The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the head of the enterprise. Who should formulate accounting policies? Creating an accounting policy in an organization

With the advent of market relations, the requirements for the formation of accounting in organizations have changed.

The essence of this approach is that, in accordance with the general rules established by the state, the company independently develops an accounting policy to achieve its goals.

What it is?

An optimally selected accounting policy affects the size of the cost of goods, profits, taxes and the company’s budget criteria. That is, it is considered the most important tool for creating a certain volume of main indicators of the work process, planning taxes and prices. Without studying it, a comparative analysis of the organization’s performance criteria for different periods or with other companies is not allowed.

Accounting policy is a set of fundamental accounting methods that a company chooses in accordance with business conditions.

Its main goal is the maximum reflection of the enterprise’s activities, the formation of reliable, complete and objective information for effective regulation.

The correct choice of policy will allow the organization to regulate work processes, increase the efficiency of using its own resources, reduce the risk of errors, protect itself from claims from regulatory authorities, make transparent reports and make business attractive.

For it to be effective, a systematic approach and detailed analysis of accounting and tax legislation are required. Taking into account the amount of materials, the specifics of Russian tax laws and the practice of their use, developing documentation requires a lot of effort and time.

You can watch the basic principles and methodology for drawing up the document in the following video:

How is it formed?

The organization is engaged in the formation of accounting policies based on the following factors:

• continuity of work;
• separation of the accounting of the company's liabilities and property from other entities;
• temporary determination of economic activity facts;
• the sequence of its implementation.

Creates it at the enterprise chief accountant for accounting needs in accordance with the Regulations, and is approved by the head (clause 5 of PBU 1/98, agreed by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 60n dated December 9, 1998).

The policy applies to the work of all structural divisions of the company and employees, who must comply with all conditions. Therefore, its approval is carried out by issuing a separate order, and all interested structural departments and officials take part in it. If necessary, development can be additionally carried out by third-party consultants invited under a contract.

This documentation is developed at all enterprises and does not depend on the means of investment and forms of ownership. The accounting methods that the company has chosen have been used since the beginning of the year after the release of organizational and administrative documentation. They should be used by all structural units.

In accordance with the approved plan, the organization independently develops a working chart of accounts; from all the accounts it can select the necessary ones and enter other synthetic accounts with free codes.

The company independently selects the form of accounting (simplified, journal-order, etc.), a list of accounting registers, their phasing, construction and methods of recording in them. A system of internal production reporting, accounting and control is independently developed in accordance with the peculiarities of functioning and production management standards.

The form of the policy is not regulated by regulations, so it can be stated in an order. May have a text format with highlighted items in a table or other form. The most suitable is table document. The accounting policy agreed upon in the order is an independent completed documentation with a unique form and structure that corresponds to the purposes of creation.

Thanks to the tabular form, the document becomes more structured with references to standards that justify the chosen method of accounting. In this case, certain sections of the paper corresponding to certain directions or objects are graphically highlighted. This makes it easier for specialists to use it in their daily work.

It should include applications, including document flow, external accounting forms, and a working accounting plan.

There may also be applications in the form of additionally created primary accounting documents, detailed technologies of developed accounting methods, etc. But at the same time, the policy remains official documentation and can be requested during inspections and court proceedings.

Is registration with the Federal Tax Service required?

Often tax authorities will not accept annual reports without this document. But if it remains unchanged, then you can indicate this fact in the cover letter to the reporting. Some regulatory structures may require documentation when conducting or.

All organizations are involved in policy management, but individual entrepreneurs do not have it due to the lack of accounting.

It must provide the following conditions:

• timely and complete reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and reporting;
• recognition of liabilities and expenses without the formation of hidden reserves;
• rational accounting in accordance with the size and business conditions of the company.

A company newly created during reorganization forms its chosen accounting policy in accordance with the basic rules no later than 3 months from the time.

What does it contain?

