. Krylov.)

Another pressure and the enemy flees.

(A. Pushkin.)

3. The main types of complex sentences in the Russian language.

Depending on the method of connecting parts (intonation, conjunctions or allied words), complex sentences are divided into conjunctions (complex and complex sentences) and non-conjunctions.

Difficult sentence.

Non-union.

Compound

Complex subordinates.

In complex sentences, parts are connected using conjunctions: and, a, but, yes, or, or, then - that, not only - that, whether - whether, as... and, etc., and in complex sentences - using conjunctions and allied words: what, where, who, which, so that, when, etc.

The parts of a complex sentence are equal, i.e. no part depends on the other:

October arrived and it became noticeably colder.

The air breathes the aroma of spring, and all nature comes to life.

The parts of a complex sentence are unequal - one part (subordinate clause) depends on the other (main):

It became noticeably colder as October arrived.

There can be different types of connections in one complex sentence:

Rumble and crackling rushed from the surrounding mountains; The forest edges began to smoke, and it was impossible to understand how even one person was still alive here.

(A. Tolstoy.)

Complex sentence.

These are complex sentences, the parts of which are interconnected by intonation and coordinating conjunctions. Based on the nature of the conjunction or meaning, compound sentences are divided into three groups.

A) Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions.

Sentences with these conjunctions list phenomena that occur simultaneously or sequentially.

Then everyone sat in the living room with very serious faces, and Vera Iosifovna read her novel.

(A.P. Chekhov.)

B) Complex sentences with dividing conjunctions.

They indicate the alternation of phenomena (events), the possibility of one phenomenon out of two or more:

Either the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, or a barrier will slam into my forehead by a slow disabled person.

B) Complex sentences with adversative conjunctions.

In the sentences of this group, one phenomenon (event) is contrasted with another:

One autumn, my mother was making honey jam in the living room, and I, licking my lips, looked at the seething foam.

(A. Pushkin.)

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into the following categories.

Connective: and, yes (= and), yes and, neither-nor, also (= and), the same (= and), not only - but also, both - and;

Adversatives: a, but, yes (= but), however, but, only, only (= but);

Dividing: either (or), either, then - that, or - either, not that - not that.

Complex sentence.

A complex sentence can have one subordinate clause or several subordinate clauses.

A complex sentence is a sentence in which one part depends on the other, i.e. From one part (main) a question is asked to another - dependent (subordinate).

main part- independent, from it the question is asked to the subordinate clause. Often used in the main clause demonstrative words(that, such, there, there, from there, then, because, because, how many, etc.), which indicate that it has subordinate clauses. Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are found in the subordinate clause and connect it with the main one:

About what? (A. Akhmatova.)

Main groups of complex sentences.

I. With a subordinate clause.

Subordinate modifiers refer to the noun (or pronoun of the main part) and answer the questions of definitions of which? which? whose?

In the main part, attributive clauses are added only with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, where, whence:

And Tanya sees the empty house where our hero recently lived.

(A. Pushkin.)

Subordinate clauses always come after the word they define.

II. With an explanatory clause.

These subordinate clauses answer case questions and clarify words in the main part of a complex sentence:

And, of course, my brother did not think for a single minute that he was to blame for her death.

The subordinate clause can appear after the word being explained, or less often - before the word being explained:

Everyone knows that wolves are greedy...

What? (I. Krylov.)

Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech.

Pechorin tells Maxim Maksimych that “if we give our daughter to this savage, he will kill or sell her.”

(M. Yu. Lermontov.).

III. With adverbial clauses.

With subordinate clauses.

Where? Where? where?

[there, there, from there], (conjunctive words: where, where, from).

He drove out from where the horses were sliding into the yard one after another.

Where? (A.N. Tolstoy.)

With clauses of time.

When? Since when? For how long?

[then, until], (conjunctions: when, while, only, as soon as, barely, while).

As long as the night lasts, as long as the chaise rolls, this long road will be enough for both of us.

(B. Okudzhava.)

How long?

With comparative clauses.

They refer to the entire main part and explain what it says using comparison.

They answer the question: how?

They join the main sentence with the help of conjunctions: how, exactly, as if, as if, as if, likewise, than... so, etc.

I suddenly felt good in my soul, as if my childhood had returned.

With subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree.

They reveal the image, method of action, as well as the degree of the attribute named in the main part of the complex sentence.

There are so many delights in the Russian land that there will be enough for all artists to last thousands of years.

(K. Paustovsky.)

How many? To what extent?

She knew life as little as possible at twenty years old.

In what degree?

With subordinate clauses of purpose.

Answer the questions: why? for what purpose? For what?

