Decoration of a traditional home. types of dwellings Bashkirbashkir dwellings portable dwellings (yurt - tirme) permanent dwellings (izba - yort) - presentation. Settlements and housing Bashkir housing

The Bashkirs are a nomadic people, so they spend most of their lives not in the houses they built, but in small structures that are temporary. The most common dwelling was the yurt.

History and description of the yurt

The yurt played a huge role in the development of mankind; this invention is often compared to a sail. The fact is that the creation of a yurt made it possible to quickly move over long distances, which is very important for nomadic peoples.

The first nomads made their journeys in wagons and tents, which they placed on wheels. However, these wagons were not as comfortable as yurts, which could be assembled and transported at any time in the form of a pack. This form of assembled yurt made it possible to move where people could not move before. For example, on narrow paths or in dense forests. For those traveling in road carts, obstacles such as a river or forest were almost insurmountable, while at the same time a horse carrying a rolled-up yurt could easily pass along the narrowest path.

If the yurt has a diameter of four meters, it is carried by two horses. The latter can travel with such a load up to several tens of kilometers a day, without overworking and getting enough rest. Since most families had many horses, if necessary, several tens of kilometers turned into almost a hundred. Thus, in just two weeks, nomads could travel up to a thousand kilometers. This played a role in the conquests of the nomads, which they carried out very quickly and over long distances.

The yurt existed for several thousand years, during which time it was improved and unnecessary elements were cut off. Each part of the yurt can be replaced by another, each part is universal.

Bashkir yurt

Despite the fact that the yurt was invented several thousand years ago, its use remains relevant today. This popularity is due to its low weight and good compactness. At the same time, it does not interfere with mobility and can be used in almost any weather.

In addition to the qualities described above, the yurt has another very important quality - low cost. The materials are quite cheap, and the installation and maintenance of such housing does not require special skills. The cost of a yurt is one third of that of other structures that can be erected very quickly.

Bashkir woman in a yurt

Yurts are used in the modern world, for example, in Bashkiria. This region has wonderful nature that attracts many tourists. However, if there is a question about the construction of a special tourist base, everything comes down to money. Tour operators are not ready to offer their clients tents, since the latter do not provide the required degree of comfort. This is where a yurt can be used. It is in the middle category of price and quality and is therefore a necessary compromise.

Thus, tour operators can organize mobile tourist bases. For example, one truck can carry up to several yurts; each portable house can comfortably accommodate several people. It turns out to be an almost complete tourist base, which can be located in different places each time with absolutely no effort.

Bashkir yurt. Design

The yurt itself is a portable house with a collapsible frame. The walls of the house, as a rule, were made of felt. The installation of the yurt took place in stages, with strict adherence to simple technology. If from the latter, there is a danger of freezing or extinguishing the fire at home. First of all, we determined the place where we needed to install the portable house. It was in this place that all the necessary property was located. After this, the door frame and bars were installed, which were fastened together with ropes. This frame was covered with felt. The latter was attached to the frame with small ropes of hair. It is worth noting that the felt covering was installed in accordance with a certain order. First of all, they threw the felt from the southwest, then from the southeast. After this, the remaining felts were thrown on so that their edges had the opportunity to press down the edges of the first ones.

Design of a Bashkir yurt

The best pieces of felt were used for walls and roofing. It was important to better insulate the side facing north. This was apparently done to protect against cold winds. In addition, it was necessary to ensure that rainwater did not flood the altar. The size of the yurt spoke about the wealth of its owner.

Design of a Bashkir yurt

Thanks to the semi-nomadic way of life, various household items appeared in the everyday life of the Bashkirs that could not have appeared under any other way of life. For example, carpet products intended for various uses. They were used to insulate homes, as furniture, suitcases or covers. The carpet never played only a decorative role, it was always used for practical purposes.

Design of a Bashkir yurt

For example, large carpets were used to cover the floor. Clothes and other supplies were stored in carpet bags that were hung on the wall. A carpet cape was used to curtain the entrance to the yurt, that is, as a door.

Distribution of living space

According to tradition, the entrance is located to the south. This is of practical importance - the north side needs to be insulated and strengthened, the door will only get in the way. The part of the home that is located near the northern wall is considered the most important. As a rule, it is allocated to the host's guests. In the photo of the Bashkir yurt you can see that this dwelling always faces one direction.

There is a hearth in the center. This arrangement of the heat source allows the round house to be heated evenly. In addition, there is a hole in the roof directly above the fire to remove smoke. In another part of the yurt this hole would be inconvenient. When the hearth is taken outside, a tablecloth is placed in the center of the home, which plays the role of a dining table. Family members and guests are placed around an improvised table, sitting on special pillows that have been previously spread around.

Sharshaw is a very important part of every yurt. In essence, it is a thick curtain that is used as a partition. The latter are necessary for dividing housing. In other words, sharshaw is the walls of the apartment.

