The Hundred Years' War causes it. The Hundred Years' War: briefly about the main thing. The Hundred Years' War and Joan of Arc

Hundred Years' War lasted from 1337 to 1453. about the Hundred Years' War.

A number of issues and contradictions between England and France became the causes of the Hundred Years' War. The war lasted 116 years (with interruptions). It became one of the most dramatic periods in both the history of England and the history of France. Strictly speaking, it was more of a series of conflicts. The term " Hundred Years' War"as a generalizing name for these conflicts appeared later.

In preparation for the war in France, the English king Edward III decided to reform the army. Not relying on a feudal militia, the king announced the recruitment of warriors of various ranks under contract (from archers to knights, who could also be very high-born nobles). The contract provided for a fairly high monetary reward for those times. In England, therefore, a professional army was quickly created, which allowed Edward to pursue an active foreign policy.

First period (1337-1360)

It was characterized by the struggle of the parties for Flanders and Guienne. The naval battle of Sluys (1340) relieved England of the threat of French invasion and gave control of the English Channel to English ships. The English victory on land at the Battle of Crécy in Picardy in 1346 was a turning point for this phase of the war. Edward III had the knights fight dismounted in this battle, which improved their interaction with the archers. Subsequently, this tactical technique was very often used by the British. After a year of siege in 1347, the British managed to achieve the capitulation of Calais, which became their stronghold.

At the Battle of Neville's Cross in the same year, the army of the French's main allies, the Scots, was defeated, whose king David II was captured and imprisoned for 11 years in the Tower.

The Black Prince won the battle of Poitiers in 1356, in which, according to the chroniclers’ description, “the entire flower of French chivalry perished” and King John II was captured.

In the village of Bretigny near Chartres, peace was signed in May 1360, summing up the first stage of the war (1337-60). Under the terms of peace, Edward received Gascony and a number of new possessions in the north, centered in Calais, into sovereign possession. A ransom of 3 million gold crowns was set for the release of the French King John II. At the same time, the peace signed in Bretigny excluded Edward’s right to claim the French crown. In fact, Edward never again laid claim to the French throne, and Charles V began to make plans to reconquer the lands captured by the British.

In 1369, under the pretext of Edward’s non-compliance with the terms of the peace treaty signed in Bretigny, Charles declared war on England.

Second period (1369-1380)

Charles V (r. 1364-1380) reorganized the army and streamlined the tax system. The French knightly militia was partially replaced by mercenary infantry detachments, field artillery and a new fleet were created. The talented military leader Bertrand Du Guesclin was appointed commander-in-chief of the French army (constable), who received broad powers. Using the tactics of surprise attacks and guerrilla warfare, the French army by the end of the 70s. gradually pushed the British troops back to the sea. The success of military operations was facilitated by the use of artillery by the French army. England retained a number of ports on the French coast (Brest, Cherbourg, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Calais) and part of the French territories between Bordeaux and Bayonne. In both countries, popular unrest began due to high taxes on military operations. In 1396, a truce was concluded, which did not resolve a single controversial issue, but gave both sides a respite for 18 years.

Third period (1415-1424)

Taking advantage of the weakening of France caused by the aggravation of internal contradictions, England resumed the war. The British defeated the French in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, with the help of the Duke of Burgundy, who entered into an alliance with them, they took possession of Northern France, which forced France to sign a humiliating peace treaty on May 21, 1420 in Troyes. Under the terms of this treaty, France became part of the united Anglo-French kingdom. The English king Henry V, as regent, was declared the ruler of France, and after the death of the French king Charles VI received the rights to the French throne. In addition, Henry V married Charles VI's daughter Catherine, so that in the future their children would truly embody the fact of the unification of the crowns. Charles VI's son the Dauphin Charles was deprived of his inheritance rights. However, in 1422 both Henry V and Charles VI died suddenly. The English and the Duke of Burgundy declared Henry VI, the son of Henry V and the French princess Catherine, king of England and France. The Dauphin Charles declared himself the French King Charles VII. France was divided into three parts:

• to territories conquered by the British, where the authority of Henry VI was recognized;

• to areas under the political influence of the Duke of Burgundy;

• to the lands (mainly in the south of the country), where the power of Charles VII was recognized, who, however, did not undergo the coronation ceremony in Reims according to the custom of French kings.

