Lesson notes at the origins of human civilization. Human society and natural communities. Magical and funeral rituals

Many of us have repeatedly asked ourselves the question - how did humanity appear?

Scientists call the entire initial period of human history, from the appearance of the ancient ape-people over two million years ago to the emergence of the first class societies, the era of primitive society. The primitive communal system - the longest period in human history - is conventionally divided into two parts.

The first part is the time of formation of man and society.

The second part begins with the emergence of modern humans. Most scientists are inclined to believe that the actual history of society arose precisely at the second stage, when the primitive herd was replaced by the clan community.

So, primitive society in its development went through the following stages:

Stone Age:

Paleolithic- up to 10 thousand years BC - people were hunters and gatherers.

Mesolithic- 10-5 thousand years BC - bows and arrows began to be used, people tamed dogs.

Neolithic- 5-3 thousand years BC - the appearance of polished and drilled stone, bone and wooden tools, agriculture and cattle breeding developed, pottery was used, weaving and spinning appeared.

Copper Age - 3-2 thousand years BC. - the appearance of copper tools, cities, wheeled transport, and the plow.

Bronze Age - 2-1 thousand years BC. - the beginning of the use of bronze.

Iron Age - 1 thousand years BC - the advent of iron metallurgy.

Social organization of clan and tribe

Primitive man could survive in harsh climatic conditions only in a community. The main form of social organization was the clan. Gradually, the clan community, with the development of interclan ties, grew into a tribe. The main characteristic of the clan was collectivism. People hunted together, obtained food for themselves, defended themselves from enemies, and the spoils were also distributed equally among everyone. The division of labor was of a gender and age nature: groups of men, women, old people and children were created, each of which had its own field of activity.

In the early stages of the development of the clan, the main social unit was matriarchy. In a polygamous family, the child's mother was always known, but the father was not. The pedigree was traced through the maternal line. This led to the fact that the woman played the main role in the life of the tribe and enjoyed universal respect. She resolved vital issues in the life of the tribe and clan.

A monogamous family gradually developed, in which the role of the man gradually increased. Matriarchy was replaced by patriarchy. Men began to perform representative functions, ensuring the connection of the tribe with the external environment, and women maintained internal stability, creating and maintaining internal consanguineous ties.

The family form also played a big role in establishing the first social norms. The first norms took the form of prohibitions - taboo. The very first prohibition related to the prohibition of incest (incest). Customs gradually prohibited marriages within the clan between equal relatives. The endogamous family was replaced by the exogamous family. This fundamentally new nature of sexual relations instructs community members to look for marriage partners not in their own, but in other clan communities.

The highest authority in primitive society was the people's assembly of all adult members of the clan. Issues of war and peace were resolved here, religious ceremonies were held, and leaders were elected. The People's Assembly performed judicial functions, passing “sentences” in cases of treason, cowardice, and incest. The decisions of the people's assembly were considered binding for all members of the clan. Later, councils of elders were given power. At the same time, the elders themselves, like the leaders, did not have any privileges in relation to other members of the tribe and clan. Personal qualities were of decisive importance in the election of a leader - physical strength, organizational skills, oratory, work skills, knowledge of ritual rites, authority, etc. If the leader did not cope with his duties, then the members of the tribe concluded that the gods had turned their backs on their leader or damage was sent to him. If the leader fell ill, he could sometimes be destroyed or expelled from the tribe. The duties of the leader included communication with the deceased ancestors of the tribe, and due to this connection he had no right to be old or weak, either physically or spiritually. His strength is the strength of all ancestors, his magic is the magic of ancestors. The leaders, according to the ideas of the tribe, did not die. They went to the world of their ancestors and came from it again, reproducing themselves in one of their fellow tribesmen. Over time, the functions of power became so complicated that personal qualities alone were not enough to be elected as a leader. The leaders accumulated management experience and special knowledge, which they passed on to inheritance. So gradually power was concentrated in the hands of one family, separated from the rest of the tribe. With the emergence of social groups within the tribe, different in their economic and legal status, the clan system decomposes, and primitive forms of statehood begin to take shape. It is with the emergence of the state that scientists associate the transition of humanity from the stage of barbarism and savagery to a civilized state.