The yurt is traditionally divided into two parts: women's and men's.

inside the yurt

The women's part of the home is always smaller. It is located on the right hand of the door. In this part of the yurt there are various household items and women's clothing. Projecting the yurt onto modern housing, we can say that in the women’s part there was a kitchen and a dressing room. Everything a woman who is not interested in a career needs. In addition, in this part of the yurt there was a children's room. In the modern world, such a division is impossible, if only because women and men play approximately the same role in the family. However, the nomads lived in times of patriarchy, when the man occupied the dominant role, the woman was secondary. Therefore, what was located on the right side of the yurt was quite sufficient.

Distribution of living space

The male part was larger than the female part. It served as a living room, allowing the owner of the hut to receive guests. As a rule, this part of the yurt was decorated with various textiles: carpets, tablecloths, towels. In addition, all the man’s property was stored here: weapons, armor. The type of cases for gunpowder, horse harness, and shot pouch are absolutely familiar to this part of the yurt.

A special place is allocated for those who come to visit. This place of honor is allocated opposite the doors. at the most insulated wall. This part of the yurt also houses a chest with the most valuable things of the family. These, as a rule, included various carpets, blankets, and bedding.

I travel regularly. About three trips a year for 10-15 days and many 2 and 3 day hikes.

And common sense tells us that there are factors that make year-round living in a nomadic yurt, to put it mildly, problematic. One of these factors is the long, snowy and cold Bashkir winter. It reaches -40 degrees. Let's look at the points:

1. Heating. The yurt is heated by an open fire, the smoke (and most of the heat) from which escapes through a hole in the roof. It is necessary to make a six-month supply of dry firewood, because... drowning with dried horse waste (as, for example, they do it in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan or Tibet) is a certain cold death. This means you cannot move away from the forest.

2. Nutrition. The only animal available for breeding under nomadic conditions in this climate zone is the horse. Only she is able to survive in the cold in the open air on meager pasture. Question: where will you look for your herd (to taste fresh meat) in an open field knee-deep in snow? This means you must create a food supply for your family for the entire winter. And to do this, you need to dig a reliable glacier next to the yurt for storing mushrooms, berries, fish, dried and frozen meat, otherwise your supplies will become easy prey for rodents, foxes, wolves and connecting rod bears. And this is not easy work to do every year in a new place. There should be a source of drinking water within walking distance: a stream or river. Because melted snow is distilled water, unsuitable for food.

3. Design. In conditions of heavy snowfall, there is a high probability that the arch will be pressed through by the snow mass - after all, snow does not tend to roll off a rough surface. Occupants should clean it regularly. regardless of the cold, wind and time of day.

Agree, all this bears little resemblance to a free and carefree nomadic life.

By the way: in an open fire, within a few months all your clothes and belongings will be smoked beyond recognition. In this respect, the yurt is not much different from the Chukchi tent. Therefore, the colorful decoration of exhibition Bashkir yurts has little to do with life.

From all of the above, one can draw the only conclusion: a yurt, in the Bashkir climate, is a purely summer dwelling, i.e. mobile summer house. And it is more comfortable and safer to spend the Bashkir winter in a wooden log house. And official historical science supports us in this conclusion. We read everywhere: the Bashkirs switched from a nomadic lifestyle to a semi-nomadic one. Those. They spent the winter in stationary warm dwellings, which met all the requirements listed above, and in the summer they wandered after their herds, carrying a yurt with them. Yes, everything is correct, most readers will say. No, it’s not like that, I’ll say. Why? Because all these nomadic and semi-nomadic terms were invented by people who wrote such historical tales in warm offices and never lived in a subsistence economy. There is not and cannot be in the conditions of the Bashkir climate either a nomadic or semi-nomadic way of life, but only a sedentary one. THE BASHKIRS WERE NEVER NOMADS! Let me explain:

In the summer you graze your herd, count the offspring - everything is fine. Autumn is coming, you need to return to your winter quarters and stock up for the winter. Question: WHAT TO DO WITH THE HERD?! The answer is unexpected and the only possible one: THROW IT IN AN OPEN FIELD! No options! Alone with wolves, winter cold and lack of food, horses are not geese and do not fly south. Paradox? But you are a nomad and do not prepare food for the winter. And even if you wanted to, it’s impossible to do this: you don’t have a tractor, or even a scythe... And you don’t know metal. And even if they did know, then we are talking about a herd and not about one horse, and this is a completely incommensurable scale. And where should you look for your herd in the spring, or rather, what’s left of it? And will it remain... After all, it is impossible to reduce the number of wolves with the help of a bow and arrow, and horse theft has always been an easy and profitable criminal business. In addition, a horse is not a domestic animal and it easily gets along without a person in nature, and in the spring it will not return to you on its own. And Bashkiria is not the African Serengeti Park, where, at the end of winter, you will go and catch a new herd.

