Magnetic field theory and interesting facts about the earth's magnetic field. What is a magnetic field? Various substances can be divided according to the properties of their interaction with magnetic fields. They are divided into groups

The environment and space itself have a structure. This structure is the dynamic lattice of the ether. By calling it “dynamic”, I emphasize that it is in constant dynamics, its structural segments (etheric vortices) are in constant movement and rotation, by calling it “lattice”, I emphasize that it is one whole, a medium that fills all space , the very ether that you were looking for... To quickly understand what we are talking about, then know that bees do not build their houses from scratch, they seem to “stick around” the lattice of ether, which exists and has a dynamic honeycomb structure.

[A very important point - for official science, the magnetic field of the planet has no structure... but precisely this structure is the lattice of the ether, i.e. magnetic field structure The Earth (solar system...) is the ether...

Fact 1

The existence of the vortex is the essence of the Etheric vortex (spiraleconusoid) which I discovered. It has its own unique geometry and structure. But it needs to be studied further.

Experience video

Fact 2

The magnetic field does not belong to the magnet. Therefore, what does it belong to? That's right - the ether grid!!! The geometry of the magnetic field visualized through magnetic fluid is a honeycomb structure. Experiments by Rodin, Aspden and Roth

Fact 3

The geometry of the magnetic field visualized using a magnet and a kinescope - a honeycomb structure (the field structure is formed even WITHOUT a KINESCOPE GRID ("Veterok" experiments)

Fact 4

Geometry of electric current magnified 80 times in a microscope - honeycomb structure

The geometry of an ultra sound wave that levitates objects is the top of a cone, the base of which is a honeycomb structure, the geometry of the wave above which a magnet levitates above a superconductor is the top of a cone, the base of which is a honeycomb.

Fact 6

Bees don't build their homes in empty space, they cling to the lattice structure. Bees build their HONEYBOOKS on an already existing etheric lattice. They cling to the constantly rotating dynamic lattice of the ether, they are like potters who make jugs with their hands that spin. They have a pedal, they press it, a piece of clay spins, they put their hands and make a shape. Bees do the same, they heat up the wax and apply it to the grate. Therefore, a newly made honeycomb is round inside, and as it cools, it seems to acquire corners and become a 6-hexagon without bees.

Fact 7

Operations with any gradients reveal the honeycomb structure of the lattice. The Bénard cell is a special case of a spiral consonoid - a vortex segment of the structure of matter.

This cell only visualizes the dynamic lattice, but this cell is not a closed structure in the area of ​​the experiment. The lattice is everywhere, it is space itself, the vortex segment of which is the ethereal vortex.

This cell only visualizes the dynamic lattice, but this cell is not a closed structure in the area of ​​the experiment. the lattice is everywhere, it is space itself, the vortex segment of which is....

Fact 8

The Northern Lights, the 6th side on the pole of Saturn, has 100% geometric identity with the cone, which is essentially a segment of the kefir lattice.

Fact 9

Honeycomb structure of snowflakes and crystal.

Fact 10

Geometry and structure of special weapons.

Introduction 1

(1) The most obvious mechanical phenomenon in electrical and magnetic experiments is the interaction, due to which bodies in certain states set each other in motion, despite the presence of a fairly significant distance between them.

Therefore, for a scientific interpretation of these phenomena, it is first of all necessary to establish the magnitude and direction of the force acting between the bodies, and if it is found that this force to some extent depends on the relative position of the bodies and on their electrical or magnetic state, then at first glance it seems natural to explain these facts by supposing the existence of something else, at rest or in motion in every body, constituting its electric or magnetic state, and capable of acting at a distance in accordance with mathematical laws.

In this way, mathematical theories of static electricity, magnetism, mechanical action between conductors carrying currents, and the theory of current induction arose. In these theories, the force acting between two bodies is considered only as depending on the state of the bodies and their relative position, the environment is not taken into account.

These theories more or less explicitly admit the existence of substances whose particles have the ability to act on each other at a distance. The most complete development of a theory of this kind belongs to W. Weber, 2 who included in it both electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.

Having done this, however, he was forced to admit that the force acting between two electric particles depends not only on their mutual distance, but also on their relative speed.

This theory as developed by Weber and Neumann 3 is extremely ingenious and surprisingly comprehensive in its application to the phenomena of static electricity, electromagnetic attractions, induction of currents and diamagnetic phenomena; this theory is all the more authoritative for us because it was the guiding idea of ​​the one who made such great strides in the practical part of the science of electricity, both by introducing a constant system of units into electrical measurements, and by actually determining electrical quantities with a hitherto unknown accuracy 4 .