The population in the territories occupied by the British was suppressed by taxes and indemnities. For France, the war for the royal throne grew into a war of national liberation.

Fourth period (1424-1453)

With the entry of the masses into the war, partisan warfare (especially in Normandy) acquired a wide scope. Partisan detachments provided great assistance to the French army:

• ambushed
• destroyed small enemy units,
• captured tax collectors.

Thus, they forced the British to maintain significant garrisons in the rear of the conquered territory. The national liberation struggle intensified even more when, in October 1428, the English army and the Burgundians besieged Orleans, the last strong fortress in the territory not occupied by the French. The struggle was led by Joan of Arc, under whose leadership the battle for Orleans was won in May 1429.

In 1436, French troops took Paris, in 1441 they recaptured Champagne, in 1449 Maine and Normandy, and in 1453 Guienne. On October 19, 1453, the English army capitulated in Bordeaux. This meant the end of the war. The British only had Calais left in France, which they owned for another 100 years.

Consequences of the war

England lost vast territories in southwestern France that it had held since the 12th century.

France emerged from the war extremely devastated, many areas were devastated and plundered. Due to numerous military clashes, famine, epidemics and murders, the population of France was reduced by two thirds as a result of the war.

And yet, the victory objectively helped complete the unification of French lands and the development of the country along the path of political centralization.

Beginning with a dynastic conflict, the war subsequently acquired a national connotation in connection with the formation of the English and French nations.

The Hundred Years' War had a strong influence on the development of military affairs: the role of infantry on the battlefield increased, infantry proved its ability to effectively resist knightly cavalry, and the first standing armies appeared. New types of weapons were invented, new tactical and strategic techniques were developed that destroyed the foundations of the old feudal armies, and favorable conditions appeared for the development of firearms.

The Hundred Years' War was a series of short wars. It began in 1337 and ended in 1453, so the conflict lasted 116 years. The English kings tried to dominate France, while the French tried to drive the English out of their country.

In 1328, King Charles IV of France dies without leaving an heir. The barons give the throne to his cousin, Philip VI, Count of Valois, but Charles's nephew Edward III, King of England, lays claim to the throne. His rights to the French throne were fully justified, but with them would come to France the same English rule that had loomed as a dangerous shadow on the political horizon for centuries. Therefore, referring to the “Salic Truth” - a barbarian law book written around 500, members of the assembly of the highest French nobility rejected the claims of Edward III. And when Philip announces the confiscation of the French lands of Edward III, war begins.

The English defeated the French fleet near Sluys, invaded France and won the Battle of Crécy by land. Edward then took Calais. But soon both sides ran out of money to continue the war, and they concluded a truce, which lasted from 1347 to 1355.

In 1355, under the leadership of Edward the Black Prince, the heir of Edward III, a new invasion took place. The Black Prince won a victory at Poitiers, capturing Philip's successor, John II. The Treaty of Bretigny in 1360 gave the English part of French territories. The treaty was followed by a new campaign. As a result, England lost most of its French possessions.

For some time, the minors Charles VI of France and Richard II of England were on the thrones of both countries. Richard's uncle, John of Ghent, Duke of Lancaster, ruled for Richard. In 1396, Richard II married Charles VI's daughter Isabella, concluding a truce for 20 years. In France, the Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans became the rulers, who split the country into two parties. King Charles VI turned out to be mentally ill. In history he remained under the nickname Charles the Mad. Charles's wife, Isabella of Bavaria, tried to enthrone the Duke of Orleans.

