Technological culture of society forms of its manifestation. Introduction to the world of technological construction culture. Features of scientific knowledge
The concept of “culture” has many meanings. Attempts to define it show that its content depends on the author’s research position. On one point, researchers are unanimous that culture arose along with the appearance of man on Earth and developed as he mastered the forces of nature, improved society and himself.
By changing the natural world, adapting it to his needs and requirements, a person creates a cultural environment, which includes technology, housing, means of communication, connections, messages, household items, works of art, etc. Culture determines the level of development of society and creative forces and human abilities, as well as the level of achievements in the material, social and spiritual spheres of activity.
One of the aspects of general culture is technological culture. Its essence and content are related to the concept of “technology”. Technological culture is the result of modern scientific, technical and socio-economic achievements.
The development of the concept of “technological culture” is associated with the need to influence the negative consequences for humans and their environment of ill-conceived and sometimes barbaric use of technical means, new methods and technologies to achieve certain goals. Thus, intensive human use of the latest technical systems has led to the depletion of natural resources and disruption of natural balance. These destructive human actions threaten the very existence of life on Earth. The influence of modern technological means (computers, industrial robots, controlled biological reactions, etc.) on the forces of nature not yet known to people has not yet been studied.
Thus, technological culture should be understood as such transformative human activity in the material, spiritual and social spheres, when the main criterion for assessing and applying new technologies and technological processes is their ability to ensure the harmonious interaction of man and nature, man and society, man and man.
The basis of technological culture is the transformative activity of man, in which his knowledge, skills and creativity are manifested. Transformative activity today penetrates into all spheres of human life and work - from industry and agriculture to the social sphere: medicine, pedagogy, leisure and management.
Technological culture can be viewed from a social and personal perspective.
In social terms, this is the level of development of society based on the expedient and effective transformative activities of people, the totality of achieved technologies in material production, social and spiritual life.
On a personal level, technological culture determines the level of a person’s mastery of modern ways of knowing and improving himself and the world around him. Therefore, technological culture is a fundamental component of general culture, as well as the basis and condition for the development of modern society and production.
Technological culture in the social work system must be considered at three levels: the social sphere, the social work specialist and the client.
The technological culture of the social sphere is determined by the nature of the technological support for solving the social problems of its members.
The technological culture of a social work specialist is determined by the level of his mastery of researched and practice-tested methods, methods, techniques and means, high-quality and effective solutions or assistance in solving problems of a client or group.
The client's technological culture is determined by the degree of mastery of society's technological means in solving social problems.
The technological culture of social work is part of the general technological culture of the social sphere - an integral part of the technological culture of society.
The formation of a technological culture of a social work specialist is associated primarily with professional education and the formation of technological competence, which includes familiarization with all the benefits of human culture, including science, technology, general culture, social and universal values.
This is an orientation towards a social specialist who is knowledgeable, capable and masters the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the interests of himself, the client and society as a whole.
On the one hand, this turn means “learning from the future”, being able to apply knowledge to develop and apply new technologies, possessing the necessary skills in accordance with the needs of professional activity, considering clients from the point of view of the human personality; on the other hand, using the content value of the acquired knowledge, show humane care for the comprehensive development of the client, orienting him towards independent social functioning, so that he can receive satisfaction from life in his society.
Everything that happens to a person and his environment is technological or carried out using technology. In the production process, technology is a system of algorithms, methods and means proposed by science, the use of which leads to a predetermined result of the activity and guarantees the receipt of products of a given quantity and quality. In the social work system, the solution to many problems is not algorithmized. Therefore, if the technology is not created, then individual skill reigns when solving customer problems.
The technological culture of a social worker is defined as transformative creative activity, including knowledge, skills, emotional and moral attitude to the activity and the willingness to act taking into account responsibility for one’s actions.
The technological culture of a social worker includes the following components, which are manifested in activities and behavior. This is work culture; culture of human relations; the culture of the institution, its aesthetics and condition; information culture; entrepreneurial culture; ecological culture; consumer culture; project culture.
Features of the technological culture of a social worker.
Technological culture helps to concentrate on what needs to be done and how. The “value dimension” is present in the form of an assessment of the parameters of the social worker’s activities. Technological values are customer satisfaction, accuracy, completeness, efficiency, timeliness, etc. These are also instrumental values that act as a means of achieving fundamental values set by spiritual and social culture - ensuring the safety of society, the value of a person in society, etc. d.
The technological culture of a social worker is utilitarian. It cannot act as something opposite to spiritual culture. If a specialist allows a “bias” in favor of technological culture, then this threatens the oblivion of spiritual values and leads to the formation of consumer sentiment.