(2) However, the mechanical difficulties associated with the assumption of the existence of particles acting at a distance with forces depending on their velocities are such that they prevent me from considering this theory as definitive, although it is possible that it may still be useful in relation to establishing coordination between phenomena. Therefore, I preferred to look for explanations of the facts in a different direction, assuming that they are the result of processes that occur both in the environment surrounding the body and in the excited bodies themselves, and trying to explain the interactions between bodies distant from each other without assuming the existence of forces that can directly operate at noticeable distances.

(3) The theory which I propose may be called the electromagnetic field theory, because it deals with the space surrounding electric or magnetic bodies, and it may also be called the dynamic theory, since it admits that there is matter in this space , which is in motion, through which the observed electromagnetic phenomena are produced.

(4) The electromagnetic field is that part of space that contains and surrounds bodies that are in an electric or magnetic state. This space can be filled with any kind of matter, or we can try to remove all dense matter from it, as is the case in Heusler tubes 5 or in other so-called vacuum tubes. However, there is always a sufficient amount of matter to perceive and transmit wave movements of light and heat. And since the transmission of radiations does not change very much, if the so-called vacuum is replaced by transparent bodies of appreciable density, we are forced to admit that these wave movements relate to ethereal substance, and not to dense matter, the presence of which only in some measure changes movement of the ether. We therefore have some reason to assume, based on the phenomena of light and heat, that there is some kind of ethereal medium that fills space and permeates all bodies, which has the ability to be set in motion, to transmit this movement from one part of itself to another and to communicate this movement dense matter, heating it and influencing it in a variety of ways.

(5) The energy imparted to the body by heating must have previously existed in the moving medium, for the wave movements left the source of heat some time before they reached the heated body itself, and during this time the energy must have existed half in the form of motion of the medium and half in the form of elastic tension. Based on these considerations, Professor W. Thomson 6 argued that this medium should have a density comparable to the density of ordinary matter, and even determined the lower limit of this density.

(6) Therefore, we can, as a given, derived from the branch of science, regardless of the one with which we (in the case under consideration) are dealing, accept the existence of a penetrating medium with a small but real density, with the ability to be set in motion and transmit motion from one part to another with great, but not infinite speed.

Consequently, the parts of this medium must be so connected that the movement of one part depends in some way on the movement of the remaining parts, and at the same time these connections must be capable of a certain kind of elastic displacement, since the communication of movement is not instantaneous, but requires time.

Therefore, this medium has the ability to receive and store two types of energy, namely “actual” energy, depending on the movement of its parts, and “potential” energy, which is the work that the medium will perform due to its elasticity, returning to its original state, after that the displacement she experienced.

The propagation of oscillations consists of the continuous conversion of one of these forms of energy into the other alternately, and at any instant the amount of energy in the whole medium is equally divided, so that half the energy is the energy of motion and the other half the energy of elastic tension.

(7) A medium having this kind of structure may be capable of other types of movement and displacement than those that determine the phenomena of light and heat; some of them may be such that they are perceived by our senses through the phenomena which they produce.

(8) Now we know that a luminiferous medium in some cases experiences the action of magnetism, since Faraday 7 discovered that in those cases when a plane polarized beam passes through a transparent diamagnetic medium in the direction of magnetic lines of force formed by magnets or currents, then the plane polarization begins to rotate.

This rotation always occurs in the direction in which positive electricity must flow around the diamagnetic body in order to form an effective magnetic field.

Verde 8 has since discovered that if a diamagnetic body is replaced by a paramagnetic one, for example, a solution of ferric chloride in ether, then the rotation occurs in the opposite direction.

Professor W. Thomson 9 Tuck pointed out that no distribution of forces acting between the parts of any medium, the only movement of which is the movement of light vibrations, is sufficient to explain these phenomena, but that we must admit the existence in the medium of a movement depending on magnetization, in addition to that vibratory motion which is light.

It is absolutely correct that rotation of the plane of polarization due to magnetic influence was observed only in media with a noticeable density. But the properties of the magnetic field do not change so much when one medium is replaced by another or by a vacuum to allow us to assume that a dense medium does more than simply change the motion of the ether. We therefore have a legitimate basis to pose the question: does not the movement of the ethereal medium take place wherever magnetic effects are observed? We have some reason to assume that this movement is a rotational movement, having its axis in the direction of the magnetic force.