So what should we do? But you, dear nomad, need to moderate your appetites from a herd to a couple of pigs, a couple of cows, a dozen chickens or geese, a dozen sheep (it’s just not clear where to get them - after all, neither domestic pigs, nor cows, nor sheep are found in nature, no chicken and no geese?) and one horse. Settle in a society of your own kind (so that it’s not so scary) in a wooden log house (if, of course, you have an axe, even a stone one, and the strength to build it), since life in a dugout is contraindicated for human health, and in a yurt it’s cold, damp, smoky, dark and unsafe, on the river bank, so that there is somewhere to catch fish, near the forest, so that there is somewhere to go for mushrooms, berries and firewood, and all summer long not to sunbathe in the sun, looking at the grazing herds, but to water the ground abundantly - mother with her own sweat, preparing feed for the cattle for the long winter (although I can hardly imagine how this can be done without a metal scythe). Plant a vegetable garden for yourself and your family (you can use a wooden shovel). Harvest firewood and wild plants. And if, God forbid, you already know grains, then it’s lost: you are no longer a person, but a working animal and will end your life in the furrow. Because no human body is able to withstand the kind of physical activity that cheerful men from historical science prescribed for you in their textbooks.

Imagine, your humble servant lived a similar (with great stretch, of course) life in a remote Transbaikal village in the 70s of the last century. To feed 5 heads of cattle, 2 pigs and a dozen chickens in the winter, my father and I waved our scythes all summer. There was also a vegetable garden, and an endless potato field. Everyday care for all this cattle - I remember how one winter night (-42) they helped the first heifer to give birth, pulling the calf by the front legs.... And my parents still worked on the state farm. And the cows must be milked at 5 in the morning, and drinking water must be brought in a two-hundred-liter barrel on a cart (on a sleigh) from the river several kilometers away... And a car of firewood for the winter must be brought 120 kilometers away, sawed and chopped. Etc. Continuous physical labor that cannot be put off until tomorrow. And this was in the presence of electricity, technology and civilization - at first there was even a public bathhouse! And they didn’t bake bread, but bought it in a store - it was brought from the regional center 50 kilometers away.+

1. The Bashkirs have never been either nomads or semi-nomads, because such a way of life is impossible in the climatic conditions of Bashkortostan.

2. The yurt is not the national dwelling of the Bashkirs, since there was no need for it. People simply did not have time to go out into nature with a yurt and smell flowers; in the summer they were faced with hard labor on the ground.+

3. Why do the Bashkirs consider themselves nomads? I think that SOMEONE (or SOMETHING) WITH POWER OVER US simply put this thought into their (and our) minds.

Anyone who does not agree with my conclusions, let him explain: why did the Bashkirs suddenly change their free, well-fed and carefree nomadic life to a settled life full of hardships, hard labor and poverty? WHAT DID THEY TRADE THEIR HERDS FOR?!

Questions of the origin of the yurt as a universal, easily transportable, collapsible dwelling for nomadic pastoralists of the Eurasian steppes have long attracted the attention of ethnographers with their perfection and logical completeness of the design. Over more than 1.5 thousand years of history since the first images of yurts appeared on funerary figurines from Northern China, dating back to the beginning of the 6th century. AD, until today it has practically not undergone any major changes or innovations. As hundreds of years ago, the basis of the skeletal structure of the yurt consisted of: a cylindrical base made of 5-6 lattice links interconnected by knotted straps (rope, or wing), a dome formed from more than 100 willow poles planed and bent at the bottom (uk , or arrow). One end of the poles rested against the crosshairs of the upper edge of the grating links, and the other, upper end, rested against special holes in the wooden rim (sagarak), forming the arch of the dome with a light-smoke opening of about 1.5 m in diameter. On the eastern side between the first and closing gratings – a wooden frame for the door was inserted into the frame of the yurt. The inside of the bars of the yurt frame and the inside of the door were painted with red paint. Since time immemorial, the outside of the yurt has been covered with large pieces of felt, felt mats and tied crosswise for strength with ropes woven from horsehair (lasso).

Questions of the origin and genesis of the yurt occupied a special place in the work of many generations of ethnographers who dealt with the issues of temporary dwellings of pastoralists. Well-known in this area are the works of researchers of the last century A.I. Levshin, M.S. Mukanov, who studied the ethnography of the Kazakh people, A. A. Popov, who devoted his works to the dwellings of the Siberian peoples, B. Kh. Karmysheva, who wrote about the dwellings of the Uzbek-Karluks, E. G. Gafferberg, who studied the yurts of the Hazaras. The most complete ideas about the temporary dwellings of pastoralists are presented in the works of S. I. Vainshtein, devoted to the ethnography of the Tuvan people, and the works of N. N. Kharuzin, which discusses the origin and evolution of the yurt in time and space. Among the researchers - Bashkir scholars, one can highlight the works of such famous ethnologists as S. I. Rudenko, S. N. Shitova, N. V. Bikbulatov and others.