In relation to spiritual and social culture, the technological culture of a social worker plays a subordinate, service role. Methods and means of working with clients, introduced innovations and innovations must be assessed and controlled from universal human values and humanism.
The technological culture of a social specialist is an indispensable condition for his professional activity. Whatever field or category of clients he works in, he must master the technology of his business.
The technological culture of the social sphere is part of the culture of a modern technologically saturated society. This is a new attitude towards man, based on transformation and improvement, as well as improving his living environment, satisfying various needs. Standardization is an integral part of the technological culture of social work.
From the perspective of modern concepts, the technological culture of a social worker includes:
- - a creative approach to everything that surrounds him;
- - creative self-expression.
The concept of “technological culture of a social work specialist” personifies a new layer of professionals who have a high level of scientific knowledge and professional skills in implementing the technological process.
The most important goal of the technological education system in the formation of the technological culture of social work specialists is to cultivate the need to master the system of scientific knowledge.
Based on scientific knowledge, new technologies are born, leading to the introduction into practice of effective tools to influence the social processes of resource development, resource consumption and resource conservation, improvement of society and its social protection.
Continuity of education, as a phenomenon of technologization of society and the dissemination of scientific knowledge, is becoming a leading factor in the development and technological culture of specialists in the social sphere.
Mastering technological culture in the context of technological education means mastering functional methods and methods of assimilation of technological knowledge necessary in any activity, i.e. mastering the algorithm of transformative activity.
The formation of the technological culture of university students is defined in the requirements of the new state standard.
The graduate must have the following professional competencies (PC):
- o socio-technological:
- - be ready to develop and implement social technologies that take into account the features of the modern combination of global, national and regional, the specifics of the socio-cultural development of society (PC-1);
- - be able to provide a high level of social culture of technologies for social protection of weaker sections of the population, medical and social support, and well-being of citizens (PC-2);
- - be ready for mediation, social-preventive, consulting and socio-psychological activities on the problems of socialization, habilitation and rehabilitation (PC-3);
- - be ready to provide social protection, assistance and support, provide social services to individuals and social groups (PC-4);
- - be capable of creating a socially and psychologically favorable environment in social organizations and services (PC-5);
- - be capable of innovative activities in the social sphere, optimizing its combination with the traditional culture of personal and public life (PC-6);
- - be ready to solve the client’s problems by attracting appropriate specialists, mobilizing one’s own forces, physical, mental and social resources of the client (PC-7);
- - be prepared to prevent and prevent personal professional deformation, professional fatigue, professional “burnout” (PC-8);
- - be able to purposefully and effectively implement modern technologies of psychosocial, structural and complex-oriented social work, medical and social assistance to the population (PC-9);
- - be able to assess the quality of social services based on the achievements of modern qualimetry and standardization (PC-10);
- - be capable of competent use of legislative and other regulations at the federal and regional levels (PC-11);
- - be ready to comply with professional and ethical requirements in the process of carrying out professional activities (PC-12);
- o research:
- - be able to explore the cultural features of social life, well-being, behavior in the social sphere of various national-ethnic and gender-age, as well as social-class groups (PK-13);
- - have the ability to analyze the specifics of the sociocultural space, the infrastructure for ensuring the social well-being of representatives of various social groups (PK-14);
- - be able to identify, formulate and resolve problems in the field of psychosocial, structural and comprehensively oriented social work, medical and social care (PC-15);
- - be able to determine the scientific and practical value of the research problems being solved in the process of ensuring social well-being (PC-16);
- - be ready to systematically use the results of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of the activities of social workers, professional support for the well-being of various segments of the population, ensuring their physical, mental and social health (PC-17).
The formation of a technological culture of a social work specialist is also associated with the ethical problem of his responsibility for his actions in technological situations and relationships, when much depends on his morality, rationality and responsibility.
The technological culture of the social sphere is also ethics, it is a new philosophy, the philosophy of a new vision of man in society and ways and means of solving his social problems.
Currently, the technological stage of development of the social sphere is intended to establish the priority of the method over the result of the activity. Therefore, specialists need to take a comprehensive approach to choosing methods (including material and intellectual means) of their activities from a mass of alternative options and to assessing their results.
The main goal of the activities of specialists is to ensure that technological capabilities improve the quality of human service, that is, changes in the social, economic and cultural life of society are carried out in such a way that it stimulates human development.
Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation
State educational institution
higher professional education
"Pacific State University"
TEST
Discipline: "Cultural Studies"
Topic: “Features of technological culture”
Option - 17
Completed by: Victoria Konstantinovna Bendyak
1st year student
Direction 0802200.62 BME “Management”
Group Mz-11
Record book number 2011022767
Checked
Khabarovsk – 2011
Plan:
- Introduction
- The essence and content of technological culture
- Technology, science, engineering
The role of technological culture in the life of modern society
- Conclusion
- Literature
- Introduction
The technology of human activity, unlike the activity of animals, is not given to man “by nature”, but is a cultural phenomenon. The niche it occupies in the cultural space is the area of technological culture.
Technological culture includes knowledge and regulations with the help of which human activity is carried out. This is its semantic, informative, content side. But, as in all areas of culture, it also has a material side - the grain material in which its meanings are encoded and objectified.
Test objectives:
- Determine the essence and content of technological culture
Define the concept of technology, science, engineering
Determine the role of technological culture in the life of modern society
- The essence and content of technological culture
Using various technological means, man began to actively create an artificial world, his own objective existence.
At the turn of humanity’s transition into the 20th century, the scientific and technical environment, the technosphere, began to alienate man from nature, which led to a disruption of the natural balance in the world. The technological development of society was carried out in two stages. In the first of them (1st half of the 20th century), the main attention was paid to industrialization and mechanization of production. This was the stage of scientific and technological progress and technocratic ideology. Technocracy literally means the power of technology as a means (not a method) of production.
At the beginning of the 20th century, technocratic philosophical theories dominated, according to which technology and its systematic development in themselves, regardless of other factors, can solve all social problems. Therefore, power and control in a capitalist society must move from owners and politicians to the engineering and technical intelligentsia (technocracy), supposedly acting as the main driving force of progress.
Technocratic theories reflected the increased importance of science and technology for production and society, but they underestimated the role of such factors as politics, culture, class and national interests, etc.
By the early 40s of the 20th century, technocratic philosophical theories had lost their relevance.
In the second half of the 20th century, humanity entered the scientific and technological stage of development. The emergence of new technologies led to the fact that in the years 1950-1990, global social production increased approximately 7 times. The creation of computers led to the emergence of the information world and high, knowledge-intensive technologies.
Back in the 70s, the term scientific and technological revolution was widely used, in which the role of technology was especially emphasized to the detriment of technology. However, with the advent of universal technology, production methods began to differ in their technologies, which began to dominate.
Today, humanity lives in conditions where the industrial stage of scientific and technological progress with its extensive, technocratic ideology (to get the maximum result at any cost) is becoming a thing of the past. The new - technological - stage establishes the priority of the method over the result of the activity, taking into account its social, environmental, economic, psychological, aesthetic and other factors and research.
In a technological culture, a person realizes himself as the ruler of all things. What was previously inaccessible to the human mind is gradually becoming more and more clear. Man turned out to be able to force nature to manifest the action of some of its potentially existing laws. Now he lives in conditions of an open instrumental civilization, being aware of this. He created technological “organisms” - systems of interdependent components, the actions of which are aimed at achieving the goals set by their creator.
The power and range of modern technological tools - computers, industrial robots, controlled biotechnological reactions or nuclear reactors - are not comparable to their predecessors. On the one hand, they improve people’s lives, and on the other, they increase a person’s responsibility for their actions.
For modern - technological - culture such a basic
the concept is “technology”.
The most common statement is that the word “technology” comes from the Greek “techne” - art, skill, skill and “logos” - teaching, science. Thus, technology is understood as the science of craftsmanship, methods of interaction between humans, tools and objects of labor.
Previously, the term “technology” was used only in relation to production processes.
Thus, technology is a multidimensional, universal concept that permeates all aspects of human life and society. Technology is, at the very least, a philosophical, socio-cultural, epistemological, psychological, pedagogical, and economic category and requires further study.
The basis of technological culture is the transformative activity of man, in which his knowledge, skills and creativity are manifested. Transformative activity today penetrates into all spheres of human life and activity - from industry and agriculture to medicine and pedagogy, leisure and management.
Technological culture can be viewed in social
(broad) and personal (narrow) plans. In social terms, technological culture is the level of development of society based on the expedient and effective transformative activities of people, the totality of achieved technologies in material and spiritual production.
On a personal level, technological culture is the level of a person’s mastery of modern ways of knowing and transforming himself and the world around him.
Technological culture influences all aspects of human life and society. Firstly, it presupposes that a person has a system of technological knowledge, skills and personal qualities.