(9) We can now discuss another phenomenon observed in the electromagnetic field. When a body moves across lines of magnetic force, it experiences what is called electromotive force; the two opposite ends of the body are electrified in opposite ways, and the electric current tends to pass through the body. When the electromotive force is large enough and acts on certain chemically complex bodies, it decomposes them and causes one of the components to be directed towards one end of the body, and the other in the exact opposite direction 10.

In this case we have an obvious manifestation of a force causing an electric current in spite of resistance, and electrifying the ends of the body in the opposite manner; this peculiar state of the body is maintained only by the action of an electromotive force, and as soon as this force is removed, it tends, with an equal and opposite force, to cause a reverse current through the body and restore its original electrical state. Finally, if this force is sufficiently great, it decomposes the chemical compounds and moves the components in two opposite directions, while their natural tendency is to interconnect with such a force as can produce an electromotive force in the opposite direction.

This force is therefore a force acting on a body due to its motion through an electromagnetic field or due to changes occurring in that field itself; the action of this force is manifested either in the generation of current and heating of the body, or in the decomposition of the body, or, if it cannot do either one or the other, then in bringing the body into a state of electric polarization - a forced state, in which the ends of the body are electrified in the opposite way and from which the body tends to free itself as soon as the disturbing force is removed.

(10) According to the theory I propose, this “electromotive force” is the force that arises when motion is transmitted from one part of the medium to another, so that it is thanks to this force that the movement of one part causes the movement of another. When an electromotive force acts along a conducting path, it produces a current, which, if it meets resistance, causes the electrical energy to be continually converted into heat; the latter can no longer be restored in the form of electrical energy by any reversal of the process.

(11) But when an electromotive force acts on a dielectric, it creates a state of polarization of its parts, which is analogous to the polarization of the parts of a mass of iron under the influence; magnet and which, like magnetic polarization, can be described as a state in which each particle has opposite ends in opposite states 11 .

In a dielectric under the influence of an electromotive force, we can imagine that the electricity in each molecule is so displaced that one side of the molecule becomes positively electrified and the other negatively electrified, but the electricity remains completely associated with the molecule and does not pass from one molecule to the other. another.1 The effect of this action on the entire mass of the dielectric is expressed! in the general displacement of electricity in a certain direction. 12 This displacement is not equivalent to a current, because when it reaches a certain degree it remains unchanged, but it is the beginning of a current, and its changes produce currents in positive or negative directions according to whether the displacement increases or decreases 12. There are no signs of any electrification inside the dielectric, since the electrification of the surface of any molecule is neutralized by the opposite electrification of the surface of the molecule in contact with it; but on the boundary surface of the dielectric, where electrification is not neutralized, we find phenomena indicating positive or negative electrification of this surface. The relationship between electromotive force and the amount of electrical displacement it produces depends on the nature of the dielectric, the same electromotive force generally producing greater electrical displacement in solid dielectrics, such as glass or sulfur, than in air.

(12) Here, therefore, we see another effect of the electromotive force, namely electrical displacement, which, according to our theory, is a kind of elastic compliance to the action of a force, similar to that which occurs in structures and machines due to imperfect rigidity of connections 13 .

(13) The practical study of the inductive capacitance of dielectrics 14 is made difficult due to two interfering phenomena. The first is the conductivity of the dielectric, which, although in many cases extremely small, is nevertheless not completely imperceptible. The second is a phenomenon called electrical absorption 15 and consists in the fact that when a dielectric is exposed to an electromotive force, the electrical displacement gradually increases, and if the electromotive force is removed, the dielectric does not instantly return to its original state, but discharges only part of the electrification imparted to it and , being left to its own devices, gradually acquires electrification on its surface, while the interior of the dielectric gradually becomes depolarized. Almost all solid dielectrics exhibit this phenomenon, which explains the residual charge of the Leyden jar and some phenomena in electrical cables described by F. Jenkin 16 .

(14) We encounter here two other types of compliance, different from the elasticity of an ideal dielectric, which we compared with an ideally elastic body. Compliance, which relates to conductivity, can be compared with the compliance of a viscous fluid (in other words, a fluid having high internal friction) or a soft body, in which the slightest force produces a constant change in shape, increasing with the time of action of the force. The compliance associated with the phenomenon of electrical absorption can be compared with the compliance of the elastic body of a cellular structure containing a thick liquid in its cavities. Such a body, being subjected to pressure, compresses gradually, and when the pressure is removed, the body does not immediately return to its previous shape, because the elasticity of the matter of the body must gradually overcome the viscosity of the liquid before complete equilibrium is restored. Some solids, although not having the structure of which we spoke above, exhibit mechanical properties of this kind, 17 and it is quite possible that these same substances, as dielectrics, have similar electrical properties, and if they are magnetic substances, they have corresponding properties relating to the acquisition, retention and loss of magnetic polarity 18.