Speaking about the genesis of the yurt, N.N. Kharuzin, for example, wrote that thanks to many transformations, the yurt could have arisen from various wooden structures of huts or conical-type tents. The scheme of the evolution of the yurt, according to the scheme of N.N. Kharuzin, went from simple to complex, without taking into account the history of the dwelling in connection with the way of life of ancient pastoralists. In his opinion, the lattice yurt could have appeared no earlier than the 17th century, which, in the light of new materials on the history of nomadism in the steppes of Eurasia, was the wrong message for an objective reconstruction of the paths of genesis of lattice yurts of the Turkic or Mongolian types. Other authors, on the contrary, derive the design of the yurt in its unchanged form from the Early Iron Age, i.e. Scythian-Sarmatian times, referring to archaeological finds, written sources of Herodotus, Strabo and other ancient authors. According to S.I. Vainstein, yurt structures with lattice walls were not known to the Scythians, Sarmatians, Usuns, Huns and other early nomads of the Eurasian steppes. In his opinion, the Scythians and other nomadic pastoralists of the turn of the century AD. could use either collapsible hut dwellings with a conical or pyramidal frame truncated from poles, covered with felt panels on the outside, or non-dismountable mobile dwellings on wheeled carts, which were called wagons.

Speaking about the antiquity of the origin of yurt-shaped dwellings, it would be interesting to cite excerpts from the famous work of Herodotus “History”, where he gives a biography and life of the ancient tribes of the Scythian world, and it also contains references to the tent-like or hut-like structures of the ancient Scythians and Argippeans, which were translated by G. A Stratonovsky as “yurts” (Herodotus, 2004. P. 220, 233-234). “After the funeral, the Scythians cleanse themselves in the following way: first they anoint and then wash their heads, and cleanse their bodies with a steam bath, doing this: they install three poles, with their upper ends inclined towards each other, and then cover them with woolen felt, then they pull the felt together as tightly as possible and they throw red-hot stones into a vat placed in the middle of the yurt” (Herodotus, 2004, pp. 233-234). “Hemp grows in the Scythian land. Having taken this hemp seed, the Scythians crawl under a felt yurt and then throw it onto the hot stones. From this, such strong smoke and steam rises that no Hellenic bathhouse can compare with such a bathhouse. Enjoying it, the Scythians scream loudly with pleasure. This steaming serves them instead of a bath, since they do not wash themselves with water at all” (Herodotus, 2004, p. 234). “Every Argippaeus lives under a tree. For the winter, the tree is always covered with thick white felt, and in the summer it is left without a cover” (Herodotus, 2004. P. 220). Based on this description, it is difficult to talk about the complex design features of the Scythian dwellings. One thing is clear that Herodotus gave a description of one or two variants of the conical shape of hut-like dwellings covered with felt. Perhaps the Scythians had other forms of temporary dwellings. Archaeological data provide insight into some of them.

Images of wagons in the form of clay toys are not uncommon in archaeological finds of the Early Iron Age. Judging by these models, the early nomads of the Eurasian steppes, in particular in Southern Siberia and Central Asia, in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. Along with conical huts-chums of pole construction, hemispherical huts made of poles bent into an arc were also common. A drawing of such a hemispherical dwelling was found by S.I. Weinstein in 1954 during excavations of mounds of the Kazylgan culture of the Scythian time in the Republic of Tyva (Weinstein, 1991. p. 49).

At the end of the 1st millennium BC. In the steppes of Central Asia, among the Xiongnu people, a non-removable dome-shaped hut, which could be transported on carts, became widespread. The frame of this hemispherical-shaped dwelling was woven from flexible willow twigs, which, tapering, turned into a low neck of a smoke-light hole. In bad weather, such a wagon was covered from the outside with large pieces of felt. This is a transportable dwelling, as a prototype of the future yurt, S.I. Weinstein called hut of the Xiongnu type. Images of such dwellings can be found among the petroglyphs of the famous Boyarskaya Pisanitsa in the Minusinsk Basin, dating back to the turn of our era. These small non-demountable dwellings were convenient in that they could be installed on level ground in summer camps, and during migrations they were easily transported on wheeled vehicles. True, these carts were very cumbersome. Currently, yurt-shaped dwellings with a wicker frame are not uncommon in the everyday life of the peoples of Central Asia, Kumyks in the Caucasus and other regions.

The invention of a yurt with a collapsible lattice frame of walls, straight or curved dome rafters, on which a wooden two-part hoop for a light-smoke hole was attached, was one of the greatest discoveries in the entire nomadic world. This can only be compared with the invention of stirrups, which made a real revolution in horse breeding and made it possible to quickly master the vast expanses of the Eurasian steppes from Altai to the Danube thanks to a stable position in the saddle.