The English king Henry V took advantage of these events. He announced that he was seeking the French crown as the rightful heir. He was supported by the English Parliament and the entire people. In the first battle in 1415 at Agincourt, the French again suffered a crushing defeat. Under the arrows of the famous English archers, 10 thousand French knights fell on the battlefield. Henry then captured almost all of northern France.

Civil strife continued at the French court. The Duke of Burgundy, John the Undaunted, either entered into an alliance with Isabella of Bavaria, or negotiated with the Dauphin Charles VII. Dauphin in France they named the legal heir to the throne. This title was derived from the name of the French province of Dauphiné, which since the time of Charles V had traditionally belonged to the eldest son of the king. The Dauphin Charles VII summoned John for negotiations. The meeting took place on the bridge near the Montreux fortress. A knight from the Dauphin's retinue treacherously killed the duke, and his son, avenging his father, went over to the side of the English.

On May 21, 1420, in Troyes, Henry V and Charles VI the Mad signed an agreement, according to which Henry V was declared regent of France and the “beloved son and heir” of Charles VI. The only surviving son of Charles VI, the Dauphin Charles, was deprived of his inheritance rights, the legality of his origin was questioned and he was sentenced to exile from France. Charles VI and his wife Isabella retained the titles of King and Queen of France for the rest of their lives, which then passed to the house of England. Henry V married Charles VI's daughter Catherine, so that their children in the future would truly embody the fact of the unification of the crowns.

The heir to the throne, Charles VII, fled to the south of the country.

The short time allotted to Henry V on earth after the title of regent and heir to the coveted French throne was legally assigned to him ended in 1422. The still far from old king suddenly died of illness. He was followed just six weeks later by Charles VI. The game of chance, so characteristic of the history of the Anglo-French conflict, once again introduced serious changes into a situation that had previously seemed quite certain.

France actually split into three parts: lands actually conquered by the British; areas that were under the political influence of the Duke of Burgundy, an ally of the British; and territories where the authority of the Dauphin Charles was recognized. Immediately after the deaths of Henry V and Charles VI, the Dauphin Charles proclaimed himself the rightful heir to the throne and was crowned at Poitiers by his supporters.

English troops, together with the Burgundians, besieged Orleans - the last stronghold of independence. It seemed that France was lost and the British would conquer it, just as the French, led by William the Conqueror, had once conquered England.

Among the peasants, who were very religious, there was an opinion that God would not allow such humiliation of France and would miraculously save the country from foreigners. From time to time handwritten sheets appeared calling for a fight.

Just before the appearance of Joan of Arc in the royal camp, a prophecy became known according to which God would send a savior to France in the form of a virgin.

Continuation
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In the 14th century, the largest and longest confrontation between England and France began, which later became known as the “Hundred Years’ War.” This is the most important part of European history, the study of which is included in the mandatory minimum knowledge required to successfully pass specialized exams. In this article we will briefly look at the causes and results, as well as the chronological sequence of these significant events.

The material in this article is important, because in tasks 1 and 11, and at times in 6 tasks, knowledge of World History material is required to successfully complete them.

Causes and beginning of the war

A reasonable question follows from the title: “How long did the main battle of the Middle Ages actually last?” The armed confrontation took place between two powerful European powers and formally lasted more than a hundred years (1337-1453). The conflict was provoked by the clash of political interests of the royal families. In fact, this event included three stages that occurred at different time intervals.

It all started with the death of the French monarch Charles IV (the Handsome), who was the last legal heir of the ruling Capetian dynasty. According to the rules of succession to the throne, power was taken over by Charles's cousin, Philip VI of Valois. However, the current king of England, Edward III, was the grandson of the deceased king, which gave him the authority to lay claim to the French throne. France, naturally, was categorically against a foreign ruler. This is the official reason for the start of the conflict.