(15) Therefore it seems that certain phenomena of electricity and magnetism lead to the same conclusions as optical phenomena, namely, that there is an ethereal medium permeating all bodies and being modified only in some degree by their presence; that parts of this medium have the power of being moved by electric currents and magnets; that this movement is communicated from one part of the medium to another with the help of forces arising from the connections of these parts; that under the influence of these forces a certain displacement arises, depending on the elasticity of these connections, and that, as a result, energy in the medium can exist in two different forms, one of which is the actual energy of movement of parts of the medium, and the other is potential energy due to the connections of the parts due to their elasticity.

(16) Hence we arrive at the concept of a complex mechanism, capable of a vast variety of movements, but at the same time connected in such a way that the movement of one part depends, according to certain relations, on the movement of other parts, and these movements are communicated by forces arising from the relative displacement of interconnected parts due to elasticity of connections. Such a mechanism must obey the general laws of dynamics, and we must be able to deduce all the consequences of this motion, supposing that the form of the relation between the movements of the parts is known. (17) We know that when an electric current flows in a conducting circuit, the adjacent part of the field is characterized by known magnetic properties, and if there are two circuits in the field, the magnetic properties of the field relating to both currents are combined. Thus, each part of the field is in connection with both currents, and both currents are connected with each other by virtue of their connection with the magnetization of the field. The first result of this connection, which I propose to study, is the induction of one current by another and the induction due to the movement of conductors in a field.

Another result that follows from this is the mechanical interaction between the conductors through which currents flow. The phenomenon of current induction was derived from the mechanical interaction of conductors by Helmholtz 19 and Thomson 20. I followed the reverse order and derived mechanical interaction from the laws of induction. I then described experimental methods for determining the values ​​of L, M, N 21 on which these phenomena depend.

(18) I then apply the phenomena of induction and attraction of currents to the study of the electromagnetic field and to the establishment of a system of magnetic lines of force indicating their magnetic properties. By examining the same field with a magnet, I show the distribution of its equipotential magnetic surfaces intersecting the field lines at right angles.

To introduce these results into the realm of symbolic calculus, 22 I express them in the form of general electromagnetic field equations.

These equations express:
(A) Relationship between electrical displacement, true conduction current, and total current composed of both.
(B) The relationship between the magnetic lines of force and the induction coefficients of the circuit, as already derived from the laws of induction.
(C) The relationship between the strength of a current and its magnetic effects according to the electromagnetic system of units.
(D) The value of the electromotive force in any body arising from the movement of the body in a field, changes in the field itself, and changes in electric potential from one part of the field to another.
(E) The relationship between electrical displacement and the electromotive force that produces it.
(F) The relationship between electric current and the electromotive force that conducts it.
(G) The relationship between the amount of free electricity at any point and the electrical displacements in its vicinity.
(H) The relationship between the increase or decrease in free electricity and nearby electric currents. There are 20 such equations in total, containing 20 variables.

(19) I then express through these quantities the internal energy of the electromagnetic field as depending partly on the magnetic and partly on the electric polarization at each point 23 .

From here I determine the acting mechanical force, firstly, on a movable conductor through which an electric current flows; secondly, to the magnetic pole; thirdly, on an electrified body.

The latter result, namely the mechanical force acting on an electrified body, gives rise to an independent method of electrical measurement based on electrical actions. The ratio between the units used in the two methods appears to depend on what I have called the "electrical elasticity" of the medium, and is the rate which was determined experimentally by Weber and Kohlrausch.

I then show how to calculate the electrostatic capacitance of a capacitor and the specific inductive capacitance of a dielectric.

The case of a capacitor consisting of parallel layers of substances having different electrical resistances and inductive capacitances is studied further and it is shown that the phenomenon called electrical absorption, generally speaking, will take place, i.e. if the capacitor is suddenly discharged, then after a short time it will detect the presence residual charge.

(20) The general equations are further applied to the case of a magnetic disturbance propagating through a non-conducting field, and it is shown that the only disturbances that can propagate in this way are disturbances transverse to the direction of propagation, and that the speed of propagation is the speed v, determined experimentally from experiments similar to Weber's, which expresses the number of electrostatic units of electricity contained in one electromagnetic unit.