They join the main sentence with the help of conjunctions: in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then so that, etc.

To play with something out of boredom, he picked up a steel spear.

With subordinate conditions.

They indicate the conditions under which the action described in the main part takes place. They are attached to the main sentence using conjunctions: if, when (= if), once, if, if, as soon as possible, if only, etc.

If you are a ruddy guy, you will be called a brother to us...

Under what conditions?

With subordinate clauses of cause and effect.

Additional reasons answer the questions: why? for what reason? from what?

They join the main sentence with the help of conjunctions: because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.

Since the full moon rose, many went for a walk.

Why? (L.N. Andreev.)

To the subordinate clauses of the consequence of the main sentence, you can ask the question - what follows from this?

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main part of the sentence using conjunctions: so.

The spring waters passed wildly, so that at the beginning of April starlings were already making noise and yellow butterflies were flying around the garden.

(L.N. Tolstoy.)

What follows from this?

With subordinate clauses.

Answer the questions: despite what? in spite of what? They are attached to the main part of the sentence with the help of conjunctions: although, although... but, let, despite the fact that, etc. and allied words - how, how many, etc.

Even though you will still love, there is no return to the old feelings.

(M. Lermontov.)

Despite what?

Non-union complex sentences.

These are complex sentences, the parts of which are connected only by intonation, without conjunctions or allied words.

In them, the semantic relationships between simple sentences are less clearly expressed.

Intonation in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing are determined by the meaning of a non-union sentence.

Punctuation in non-union complex sentences.

Colon. Dash. Comma, semicolon. Enumeration.

a) Enumeration.

The man suddenly became all wary, his eyes darted restlessly.

(I. S. Turgenev.)

b) Reason.

It’s scary to go out on the road: an incomprehensible anxiety reigns under the moon.

c) Explanation.

That's all it meant, friends; I'm shooting with a friend.

d) Rapid change of events.

The cheese fell out - and such was the trick with it.

(I. A. Krylov.)

d) Opposition.

I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me.

(L.N. Tolstoy.)

f) Conclusion (consequences).

If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled.

(Proverb.)

They plow the arable land without waving their hands.

(Proverb.)

Bibliography

Modern Russian language. " graduate School» Moscow - 1971 N. S. Valgina, D. E. Rosenthal, M. I. Fomina, V. V. Tsapukevich.

Russian language 9th grade, ed. "Bustard". Moscow - 1999 M. M. Razumovskaya.

Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of receiving a consultation.

Is it enough for a person to have an extensive vocabulary to communicate with others? Of course not. After all, words themselves are not enough to fully express all the feelings, thoughts, emotions, and experiences of a person. To do this, they need to be somehow ordered, constructed, organized. This is precisely the task that syntax performs. During the lesson you will repeat the basic information on this section of linguistics that you received in previous classes.

There is no subordinating relationship between the subject and the predicate; these are equal members of the sentence. They don't form a phrase .

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main or other minor members of the sentence (Fig. 2).

Addition.

Definition.

Circumstance.

Rice. 2. Minor members of the sentence ()

Types of sentences based on the presence of minor members of the sentence:

Common(there are minor members).

Undistributed(no minor members).

Types of sentences according to the number of grammatical bases:

Simple(one grammatical basis).

Complex (more than one grammatical stem) (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Simple and complex sentence ()

Types of complex proposals for communications:

Allied.

Repetition of the rules for placing punctuation marks in direct speech (Fig. 6)

Rice. 6. Punctuation marks for direct speech ()

Additionally

Types of connections between words in a phrase:

Coordination(the dependent word is likened to the main word in gender, number and case).

For example: red leaves (plural) - red house (singular, male) - red dress (singular, middle).

Control(the dependent word stands with the main word in a certain case).

For example: I’m going to school (V.p.).

Adjacency(the dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning and is expressed by unchangeable parts of speech: infinitive, gerund, adverb).

For example: I came (why?) to talk (inf.).

Bibliography

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

1. Syntax and punctuation. Part 2 . Balashov, Dementiev ().
2. Syntax and punctuation. Exercises ().
3. Punctuation in tables and diagrams ().
4. Cartoon “The Adventures of a Comma and a Period” ().

Homework

1. № 9, 10, 11. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
2. Exercise: Make sentences from these words and write them down. Parse the resulting sentences.
   1. It was the middle of March. Spring, friendly, this year, turned out to be. Occasionally, short rains fell.
   2. Birch, swollen, buds. The lambs turned yellow on the willows. The bees flew out of the hives, for a bribe, first.
   3. In the spring, the starling searches for food on the ground. Destroys, in, gardens, etc. he, vegetable gardens, insects, harmful.