According to researchers, the invention of the yurt occurred in the ancient Turkic environment no later than the middle of the 5th century. AD The advantages of a collapsible yurt with a lattice frame were obvious. It literally took 30-40 minutes to assemble and disassemble, and most importantly, it was very convenient for transportation in the form of packs on horses and camels. Horses loaded with parts of the yurt could easily and freely explore both steppe and inaccessible mountain pastures. Such dwellings, in contrast to the primitive huts of the Xiongnu type, S.I. Weinstein suggests call them yurts of the ancient Turkic type. As they spread across the steppes of Eurasia, they received the name “Turkic yurt,” which is clearly evident from medieval Turkic and Arab sources. In medieval sources, in particular in Ibn Fadlan’s notes on his journey to the Volga Bulgars, a description is given of “Turkic domed houses”, the name of which A.P. Kovalevsky translated it as “yurt” (Kovalevsky, 1956). It should be noted that the yurt in its classic lattice-dome design is found only throughout the entire Great Belt of Steppes exclusively among the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. S.I. Weinstein notes that south of the Desht-i-Kipchak steppes, the yurt did not become widespread; temporary dwellings of tent and tent construction prevailed here, as, for example, in Iran and Afghanistan. At the same time, the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks, Turkmen, Khazars, and Dzhemshids living here, but Iranianized in a foreign ethnic environment, continue to use traditional “Turkic” yurts with a lattice base for housing everywhere, not tents and tents.

The similarity of the names of yurts in the Turkic languages ​​also speaks about the common origins of the yurt from the ancient Turkic environment. For example, among the Uzbeks, Turks, and Turkmen it is called oy, among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs - ui, Sagais - ug, Tuvans - өg. The Mongols called the yurt ger, and the Iranian-speaking Khazars called it khanai khyrga. S.I. Weinstein also gives other names for temporary housing. The Tanguts call a yurt terme ker. Terme means “lattice” in modern Mongolian. Then “terme ker” will mean “lattice house,” which exactly corresponds to the characteristic design feature of the lattice yurt. The concept of a lattice in the ancient form “toreme terebe” was preserved among the Tuvans, Altaians, and Turkmen (terim). At the same time, among the Bashkirs, the word “tirme” is understood as the general name for a yurt, and the lattice is called “kanat”. In our opinion, the concept of “yurt” as a temporary dwelling entered the Russian language from the names of the seasonal camps of Bashkir cattle breeders, on which lattice dome-shaped dwellings were placed: spring camp (yaҙgy yort), summer camp (yәige yort), autumn camp (kөҙгө yort).

As in ancient times, yurts could be easily transported on oxen, camels, mules and horses. On figurines recovered during excavations of monuments of the 6th century. in the north of China, camels are depicted with the bars of the yurt frame folded for transportation, a light-smoke hoop, and felt panels. According to S.I. Vainshtein, all the design features of the ancient Turkic type yurt were finally formed by the 7th century.

In the later Oguz, Kimak-Kipchak times, yurts of the ancient Turkic type continued their development almost unchanged. However, the complexity and high cost of manufacturing the lattice base of the yurt forced the poor population to replace them with circular wattle fence, ring and plank structures, and polygonal low log houses (Weinstein, 1991, p. 57). Considering all these variations of yurt-like dwellings, S.I. Weinstein once again emphasizes that the earliest prototype of modern Turkic yurts could only be a hemispherical hut of the Xiongnu type with a wicker frame made of willow.

On the territory of Bashkiria at the end of the 19th century. domed yurts of the Turkic type became widespread in the southeastern, southern steppe and forest-steppe regions, as well as in the steppe regions of the Orenburg region (Shitova, 1984. p. 133). According to S.N. Shitova, at the beginning of the 20th century. in the villages of the southeastern regions of Bashkiria (modern Baymaksky, Khaibullinsky, southern Abzelilovsky districts) there were specialist craftsmen in the manufacture of yurts and its individual parts. For example, dome poles (уҡ) were made in dd. Abdulkarimovo, Kuvatovo, Yangazino, Baymaksky district, gratings (ҡanat) - in the village of Abdulnasyrovo, Khaibullinsky district, blanks for the light-smoke rim - in the village of Ishberdino, Baymaksky district, and the village of Rafikovo, Khaybullinsky district. The products of local specialists and craftsmen were quickly bought up both by the Bashkirs of the South Ural and Orenburg steppes, and by the Kazakhs. Craftsmen sold blanks for yurts at fairs in Orsk, Orenburg, Turgai (Ibid. p. 132).

In the northeastern, trans-Ural, some southeastern, and southwestern regions, the Bashkirs used Mongolian-type yurts not with curved, but with straight dome poles, which gave it a cone-shaped shape. The doors were not wooden, but felt. Mongolian-type yurts were considered low-prestige and were used by poor Bashkir families. Since the lattice frame of the yurt was very expensive and difficult to manufacture on the farm without special tools, the population modified and simplified the design of the frame and made less complex yurt-shaped buildings. In the Zianchurinsky region, for example, the frame of a yurt was fastened with three wooden rims tied to pillars dug vertically in a circle. Between the two lower rim bars, grating strips were inserted into special holes, positioned crosswise. In this case, the lattice was not solid, but was assembled from separate slats. The dome poles rested against the edge of the upper rim, on the upper ends of which a small wooden rim was mounted to allow smoke to escape. The entire structure was covered with felt (Shitova, 1984. P.133).

