Ukrainian language or Little Russian dialect? Turgenev about the Little Russian language: sad and funny Little Russian dialect of the Russian language

Little Russian dialect
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Grammar of the Little Russian dialect Al. Pavlovsky St. Petersburg. In the printing house of V. Plavilshchikov, 1818

Little Russian (Little Russian) dialect is a common name in the 19th and early 20th centuries for a set of East Slavic dialects in most of modern Ukraine and the literary language formed on their basis, which is currently considered in science to be a separate East Slavic language - Ukrainian.

In Slavic studies of the 19th century, there was a widespread concept according to which in the 12th century the “common Russian language” was divided into three dialects (in the dialectological sense): southern Little Russian, middle (Belarusian and southern Great Russian) and northern (northern Great Russian).

A similar division of the “Russian language” into dialects is found in M.V. Lomonosov’s “Russian Grammar”, published in 1755:
"the main Russian dialects, which are three: Moscow, northern, Ukrainian"

In the second half of the 19th century, in relation to the East Slavic languages ​​in Russian philology, the problem of “language or dialect” was acute; many philologists, in particular S.K. Bulich, believed that the differences between the dialects of the Russian language - East Slavic languages ​​in modern terminology - were too small enough for them to be considered independent languages. Due to the similarity of phonetics and the small degree of difference, Bulich, for example, qualified the Slovak language as an adverb of the Czech language and, accordingly, the Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​as Little Russian and Great Russian adverbs of the “all-Russian language”.

In turn, the Little Russian dialect in the terminology of that time was divided into two sub-dialects - northern and southern, which are now considered dialects of the Ukrainian language.
Content
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1 Terminology
2 Provisions of the dispute
2.1 Separate language
2.2 Russian adverb
2.3 Russian language, changed (deteriorated) under Polish influence
2.4 Other points of view
3 Political aspects of the problem in language policy
4 Little Russian dialect in literature of the 19th century
4.1 Grammars
4.2 Monographs on M. dialect and dialects
4.3 Dictionaries
4.3.1 Unfinished dictionaries
5 Notes
6 See also

[edit] Terminology
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As a designation for the totality of Ukrainian dialects in the 19th century. The following names were used:

South Russian language (Yakov Golovatsky, Mikhail Maksimovich);
Little Russian dialect (Pavel Zhitetsky, Alexander Potebnya, Pavel Safarik, Alexey Sobolevsky, B. M. Lyapunov);
Little Russian dialect (Mikhail Drahomanov) [source not specified 842 days];
Little Russian language (Pavel Zhitetsky, Franz Miklosic, August Schleicher);

[edit] Dispute provisions

Proposed interpretations of the “Little Russian dialect/language”:

Russian adverb
separate language
brought from Galicia, Volyn, Podolia to the territory of Little Russia, with the resettlement of Russians to the north
more ancient and closer to the culture of Kievan Rus than Russian
Russian spoiled by the Poles

According to the Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron,
“The Little Russian dialect of the Russian language, recognized by many (Naumenko, Zhitetsky, Miklosic, etc.) as an independent language, shares with the Great Russian and Belarusian dialects all the phonetic features that distinguish the Russian language from Polish and other Slavic languages ​​(full consonance, the transformation of yus into u, and other). Consequently, the Little Russian dialect developed not from the Proto-Slavic, but from the all-Russian language, which, however, does not exclude its right to independent literary existence; has two subdialects, northern and southern, which are divided into many dialects. »

Throughout the 19th and early 20th years, the phrase “Little Russian (Little Russian) dialect” was gradually replaced by “Little Russian language” and later by “Ukrainian language”. Replacing the word “Little Russian” with “Ukrainian” is associated with a rethinking of the name of Little (actually, “original, ancient”) Rus' as “less significant,” which turned out to be unacceptable for the name of the national language. The use of this or that phrase does not correlate with the views of the philologists themselves - in such early publications it is stated that “the Little Russian dialect is an independent language”
[edit] Separate language

Some philologists and Slavists already in the second half of the 19th century considered the Ukrainian language to be an original separate language (P. I. Zhitetsky, F. Miklosic, P. J. Safarik.
[edit] Russian adverb

The Czech historian and politician Frantisek Palacky wrote in 1864 about the status of the Little Russian dialect and the prospects for a literary language based on it:

The Little Russian language is a Russian dialect, in no case Polish, and relates to the Russian literary language approximately in the same way as the Slovak dialect relates to Czech, Croatian to Serbian, Tyrolean to German, Provençal to French, etc. No reasonable person denies for any adverb or subadverb the right to be used also in books and literature. But another question is whether it is good and desirable for literatures to be fragmented ad infinitum (especially where there is no sufficient historical basis for this). I once met learned people in Avignon who zealously opposed the use of the common French language and wanted to have special Provençal literature for themselves. But the people, throughout southern France, are not following in their footsteps. The same may be true in the question of relations between Great Russians and Little Russians

People. 1864. P. 44

The compiler of the article “Little Russian dialect” in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, representative of the Kazan linguistic school S.K. Bulich, mentioned among the supporters of a separate language only the Slovenian classic of linguistics Miklosic and philologists united by the characteristic of Ukrainian origin. He, without giving a definition of the term “Little Russian dialect,” considers it more justified to consider it a dialect of the Russian language, without denying its right to independent use as a literary, scientific, school language, etc., also indicating the relativity of the division between the term dialect and language and the natural desire of the Little Russian dialect to become an independent linguistic unit, to turn into an independent language.

A supporter of the point of view about the Little Russian dialect as part of the Russian language was the outstanding scientist, one of the founders of historical East Slavic linguistics A. I. Sobolevsky (“Lectures on the history of the Russian language”). From his point of view, statements that “Great Russian” and “Little Russian” are different languages ​​are based on a comparison of the Moscow dialect of the Great Russian dialect with the “Ukrainian” (Kiev-Poltava) and “Galician” dialects of the Little Russian dialect, without taking into account the entire dialect situation ; at the same time, for example, the northern Great Russian dialects are connected with the Little Russian dialects by many isoglosses dating back to the Old Russian period. At the same time, Sobolevsky classified the Belarusian dialect as Great Russian, but sometimes singled it out especially.

Kyiv University professor T.D. Florinsky believed:

“The close internal connection and close relationship between the Little Russian language, on the one hand, and the Great Russian, Belarusian and All-Russian literary languages, on the other, are so obvious that the separation of Little Russian from the Russian dialectical group into any special group is equally unthinkable, in how unthinkable it is to separate, for example, the Greater Poland, Silesian and Masurian dialects from the Polish dialectical group, or the Moravian dialect from the Czech dialectical group, or the Rupalan dialect from the Bulgarian dialectical group... In private aspects and phenomena of one’s life, in language, everyday life, folk In their character and historical destiny, the Little Russians present many unique features, but despite all this, they have always been and remain part of one whole - the Russian people.”

[edit] Russian language, changed (deteriorated) under Polish influence

Russian philological ideas of the 18th century (before the emergence of scientific comparative historical linguistics) were characterized by a view of Slavic “adverbs” as “spoiled” or “changed” under foreign language influence (with the best “preservation” of Russian). This also applied to the Little Russian dialect. A similar approach to the relationship of languages, some of which “spoil” under the influence of neighbors, was also characteristic of the European pre-scientific tradition.

In 1746, M.V. Lomonosov wrote about the “Little Russian dialect” as “spoiled” (he applied the same statements to all other Slavic languages, except Russian):

“Nothing follows from the Little Russian dialect to establish Great Russian endings, because, although this dialect is very similar to ours, its emphasis, pronunciation and endings of speeches from the neighborhood with the Poles and from long-term existence under their rule have been greatly abolished or, frankly speaking, deteriorated . So, if you follow the Little Russians in this case, regardless of the general usage, then the Great Russian language will deteriorate rather than improve. The same should be understood about other languages ​​related to Great Russian.”

In 1784, Catherine II began collecting a dictionary of all languages, requiring governors to send words from their subject regions. Peter Simon Pallas in 1787-1789 published “Comparative dictionaries of all languages ​​and dialects, collected by the right hand of the Most High Person” in 2 volumes. There, the “Little Russian dialect” is characterized as follows:

“The Little Russian dialect is little different and in itself is nothing more than a Russian dialect applied to the Polish model.”

[edit] Other points of view

The outstanding Russian linguist N. S. Trubetskoy distinguished between East Slavic folk dialects and literary languages; He considered the dialects to be derivatives of the Proto-Slavic language (Ukrainian, Great Russian and Belarusian dialects), attributing the time of separation to the 13th century:

The dialects into which the Proto-Slavic language broke up comprise three groups: South Slavic, West Slavic and Russian, or East Slavic. There are three Russian, or East Slavic, dialects: Great Russian, Belarusian and Little Russian.