PALEOLITHIC PALEOLITHIC (from pareo... and Greek lithos stone), the ancient Stone Age, the first period of the Stone Age, the time of the existence of fossil man (pareoanthropus, etc.), who used chipped stone, wooden, bone tools, was engaged in hunting and gathering. The Paleolithic lasted from the emergence of man (over 2 million years ago) until approximately the 10th millennium BC. e. The most important achievement of the pareolithic was mastering the ability to use fire (about a thousand years BC). Making a fire.

At the end of the Early Pareolithic era, a period of sharp changes in the natural conditions of existence of primitive people began. Many herds of primitive hunters - Neanderthals were unable to adapt to new natural conditions. By the end of the Early Pareolithic (about a thousand years BC), Neanderthals completely disappeared. The modern, Cro-Magnon type of man has established himself everywhere. Stone tip with a “foot”. Wed. pareolithic

Mesolithic era MESOLITHIC (from Meso... and Greek lithos stone), Middle Stone Age, transition from Pareolithic to Negolithic (c. 10th-5th millennium BC). In the Mesolithic, bows and arrows, microlithic tools appeared, and the dog was domesticated. The Mesolithic is sometimes also called protonegolith (from the Greek protos first and negolith) or epipareolithic (from the Greek epi after and pareolith).

The Mesolithic covers the period from the 20th to the 9th-8th millennium BC. e. Natural conditions at this time become more favorable, new territories become available for settlement. The population does not exceed 10 million people. Around this era, man first penetrated the American continent and Australia. During the Mesolithic era, rock painting arose and became widespread. An example of a complex weapon.

Rock carvings, scientifically called petroglyphs, are found in different parts of the world. They belong to different historical eras from the Pareolithic to the Middle Ages. Ancient people applied them to the walls and ceilings of caves, to open rock surfaces and individual stones. The oldest Pareolithic rock paintings were found in caves and grottoes in Southern France and Northern Spain. The rock carvings are characterized by figures of animals, primarily the objects of ancient man's hunt: bison, horses, mammoths, rhinoceroses; less common predators are bears and lions. Dance. Lleid painting. Spain. "Stone Newspaper". Arizona.

In Russia, petroglyphs were called pisanitsa. Here, pareolithic drawings were discovered in the Kapova Cave in the Urals and on the rocks near the village of Shishkino on the Lena River. Already in ancient times, the style and technique of rock paintings were varied, from outline drawings scratched on stone to bas-relief and polychrome painting, for which mineral paints were used. Rock paintings had magical meaning for ancient people. Fighting archers Composition in the Lascaux cave Paintings on a mountain plateau. Tassoli-Ajjer, Algeria.

Neolithic era NEOLITHIC (from it... and the Greek lithos stone), new Stone Age, period (about 1000 BC) of transition from an appropriating economy (gathering, hunting) to a producing one (agriculture, cattle breeding). In the Negolithic era, stone tools were polished, drilled, pottery, spinning, and weaving appeared. Primitive tools

In general, it is characterized by the increasing dynamics of changes occurring both in various spheres of social life and in the complex of relationships between society and nature.

Traditional for the materialistic traditions of European science was the consideration of history from the point of view of man's conquest of nature. It really acts as a source of resources for the development of civilization. At the same time, a person is in constant interaction with his environment, he himself is its creation and an integral part.

Human society and natural communities

The oldest stone tools are 2.5-3 million years old. Consequently, at that time creatures with the rudiments of intelligence already lived in East Africa.

The most developed primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangtans) are capable of using ready-made objects (a stick, a stone) in certain situations. However, they cannot make a tool, even the most primitive one (chip and sharpen flint). This requires a certain knowledge about the properties of objects (for example, that flint is easier to process than granite), the ability to plan one’s actions, and speculatively imagine their result, which implies the skill of abstract thinking, the presence of reason.

The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development, interspecies struggle for survival. The best chances in this struggle were those species that, to a greater extent than others, could ensure their existence in changing natural conditions. environment.

Wildlife has demonstrated an infinite variety of both dead-end and viable evolutionary options. One of them was associated with the formation of the rudiments of social behavior that many animal species demonstrate. By uniting in herds (flocks), they could defend themselves and protect their cubs from stronger opponents, and obtain more food. Moreover, the size of each of them was limited by the ability to feed themselves in a certain territory (among primitive people, the size of the herd was 20-40 people).