Charles IV the Handsome. Years of life 1294 - 1328

In reality, it was a struggle of interests for French lands. The British wanted to take possession of Flanders, an industrial region with a developed economy, and also to regain lost territories that previously belonged to the English crown.

In turn, France laid claim to its former possessions - Guienne and Gascony, which at that moment were under the rule of the British. The parties could not find official reasons for resolving mutual claims until the English king Edward III officially declared his rights to the French throne, supporting his intentions with military actions in Picardy.

Chronology of events

First stage

The first part of the Anglo-French confrontation began in 1337 and is referred to in some sources as the Edwardian War.

England began its confident offensive on French lands. Excellent combat readiness and the confused state of the enemy helped the British easily capture the territories they were interested in. In addition, some of the local population, tired of war and poverty, was on the side of the invaders.

Edward III. Years of life 1312 - 1377

However, successful conquests, oddly enough, had a negative impact on the economic condition of England. Having concluded an unfavorable military alliance with the Netherlands, and irrationally managing income in general, Edward III soon led the English treasury to a state of ruin. This fact significantly slowed down the progress of military operations and in the next 20 years, events developed as follows:

• 1340 - defeat of the French fleet, capture of the English Channel.
• 1346 - Battle of Crecy. A turning point in the war. Decisive victory for the British and total defeat of the French army. King Edward III gains dominance over the northern part of France.
• 1347 - the date of the conquest of the French port of Calais and the signing of a formal truce. In fact, hostilities continued from time to time.
• 1355 – the son of Edward III, nicknamed the “Black Prince,” again launched an attack on France, thereby finally annulling the peace agreement.

Meanwhile, the French economic situation is in complete decline. The authority of the crown is unconditionally undermined, the country is devastated by war, local residents suffer from poverty and hunger. On top of everything else, taxes were getting higher - somehow it was necessary to feed the army and the remnants of the navy.

All these events and the desperate situation of France led to the signing of several peace agreements in 1360, according to which England gained dominance over almost a third of French lands.

Second phase

After nine years of a humiliating truce for France, its new ruler, Charles V, decided to try to reconquer the occupied territories, unleashing a new military conflict in 1369, called the Carolingian War.

During the years of the truce, the French state restored its strength and resources and reorganized the army.

At this moment, England launched a military campaign on the Iberian Peninsula, experienced a popular uprising and bloody clashes with Scotland. All these factors played into the hands of a recovering France, and it managed to gradually (from 1370 to 1377) regain almost all of its occupied cities. In 1396, the parties again concluded a truce.

Third stage

Despite internal disunity, England did not want to remain the losing side. At that time, Henry V was the king. He thoroughly prepared and organized the first attack after a long truce, which no one expected. In 1415, the decisive battle of Agincourt took place, where France was forced to capitulate. In subsequent battles, the entire northern part of France was captured, which allowed the British to dictate their terms. Thus, in 1420 a peace treaty was signed, according to which:

The current King of France, Charles IV, abdicates the throne.

Henry V marries the sister of the French monarch and becomes heir to the throne.

The population of the defeated side was divided into two warring camps. That part that supported the British was exhausted by high taxes, robberies and robberies. However, larger areas of France were eventually conquered by the occupiers.

End of the war

A decisive role in the further course of history was played by the famous Maid of Orleans - Joan of Arc. A simple village girl led the people's militia and led the defense of the city of Orleans from the siege of the British. She managed to awaken the fighting spirit of the French, tired of endless battles, and it was thanks to her that a great deal was returned part of the conquered territories in less than a year.The French again believed in themselves and in their independence.

Joan of Arc. Reconstruction

The English tried at all costs to deprive their opponents of their inspired leader, and in 1430 Joan was captured and burned at the stake.

Contrary to expectations, French citizens did not lose their fighting spirit after Jeanne’s death, but rather continued their offensive with rage and bitterness. In this regard, the religious aspect played a significant role, since D'arc was considered a saint, an executor of God's providence, and after her burning she was ranked among the martyrs. In addition, the people were tired of poverty and suffocating taxes, so regaining independence at any cost was a matter of life and death.