Russian language course. Syntax and punctuation

The second part of the book “Russian Language Course” examines in detail the rules of syntax and punctuation in simple and complex sentences. Analysis algorithms and parsing samples for each type of sentence are provided. For all topics given practical exercises with answers.

· Section 1. Simple sentence

o Topics in Section 1 “Simple Sentence”

o Chapter 1. The grammatical basis of a sentence

§ 1.1. General structure simple sentence. Grammar basis

§ 1.2. Subject

§ 1.3. Predicate. Simple verb predicate

§ 1.4. Compound predicates. Compound verb predicate

§ 1.5. Compound nominal predicate

§ 1.6. Complicated types of compound predicates

§ 1.7. Dash between subject and predicate

§ 1.8. Two-part and one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences

o Chapter 2. Common, complicated and incomplete sentences

§ 2.1. Minor Member System

§ 2.2. Supplement and its varieties

§ 2.3. Definition

§ 2.3.1. Definition and its varieties. Separating definitions from other members of sentences

§ 2.3.2. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

§ 2.3.3. Separating agreed definitions

§ 2.3.4. Separating inconsistent definitions

§ 2.4. Application

§ 2.4.1. Application as a type of definition

§ 2.4.2. Segregation of applications

§ 2.5. Circumstances

§ 2.5.1. Main types of circumstances

§ 2.5.2. Isolation of circumstances

§ 2.6. Incomplete sentences

§ 2.7. Homogeneous members of the sentence

§ 2.8. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§ 2.9. Comparative turnover and turnover with HOW

§ 2.10. Introductory words, phrases and sentences

§ 2.11. Inserted phrases and sentences

§ 2.12. Appeals

§ 2.13. Punctuation analysis of a simple sentence

· Section 2. Complex sentence

o Topics of section 2 “Complex sentence”

o Chapter 1. Compound sentence

§ 1.1. Conjunctions and meanings of compound sentences

§ 1.2. Punctuation marks in complex sentences

o Chapter 2. Complex sentence

§ 2.1. General characteristics of complex sentences

§ 2.2. Subordinate clauses that refer to one word in the main clause

§ 2.2.1. Subordinate clauses

§ 2.2.2. Additional clauses (explanatory)

§ 2.2.3. Subject clauses

§ 2.2.4. Predicate clauses

§ 2.2.5. Clauses of manner and degree

§ 2.3. Subordinate clauses that refer to the entire main clause

§ 2.3.1. Comparative clauses

§ 2.3.2. Subordinate clauses

§ 2.3.3. Clauses of time

§ 2.3.4. Additional reasons

§ 2.3.5. Subordinate goals

§ 2.3.6. Subordinate clauses

§ 2.3.7. Subordinate clauses

§ 2.3.8. Additional consequences. Plan for parsing a complex sentence

§ 2.4. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

§ 2.5. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses. Parsing and punctuation

o Chapter 3. Complex non-union proposal

§ 3.1. General characteristics of complex non-union proposals

§ 3.2. Meanings of complex non-union sentences and punctuation marks in them

o Chapter 4. Complex sentences with different types of connection. Parsing and punctuation analysis

General structure of a simple sentence. Grammar basis

Offer- the basic syntactic unit containing a message, question or incentive. The main structural feature of a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis.

Grammar basis consists of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate or one of them).

Types of sentence structure
(general characteristics of sentence structure)

Simple sentence

two-part (two main members) The sun illuminated the earth.	one-part (one main member) It's dawn.
unextended (no minor members) The streams are babbling.	common (there are minor members) Streams gurgle merrily everywhere.
complete (no missing major or minor terms) Streams gurgle merrily everywhere.	incomplete (major or minor members are missing) There are streams everywhere.
uncomplicated (no homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, addresses) Streams gurgle merrily everywhere.	complicated (there are homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, addresses) Everywhere, on the roads and in the ravines, streams gurgle merrily.

Plan general characteristics simple sentence structures

1. Two-part – one-part (type of one-part);

2. Uncommon – widespread;

3. Complete – incomplete (indicate which member is omitted);

4. Uncomplicated - complicated (indicate what is complicated - homogeneous, isolated members, introductory words, appeal).

Sample parsing

I, weak from the struggle for life, slowly stood up and went to the window(Prishvin).

The sentence is two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by homogeneous predicates and a separate agreed definition, which refers to the personal pronoun.

Subject

Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case ( Who? What? ).

Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:

a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);

b) the main form of expression of the subject – Nominative case(question Who? What? ).

Note!

To the question What? not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun answers; The forms of the nominative and accusative cases can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): Nominative case - book; accusative - book.

Wed: Lies on the tablepencil (book ) - Nominative case; I seepencil (book ) - accusative.