In the interspecific and sometimes intraspecific struggle between herds that needed similar food, those who had better developed communication, the ability to warn each other about the approach of the enemy, and better coordinate their actions during the hunt won. Gradually, over hundreds of thousands of years, among human predecessors, primitive sound signals expressing emotions began to acquire an increasingly meaningful character.

Speech was formed, inseparable from the ability for abstract, abstract thinking, which implied a complication of the brain structure. Those individuals who showed greater communication abilities had the best chance of surviving in the primitive herd and leaving offspring.

Thus, the emergence and improvement of speech and abstract thinking became the most important factor in the development of the human race itself. It is no coincidence that each new step in the stage of human evolution was associated, on the one hand, with the development of the brain, and on the other, with the improvement of hunting and fishing tools.

Many animals demonstrate the ability to learn, but reflexes and skills acquired by one individual do not become the property of the species. In the herds primitive people gradually accumulated knowledge, which, thanks to the development of speech, was passed on from generation to generation. They reflected the experience of tens of thousands of years of interaction with the outside world, concerned the properties of surrounding objects, and understanding the connections between actions and their results. The accumulation of knowledge and practical skills in its application has provided humans with decisive advantages in the struggle for survival compared to other species.

Armed with clubs, spears, and acting together, primitive hunters could cope with any predator. The possibilities for obtaining food expanded significantly. Thanks to warm clothing, mastery of fire, and acquisition of the skill of preserving food (drying, smoking), people were able to settle over a vast territory and felt relative independence from the climate and vagaries of the weather.

The accumulation of knowledge was not a constantly developing, progressive process. Many human communities due to hunger, disease, hostile attacks tribes died, the knowledge they gained was completely or partially lost.

Stages of human development

The most ancient stone tools are found in East Africa, North and South Asia. It was in these areas that Australopithecus lived. They were more like monkeys than people, although they could walk on two legs. It is generally accepted that australopithecus used sticks and sharp stones as weapons, but most likely did not yet know how to process them.

Approximately 1.0 million - 700 thousand years ago, a period begins that is called the Early Paleolithic. (from Greek, “paleo”, “ancient” and “litos” - “stone”). Excavations in France, near the villages of Chelles and Saint-Achelles, made it possible to find the remains of caves and ancient settlements, where successive generations of the predecessors of modern man lived for tens of thousands of years. Subsequently, such finds were discovered in other places.

Archaeological research has made it possible to trace how tools of labor and hunting have changed. Tools made of bone and sharpened stone (points, scrapers, axes) became more and more sophisticated and durable. The physical type of a person changed: he became more and more adapted to moving on the ground without the help of hands, and the volume of the brain increased.

Thus, the brain volume of the great ape was about 300-600 cubic meters. cm, Australopithecus - 600-700 cc. cm, Pithecanthropus - 800-870 cc. cm, Sinanthropus and Heidelberg man - more than 1000 cubic cm, Neanderthal - 1300-1700 cubic cm. cm - modern man - 1400-1800 cubic meters. cm.

The most important achievement of the Early Paleolithic was the mastery of the ability to use heat (about 200-300 thousand years ago) to heat a home, prepare food, and protect against predators.

Initially, people did not know how to light a fire. Its source was randomly occurring forest and steppe fires; the resulting fire was constantly maintained in the hearths. The ancient Greek legend about Prometheus, who stole the knowledge of fire from the gods, is probably an echo of the memory of very ancient times.

The time of the Early Paleolithic ends with a period of sharp changes in the natural conditions of existence of primitive people. The onset of glaciers began, approximately 100 thousand years ago, covering almost the entire territory Russia, Central and Western Europe. Many herds of primitive Neanderthal hunters were unable to adapt to new living conditions. The struggle for diminishing sources of food intensified between them.

By the end of the Early Paleolithic (approximately 30-20 thousand years BC) in Eurasia and Africa, Neanderthals completely disappeared. Man of the modern, Cro-Magnon type has established himself everywhere.

World religions were based on the idea of ​​the creation of man by higher powers. In the 19th century, during the period of dominance of natural scientific views, science developed a view according to which man is the product of a long, gradual evolution. However, in the 20th century, the idea of ​​the extraterrestrial origin of man began to spread in popular science literature.