This speed is so close to the speed of light that we seem to have good reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat and other radiations) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagating through an electromagnetic field according to the laws of electromagnetism 24 . If this is so, then the coincidence between the elasticity of the medium, calculated, on the one hand, from fast light vibrations and, on the other hand, found by the slow process of electrical experiments, shows how perfect and correct the elastic properties of the medium must be if it is not filled with any -or matter denser than air. If the same character of elasticity is preserved in dense transparent bodies, then it turns out that the square of the refractive index is equal to the product of the specific dielectric capacitance and the specific magnetic capacitance 25 . Conducting media quickly absorb such radiation and are therefore usually opaque.

The concept of the propagation of transverse magnetic disturbances to the exclusion of longitudinal ones is definitely pursued by Professor Faraday 26 in his “Thoughts on Ray Vibrations.” The electromagnetic theory of light as proposed by him is the same in essence as that which I am developing in this report, except that in 1846 there was no data for calculating the speed of propagation 27 .

(21) The general equations are then applied to the calculation of the mutual induction coefficients of the two circular currents and the self-inductance coefficient of the coil.

The absence of a uniform distribution of current in different parts of the wire cross-section at the moment the current begins to flow, as I believe, is being studied for the first time, and a corresponding correction for the self-induction coefficient has been found.

These results are applied to the calculation of the self-inductance of the coil used in the experiments of the British Electrical Resistance Standards Association Committee, and the values ​​obtained are compared with those determined experimentally.

* In the book: D. K. Maxwell Selected works on the theory of the electromagnetic field. M, 1954, p. 251-264.
1 Royal Society Transactions, vol. CLV, 1864
2 Wilhelm Weber (1804-1891) - German physicist, derived the elementary law of long-range electrodynamics; together with Kohlrausch Rudolf (1809-1858), he first measured in 1856 the ratio of electrostatic and magnetic units of charge, which turned out to be equal to the speed of light (3-108 m/s).
3 Electrodynamische Maassbestimmungen, Leipzig. Trans, vol. 1, 1849 and Taylor's Scientific Memoirs, vol. V, chapter XIV. “Explicare tentatur quomodo fiat ut lucis planum polarizationis per vires electricas vel magneticas declinetur”, Halis Saxonum, 1858.
4 This refers to the experiments of Weber and Kohlrausch.
5 Heinrich Geisler (1814-1879) was a German physicist who designed a number of physical instruments: hydrometers, mercury pumps, vacuum tubes - the so-called Heusler tubes, etc.
6 Thomson William (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907) - an outstanding English physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics; introduced the absolute temperature scale that bears his name, developed the theory of electrical oscillations, obtaining the formula for the period of an oscillatory circuit, the author of many other discoveries and inventions, and a supporter of the mechanistic picture of the physical world. W. Thomson. "On the Possible Density of the Lumminiterous Medium and on the Mechanical Value of a Cubis Mile of Sunlight", Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, p. 57, 1854.
7 This is what Maxwell calls kinetic energy.
8 "Exp. Res.", series XIX. Emile Verdet (1824-1866) - French physicist who experimentally discovered that the magnetic rotation of the plane of polarization is proportional to the square of the wavelength of light. Verdet, Comptes rendus, 1856, second half, with 529 and 1857, first half, p. 1209.
9 So W. Thomson, Proceedings of the Royal Society, June 1856 and June 1861.
10 Maxwell adheres to outdated ideas about the decomposition of electrolytes by an electric field.
11 Faraday, “Exp. Res", series XI; Mossotti, Mem. della Soc. Italina (Mode-pa), vol. XXIV, part 2, p. 49.
12 Here Maxwell introduces the concept of displacement current.
13 Elasticity theory models are used for illustrative purposes.
14 This is what Maxwell calls the dielectric constant of a substance.
15 Faraday, "Exp Res" (1233-1250).
16 F. Jenkm Reports of the British Association, 1859, p. 248, and Report of the Committee of the Board of Trade on Submarine Cables, p. 136 and 464.
17 As, for example, a composition of glue, molasses, etc., from which small plastic figures are made, which, being deformed, only gradually acquire their original shape.
18 Another example of how Maxwell uses analogies from the theory of elasticity.
19 Russian edition, Helmholtz. "On maintaining strength." M., 1922.
20 W. Thomson. Reports of the British Association, 1848; Phil. Mag., December 1851.
21 L, M, N are some geometric quantities introduced by Maxwell to describe the dependence of the interaction of conductors with current: L depends on the shape of the first conductor, N on the shape of the second, and M on the relative position of these conductors.
22 This "symbolic calculus" is borrowed from Hamilton's work on vector and operator analysis.
23 These equations in their modern form (in SI) look like this: (A) is not an equation, but a definition of the total current density vector:
24 Here Maxwell emphasizes the electromagnetic nature of light.
25 That is, p2 = e|l.
26 Phil. Mag., May 1846 or “Exp. Res.", vol. III.
27 The first reliable values ​​for the speed of light were obtained in the experiments of I. Fizeau (1849) and L. Foucault (1850).