Let's compare two sentences:

1. I did not sleep; 2. I couldn't sleep.

In meaning they express approximately the same thing. However, in the first sentence ( I did not sleep) is a subject because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).

Subject analysis plan

Indicate the way to express the subject:

1. Separate word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; an adverb or other unchangeable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.

2. Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).

Sample parsing

Lake as if it was covered with ice(Prishvin).

Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Usually appears around noon a bunch of round high clouds (Turgenev).

Subject many clouds expressed as a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) a bunch of) is in the nominative case.

In the dark bearded tripped over something(Sholokhov).

Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.

But pay for something, even the most self-needed thing, suddenly two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide(Goncharov).

Subject pay expressed by the infinitive.

Passed about an hour (Paustovsky).

Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.

Plan for parsing a simple verb predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate.

2. Indicate the form of the conjugated verb.

Sample parsing

My affairs are going uphill.

They're going uphill– simple verbal predicate; expressed by verbal phraseology in the present tense of the indicative mood.

I would like to forget about everything.

I'd like to forget– simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.

Plan for parsing a compound verbal predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate.

2. Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what meaning does the auxiliary part have (phase, modal) and what form of the verb is it expressed.

Sample parsing

The old man started chewing again.

Started to chew– compound verb predicate. Main part ( chew) is expressed by a subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part ( set off) has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS = copula + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Type of connective by meaning	Typical verbs	Examples
1. Grammatical connective – expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. Present tense copula be usually stands in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of a copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor. He was sick. He will be sick. He is sick. He is sick. Lyrics are the highest manifestation of art.
2. Semi-nominal copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the characteristic: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to happen, to happen; d) assessment of the characteristic from the point of view of reality: to seem, to seem, to introduce oneself, to be considered, to be reputed; e) name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be revered.	He became sick. He remained ill. He was sick every autumn. He turned out to be sick. He was considered sick. He seemed sick. He is sick. He was considered sick. They were called sick.
3. A significant connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	She sat tired. He left angry. He returned upset. He lived as a hermit. He was born happy. He died a hero.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

He found himself in the city center; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he wastired , not what He sat , but not stood or lying).

For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

1. the significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical connective be :

Hesat tired - Hewas tired; Hewas born happy - Hewas happy; Hecame first - Hewas first;

2. the link can be made zero:

Hesat tired - Hetired ; Heborn happy - Hehappy ; Hecame first - Hefirst .

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate.

2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life- This is good.

Fine Fine expressed by an adverb; grammatical connective be

I came first.

Came first– compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by an ordinal number in the nominative case; significant copula came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This boy medium height.

Medium height– compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical connective be– in zero form; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Plan for parsing a complicated predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate in the part in which the main lexical meaning is expressed (complicated compound verbal predicate, complicated compound nominal predicate).

2. Parse each part of the predicate according to the appropriate plan.

Sample parsing

I must leave today.

Must leave– complicated compound verb predicate. Main part leave expressed by a subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate, in which the main part must be expressed by a short adjective; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

I I want to become a doctor.

I want to become a doctor doctor become become; auxiliary part Want has a modal meaning and is expressed by a verb in the present indicative mood.

I should become a doctor.

Should become a doctor– complicated compound nominal predicate. Nominal part ( doctor) expressed by a noun in the instrumental case; seminominal copula become is part of a compound verbal predicate, in which the main part is expressed by an infinitive become; auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate. It contains a nominal part must expressed by a short adjective; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Notes

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money; There is not a cloud in the sky. – There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences (Nomoney ; Not in the skynot a cloud ) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also considered in school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( It's going to be a storm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with a predicate be .

Wed: It was night; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Analysis plan one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.

2. Specify those grammatical features main member, which make it possible to classify the sentence specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning – generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any acting person(cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter gender).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light– expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Notes

1) Combinations are a single member of a sentence - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member (see paragraph 1.2).

2) The infinitive of a conjugated verb is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to minor member (I asked him to leave), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave). Detailed analysis For such cases, see clause 1.4.

3) Since questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, accusative and genitive cases can coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, use the technique discussed in paragraph 1.2: replace the form being checked with the word book(Nominative case - booksA ; Genitive - booksAnd ; accusative - booksat . For example: A good snowball will reap the harvest(cf.: A good book will make a book). Hence, snowball- Nominative case; harvest- accusative).

4. Based on the form of expression, there are two types of additions:

• direct addition - accusative case form without preposition;

Writing(What?) letter; I wash(What?) linen; I'm listening(What?) music.

• indirect addition - all other forms, including the accusative case with a preposition.