The following documents are being approved:

• worker;
• forms of primary accounting documentation used in registration of stages of economic activity, where standard forms are not provided;
• methods for assessing liabilities and assets;
• the sequence of performing an inventory of the company's liabilities and assets;
• techniques for processing accounting information and document flow rules;
• sequence of control of business operations;
• other operations for organizing accounting.

The company must disclose its approved accounting practices that influence the decisions of stakeholders. Essential methods of their management include those without which an assessment of the organization’s monetary position, the movement of its finances or performance results is not carried out.

Accounting methods approved when creating the policy and requiring disclosure in reports include methods of depreciation of intangible and other assets, fixed assets, valuation of goods, inventories, work in progress and finished products, recognition of revenue from the sale of services, goods, products, etc. .

Also subject to disclosure:

• methods for valuing fixed assets that were acquired in exchange for other property other than finance;
• accepted service life of facilities;
• fixed assets with an outstanding cost or received under a lease agreement.

For intangible assets, the following information is disclosed in accounting reports:

• methods for calculating and expressing depreciation charges;
• methods for valuing intangible assets for the acquisition of which no money was spent;
• the time frames that have been adopted for the useful exploitation of intangible assets.

Alteration

The document can be changed in the following situations:

• when using a new method of accounting with a more reliable representation of the facts of activity in the company’s reports and accounting or low labor intensity without reducing the reliability of the information;
• when Russian laws or regulations on accounting change;
• when developing new methods of accounting within the company;
• with a significant change in working conditions.

A significant change in the operating conditions of an organization occurs when there is a change of owners, reorganization, change in specialization, reduction or expansion of production volumes, restructuring, etc.

Changes in documentation must be justified and executed in the appropriate manner. They are introduced from the beginning of the new year, which follows after their approval.

The assessment of the consequences of changes that may affect the financial flow, cash position or results of operations of the company is expressed in money. The assessment is carried out based on verified data for the period from which the changed accounting methodology is used. Significant methods of its maintenance must be disclosed in the explanatory note attached to the reports for the past period. Interim reports may not include accounting policies if there have been no changes to them during the previous year.

Changes that may have a significant impact on the financial flow, cash results or position of the company are subject to separate disclosure in the financial statements. Such information should reflect the reason for the changes, their assessment in financial terms, and an indication of the correction of data included in the financial statements.

Other nuances

Other details of the document to note:

• Mandatory individuality. When developing, the specifics of the company’s activities should be taken into account (investment needs, industry characteristics, short-term and long-term management plans and other factors).
• High flexibility. There should be links to the organization’s corporate local standards with their further development.
• Maximum use of rights granted by law. All details of the Accounting Regulations, Chapter 25 of the Tax Code, and other legislative provisions affecting the activities of the enterprise must be signed.
• Validity. References to the acts for which solutions are proposed must be indicated.

Policy for tax purposes

Based on the tax system used, the following issues can be considered:

• technology for calculating the price of inventories (based on the average price, based on the cost of first purchases, based on the price of a single product);
• cost and profit recognition technology for calculating income tax. Cash and accrual methods are provided;
• depreciation technology for intangible assets and fixed assets (linear and non-linear);
• method of calculating value added tax (for payment and shipment);
• possibility of creating reserves with regulation.

The organization consistently uses the adopted accounting policy every year, and may change it due to innovations in Russian legislation or regulations of regulatory bodies.

A working chart of accounts, containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;

Forms of primary accounting documents, accounting registers, as well as documents for internal accounting reporting;

The procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization's assets and liabilities;

methods for assessing assets and liabilities;

document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;

the procedure for monitoring business operations;

Other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

5. When developing accounting policies, it is assumed that:

The assets and liabilities of an organization exist separately from the assets and liabilities of the owners of this organization and the assets and liabilities of other organizations (assuming property separation);

the organization will continue its activities for the foreseeable future and it has no intention or need to liquidate or significantly reduce its activities and, therefore, obligations will be repaid in the prescribed manner (going concern assumption);

the accounting policy adopted by the organization is applied consistently from one reporting year to another (assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies);

the facts of the organization's economic activities relate to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds associated with these facts (the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).