Technological knowledge include an understanding of basic technological concepts, an idea of the technosphere, methods of transformative activity, modern and promising production technologies and forms of human activity, etc.
Technological skills - These are methods of transformative activity mastered by man on the basis of acquired knowledge. These include the ability to consciously and creatively choose the optimal methods of transformative activities, quickly master new professions and technologies, design one’s activities and anticipate their results, conduct design analysis, use computers, carry out design activities, perform graphical constructions, etc.
Technologically important qualities are human properties necessary for successful mastery of transformative activities. These include the formation of adequate professional self-determination, hard work, diversity of interests, flexibility of thinking, professional mobility, independence and competence, responsibility, discipline, enterprise, the need for continuous improvement, etc.
Technological culture forms a certain (technological) view of the world and is manifested in a technological worldview. The technological worldview should be understood as a system of technological views on nature, society, man and his thinking.
It is based on a global, planetary view of the world, representing the unity of the biosphere, sociosphere, technosphere and noosphere. At the center of this system is a person who, with his mind, must consciously maintain balance in the world.
The technological worldview is also based on the position that the basis of social development is the method of transformative activity of people, as well as the level of technological culture of man and society. And at the same time, technological culture is one of the most important indicators of the level of development of society, human thinking and creative abilities.
An integral part of technological culture is technological thinking.
Technological thinking is a person’s mental ability for transformative activities to create material and spiritual values for the benefit of man, society, the natural environment, a generalized and indirect reflection by the individual of the scientific and technological sphere.
Technological thinking is aimed at finding optimal means
transforming matter, energy and information into a product needed by humans.
In the context of increasing human intervention in the development of natural and social processes, ethical issues take on new significance. Ethics evaluates the appropriateness of an individual's actions in terms of the consequences of those actions for an "ethical partnership." Previously, only other people acted as “ethical partners.” Now the circle of such partners has expanded significantly.
In the new conditions, the creators of modern technical systems were unable to foresee all the consequences of their projects, since many of them manifest themselves after the death of their authors. All this increases the responsibility of creators and consumers of technical systems for the results of their activities, which requires the formation of technological ethics.
Technological ethics (technoethics) is a system of norms and principles of ethical partnership that the created technosystems must comply with.
Technological culture is associated with technological aesthetics.
Technological aesthetics is a person’s aesthetic attitude to the means, process and results of transformative activity, which is expressed in design knowledge, skills and abilities to transform the technological environment according to the laws of beauty.
Technological aesthetics is closely related to the concept of design. Design (English design - drawing, drawing, project) is a creative activity (and the products of this activity) aimed at the formation and organization of the subject-spatial environment, in the process of which the unity of its functional and aesthetic aspects is achieved.
Technological aesthetics is the theoretical basis of design. In turn, it develops at the intersection of a number of scientific achievements: aesthetics, art history, sociology, ergonomics (engineering psychology), economics, production technology, etc.
Thus, in a generalized form, technological culture can be understood as the level of development of human transformative activity, expressed in the totality of achieved technologies of material and spiritual production and allowing him to effectively participate in modern technological processes on the basis of harmonious interaction with nature, society and the technological environment.
- Technology, science, engineering
In modern scientific literature, technology is understood as any means and methods of activity that are invented by people to achieve any goal. This approach to understanding technology highlights the main thing that unites all its different types.
The field of technology also includes what is not called technology in everyday speech (a shovel, a button, a broom, etc.) - all these are means of activity.
Technology, as a set of means and methods of human activity, performs a pragmatic function in people’s lives: people create and use it in order to get some benefit from it. Technology operates in the “multidimensional” space of life, which covers the “three-dimensional” space of culture and extends far beyond the latter. But at the same time, it also acts as a part of culture and the most important factor in its development.
Firstly, technology forms the cultural environment of human habitation - that artificial, artifactual “second nature” in which people live and which is the “material body” of culture.
Secondly, it represents a means of applying the achievements of culture (mainly science) to the solution of material and practical problems of social life, i.e., a way of culture’s response to the “social order” from society.
Thirdly, it creates cultural tools - means and methods of activity in the field of culture.
Fourthly, it acts as a cultural code - as one of the most important sign systems of culture, carrying a huge amount of social information.
Thus, technology can be considered not only in a pragmatic, but also in an information-semiotic aspect - as a form of obtaining, storing, processing and using information, a form of culture that occupies its niche in the cultural space.
Technology serves as a means for man to influence nature in order to protect him from unfavorable natural processes and adapt nature to his needs. If animals adapt to the environment thanks to the structure of their organs, then man - thanks to the growing ability to make artificial organs, external “additives” to his body, increasing his strength and abilities.