Ukrainian and Russian literary languages ​​arose, respectively, at the end of the 18th and at the beginning of the 19th century on the basis of adverbs, and if the Ukrainian literary language was formed within the framework of the Polish-Czech tradition, then Russian - in line with the Church Slavonic tradition (through the Kyiv tradition of the Church Slavonic language, which replaced in the 17th century Moscow). Trubetskoy also noted that both Ukrainian and Russian were influenced by the Polish language and a larger share of lexical borrowings from Polish in the Ukrainian language, compared to Russian.
[edit] Political aspects of the problem in language policy

The government of the Russian Empire supported the view of the “Little Russian dialect” as a dialect; for example, according to the Valuevsky circular, only works of fiction should be allowed to be published in the Ukrainian language.

F. E. Korsh saw political motives in attempts to radically resolve language problems:

What is Little Russian speech: a language or an adverb? Even the Little Russian linguists themselves answer this differently. Yes, Pav. Ign. In the title of his books, Zhitetsky calls the speech of the Little Russians an adverb, others, on the contrary, a language. The Galician Ukrainophile Ogonovsky uses the expression “ruthenische Sprache” and thus seeks to emphasize that Little Russian speech is a separate language. Polish and German policies had an impact here, since it was beneficial for the Germans and Poles to instill in the Little Russians the idea that the latter were not Russians. Dukhinsky’s theory about the not Slavic (but Ural-Altai) origin of Russians is well known.

After the formation of the UPR in 1917, the term “Ukrainian language” became the official and commonly used name of both the literary language and its dialects and dialects. The government of the USSR, starting from the creation of the Ukrainian SSR, supported the view of Ukrainian as an original Slavic language.
[edit] Little Russian dialect in literature of the 19th century

The most detailed and complete overview of the features of the M. dialect and its dialects, based, however, on material collected by others, from Prof. Sobolevsky: “Essay on Russian dialectology. III. M. adverb" ("Living Antiquity", 1892, book 4), where a compilation of all the information available in the scientific literature (rather meager and inaccurate), scattered among inaccessible publications, was made. There is also a good bibliography (albeit incomplete) of special articles and monographs on M. dialectology.
[edit]Grammars

A. Pavlovsky, “Grammar of M. adverbs” (St. Petersburg, 1818);
Golovatsky, “Rosprava about the South Russian language and its dialects” (Lvov, 1849)
Zhitetsky, “Essay on the sound history of the M. dialect” (Kyiv, 1876);
Ogonovsky, cited. above “Studien” etc., important for zap.-M. adv. by the richness and novelty of the material; his, “Grammar of the Russian Language” (Lvov, 1889).
Naumenko, “Review of phonetic. features of M. speech" (Kyiv, 1889);
Zhitetsky, “Essay on the literary history of the M. dialect in the 17th and 18th centuries.” (Part I, Kyiv, 1889);
Smal Stotsky and Gartner, “Russian Grammar” (Lvov, 1893).

[edit] Monographs on M. dialect and dialects

Lavrovsky. “Review of the most remarkable features of the M. dialect in comparison with the Great Russian and other Slavic dialects” (“Journal of Min. Nar. Prosv.”, 1859, St. Petersburg);
Kostomarov, “On some phonetics. and grammar. peculiarities of the South Russian (m.-r.) language, not similar to Great Russian and Polish” (“Journal of Min. Nar. Pr.”, 1863, CXIX, Sept.);
Maksimovich, “New letters to M.P. Pogodin. On the antiquity of the M. dialect" (M., 1863);
Potebnya, “Notes on the M. dialect” (Voronezh, 1871; from “Philol. Notes”, 1870);
Mikhalchuk, “Adverbs, subadverbs and dialects of southern Russia in connection with the adverbs of Galicia” (Chubinsky, “Proceedings of the ethnographic-statistical expedition to the Western Russian region,” vol. VII, issue 2, St. Petersburg, 1887);
Semenovich. “On the peculiarities of the Ugro-Russian dialect” (St. Petersburg, 1883);
Hanusz, “O jazyku maloruskem” (“Slovansky Sbormk Jelinek’a” in Prague, vol. II, 1883);
Werchratskij, “Ueber die Mundart der Marmaroscher Ruthenen” (Stanislav, 1883);
L. L., “Materials for characterizing Russian dialects and dialects. language" (Seversky dialect; "Russian Philol. Vestn.", 1884, book 1);
Zhelekhovsky, “Note about Russian. dialects of the Sedlec province." (ibid. book 2);
Karpinsky, “Talk of the Pinchuks” (“Russian Philol. Vestn.,” book 1);
Werchratskij, “Ueber die Mundart der galizisch. Lemken" (“Archiv fur slaw. Philol.”, vol. XIV XV and XVI); Broch, “Zum kleinruss. in Ungarn" (ibid., vol. XVII, 1895);
Vetukhov, “The dialects of the settlements of Bakhmutovka and Nov. Aidari of Starobelsky district, Kharkov province." (“Russian Philol. Vestn.”, 1893); his, “Talk of the Alekseevka settlement in Starobelsky district. Kharkov province." (ibid., 1894, vol. XXXI);
Ivan Verkhratsky, “About the dialect of Zamioaiv” (Lvov, 1893).