The fact is that modern science does not have indisputable data about the immediate ancestors of modern humans. It is assumed that he could not be a product of the evolution of Neanderthals, who represented a dead-end branch of evolution. In other words, the most important, transitional link has not yet been found in the chain of successive human predecessors.

Under the influence of differences in natural conditions, the main races of people emerged.

Racial characteristics are very diverse. The most obvious are pigmentation (skin and hair color), skull shape, development and shape of hair (beard, mustache, scalp hair), eye shape, height. The use of modern research methods includes analysis of the predominant blood groups, papillary patterns on the fingers, and the shape of the teeth.

There is no data proving the existence of any races with mental, psychological, physiological or other advantages over others. All of them belong to a single biological species, “Homo sapiens” (Homo sapiens).

The main races usually include Negroid, European, Mongoloid and Oceanic (Australoid).

The main characteristics of the Negroid races include dark skin pigmentation, coarse curly hair, weak beard and mustache growth, and a forward facial section of the skull. The Negroid race developed on the African continent, although archaeologists find traces of its residence in southern Europe.

Mongoloids have predominantly dark, straight hair, they are characterized by a specific eye shape, a facial skeleton with prominent cheekbones. Mongoloids lived in Southeast, Eastern, Central and partly Central Asia, Siberia, the islands of Polynesia and America.

Caucasians are characterized by soft hair, strong hair development, a developed profile of the facial skeleton, and a protruding nose. During the Mesolithic period, Caucasians lived in Europe, Western and Central Asia, and on the Hindustan Peninsula.

It is also customary to distinguish the oceanic race as a separate large race, whose representatives lived in small groups over a vast territory from South Asia to Australia and Oceania. A distinctive feature of this race is a combination of Negroid and Caucasian features.

Large races are by no means homogeneous; for example, the Europeans of the north are characterized by a predominance of blond hair and blue eyes. Southern Caucasians have darker skin color and darker hair. On the borders of residence of large races, transitional racial groups have developed, for example, mulattoes, the Ethiopian race, and ethnic groups living in Cydan are transitional between the Caucasian and Negroid races. Some peoples of Siberia, the Urals and Central Asia were a mixed form between Caucasians and Asian Mongoloids.

The study of the history of races and the nature of their settlement around the globe is the most important source of knowledge about the life of peoples and their origin.

Man masters his planet

The Mesolithic era (from the Greek, "mesos" - "middle" - "litos" - "stone") covers the period from the 20th to the 9th - 8th millennium BC. It is characterized by a new change in natural conditions, which become more favorable: glaciers are retreating, new territories become available for settlement.

During this period, the Earth's population did not exceed 10 million people. This is not much, but with the predominance of an appropriative type of economy (hunting, fishing, gathering), it was necessary to constantly expand the territory of hunting grounds. The weakest tribes were pushed to the periphery of the inhabited world. About 25 thousand years ago, man first entered the American continent, and about 20 thousand years ago - to Australia.

The history of the settlement of America and Australia causes a lot of controversy. It is generally accepted that man could have ended up on these continents even before the end of the Ice Age. When the ocean level was about 100 m below modern levels and there were land bridges connecting these continents with Eurasia. At the same time, scientists, noting that there were several waves of migration to overseas continents, argue that already at the dawn of their history people could cross wide expanses of water. The Norwegian explorer T. Heyerdahl, to prove the correctness of this point of view, crossed the Pacific Ocean on a raft made using technologies that could have been available to man during the Mesolithic.

In the Mesolithic era, rock painting arose and became widespread. In the remains of dwellings of that time, archaeologists find figurines depicting people, animals, beads and other decorations. All this speaks of the onset of a new stage in the knowledge of the world. Abstract symbols and generalized concepts that emerged with the development of speech take on a kind of independent life in drawings and figurines. Many of them were associated with rituals and rites of primitive magic.

The greatest mystery for man was himself, the process of cognition, understanding the nature of intellectual activity and the abilities associated with it. Primitive magic was built on the belief in the ability to influence distant objects and other people with words, symbolic actions and drawings, and in the special significance of dreams. Early beliefs sometimes did have some rational basis. However, they often became fetters for further knowledge of the world.