The southwestern Bashkirs sometimes made quilted yurts without domed poles, replacing them with thick lassos. A pillar was dug in the center of the future yurt and ropes were pulled from the top to the bars. Having tied a rope to the upper edge of the lattice, they pulled it out, tying it to pegs driven into the ground in a circle. The conical-shaped rope “roof” was covered with felt, the edges of which protruded beyond the edges of the lattice, forming a kind of cornice, thereby protecting the felt walls of the yurt frame from rain. The gratings in such yurts were sometimes placed not circular, but quadrangular, which further simplified its design. The roof in such yurts was also hipped (Shitova, ibid.).

In the river basin Dema had even more simplified dwellings of a pillar structure, only vaguely reminiscent of yurts in silhouette. In the Alsheevsky district of Bashkiria, low-income families often made pillar dwellings. Their frame did not consist of gratings, but of 30-40 two-meter poles dug in a circle. A three-meter pillar was dug into the center, to the top of which ropes from poles dug in a circle were stretched and attached. The result was a conical rope roof, which was covered with felt. The side walls and doors were also covered with felts.

There were many other options for yurt-shaped dwellings, which, like yurts, were easily disassembled and transported. All of them were smaller in size than the yurt, less stable, made from scrap materials, and therefore were used in everyday life by the poor.

During the period of archaeological research, traces of temporary dwellings were discovered on the territory of Bashkiria. During excavations at the site of the former Bashkir village of Aznaevo under the leadership of V.A. Ivanov, circular grooves were discovered, lined with stones along the perimeter at intervals of 0.5-0.6 m. The excavation dated back to the 17th-18th centuries. A circular ditch may have been dug around the perimeter of the yurt to drain rainwater, and stones secured the lower edges of the felt coverings of the yurt's lattice. Similar circular grooves with a diameter of about 5 m were discovered by G.N. Garustovich during excavations in 1994 of the Gornovsky settlement of the 13th–14th centuries. in the Chishminsky district, on the left bank of the river. Dems. Places where yurts were installed at summer camps were also discovered by A.F. Yaminov during excavations of the Petropavlovskoye settlement in the Khaibullinsky district.

In line with the research into the genesis of the yurt of nomadic pastoralists, it must be said that the collapsible lattice yurt by the beginning of the 13th century. was already known to the Mongols, and, most likely, was borrowed by them from the Turks. In the 13th century. The Mongols and their khans continued to use yurts of the ancient Turkic type with a characteristic point at the top of the dome, called chorgan ker (pointed yurt) in the “Secret Legend”. Travelers of the 13th century left their descriptions and impressions of the dwellings of the Turkic-Mongol nomads. Marco Polo, in particular, wrote: “The Tatars do not live anywhere permanently... their huts or tents consist of poles, which they cover with felt. They are completely round, and made so skillfully that they are folded into a bundle and can easily be transported with you, namely, on a special cart with four wheels. When, at an opportunity, they again erect their tents, they always turn the entrance side to the south” (Quoted in Weinstein, 1991, p. 61). The Turks, as is known, like the Huns, turned the entrance of the yurt to the east. Until the 13th century. The Mongols did not know how to make lattice yurts. The Chinese traveler Xu Ting wrote about the Mongols: “In those (tents) that are made in the steppe, the round walls are woven from willow rods and secured with hair ropes. (They) do not fold or unfold, but are transported on carts” (Quoted in Weinstein, 1991, p. 61). In the 13th century. and later, during the campaigns of the Chingizids, lattice yurts of both Mongolian (conical) and Turkic (domed) types were widely used by the Mongols during camps, rest and hunting. In addition to ordinary and lattice yurts of the Mongolian type, covered with dark felt, the steppe aristocracy had design features of yurts at the khan's headquarters. For the khans, special three-tiered yurts with a lattice frame and a domed top were erected according to the “Turkic” type. Above this dome, another high spherical dome of smaller diameter was erected. The light-smoke hole in this upper dome was made not in the middle, but in its side part. The inside of the yurt bars was covered with mats, on top with decorative multi-colored fabric, and in winter - with felt. A high ceremonial palanquin with supporting pillars and rope braces at the corners was built above the entrance. This “aristocratic” type of yurt by S.I. Weinstein called Late Mongolian, which became widespread among the nomadic aristocracy during the era of the Golden Horde, which had special “khan” yurts. These were the “Golden Yurt” of Genghis Khan, the luxurious yurts of Timur and other representatives of the Turkic-Mongol elite. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the bulk of the population of the Desht-i-Kipchak steppes returned to their time-tested and migration-tested lattice yurts of the Turkic (domed) and Mongolian (conical top) types. The main parts of the yurt and its design have remained virtually unchanged to this day, except for the fact that the light-smoke wooden hoop was no longer solid, but was divided into two parts. A two-part round hoop with a diameter of 1.5 m made its production much easier.