The science
Science is a special type of cognitive activity aimed at obtaining, clarifying and producing objective, systemically organized and substantiated knowledge about nature, society and thinking. The basis of this activity is the collection of scientific facts, their constant updating and systematization, critical analysis and, on this basis, the synthesis of new scientific knowledge or generalizations that not only describe observed natural or social phenomena, but also allow us to build cause-and-effect relationships and, how consequence - to predict. Those natural science theories and hypotheses that are confirmed by facts or experiments are formulated in the form of laws of nature or society.
Science 20th century. characterizes a close and strong relationship with technology, an ever deeper transformation into the direct productive force of society, an increase and deepening of its connection with all spheres of public life, and a strengthening of its social role. Modern Science is the most important component of the scientific and technological revolution, its driving force.
Engineering
An engineer is a “specialist with a higher technical education.” This definition is given in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. However, this trait is only a formal sign of the engineering profession. The specificity of an engineer’s activity is, firstly, that it is a practical activity. Its main goal is not to receive or give knowledge, but to apply knowledge for practical purposes, to make changes in reality. Secondly, engineering activity is associated with solving technical problems of practice. Finally, thirdly, a feature of engineering activity (in its modern form) is that it is aimed at technical problems, the solution of which requires scientific knowledge.
Thus, the features of engineering activity are determined by the combination of science and practice in it. Through engineering, science becomes a productive force, and production becomes the application of science.
Engineering is the area where the worlds of science and technology meet, a bridge connecting these worlds.
Engineering requires a different style of thinking than science. Science is aimed at creating general ideal models that can be applied in different fields of technology, while engineering is aimed at creating a real technical object using all kinds of knowledge from a wide variety of sciences. Science puts various phenomena into separate “shelves”: mechanical - separately, electromagnetic - separately, chemical - separately. Engineering collects knowledge from these “shelves” into one.
Engineering, like science, also went through a long path of “embryonic” development before becoming a separate area of culture. But science matured in the bosom of philosophy, and engineering in the bosom of craft. Being included in philosophy, science in its “embryonic” state was part of spiritual culture, while engineering, as a component of craft, belonged to technological culture.
Engineering in its modern sense was born along with science in the era of the emergence of machine production and the formation of industrial civilization. From this time its history begins as a special form of culture. But engineering had its own “prehistoric” period, dating back to ancient times.
- The role of technological culture in the life of modern society
Technological culture is the culture of a modern technologically saturated society. This is a new attitude towards the world around us, based on the transformation and improvement, as well as the improvement of the human environment.
Technological culture is the philosophy of a new vision of the world. And the formation of a technological culture should be associated with the problem of a person’s responsibility for his actions in technological situations and relationships, when much depends on his culture: morality, rationality and responsibility.
The basis of technological culture is the transformative activity of man, in which his knowledge, skills and creativity are manifested.
Transformative activity today penetrates into all spheres of human life and work - from industry and agriculture to medicine and pedagogy, leisure and management. Technological culture began to take shape as a result of modern scientific, technical and socio-economic achievements.
The initial stage of development of technological culture is characterized by intensive human intervention in the course of natural processes: turning the flow of rivers, land reclamation and irrigation, genetic engineering, space exploration, etc. Using the latest technical systems, man began to barbarously deplete the resources of nature, which led to a disruption of the natural balance . These destructive human actions threaten the very existence of life on Earth. At the same time, we must not forget that the influence of modern technological means (computers, industrial robots, controlled biological reactions, etc.) on the forces of nature not yet known to people has not yet been fully studied.
Technological culture is defined as a transformative creative nature-conforming activity, including knowledge, skills, emotional and moral attitude towards this type of activity and a willingness to act taking into account responsibility for one’s actions.
Technological culture includes ten components that are manifested in the activities and behavior of a person of any profession, citizen, consumer, family man and student. This is the culture of work, human relations, home, design, graphic culture, information, entrepreneurial, environmental, consumer, design.
Today, there are course programs “Fundamentals of Technological Culture” for study in grades 10-11, developed by Yu.L. Khotuntsev and V.D. Simonenko, textbook for students in grades 10-11 in the humanities (edited by V.D. Simonenko). As a result of studying the course “Fundamentals of Technological Culture” as a general technological component, graduates of secondary schools should have an understanding of: technological culture and its components; about the role of technology and technology in modern society and trends in their development;
about modern energy- and material-saving, waste-free and other promising technologies; about the social and environmental consequences of the use of technologies;
own: work culture; means and methods of searching for new technical solutions, graphic modeling of products and objects of project activity, implementation of elements of entrepreneurial activity;
be able to: work with information and technological documentation; justify your choice of career plan and take advantage of employment opportunities.