5.1. An organization chooses accounting methods regardless of the choice of accounting methods by other organizations. If the parent company approves its accounting standards, which are mandatory for use by its subsidiary, then such subsidiary chooses accounting methods based on these standards.

6. The organization’s accounting policies must ensure:

completeness of reflection in accounting of all facts of economic activity (completeness requirement);

Timely reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and financial statements (timeliness requirement);

Greater willingness to recognize expenses and liabilities in accounting than possible income and assets, avoiding the creation of hidden reserves (requirement of prudence);

Reflection in accounting of facts of economic activity based not so much on their legal form, but on their economic content and business conditions (the requirement of priority of content over form);

the identity of analytical accounting data with turnovers and balances on synthetic accounting accounts on the last calendar day of each month (consistency requirement);

Rational accounting, based on business conditions and the size of the organization, as well as based on the ratio of costs for generating information about a specific accounting object and the usefulness (value) of this information (the requirement of rationality).

6.1. When developing an accounting policy, micro-enterprises and non-profit organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, may provide for accounting using a simple system (without using double entry).

(see text in the previous edition)

7. Accounting for a specific accounting item is carried out in the manner established by the federal accounting standard. If, for a specific accounting issue, the federal accounting standard allows for several methods of accounting, the organization selects one of these methods, guided by paragraphs 5, 5.1 and these Regulations.

An organization that discloses consolidated financial statements drawn up in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards or financial statements of an organization that does not create a group has the right to be guided by federal accounting standards, taking into account the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards, when forming its accounting policies. In particular, such an organization has the right not to apply the accounting method established by the federal accounting standard when such a method leads to a discrepancy between the organization's accounting policies and the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards.

(see text in the previous edition)

7.1. If the federal accounting standards do not establish accounting methods for a specific accounting issue, the organization develops an appropriate method based on the requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) industry standards. In this case, the organization, based on the assumptions and requirements given in paragraphs 5 and these Regulations, uses the following documents sequentially:

a) international financial reporting standards;

b) provisions of federal and (or) industry accounting standards on similar and (or) related issues;

7.2. An organization that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, in the absence of appropriate accounting methods for a specific issue in federal accounting standards, has the right to formulate an accounting policy, guided solely by the requirement of rationality.

7.3. In exceptional cases, when the formation of an accounting policy in accordance with paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to an unreliable representation of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and the flow of its funds in the accounting (financial) statements, the organization has the right to deviate from the rules established by these paragraphs , subject to all of the following conditions:

a) circumstances have been identified that impede the formation of a reliable representation of its financial position, financial results of operations and cash flows in the accounting (financial) statements;

b) an alternative method of accounting is possible, the use of which makes it possible to eliminate these circumstances;

c) the alternative method of accounting does not lead to other circumstances in which the organization’s accounting (financial) statements will give an unreliable picture of its financial position, financial performance and cash flows;

The main objectives of the organization’s accounting policy are to create a set of clear instructions, provisions and methods that will streamline, unify (as far as possible), regulate the main areas of accounting in the organization, create a unified document flow scheme, a system for assessing the organization’s assets, and generate reporting that correctly reflects the property status organizations. These problems are solved by using many methods of accounting, which include: methods of grouping and evaluating facts of economic activity, paying off the value of assets, organizing document flow, inventory, using accounting accounts, systems of accounting registers, methods of processing information.

The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the chief accountant (accountant) of the organization and approved by the head of the organization. The main requirement for the accounting policy adopted by the organization is that it should not contradict the adopted regulations of the Russian Federation.