Armed clashes continued until 1444, with both sides suffering from raging epidemics of cholera and plague. It is not difficult to guess who won this protracted battle.

In 1453, the war finally ended with the surrender of the British.

Results

England lost all its conquered territories in France, with the exception of the port of Calais.
Both sides carried out domestic military reforms, completely changing army policies and introducing new types of weapons.

Relations between England and France for several centuries could be described as “cold”. Until 1801, English monarchs formally bore the title of Kings of France.

Expert opinion

“...People who lived in Europe between 1337 and 1453 had no idea that they were living in the era of the Hundred Years War...”

Historian Natalya Basovskaya

“Everything perishes when the head of the state is replaced by feeble-minded people. Unity disintegrates on the wreckage of greatness.”

Maurice Druon "When the King Destroys France."

In conclusion, I would like to say that this topic is just a drop in the ocean of World History. We discuss all topics on both Russian and World history in the form of video lessons and presentations, information cards in our Unified State Exam preparation courses.

The Hundred Years' War was less a war between England and France than a series of conflicts that lasted from 1337 to 1453, mainly in the territory of the Kingdom of France.
The war lasted 116 years, and it was not of a permanent nature, since it continued intermittently. The entire Hundred Years' War can be divided into four periods:

– Edwardian War(the period lasted from 1337 – 1360.);
– Carolingian War (continued from 1369 – 1396 gg.);
– Lancastrian War(continued from 1415 – 1428 gg);
– and the final period of the Hundred Years' War ( from 1428 to 1453 year);

Causes of the Hundred Years' War

The war has begun due to disputes about the succession to the throne of the kingdom of France. The English king Edward claimed his rights to the throne of France in connection with the Salic law. In addition, the English king wanted return the lands lost by his father. The new French king Philip VI demanded that the English monarch recognize him as the sovereign ruler of France. Also, the warring parties had a constant conflict for possession of Gascony, the English retained the right to its possession in exchange for recognizing Philip as sovereign king.
But when Edward went to war against France's ally Scotland, the French king began to prepare a plan to capture Gascony and land his troops on the territory of the British Isles.
The Hundred Years' War began with the landing of the English army on French territory, and their further attack on Picardy (territory in North-East France).