Thus, the evolutionary development of the lattice yurt went in the direction from collapsible domed huts to non-dismountable huts of the Xiongnu type with a wicker frame made of willow twigs and covered with felt on the outside. Further in the V-VI centuries. AD collapsible yurts with a lattice frame of the ancient Turkic type appeared. Since that time, for more than 1.5 thousand years, domed and conical lattice yurts have warmed and given comfort to hundreds of generations of cattle breeders throughout the vast space from Altai to the Volga-Ural region. Yurts gradually disappeared from the life of the Bashkir people at the beginning of the 20th century, but still from year to year they decorate with their grace and perfection and add solemnity to Sabantui and other spring-summer holidays of the Bashkirs.

The Bashkir yurt is set up for excursions in the Bashkir courtyard. The Bashkirs, like many nomadic peoples of Eurasia, spent about half of their lives in temporary dwellings, the oldest and most universal type of which was the lattice yurt (tirme), warm in cold weather, cool in hot weather. There are about 3.5 thousand Bashkirs in Saratov. The types of dwellings among the Bashkirs are more varied; the most common are log houses (wooden) and wattle and adobe (made of clay). The eastern Bashkirs had felt yurts (tirme) in their summer nomadic camps.

The yurt is, of course, an outstanding invention of ancient pastoralists - nomads. Because of its ease of transportation, stability in steppe winds and hurricanes, ability to retain heat in cold weather, coolness in hot weather, ability to quickly disassemble and assemble, etc. - it was an ideal home.

The traditional yurt as a dwelling among the Bashkirs has not survived today. It can be seen at the Bashkir folk festival “Sabantuy”, as well as in major museums of Bashkortostan.

The Bashkir yurt amazes with the variety of manufacturing methods, and the ornamentation of its furnishings competes with the beauty and brightness of the colors of nature. The portable, prefabricated yurt ideally corresponded to the basic principle of semi-nomadic life: I carry everything I own with me. To transport this relatively compact and light house, two or three camels or three to four horses are required. The picture of women assembling a yurt is similar to the picture of the creation of the world. First, a door is installed - a gate from one world to another. The threshold is like a boundary between the external world and the human world.

Rising to his full height in the yurt, the man remembered Allah, raised the dome of his house and made it a window into the sky. Nomadism is one of the most striking and unique phenomena in the history of world culture. The yurt can undoubtedly be considered one of the most important achievements of material culture. She went through a long evolutionary path before developing to her present form.

Adapted to local conditions, the nomadic yurt is seismically safe - due to the movable structure of the walls, cheap - due to the availability of “building” material, it has the ability to vary the size of the living area. The round shape of the walls eliminates pathogenic energy harmful to human health, characteristic of buildings with right angles; there is always clean air in it. These and many other properties of the yurt developed over two to three millennia.

Traditionally, the entrance is located on the south side of the yurt. The part of the home on the opposite side is considered the main part and is intended for guests. The constant place of the hearth is in the center of the yurt opposite the hole for the smoke to escape. In cases where the hearth is taken outside, a beautiful tablecloth is laid out in this place, which plays the role of a table. Saddle cloths, soft pillows or fabric bedding were scattered around her.

Sharshau has always been considered a very important element of a nomadic dwelling. This is a curtain made of thick fabric that divides the Bashkir yurt into two unequal parts:

1. female. According to the customs of the people, it is always smaller and is invariably located on the right side of the entrance. Items necessary for housekeeping are stored here: kitchen utensils, food supplies, children's and women's clothing, etc.

2. male. The left side is larger and is always used as a living room. Colorful rugs, tablecloths, towels and bedding are hung throughout the room. The lattice walls are covered not only with patterned works, but also with the warrior’s equipment, decorated with national ornaments. Here you can see quivers for arrows, cases for gunpowder, a pouch for shot and horse harness.

The place of honor for guests – the uryn – is located opposite the entrance. There is also a carved wooden chest on a beautiful stand. The most valuable things are stored on it: carpets, rugs, blankets and pillows. They are carefully tied with a patterned ribbon with colored ornaments on a red or black background.

Summary of direct educational activities in the preparatory school group “Yurt - the home of the Bashkirs”

Target: formation of children's ideas about the yurt - the home of the Bashkirs.