The accounting policy states:

Options for accounting and evaluation of accounting objects chosen by the organization;

A working chart of accounts, containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;

Forms of primary accounting documents used to document facts of economic activity, for which standard forms of primary accounting documents are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting;

The procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization's assets and liabilities;

Methods for assessing assets and liabilities;

Document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information;

The procedure for control over business operations;

Other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

The choice of accounting methods is influenced by:

Legal and organizational and economic status (form of ownership, industry and type of activity, organizational and legal form, size of the organization);

Features of activity (production, commercial, financial, management);

Current and long-term goals of entrepreneurship (attracting additional financial resources, implementing investment programs, strengthening competitive positions in the market, etc.);

Economic situation (development of market infrastructure, state of legislation, favorable investment climate, etc.);

Staffing (level of qualifications of personnel, degree of understanding of the tasks facing them, etc.).

When forming an organization’s accounting policy, it is necessary to adhere to the following requirements and rules:

1) the organization must choose only one method of accounting from several allowed by legislation and regulations on accounting in the Russian Federation. If the regulatory documents do not establish accounting methods for a specific issue, then when forming an accounting policy, the organization independently develops an appropriate method based on accounting provisions;

2) the chosen method of accounting must be established by the organization in all its structural divisions, regardless of their location and operation. This means that representative offices, branches, branches must adhere to the accounting policies established by the parent organization;

3) when maintaining accounting records, the organization must ensure: compliance during the reporting period with the adopted accounting policies (accounting methods), reflection of individual business transactions and valuation of property, determined on the basis of the rules established by law and business conditions. This means that the adopted rules must be established for a long period (at least a year) and in no case can be changed during the reporting year;

4) these rules must be enshrined in the relevant internal document (order of the head of the organization approving the Regulations on Accounting Policies);

5) in the event that an organization cannot generate reliable information about objects based on established accounting rules, this (with appropriate justification) must be reflected in the explanatory note.

The choice of a specific accounting option must be determined in accordance with its benefits for the organization’s activities, taking into account the volume of accounting work (the requirement of rationality is rational accounting based on the conditions of economic activity and the size of the organization).

The newly created organization must formulate an accounting policy and formalize it with the appropriate order no later than 90 days from the date the organization acquires the rights of a legal entity. The accounting policies adopted by the organization are applied consistently from year to year.

The term “accounting policy” is well known to accountants of organizations; as for individual entrepreneurs, many of them are sure that since they do not keep accounting records, then this document has nothing to do with them. This is not entirely true, let's find out.

What is an accounting policy?

An accounting policy is an internal document of an organization or individual entrepreneur, which regulates the procedure for organizing accounting and tax accounting. Development requirements accounting policy are given in Article 8 of the law dated December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ and in PBU 1/2008, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n.

Concerning accounting policy for tax accounting, then there are only scattered requirements for it. Thus, Article 167 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation contains general instructions for accounting policies for VAT, and Articles 313 and 314 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - for income tax. The code does not contain requirements for the procedure for drawing up and processing tax accounting policies.

The accounting policy establishes the choice of accounting method from those allowed by law, but if there is only one method of accounting for any transaction, then it is not necessary to indicate it. In cases where the method of accounting for a business transaction is not provided for by law, it must be developed independently and prescribed in the accounting policy.

To be sure that your accounting policies are correct, we recommend that you periodically review all necessary documents or involve professionals who will check your accounting and be able to identify all shortcomings and financial risks in a timely manner.

Typically, an accounting policy is formed every year, but if it is not approved for the new year, then last year’s policy continues to apply. During the year, the document can only be supplemented if a new type of activity has appeared in the taxpayer’s activities (for example, a trade organization has also begun to provide maintenance services for these goods) or the law has made changes to the provisions on accounting or taxes. As for the provisions already enshrined in the annual accounting policy, they can only be changed starting from the new year.

A newly created organization must approve its accounting policy no later than 90 days from the date of registration (clause 9 of PBU 1/2008), and for the purposes of calculating VAT - before the end of the quarter in which it was registered. It is recognized that the organization applies accounting policies from the moment of state registration.