Technological culture, being one of the types of universal culture, influences all aspects of human life and society. It forms a technological worldview, which is based on a system of technological views on nature, society and man. Its integral part is technological thinking, associated with the individual’s generalized reflection of the scientific and technological environment and the mental ability for transformative activities. An integral part of technological culture is also technological aesthetics, which is expressed in design knowledge, skills and abilities to carry out transformative activities according to the laws of beauty.
Currently, the development of society is based on establishing the priority of the method over the result of activity. The main goal of people's activities is to change the social, economic and cultural life of society. Mastering technological culture in the context of a national-regional component means mastering functional methods and methods of assimilation of knowledge necessary in any activity, i.e., an algorithm for transformative creative activity.
The quality of high-tech products produced depends on the technological culture of the population.
CONCLUSION
Culture refers to organized collections of material objects, ideas and images; technologies for their manufacture and operation; sustainable connections between people and ways to regulate them; evaluative criteria available in society. This is an artificial environment of existence and self-realization created by people themselves, a source of regulation of social interaction and behavior.
The technological aspect of culture occupies a significant place in it. Depending on the types of objects they are aimed at creating, technologies are divided, firstly, into producing and transmitting symbols, secondly, into creating physical objects, and thirdly, into organizing systems of social interaction.
Technological culture is the basis and condition for the development of modern society and production.
Technological culture is the level of development of human transformative activity, expressed in the totality of achieved technologies of material and spiritual production and allowing him to effectively participate in modern technological processes on the basis of harmonious interaction with nature, society and the technological environment.
The modern technological era has sharply aggravated the problem of interaction between nature, man and the technosphere. The technologies used should not cause harm to humans and the natural environment. Therefore, the priority of the method over the results of any activity must now be ensured.
Each person must be specially prepared for harmonious coexistence and effective functioning in an information and technologically saturated world. Living in such a world and not knowing it is dangerous and even criminal.
etc................. Lesson topic: Technological culture: its essence and content
The purpose of the lesson: to form in students an idea of technological culture and its types of technology; introduce the technological structures, identify the connections between technology and science, technology and production; develop cognitive interest in high technology; contribute to the formation of a technological culture.
Lesson equipment: presentation containing works of art, cultural monuments, technical achievements of mankind; technology textbook (chapter 1, §1); PC.
Teaching methods: story, conversation, display of visual aids, practical work.
Type of lessons: students acquiring new knowledge.
Basic concepts: technological culture, technology, technological structure, scientific and technological revolution (STR), technological revolution,
Progress of lessons
1. Presentation of new material
From the very first lesson, it is important to interest students in new technology content. Introduce them to the structure of the textbook and content. Students must understand the importance and necessity of the information given in the textbook.
The lesson is theoretical in nature, new concepts are being formed, so the plan for studying the topic projected on the screen can serve as a guide.
Questions for the frontal introductory conversation given at the beginning of the paragraph will help students immerse themselves in the content under consideration and form the motivational side of its assimilation.
Clarification of the concept of “culture” is the first stage in the formation of the term “technological culture”. Before giving a definition, it is necessary to clarify what students understand by “culture” in general. It can be assumed that this question will cause certain difficulties for schoolchildren, since the concept of “culture” is multifaceted and there are many definitions. Summarizing the students’ answers and showing a video, the teacher introduces the concept of “culture.” Moving on to the analysis of the diagrams of the textbook “Types of Culture” (p. 7), we can propose to characterize each of its types. It is necessary to focus students’ attention on the concept of “technological culture”. It is important to note that every person comprehends the modern technological culture throughout his entire life, from its first steps.
A logical transition would be frontal completion of crossword puzzles, the answers to which will form the new concept of “technology.”
We list a number of problematic issues that can be used in a conversation:
What is your understanding of “technology”?
What are the types of technologies?
What achievements of technology and technology of the 20th century do you consider the most significant for humanity?
Typically, students have many options for answering these questions, so the teacher should always be ready to expand and supplement their content. The teacher needs to point out the origin of the term “technology” and introduce a new concept. Analyzing the content of the textbook diagram (p. 9), students can name the types of industrial technologies and give examples.