The large role of chance in people's lives gave rise to attempts to improve the situation in hunting and in life. This is how belief in omens, favorable or unfavorable, arose. Fetishism appeared - the belief that some objects (talismans) have special magical powers. Among them were animal figurines, stones, and amulets that supposedly brought good luck to their owner. Beliefs arose, for example, that a warrior who drank the blood of an enemy or ate his heart acquired special strength; hunting, treating the sick, and choosing a mate (boy or girl) were preceded by ritual actions, among which dancing and singing were of particular importance. People of the Mesolithic era knew how to make percussion, wind, string and plucked musical instruments.

Particular importance was attached to funeral rituals, which became more and more complex with modern times. In ancient burials, archaeologists find jewelry and tools that people used during their lifetime, and food supplies. This proves that already at the dawn of history there were widespread beliefs in the existence of an other world, where a person lives after death.

Belief in higher powers gradually strengthened, which could both help and harm. It was assumed that they could be appeased with a sacrifice, most often with part of the loot, which should be left in a certain place. Some tribes practiced human sacrifice.

It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers and spirits. Gradually, along with the leaders (they usually became the strongest, most successful, experienced hunters), priests (shamans, sorcerers) began to play a noticeable role in the life of primitive tribes. They usually knew the healing properties of herbs, perhaps had some hypnotic abilities and had a great influence on their fellow tribesmen.

Questions and tasks

1. Using the knowledge acquired in biology, history and social studies classes, talk about the most common hypotheses of human origins. When did the theory of evolution arise and who was its author?
2. What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What role did interspecific and intraspecific struggle play in the process of human evolution?
3. Name the directions of evolution of the human race. What was the significance of the accumulation of knowledge for ancient man in the struggle for survival?
4. Which regions are the ancestral home of humanity? Name the anthropoid ancestors of humans.
5. Trace changes in the anthropological type of man in the process of evolution.
6. What achievements of man in the early Paleolithic era allowed him to survive in the conditions of the Ice Age?
7. At what stage of primitive history did human settlement take place across the continents of the planet?
8. When did rock art and religious beliefs emerge in human groups? What function did they perform?

At the origins of the human race. Neolithic Revolution

Lesson Objectives : Introduce students to hypotheses of human origin: find out what factors

contributed to the separation of man from the natural world; deepen existing ideas

about the nature and main components of the Neolithic revolution.

Equipment: map, computer presentation

During the classes :

I. Repetition

Exercise: Answer the questions

1. Name the historians of antiquity.

2. What are the features of historical descriptions of antiquity?

3. Name the features of studying history during the Middle Ages.

4. What is a historical source?

5. List the types of historical sources.

6. Name the theories of historical development known to you. Name their authors.

7. List the periods of world history.

II. Learning new material

Why is it necessary to know the history of primitive society?

Many phenomena of modern human life arose or began to arise in the hoary antiquity of primitive society. Homes, clothing, marriage and family, morality and etiquette, useful knowledge, art and religion, agriculture and cattle breeding, the basics of processing materials - to understand all this, you often have to go back to the origins. This iseducational value primitive history.

Primitive history also has a greatideological significance . How did man appear on Earth: as a result of the evolution of organic nature or by divine providence? Or maybe human nature has alien origins? What is the origin of the human races? Does it give rise to racist ideas about their inferiority? Is man by nature a collective being? How and when did private property, inequality and the state arise?

Knowledge of primitive history haspractical significance . After all, many peoples of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania, until quite recently, were or continue to be at various stages of decomposition of the primitive communal system. The features and remnants of this system in their lives require analysis, evaluation, and accounting, and historical science does not stand aside from this.

Periodization of primitive history

There are several types of periodization of primitive history.Archaeological periodization as the main criterion it uses the sequential change of tools and materials from which they were made. Main stages:(slide 2)

It should be noted that the dating is very approximate, and different researchers offer their own options. In addition, we must remember that in different regions these stages occurred at different times.

Geological periodization

The history of the Earth is divided into four eras. Last era -Cenozoic . It is divided intotertiary (began 69 million years ago),quaternary (started 1 million years ago) andmodern (started 14 thousand years ago) periods.