The accounting policy is developed by the chief accountant or other person responsible for accounting, and approved by the manager or individual entrepreneur.

Individual entrepreneurs, who may not keep accounting, develop accounting policies only for taxation, and organizations - for accounting and tax accounting. Individual entrepreneurs must formulate an accounting policy for tax purposes:

• are VAT payers;
• working on the simplified tax system Income minus expenses;
• agricultural tax payers;
• at .

To avoid disputes with tax authorities, we also recommend that all other individual entrepreneurs create an accounting policy for tax accounting.

Sanctions for lack of accounting policies

Accounting policies are not among the mandatory documents that must be submitted to the tax office. However, when undergoing inspections, inspectors request this document to ensure that accounting is maintained in accordance with the methods established in the accounting policy. To reduce the number of questions from tax authorities about accounting methods, organizations can voluntarily include accounting policies as part of their annual reporting.

If, upon requesting an accounting policy, it turns out that there is none, a fine of 200 rubles will be charged (Article 126 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In addition, the head of the organization can be punished in the amount of 300 to 500 rubles (Article 15.6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).

The absence or non-compliance with important provisions of the accounting policy, due to which the tax base was underestimated, may be recognized by the tax authorities as a gross violation of tax accounting rules. For this, liability is provided in the form of a fine under Article 120 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in the amount of 10 thousand rubles and 30 thousand rubles if the violation is detected in several tax periods.

Accounting policy structure

The accounting policy of an organization can be general - for accounting and tax accounting. You can also develop separate accounting policies for each type of accounting. The accounting policy of individual entrepreneurs is formed only for tax accounting purposes.

The general accounting policy of the organization consists of three main sections:

• organizational and technical;
• methodological for accounting purposes;
• methodological for tax purposes.

Important accounting policy items are shown in the table:

With the transition to market relations, approaches to accounting in organizations have changed. From strict regulation of the accounting process by the state in the past, we have now moved to a reasonable combination of state regulation and the independence of organizations in setting up accounting. The essence of new approaches to accounting is mainly that, based on the general accounting rules established by the state, organizations independently develop accounting policies to solve the accounting problems assigned to them.

The accounting policy chosen by the organization has a significant impact on the value of the indicators of production costs, profits, value added and property taxes, and indicators of the financial condition of the organization. Consequently, an organization’s accounting policy is an important means of forming the values ​​of the organization’s main performance indicators, tax planning, and pricing policy.

The accounting policy of an organization is the set of accounting methods adopted by it (primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic activity).

Accounting methods include methods of grouping and assessing facts of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, organizing document flow, inventory, methods of using accounting accounts, systems of accounting registers, processing information and other relevant methods and techniques.

Formation of accounting policies

The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the chief accountant of the organization and approved by the head of the organization.

In this case it is affirmed:

Options for accounting and evaluation of accounting objects chosen by the organization;

A working chart of accounts, containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;

Forms of primary accounting documents used to document facts of economic activity, for which standard forms of primary accounting documents are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting;

The procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization's assets and liabilities;

Document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information;

The procedure for monitoring business operations;

Other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

When forming the accounting policy of an organization in a specific area of ​​maintaining and organizing accounting, one method is selected from several allowed by legislation and regulations on accounting. If the regulatory documents do not establish accounting methods for a specific issue, then when forming an accounting policy, the organization develops an appropriate method based on the accounting provisions.

The accounting policy adopted by the organization is subject to registration with the relevant organizational and administrative documentation (orders, instructions, etc.) of the organization.

The accounting methods chosen by the organization when forming its accounting policies are applied from January 1 of the year following the year of approval of the relevant organizational and administrative document. Moreover, they are applied by all branches, representative offices and other divisions of the organization (including those allocated to a separate balance sheet), regardless of their location.