Many people know about the existence of the so-called magnetic field. The most common object around which it exists is an ordinary permanent magnet. What do we know about him and how does he usually manifest himself? It is a piece of hard material that attracts iron objects. It can have any shape; it is customized during manufacture taking into account the specific purpose of the magnet. Magnets have poles - south and north. If you take two pieces of a magnet and try to connect them, then in one case they will try to attract each other, and in the other case they will try to repel each other. Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract.

In addition, if one whole magnet is broken into two pieces (it doesn’t matter whether they are equal or not), we will get two different magnets, which will have their own magnetic poles and their own intensity of attraction. In this case, the strength of magnetism will depend on the size of these same magnets. Why is this happening? What is the essence of these interesting phenomena associated with magnetism?

And the essence of the magnetic field is as follows. From school physics you should have remembered that there are so-called electric charges (electrons and ions). In solids, the carriers of electrical charges are electrons, and in liquid and gaseous substances, they are ions. Magnetic fields, like any other fields, are a special type of matter that manifests itself in the form of a certain force invisible to the eye. Although it would be more accurate, perhaps, to say electromagnetic fields, since it is in their summary form that they manifest themselves (electric and magnetic fields).

So, a magnetic field exists around a moving electric charge. Precisely moving. Around electric charges that are in a static state, there is only an electric field. But since the charges are in constant motion, we are more likely talking about the intensity of this movement. It’s one thing when electrons (particles having a negative electric charge) are simply concentrated in a metal ball (the electric field around the ball will be maximum) and in this case their dynamic movement will be much less pronounced than in the case of their direct movement along a conductor (this is where we will see maximum magnetic field) from one pole of the power supply to the other.

It turns out that the essence of a magnetic field lies in its formation precisely around moving electric charges. And the faster the charge moves along the conductor, the greater the intensity of the magnetic field around this very charge will be. In addition, magnetic fields can be summed up if they have the same direction. After which we already have - the faster the electric charge moves and the greater the number of these charges, the movement of which coincides in direction, the stronger will be the electromagnetic field around these charges (and around this electrical conductor along which they move).

Now we can understand why a magnetic field appears around an ordinary copper coil through which direct current flows and what its intensity depends on. It’s just the very movement of current, electrons (charged particles with a negative sign) through the coil that generates electromagnetic fields. And the greater the number of turns of this coil, the greater the current passing through it, the greater the strength of the magnetic field around it. Why then does the light bulb through which current flows not have such a magnetic field (intense) as that of the coil? It’s just that the electrical energy of a light bulb is spent more on light and heat, and to a lesser extent on the electromagnetic field. While with a tightly wound, concentrated coil, most of the electrical energy is spent precisely on creating a magnetic field and a very small part of it on generating heat.

How do permanent magnets work? After all, no current flows through them. There are currents, but these are microcurrents generated by the movement of electrons inside the substance itself. It’s all about the unidirectionality of these currents and the ability of the substance to maintain a constant state of this unidirectionality. The movement of electrons is present in all substances, but magnetic properties appear only in those that have ferromagnetic properties. Ferromagnets are substances that can easily change (under certain conditions) and stably maintain a certain internal structure of their particles, affecting the magnetic properties of this substance.

So, we take a substance with good ferromagnetic properties, place it in a constant high-intensity electromagnetic field, after which we observe a restructuring of the internal structure of this substance. The unidirectionality of its magnetic particles appears. As a result, this substance itself becomes a magnet. All its internal particles (atoms, molecules) formed the south magnetic pole on one side, and the north one on the other side. As a result, we got an ordinary magnet. If this magnet is placed in an alternating magnetic field (high intensity), heated strongly, and subjected to strong mechanical shocks, then in the end we can demagnetize our ferromagnetic substance. It will lose its magnetic properties.