For further discussion about fundamental technological problems, it is proposed to describe the manufacturing technology, for example, of a roller (demonstration). The teacher should structure this conversation in such a way that students independently identify the need for such questions: how to process (technological process), what to process? How? The concepts of “technological machines” and “technological devices” are introduced. The teacher draws a conclusion based on the textbook diagram (p. 10).
Students can learn the mutual influence of the components under consideration on each other by working from the textbook (p. 11, Fig. 1-2) and considering the given excursion into the history of the development of technology. It is important that students come to the conclusion that each stage of development of society corresponds to the prevailing modes of production.
We list a number of questions that can be used at this stage of the conversation:
Do you know what a catapult, sling, or scooping wheel are? Where were they used?
Try to draw a diagram of how a windmill works.
What discoveries and inventions belong to Archimedes, Newton, Copernicus?
Summarizing the students’ answers, the teacher introduces the concept of “technological structure.” Next, you can invite students to work independently with the textbook (pp. 12-15, diagram, Fig. 3-7), having announced the question in advance:
Name the technological structures and their main technical achievements.
Demonstration of a video and slide films, oral presentations prepared by students can serve as the final part of this stage of the lesson.
Questions for a frontal survey on new material can be taken at the end of the paragraph (p. 19).
2. Practical work
Complete tasks and exercises
A) Arrange historically established types of universal culture in the correct order:
Anthropological (1), mythological (2), technological (3), cosmological (4).
Answer: 2,4,1,3.
B) Fill in the empty columns of the table “The main scientific discoveries and inventions in the era of the dominance of anthropological culture (characteristic of a developed natural civilization and covering the 2nd half of the 18th, as well as the 19th and early 20th centuries).” It is recommended to use reference and encyclopedic material. Here is a completed table, some columns of which the teacher leaves blank when preparing for students.
Years
Discoveries, inventions
1729
G. Stefan
Electrical conductivity phenomenon
1733
Ch. Dufay
Electricity
1738
A.K. Nartov
Machine with mechanical support
1748
M.V. Lomonosov
Law of conservation and transformation of energy
1770
P. Dro
The first robot "Writing Boy"
1789
M.G. Klaproth
Uranus
1791
I.P. Kulibin
Scooter
1799
A. Volt
Galvanic cell
1801
E.A. Artamonov
two wheel bicycle
1802
V.V. Petrov
Electric arc
1826
G. Ohm
Ohm's law
1831
M. Faraday
Electromagnetic induction
1832
N.I. Lobachevsky
New non-Euclidean geometry
1832
I. Pikel
Electric current generator
1834
B.S. Jacobi
Electric motor
1834
E.A. and M.E. Cherepanovs
Locomotive
1837
Ya.E. Purkinje
Basics of cell theory
1859
C. Darwin
Evolutionary doctrine
1860
E. Lendar
Gas internal combustion engine
1869
DI. Mendeleev
Periodic table of elements
1874
A.N. Ladygin
light bulb
1877
T.A. Edison
Phonograph
1881
A.F. Mozhaisky
Aircraft
1884
I.S. Kostovich
Gasoline internal combustion engine
1887
G. Hertz
Electromagnetic waves
1888
F. Blinov
Tractor
1891
D. Dobrovolsky
Three-phase asynchronous motor
1895
A.S. Popov
Radio
1895
VC. X-ray
X-rays
1896
A.A. Becquerel
Natural activity
1898
V. Powelson
Magnetic sound recording
1900
T.A. Edison
Alkaline battery
1905
A. Einstein
Theory of relativity
1910
M. Curie, A. Debiere
Radioactivity and radioactive radiation
1927
D.L. Bird
Recording an image
Students can be asked to fill out a similar table “Major scientific discoveries and inventions of the 20th century.” To activate students, it is recommended to offer this task in the form of organizing a competition between 2-3 teams. The team that gives the most correct answers wins.
3. Summing up the lesson
The results of the practical work performed are discussed, information on the topic covered is summarized, typical errors are sorted out, and the best answers are noted.
Students can record the results of their work in a notebook.
Technology as a cultural phenomenon
The essence and content of technological culture
The expedient organization of human activity involves the selection of the necessary means and methods of action, planning and execution of a certain sequence of operations. This organizational side of human activity forms its technology.
The technology of human activity, unlike the activity of animals, is not given to man “by nature”, but is a cultural phenomenon. The niche it occupies in the cultural space is the area of technological culture.
Technological culture includes knowledge and regulations with the help of which human activity is carried out. This is its semantic, informative, content side. But, as in all areas of culture, it also has a material side - symbolic material in which its meanings are encoded and objectified.