Objectives: Educational: introduce children to the yurt - a dwelling in which the Bashkirs - Bashkorts - lived in ancient times. What does this word mean when translated into Russian?Educational: develop interest in the life of Bashkirs; tolerance. Develop children's speech: the ability to answer with common sentences, using adjectives and adverbs, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions.Educational: cultivate curiosity, a desire to learn new and interesting things about the lives of other peoples of the Urals.Dictionary: Dictionary enrichment: uk, sagarmak, felt, lasso, yurt, villageactivating the dictionary: Bashkorts,nomads, pastoralists, farmers.Integration of educational areas: cognitive development, speech, artistic and aesthetic, social and communicative, physical development.Preliminary work : examination of illustrations about the Bashkirs; teacher's story about the Bashkirs - the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals. Viewing exhibitions about the Bashkirs in the Rodnichok museum in our kindergarten.Material and equipment: presentation “Yurt - the home of the Bashkirs”; interactive whiteboard, 4 chairs, 4 large scarves, landscape sheets of paper, colored pencils;Progress of NOTES : Organizing time : Bashkir music sounds.

What people of the southern Urals did we talk about in the last lesson? What do the Bashkirs call themselves? What does the word bashkort mean in Russian? What interesting things did you learn about Bashkorts in the last lesson? How do you understand the words: pastoralist, nomad, farmer? Today we will talk to you about the home of the Bashkirs. Maybe some of you know what it's called? (children's answers). Listen:Yurt, yurta - round house,

Visit that house

Father and mother work

What should I do? Rest.

I don't like being idle

I'll light a fire soon,

Let it burn more cheerfully. Have you guessed what the Bashkir dwelling is called? Yes, this is a yurt or in Bashkir - tirme.Listen to the riddle: “There are no corners in this house. This is paradise for the unhearing! And this is the kind of dwelling you always find in the mountains? This is a yurt. Yurt- house (tirmә – in Bashkir) portable framehomewith felt covering among nomads. The yurt fully satisfies the needs of a nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by one family within one hour. It is easily transported on camels, horses, its felt covering does not allow rain, wind and cold to pass through.Yurts were built from poles - uk, thin, flexible rods, the rods were intertwined to form a lattice, from the lattice they built a yurt - tirme (latticed yurt). The upper part of the yurt was called sagarmak. What does the top of the yurt look like? (to the sun, to a flower, etc.). And in the very middle there is a hole. What was it for? (for air, smoke exit from the fireplace,the appearance of the sun in the yurt).The hole at the top of the dome serves for daylighting and allows light and air to easily penetrate intothe yurt had no windows, why do you think? (to keep warm). But there was a door. In winter it was made of wood. Why? (to keep it warm). In summer, spring, autumn she wasfelt, fabric. Why? (so it doesn't get hot). The outside of the yurt was covered with felt. Felt is a very dense material made from pressed sheep wool. Let's play the game “Find the felt” (you need to find felt among many pieces of fabric). In winter, the yurt was covered with 5-7 layers of felt, and in the warm season with 1-2 layers. To prevent the wind from tearing off the felt, it was tied with long ropes - a lasso.Yurts were everyday and festive.We lived constantly in everyday life. The festive one was very beautiful, elegant, it was for guests, holidays, weddings. Today we will go on a trip to the village. Do you know what this is? Yes, this is a settlement of Bashkirs - nomads. What was the main building in the village? (of course, a yurt). There were several yurts in the village. Can you guess why? Yes, the Bashkirs wandered from one pasture to another, not alone, but in small groups. Some were herding cattle, some were guarding the village, some were looking for wild honey. But the main thing in the village was the yurt.

I suggest you play the Bashkir game “Tirme”.The game involves four subgroups of children, each of which forms a circle at the corners of the site. In the center of each circle there is a chair on which a scarf with a national pattern is hung. Holding hands, everyone walks in four circles at alternating steps and sings:

We are funny guys

Let's all gather in a circle.

Let's play and dance

And let's rush to the meadow.

To a melody without words, the guys move in alternating steps into a common circle. At the end of the music, they quickly run to their chairs, take a scarf and pull it over their heads in the form of a tent (roof), it turns out to be a yurt.

Rules of the game . When the music ends, you need to quickly run to your chair and form a yurt. The first group of children to build a yurt wins.

The yurt and the space adjacent to it is the place where the Bashkirs spent all their free time, working, eating, sleeping and receiving guests. According to eyewitnesses, receiving guests and relatives on the occasion of holidays or family events is a favorite pastime of the Bashkirs.

This is how the Chinese poet Wo Ju described the yurt in the 7th century.

The poem "White Yurt", a fragment of which I will read to you:

The storm will not tear the yurt off the ground,
Heavy rains will not seep into it,
There are no corners in a round yurt,
It’s so warm when you fall asleep lying in a yurt.” I suggest you draw a yurt of nomads - Bashkorts, remember everything that I told you about it and try to reflect it in your drawing. And now - the game“Find a home for the Bashkirs”. Among many different dwellings, find the one that, in your opinion, is most suitable for Bashkirs and explain why? (Bashkir music plays). You have correctly found the Bashkir dwelling of nomads - Bashkir cattle breeders.Lesson summary: What interesting things did you learn during the lesson? What would you tell your parents? What knowledge would you share with the children of other kindergartens in our city? Let's go to our museum. What is it called? In the museum we will see exhibits about the yurt.