The Quaternary period is divided intoEopleistocene (pre-glacial period),Pleistocene (ice age) andHolocene (post-glacial period).(slide 3)

Anthropological periodization

Modern man constitutes a speciessapiens (Lat. - reasonable) kindHomo(Latin – person), belonging to the familyhominid (people) squadprimates .

The distant ancestor of humans is considered to be a group of anthropoid primates, called -Dryopithecus (tree monkeys).

The process of formation of Dryopithecus began 25 million years ago in the tropical and equatorial regions of Africa and Asia. They resembled modern baboons and chimpanzees.

Then, 5 - 6 million years ago, they appeared hereAustralopithecus – "ape people" , which represented a transitional form from Dryopithecus to the most ancient people - Archanthropus. Australopithecines were distinguished by a relatively large brain volume (550 – 600 cubic cm)(slide 4)

Archanthropes (ancient people) – Homo habilis (lat. –skillful man ), appeared about 600 - 500 thousand years ago. ThisPithecanthropus (the remains of which were found on the island of Java) brain volume is about 900 cubic meters. cm.,Sinanthropus (found in China) brain volume is about 1050 cubic meters. see. However, the discovery of the English anthropologist and archaeologist Louis Leakey, made in Kenya, in the Olduvai Gorge, proved that the oldest man appeared about 2.5 million years ago, i.e. Archanthropus lived happily with Australopithecines for a long time. In addition, it was proven that Africa was the ancestral home of man. It was the human remains found in Olduvey that were given the species nameHomo habilis . Over timeHomohabilistransformed intoHomo erectus ( upright or upright person ). (slide 5 -6)

This became a new stage in human evolution. 300 - 250 thousand years ago the archanthropes were gradually replacedpaleoanthropes (ancient people) - Homo erectus ( Neanderthals – brain volume 1200 – 1600 cc cm. , Cro-Magnons ). (slide 7)

Near100 thousand years ago the Earth's climate began to change. The temperature dropped significantly. With each century, the cold climate spread further and further into the continent. Gradually, the territory of Europe was covered by a hugeglacier. Along with climate change, the flora and fauna of the planet changed. Many species of flora and fauna have disappeared forever. Only a few creatures managed to adapt to the new conditions of existence.)The harsh climate forced primitive peopleadapt and fight for your survival . (slide 8)

45 - 40 thousand years ago, paleoanthropes were finally replaced by neoanthropes -Homo sapiens

(homo sapiens) – brain volume 1400 – 1500 cubic meters. cm. , which include

modern people.(slide 9)

The process discussed above—the process of human formation from anthropoid ancestors to modern humans—is calledanthropogenesis . (slide 10)

Anthropogenesis - the process of human formation from anthropoid ancestors to modern humans

The settlement of people and the formation of races

At the last stage of anthropogenesis occursraceogenesis formation of human races. This process is associated with human settlement and its adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of various regions of the Earth.

The original territory of the emergence of man was within the equatorial and tropical zones of Africa and Asia, and from here his spread across the Earth began.

People settled throughout the African continent. About 1 million years ago, archanthropes moved to the northern regions and reached the temperate zone of Europe. Their descendants - paleoanthropes - have already settled in most of Europe.

In Asia, the main areas of origin of primitive people were within the Sunda Islands, India, and China.

What points of view exist regarding the settlement of America and Australia?

1) Population of America and Australiaautochthonous , i.e. is the indigenous, original population.

2) People came to America and Australia from Asia . And apparently they cameby land . Since the level of the World Ocean was lower then, there was an isthmus of land in place of the Bering Strait. And Australia, the islands of the Malay and Sunda archipelagos and the island of Tasmania could form a single whole with the mainland. The decrease in the level of the World Ocean by about 100 m was due to the fact that a large amount of moisture was conserved in glaciers. This led to the drying of shallow sea waters and the emergence of land crossings between continents.

3) The first two versions arose because for a long time it was believed that primitive people could not overcome the vast expanses of water separating America, Australia and Oceania from Eurasia on their imperfect boats and rafts. But the travelerThor Heyerdahl was able to swim across the Pacific Ocean on a homemade raft and put forward the version thatPrimitive people could get to America not only by land, but also by swimming across the ocean.