Progress of the Hundred Years' War

As already stated, The first move was made by the English king Edward, invading the territory of Picardy in 1337 year. During this period, the French fleet completely dominated the English Channel, which did not allow the British to act more confidently. They constantly had the threat that the French army would land on English territory and, moreover, in such a situation it was impossible to undertake massive transfers of troops to French territory. The situation has changed in 1340 the year when the English fleet defeated the French in naval battle of Sluys. Now the British were completely in control of the English Channel.
IN 1346 year, Edward led a large army and landed near the city of Caen, and then during the day he captured the city itself, which shocked the French command; no one expected that the city would fall in just one day. Philip moved towards Edward and the two armies clashed Battle of Crecy . August 26, 1346 a famous battle took place is considered to be the beginning of the end of the era of chivalry A. The French army, despite the numerical advantage, was completely defeated; the French knights could not do anything against the English archers, who showered them with a real hail of arrows, both from the front and from the flank.
In connection with the plague epidemic, countries stopped fighting, since the disease claimed hundreds of times more lives than the war. But after the epidemic stopped raging, in 1356 In the same year, the king's son Edward the Black Prince with a new, even larger army invaded the territory of Gascony. In response to these actions, the French withdrew their army to meet the British. September 19 both armies met in the famous Battle of Poitiers. The French again outnumbered the British. However, despite this advantage, the British, thanks to successful maneuvers, were able to capture the French army and even capture the King of France, John the Good, son of Philip VI. To buy back their king, France gave a ransom equal to two years of the country's income. This was a crushing defeat for French military thought; finally, they managed to understand that it is not numerical advantage that decides the outcome of the battle, but successful command and maneuvers on the battlefield.
First stage of the war ended with the signing of the Breton Peace 1360 year. As a result of his campaign, Edward received half the territory of Brittany, all of Aquitaine, Poitiers, and Calais. France lost a third of its entire territory.
The world lasted nine years until the new king of France, Charles V, declared war on England, wanting to regain previously lost territories. During the truce, the French managed to reorganize the army and again increase their military power. The English army was carried away by the war on the Iberian Peninsula, which is why the French achieved a number of important victories in the seventies of the fourteenth century, thereby regaining a number of previously captured territories. After the death of King Edward and his son the Black Prince, the young King Richard II took the throne. Scotland took advantage of the king's inexperience, thereby starting the war. The British lost this war, suffering a heavy defeat at the Battle of Otterburn. England was forced to conclude a peace unfavorable for it.
After Richard ascended the throne of England Henry IV planned to take revenge on the French. But the offensive had to be adjusted due to the difficult situation in the country, it was mainly a war with Scotland and Wales. But when the situation in the country returned to normal, a new offensive began in 1415 year.
Henry himself was unable to carry out his invasion of France, but his son Henry V succeeded in doing so. The English king landed in France and decided to march on Paris, but he lacked food and the French put forward a large army to meet him, which outnumbered the English. Henry was forced to prepare for defense at the small settlement of Agincourt.
That's where the famous one began Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415), as a result of which, the English archers completely defeated the heavy French horsemen and inflicted a crushing defeat on France. As a result of this victory, the king of England managed to capture the territory of Normandy and the key cities of Caen and Rouen. Over the next five years, Henry managed to capture almost half of all French lands. To stop the takeover of France, King Charles VI concluded a truce with Henry, the main condition being the succession to the throne of France. From that moment on, all kings of England had the title of King of France.
Henry's victories are over in 1421, when Scottish troops entered the battle, defeating the English army at the Battle of Beauge. In this battle, the British lost their command, which is why they lost the battle. Soon after this, Henry V dies, and his young son takes the throne.
Despite the defeat, the British quickly recovered and were already 1423 year responded to the French with revenge, defeating them in Battle of Kravan (31 July 1423), once again destroying an army outnumbered. It was followed by several more important victories for the English army, and France found itself in a serious difficult situation.
IN 1428 year there was a turning point Battle of Orleans. It was on the day of this battle that a bright figure appeared - Joan of Arc, which broke through the British defenses and thereby brought an important victory for France. The following year, the French army under the command of Joan of Arc defeated the British again at the Battle of Pat. This time the numerical advantage of the British played a cruel joke on them; this battle can be called a mirror of the Battle of Agincourt.
IN 1431 Jeanne was captured by the British and executed, but this could no longer affect the outcome of the war; the French rallied and continued to resolutely attack. From that moment on, the French army began to liberate one city after another, while driving the British out of their country. The final blow to England's power came in 1453 year at the Battle of Castiglione. This battle became famous due to the first successful use of artillery, which played a key role in the battle. The British were completely defeated and all their attempts to turn the tide of the war were completely over.
This was the last battle of the hundred-year war, followed by the capitulation of the garrison of Bordeaux - the last key center of the British defense in Gascony.

Consequences of the war

No formal peace treaty was signed for a decade, but the war stopped and The British renounced their claim to the throne. The British were unable to achieve their goals, despite the initial success of the campaigns, leaving only one major city in their possession, Calais and surrounding areas. Because of the defeat in England, the War of the White and Scarlet Roses began.
The role of infantry on the battlefield was increased, and chivalry gradually went into decline. For the first time, permanent regular armies appeared to replace the militia. The English bow demonstrated its advantage over the crossbow, but most importantly - the development of firearms began in Western Europe and artillery firearms were successfully used for the first time.