As elsewhere in culture, the most important place here is occupied by verbal language - the most powerful sign system used by people. But in technological culture, a greater role than in other areas of culture is played by non-verbal forms of information coding, especially - functional signs, i.e. objects and processes included in human activity and carrying information about it (see Chapter 2, §3). Technological information does not always find expression in words: people often cannot convey in words the secrets of their craftsmanship, and their methods of action, skills, knowledge remain imprinted only in the acts of activity themselves, in tools, tools, mechanisms. Technology carries within itself the knowledge with the help of which it was created, but in order to verbalize, put into words this knowledge, you need to consider the machine as a “text” and be able to “translate” the meaning of this “metal text” into human language.
Technological culture took its first steps in the form of myth and magic. Magic technology– witchcraft rituals of calling rain, ensuring good luck in hunting, saving from evil spirits, etc. - relied on knowledge expressed in mythological ideas about the world. The ancient “magical” technological culture was expressed mostly in skills, its subject, material and technical basis was very narrow, and its “theoretical justification” was reduced to myths. The main role in the content of ancient technological culture was played by its regulatory (largely magical) component, while the cognitive (basically mythological) component was still underdeveloped and unreliable; the symbolic material in which technological information and skills were embodied and transmitted was, first of all, the actions of people, and the things they made - tools, household items, amulets, etc. - were used as sources of technological information to a lesser extent. Apparently, primitive people passed on technological knowledge to each other more often by demonstration, demonstration of actions, rather than by verbal explanations.
The further development of technological culture went in two directions.
On the one hand, the volume grew knowledge and skills, which led to their separation from mythology and magic. This was accompanied by the division of labor and the emergence of professions. Professional knowledge and skills of artisans, builders, artists, doctors, etc. the ancient Greeks called the word " techne", which literally meant "knowledge, skill, mastery." In this original meaning, the word “technique” is still used in Russian and other languages (“negotiation technique”, “violin playing technique”)
On the other hand, it expanded and improved subject inventory technological culture. New and more efficient types of tools were created, various devices and mechanisms were invented. The word “technology” began to be used to designate these material means of activity.
Technical knowledge for a long time - right up to the Renaissance - was mainly purely practical character and boiled down to rules, which must be adhered to when performing work. But gradually, in this knowledge, more and more space began to be occupied by information about the properties of materials and devices, used in work, about phenomena occurring in the process of production activities and the functioning of technical devices. Technical knowledge began to be transmitted not only through demonstration and oral instructions from the master to his students, but also in writing, incl. in books. Thus, the beginnings gradually emerged technical science. However, this was only scattered information and recommendations. Properties, phenomena, processes described, but almost nothing were not explained theoretically: There were no theories on the basis of which such an explanation could be given.
In modern times, technical knowledge developed in practical activity comes closer to theoretical science matured in the bosom of philosophy. As a result, science in its modern understanding was born. Astronomy, physics, mechanics, chemistry, biology have acquired scientific instruments that make it possible to carry out precise observations and complex experiments. Speculative natural science concepts began to acquire the “flesh and blood” of experimental facts and turn into theories substantiated by practice. And technical knowledge began to rely on mathematics and natural sciences, theoretically generalizing the accumulated experience on this basis. This led to the fact that they began to take shape in technical science, which over a couple of centuries turned into one of the most powerful branches of the tree of science.
Since the beginning of modern times, the sociocultural role of science has changed. Having separated from philosophy, science is moving closer to practice. Not only technical science, but also natural science and mathematics are gradually becoming increasingly oriented towards solving utilitarian problems - mainly industrial and military.
After the industrial revolution, which gave in the 18th century. impetus for the development of a large machine industry; technology is increasingly merging with science and by the twentieth century. is thoroughly imbued with it and becomes “scientific” in origin. The time when an illiterate “craftsman” could create wonderful technical discoveries is irrevocably a thing of the past. The increasing complexity of the technology of production processes, the transformation of science into the theoretical basis of production, the need to rely on scientific knowledge in the design, construction, manufacture and operation of equipment - all this has brought the figure to a prominent place in society engineer.
Engineering is a special type of activity that lies at the junction Sciences And technology. This is an “intermediate” area connecting technology and science, where science is applied to solve technical problems, and technology is created and used with the help of science.
So, technological culture consists of three main components - technology, science and engineering. Technology represents the material “body” of technological culture, science is its intellectual “soul,” and engineering is its active, volitional principle, subordinating the “body” to the “soul.” These components of technological culture can be represented schematically in the form of “layers” located in cultural space parallel to the “cognitive-regulatory” plane (see Fig. 9.1).
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