P.S. The electromagnetic field exists everywhere, it is everywhere. Only its intensity is different everywhere and not all things have the property of stably maintaining this magnetic field. Magnets can be made from things that were not magnets before (they just need to be magnetized). Alternatively, a magnetic field can be obtained by passing a direct current through a copper coil. In this case, we will already have an electromagnet. It will only work when electrical power is connected to it.

Examples of sources of single electromagnetic pulses: nuclear explosion, lightning discharge, electrical discharge, switching in electrical circuits. The EMR spectrum is most often pink. Examples of sources of multiple electromagnetic pulses: collector machines, corona discharge on alternating current, intermittent arc discharge on alternating current.

In technology, electromagnetic radiation with a limited spectrum is most often encountered, but it, like EMR from a nuclear explosion, can lead to equipment failure or the creation of powerful interference. For example, radiation from radar stations, electrical erosion installations, digital communications, etc.

Electromagnetic field and its effect on human health

1. What is EMF, its types and classification

2. Main sources of EMF

2.1 Electric transport

2.2 Power lines

2.3 Electrical wiring

2.7 Cellular

2.8 Radars

2.9 Personal computers

3. How does EMF affect health?

4. How to protect yourself from EMF

In practice, when characterizing the electromagnetic environment, the terms “electric field”, “magnetic field”, “electromagnetic field” are used. Let us briefly explain what this means and what connection exists between them.

An electric field is created by charges. For example, in all the well-known school experiments on the electrification of ebonite, an electric field is present.

A magnetic field is created when electric charges move through a conductor.

To characterize the magnitude of the electric field, the concept of electric field strength is used, symbol E, unit of measurement V/m. The magnitude of the magnetic field is characterized by the magnetic field strength H, unit A/m. When measuring ultra-low and extremely low frequencies, the concept of magnetic induction B, unit T, is often also used, one millionth of a T corresponds to 1.25 A/m.

By definition, an electromagnetic field is a special form of matter through which interaction occurs between electrically charged particles. The physical reasons for the existence of an electromagnetic field are related to the fact that a time-varying electric field E generates a magnetic field H, and a changing H generates a vortex electric field: both components E and H, continuously changing, excite each other. The EMF of stationary or uniformly moving charged particles is inextricably linked with these particles. With the accelerated movement of charged particles, the EMF “breaks away” from them and exists independently in the form of electromagnetic waves, without disappearing when the source is removed.

Electromagnetic waves are characterized by wavelength, symbol - l. A source that generates radiation, and essentially creates electromagnetic oscillations, is characterized by frequency, designated f.

An important feature of EMF is its division into the so-called “near” and “far” zones. In the “near” zone, or induction zone, at a distance from the source r 3l. In the “far” zone, the field intensity decreases in inverse proportion to the distance to the source r -1.

In the “far” zone of radiation there is a connection between E and H: E = 377H, where 377 is the wave impedance of the vacuum, Ohm. Therefore, as a rule, only E is measured. In Russia, at frequencies above 300 MHz, the electromagnetic energy flux density, or Poynting vector, is usually measured. Denoted as S, the unit of measurement is W/m2. PES characterizes the amount of energy transferred by an electromagnetic wave per unit time through a unit surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.

International classification of electromagnetic waves by frequency

Frequency range name

1. Vadim described more than 4 years ago a practical example of the convergence of ring-shaped waves on a primitive-to-understand method of throwing a lifebuoy onto the water. The waves diverged from the source and actually converged. There were theoretically unsubstantiated attempts to create an electromagnetic shell of a fictitious “tempo machine”. Frankly, he has far-sighted grains, intuitive, not yet understood.

3. No matter how paradoxical it may seem, turning back time is possible. but with a further changed course.

4.The speed of time is not the same.

5. RELATIVITY - space and time for a given world and humanity - a measure of the speed of light, then another world. different speeds, different laws. Also in reduction.

6. "Big Bang" about 14 billion light years, just a few moments in another world, in another flow, time, which for humanity is 5 minutes - for other worlds - billions of years.

7. The infinite universe for OTHERS is like an invisible quantum particle and vice versa.

The introduction of new technologies and the widespread use of electricity has led to the emergence of artificial electromagnetic fields, which most often have a harmful effect on humans and the environment. These physical fields arise where there are moving charges.