Struggle(for what?) for freedom; gave(to whom?) to me.

Notes

1) In negative sentences, the accusative case form of the direct object can change to the genitive case form (cf.: I wrote(What?) letter. - INot wrote(what?) letters). If the genitive case form of a complement is preserved both in affirmation and in negation, then such a complement is indirect (cf.: To meNot enough(what?) money. - I have enough(what?) money).

2) The object expressed by the infinitive does not have a case form ( I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addition analysis plan

1. Indicate the type of addition (direct - indirect).

2. Indicate what morphological form the addition is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to speak to the point(M. Gorky).

You– direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Speak– an addition expressed by an infinitive. Affairs– an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night did not bring coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

Coolness– direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (if negated – Not brought). Wed: The night brought(What?) coolness(V.p.).

Sample parsing

I remember my grandmother’s childhood joy when she saw Nizhny Novgorod (M. Gorky).

Children's (joy) is an agreed definition expressed by an adjective. (Joy) grandmothers– an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

2.3.2. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Several agreed upon definitions that are not interconnected by unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions; a comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main) word, while between themselves they are in an enumerative relationship (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and a conjunction can be placed between them And ).

Example: Blue and green balls. - Blue balls. Green balls. BlueAnd green balls.

Heterogeneous definitions are not pronounced with enumerative intonation; a conjunction cannot usually be placed between them And . Heterogeneous definitions are differently connected with the defined (main) word. One of the definitions (the closest) is directly related to the word being defined, while the second is already connected to a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:

Long freight train. With the main word train The definition closest to it is directly related - commodity. Definition long associated with the whole phrase - freight train. (Freight train islong ).

To distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.

Definitions are HOMOGENEOUS if:

• denote features various items;

Red, green balls – red and green balls; the balls were red; the balls were green.

• denote various signs of one object, characterizing it on one side;

A ruined and burned city is a ruined and burned city; the city was ruined; the city was burned.

• characterize an object from different angles, but in a given context are united by some common feature;

Lunar, clear evening – “lunar, and therefore clear”; hard, dark times- “heavy, and therefore gloomy.”

• under contextual conditions, synonymous relationships are created between definitions;

Dull, pressing pain in the chest– in this context, forms stupid And pressing act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in meaning.

• represent artistic definitions - epithets;

Round, fish-like eyes.

• form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens the characteristic it expresses;

Joyful, festive, radiant mood.

• a single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participial phrase, that is, a participle with a dependent word;

Black, smoothly combed hair.

Note!

A) this should not be a single participle, but a participle with a dependent word (cf.: black combed hair);

b) the participial phrase should be in second place (cf.: slick black hair); V) a comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if there are no special conditions for isolation, a comma is not placed (!);

• stand after the word being defined;

Black hair, combed.

• the second definition explains the first - you can put a conjunction between the definitions that is or namely .

Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal,that is peaceful coexistence of states.

Definitions are HETEROGENEOUS if they:

• characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, that is, they express features related to different generic (general) concepts:

big stone house– “size and material”, cf.: the stone house was large; white round clouds- “color and shape”, cf.: the round clouds were white; pot-bellied walnut bureau – “form and material”, cf.: the nut bureau was pot-bellied;

more often expressed:

• pronoun and adjective;

My old house.

• qualitative and relative adjectives;

Large stone house.

• relative adjective and single participle;

A neglected orchard.

• relative adjectives.

Wed: A young man of about twenty-five entered, shining in health, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes.

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I, taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her.Tired, she she fell silent and looked around. AND,tired of his happiness, he fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novelnothing written by the author before . A flash appeared on his facesomething like a smile .

Notes

1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: ANDsomeone sweating and out of breath , runs from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with a defining pronoun all , are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all – in the role of a dependent definition. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is a pronoun all , and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: Everything related to the railway , is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.

Wed: Glades strewn with leaves , were full of sun. –Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially likedeyes big and sad . - I especially likedbig and sad eyes .

Notes

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited meoff to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there islife is pure, graceful, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Younga person in love , it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). – To the young manif he's in love , it is impossible not to spill the beans;People same,amazed , became like stones(M. Gorky). – People have become like stones,because they were amazed . However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).

2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial clauses with conjunctions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful, lively nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). –Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively , now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head , he couldn't crawl– pause after a noun to the head). – Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before the main word or after it).

For example:

1. Kashtanka stretched, yawned and,angry, gloomy , walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. To meet me , broughtsounds bells(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.

Note!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

Glades strewn with leaves, were full of sun.

2) The attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction ( and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.

Kashtankastretched, yawnedand, angry, gloomy , walked around the room.

Union And connects homogeneous predicates