A newly created organization draws up its chosen accounting policy before the first publication of its financial statements, but no later than 90 days from the date of state registration. The accounting policy adopted by such an organization is considered to be applied from the date of acquisition of the rights of a legal entity (state registration).

Procedure for changing accounting policies

A change in an organization's accounting policy can be made in the following cases:

Changes in Russian legislation or accounting regulations;

Development by the organization of new methods of accounting;

The use of a new method of accounting requires a more reliable representation of the facts of economic activity in the accounting and reporting of the organization or less labor intensity of the accounting process without reducing the degree of reliability of the information;

Significant changes in operating conditions.

A significant change in the operating conditions of an organization may be associated with reorganization, a change of owners, a change in types of activities, restructuring of production, a significant expansion or reduction in the volume of activities, etc. It is not considered a change in accounting policy to approve the method of accounting for facts of economic activity that are essentially different from the facts that occurred previously, or that arose for the first time in the organization’s activities.

Changes in accounting policies must be justified and documented in the manner prescribed for accounting policies.

The change in accounting policy must be introduced from January 1 of the year (beginning of the financial year) following the year of its approval.

The consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or are likely to have a significant impact on the financial position, cash flow or financial performance of the organization are assessed in monetary terms. The assessment is made on the basis of data verified by the organization as of the date from which the changed method of accounting is applied.

The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by changes in the laws of the Russian Federation or regulatory acts on accounting are reflected in accounting reports in the manner prescribed by the relevant legislation or regulations. If the relevant legislation or regulation does not provide for the procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, then they are reflected in accounting and reporting based on the requirement to present numerical indicators for at least two years, except in cases where these consequences are assessed in monetary terms for periods preceding the reporting period. , cannot be produced with sufficient accuracy.

Reflection of the consequences of changes in accounting policies consists of adjusting the relevant data included in the financial statements for the reporting period for the period preceding the reporting period.

These adjustments are reflected in the financial statements. In this case, no accounting records are created.

Disclosure of information within the framework of accounting policies

The following information is subject to disclosure as part of the information on the accounting policy for fixed assets:

Selected methods of calculating depreciation;

The procedure for writing off costs for repairs of fixed assets;

Methods for valuing fixed assets acquired in exchange for other property other than cash;

On changes in the value of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting (including cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation, revaluation of fixed assets);

Accepted useful life of objects;

About fixed assets, the cost of which is not repaid;

On fixed assets provided and received under a lease agreement;

About real estate objects accepted for operation and actually used, which are in the process of registration.

For intangible assets, at least the following information must be disclosed as part of information about the organization’s accounting policies in the financial statements:

Methods for calculating depreciation charges for certain groups of intangible assets;

Methods of reflecting depreciation charges in accounting;

Methods for valuing intangible assets acquired not for cash;

The useful life periods of intangible assets accepted by the organization.

For expenses on research, development and technological work (R&D), the elements of the accounting policy are:

Choosing a method for writing off R&D expenses;

Determining the timing of write-off of R&D expenses.

For inventories, the elements of accounting policy are:

Selecting an option for synthetic inventory accounting;

Choosing a method for assessing inventories;

Consequences of changes in the accounting policies of inventory valuation methods;

Cost of inventories pledged;

The amount and movement of reserves for reducing the value of material assets;

The difference between the actual cost of inventories and the cost of their possible sale, attributed to the financial results of the organization;

The procedure for documenting incoming materials.

For production costs and accounting for finished products, the elements of accounting policy are:

Choosing a system of accounts to record expenses for ordinary activities;

Choosing a method for grouping and writing off production costs;

Choosing a method for accounting for finished products;

Choosing a method for evaluating finished products, shipped goods, work in progress;

Selecting an option for consolidated production cost accounting;

Choosing a method for determining revenue from product sales;

Recognition of the moment of sale for long-term works;

Choosing a method for distributing indirect costs between individual accounting and costing objects;

Choosing a method for accounting for production costs and calculating production costs.