The nature of the electromagnetic field

The electromagnetic field is a special type of matter. It occurs around conductors along which electric charges move. Such a force field consists of two independent fields - magnetic and electric, which cannot exist in isolation from one another. When an electric field arises and changes, it invariably generates a magnetic field.

One of the first to study the nature of alternating fields in the middle of the 19th century was James Maxwell, who is credited with creating the theory of the electromagnetic field. The scientist showed that electric charges moving with acceleration create an electric field. Changing it generates a field of magnetic forces.

The source of an alternating magnetic field can be a magnet if it is set in motion, as well as an electric charge that oscillates or moves with acceleration. If a charge moves at a constant speed, then a constant current flows through the conductor, which is characterized by a constant magnetic field. Propagating in space, the electromagnetic field transfers energy, which depends on the magnitude of the current in the conductor and the frequency of the emitted waves.

Impact of electromagnetic field on humans

The level of all electromagnetic radiation that is created by man-made technical systems is many times higher than the natural radiation of the planet. This field is characterized by a thermal effect, which can lead to overheating of body tissues and irreversible consequences. For example, prolonged use of a mobile phone, which is a source of radiation, can lead to an increase in the temperature of the brain and the lens of the eye.

Electromagnetic fields generated when using household appliances can cause the appearance of malignant tumors. This especially applies to children's bodies. A person's prolonged presence near a source of electromagnetic waves reduces the efficiency of the immune system and leads to heart and vascular diseases.

Of course, it is impossible to completely abandon the use of technical means that are a source of electromagnetic fields. But you can use the simplest preventive measures, for example, use a cell phone only with a headset, and do not leave device cords in electrical outlets after using equipment. In everyday life, it is recommended to use extension cords and cables that have protective shielding.

if a field is needed to magnetize something, then this piece of material to be magnetized must be included in the magnetic circuit. those. We take a closed steel core, make an opening in it as long as the material that we need to magnetize, insert this material into the resulting opening, so we close the sawn magnetic circuit again. the field penetrating your material will be very homogeneous.

How to create an electromagnetic field

An electromagnetic field does not arise on its own; it is emitted by some device or object. Before assembling such a device, it is necessary to understand the very principle of the appearance of the field. From the name it is easy to understand that this is a combination of magnetic and electronic fields that can generate each other under certain conditions. The concept of EMF is associated with the name of the scientist Maxwell.

Researchers from the Laboratory of High Magnetic Fields in Dresden have set a new world record by creating the strongest magnetic field produced artificially. Using a two-layer inductor coil weighing 200 kilograms and dimensions comparable to the size of an ordinary bucket, they were able to obtain a magnetic field of 91.4 tesla within a few tens of milliseconds. As a reference, the previous record in this area was 89 Tesla, which stood for many years, which was set by researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.

91 Tesla is an incredibly powerful magnetic field; conventional high-power electromagnets used in industrial and household appliances produce a magnetic field not exceeding 25 Tesla. Obtaining magnetic fields of prohibitive values ​​requires special approaches; such electromagnets are manufactured in a special way so that they can ensure the unhindered passage of a large amount of energy and remain safe and sound. It is known that electric current flowing through an inductor produces a magnetic field, but this magnetic field interacts with the electrons in the conductor, repelling them in the opposite direction, i.e. creates electrical resistance. The greater the magnetic field produced by the electromagnet, the greater the repulsive effect on the electrons that occurs in the coil conductors. And when a certain limit is reached, this impact can lead to complete destruction of the electromagnet.

In order to prevent the coil from self-destructing under the influence of its own magnetic field, German scientists “dressed” the coil turns in a “corset” of flexible and durable material, similar to that used in body armor. This solution gave scientists a coil capable of generating a magnetic field of 50 Tesla for two hundredths of a second without destruction. Their next step was quite predictable: to the first coil they added another coil of 12 layers, also enclosed in a “corset” of fiber. The second coil is capable of withstanding a magnetic field of 40 tesla, but the total magnetic field from the two coils, obtained with the help of some tricks, exceeded the threshold of 90 tesla.

But people still need very strong magnets. More powerful, precisely shaped magnetic fields make it possible to better study and measure some of the properties of new materials that scientists are constantly inventing and creating. Therefore, this new powerful electromagnet was appreciated by some scientists in the field of materials science. HZDR researchers have already received orders for six of these electromagnets, which they are expected to produce over the next few years.

Sources: engangs.ru, it-med.ru, tinyfamily.ru, www.kakprosto.ru, flyback.org.ru, dokak.ru, www.dailytechinfo.org