It can be argued that by the end of the Paleolithic, all continents except Antarctica were inhabited by people. Having adapted to extreme conditions of existence, man began to live in all natural zones. As humans adapted to their environment, morphological and physiological differences gradually began to appear between the inhabitants of different regions of the globe. This is how three large groups of races emerged, which have survived virtually unchanged to the present day.

The time of formation of human races, as well as the formation of modern man, dates back toLate Paleolithic .

The mixing of races was of great importance in the process of race formation, as a result of which transitional intermediate racial types began to form.

Neolithic Revolution

(slide 11 - 14)

However, further improvement of hunting tools led to the extermination of many species of animals and a reduction in their numbers. As a result, primitive man was threatened with famine and extinction. This situation prevailed at the beginning of the 10th millennium BC. scientists callthe first crisis in the development of civilization .

This forced people to search for a way out of the crisis - people began to move to a new level of development, which was accompanied by a conscious impact on the natural environment and its transformation.

So people noticed that breeding animals in captivity can be much more productive and safer than hunting their wild relatives. This observation marked the beginning of the development of cattle breeding.

The same thing happened with agriculture. Over time, through observation and experience, people came to understand that the seeds of collected wild plants could be sown near the settlement and get a much larger harvest than collecting plants through foraging. This is how it came about:

1st division of labor: division into farmers and cattle breeders.

However, one should not think that the transition from an appropriating to a producing economy was simple, quick and widespread.

The development of cattle breeding and agriculture occurred only in favorable natural conditions. Moreover, it took millennia for breeds of fully domesticated animals to emerge that were completely different from their wild ancestors; for plant cultivation.

The development of agriculture led to sedentarization, and the increase in labor productivity contributed to the gradual expansion of the community. The first large settlements, and then cities, appeared in Western Asia and the Middle East.

Truly revolutionary changes occurred as a result of the development of metals. People master the first alloy of copper and tin - bronze. In the 5th – 4th millennia BC. Weaving and pottery developed, boats and the first wheeled carts appeared, driven by draft animals (horses, donkeys, oxen). Man realized: the second division of labor.

2nd division of labor: highlighting crafts as a separate branch of the producing economy.

(slide 15)

Neolithic Revolution – transition from the primitive (appropriating) economy of hunters and

gatherers to a productive economy based on agriculture

and cattle breeding.

(slide 16-17)

Exercise : Fill the table

STONE AGE

PALEOLITHIC

MESOLITHIC

NEOLITHIC

CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Early Paleolithic:

Middle Paleolithic:

300 – 40 thousand years BC

10 thousand years BC

10 – 4 thousand years BC

REPRESENTATIVES

Homo habilis (skillful person):

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens

MAIN ACTIVITIES

TOOLS

LABOR

PUBLIC ORGANIZATION

SPIRITUAL CULTURE

STONE AGE

PALEOLITHIC

MESOLITHIC

NEOLITHIC

CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Early Paleolithic:

2.5 million – 300 thousand years BC

Middle Paleolithic:

300 – 40 thousand years BC

Late Paleolithic: 40 - 10 thousand years BC.

10 thousand years BC

10 – 4 thousand years BC

REPRESENTATIVES

Homo habilis (skillful person):

Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus - Archanthropus (ancient people)

Homo erectus (homo erectus) – Neanderthal (paleoanthropus – ancient man)

Homo sapiens (homo sapiens) – Cro-Magnon, a modern type of person

MAIN ACTIVITIES

Appropriating type of economy: gathering, driven hunting, the beginning of mastering fire and making clothes

Appropriating type of economy: gathering, individual hunting, domestication of animals

Producing type of economy (Neolithic revolution): the beginning of agriculture, cattle breeding

TOOLS

LABOR

Primitive: hand axes, scrapers, wooden spears with burnt tips, piercings

Bow and arrows, composite weapons: axes, harpoons, spears with tips

Improving existing hunting tools, potter's wheel, loom, drills, hoe, sickle

PUBLIC ORGANIZATION

Ancient community: collectivism, equality

Tribal community

Neighborhood community: wealth inequality, tribal leaders, sacralization of power

SPIRITUAL CULTURE

Thinking

Magical and funeral rituals

Intelligence, developed speech, magic: animism, totemism, magical images of animals

Cult of ancestors and leaders, cult of the ancestor mother

Homework: §4 -5, table