Selection of technology, form and organization of accounting

The organization independently develops a working chart of accounts based on the approved plan. She has the right to choose from the entire set of synthetic accounts that are really necessary for herself, and to introduce (with the permission of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation) new synthetic accounts using free account codes.

Based on the system of subaccounts provided for by the approved Chart of Accounts and the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts, organizations determine the list of subaccounts used, if necessary, merging, excluding or adding new subaccounts, as well as the full range of analytical accounts and their codes.

The organization independently chooses the form of accounting (journal-order, memorial-order, simplified, machine-oriented), the list of accounting registers used, their construction, sequence and methods of recording in them.

The organization independently chooses the organizational structure of the accounting department. In addition, accounting and reporting can be carried out by a specialized organization or an appropriate specialist on a contractual basis. An organization can allocate its production and facilities, as well as branches, representative offices, departments and other separate divisions that are part of the enterprise, to a separate balance sheet. In small business organizations that do not have a cashier on staff, his duties can be performed by the chief accountant or another employee by written order of the head of the organization.

When carrying out mandatory inventories for the preparation of annual reporting, organizations are given the right to conduct an inventory of fixed assets once every three years, library collections - once every five years. In areas located in the Far North and equivalent areas, inventory of goods, raw materials and materials can be carried out during the period of their smallest balances. The number of fixed assets not required for inventory in the reporting year, the dates of the inventory, the list of property and liabilities checked during each of them are established by the organization itself.

Organizations independently develop a system of internal production accounting, reporting and control, based on the operating features and requirements for managing production and sales of products.

Disclosure of accounting policies

The organization must disclose the accounting methods chosen when forming its accounting policies, which significantly influence the assessment and decision-making of users of the financial statements.

Accounting methods are considered essential, without knowledge of the application of which by interested users of financial statements it is impossible to reliably assess the financial position, cash flow or financial results of the organization.

The accounting methods adopted when developing the organization’s accounting policies and subject to disclosure in the financial statements include:

Methods of depreciation of fixed assets, intangible and other assets;

Valuations of inventories, goods, work in progress and finished goods;

Recognition of profit from the sale of products, goods, works, services and other significant methods.

If financial statements are not published in full, information about the accounting policies is subject to disclosure at least in part directly related to the published materials.

If the accounting policy of an organization is formed on the basis of the assumptions provided for by PBU 1/98, then these assumptions may not be disclosed in the financial statements.

If, when developing an organization's accounting policies, they proceed from assumptions other than those provided for in PBU 1/98, then such assumptions, along with the reasons for their application, must be disclosed in detail in the financial statements.

If, in preparing the financial statements, there is significant uncertainty about events and conditions that may cast significant doubt on the applicability of the going concern assumption, the entity must identify that uncertainty and clearly describe what it relates to.

Significant methods of accounting are subject to disclosure in the explanatory note included in the financial statements of the organization for the reporting year.

Interim financial statements may not contain information about the accounting policies of the organization if there have been no changes in the latter since the preparation of the annual financial statements for the previous year, which disclosed the accounting policies.

An organization's accounting policy is a fundamental document that reveals all the features of accounting (tax) accounting in a specific period. An accounting policy (if properly formulated) allows for the most effective interaction of all organizational structures involved in the accounting process and minimizes costs (material, labor and time) to resolve emerging issues.

Changes in accounting policies that have had or are likely to have a significant impact on the financial position, cash flow or financial results of the organization are subject to separate disclosure in the financial statements. Information about them should include the reason for the change in accounting policy; assessment of the consequences of changes in monetary terms (in relation to the reporting year and each other period, data for which are included in the financial statements for the reporting year); an indication that the relevant data from the periods preceding the reporting year included in the financial statements for the reporting year have been adjusted.

Changes in accounting policies for the year following the reporting year are reflected in the explanatory note to the organization’s financial statements.