[edit] Dictionaries

Bad and incomplete glossaries by Zakrevsky, in his “Old World Bandura Player”;
Piskunova, “Dictionary of Ukrainian Language” (1st ed., Odessa, 1873, 2nd ed., under the title “Dictionary of the living folk, written and actual languages ​​of Russian southerners”, Kyiv, 1882);
Levchenko, “The Experience of the Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” (Kyiv, 1874);

[edit] Unfinished dictionaries

Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky, “Dictionary of the M. dialect” (tetr. I, St. Petersburg, 1855, published by the Imperial Academician of Sciences),
Partitsky, “German-Russian Dictionary” (volume I, Lvov, 1867);
Sheikovsky, “The Experience of the Southern Russian Dictionary” (Kyiv, 1861).
Valuable materials from Verkhuratsky: “Knowledge of the Southern Russian Dictionary” (Lvov, 1877). The best dictionary is Zhelehovsky and Nedilsky: “Little Russian-German Dictionary” (Lvov, 1886).

[edit] Notes

1 2 3 Little Russian dialect // Small Brockhaus Dictionary
1 2 3 M. A. Zhovtobryukh, A. M. Moldovan. Ukrainian language // Languages ​​of the world. Slavic languages. M., Institute of Linguistics RAS - Academia, 2005, p. 513-548
Russian language // Small Brockhaus Dictionary
Lomonosov M.V. Russian grammar, Chapter 5, § 112 // Lomonosov M.V. Complete works / USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.; L., 1950-1983. T. 7: Works on philology 1739-1758. - M.; L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1952.
1 2 Little Russian dialect // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
The unity of the Russian language in its dialects
Vergleichende Formenlehre ders slavischen Sprachen, 1856, book 3 - Vergleichende Grammatik (Comparative grammar of the Slavic languages)
Florinsky T. Little Russian language and “Ukrainian-Russian” literary separatism. St. Petersburg, 1900. - P.7-8.
Notes on the proposal about the plural ending of adjectives // Lomonosov M. V. Complete Works / USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.; L., 1950-1983.
Comparative dictionaries of all languages ​​and dialects, collected by the right hand of the Highest Person
N. S. Trubetskoy. Common Slavic element in Russian culture.
L. Sokolov. Russian is not a foreign language for Ukraine.
Gallery of Ukrainian leaders in Austria, A. Gerovsky

When writing this article, material was used from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (1890-1907).
[edit] See also

As we know, the formation of some important branches of domestic science in the 18th century occurred largely thanks to the works of the great scientist and educator Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Along with the natural sciences, he made a great contribution to scientific linguistics and to the development of the Russian literary language.

Lomonosov's main work in the field of philology, “Russian Grammar,” was first published in 1757 (1755 is indicated in the imprint). In §108, the author outlined the dialects of which, in his opinion, the “Russian language” consists: “It is necessary to observe in spelling, 1) so that it serves for convenient reading by everyone who knows Russian grammar, 2) so that it does not stray far from the main Russian dialects, which are three: Moscow, Northern, Ukrainian. ..." (ill. 1) .

In the twentieth century, the handwritten “Materials for Russian Grammar” were published in full. Lomonosov, on which Mikhail Vasilyevich began to work, preparing the publication of “Grammar”, no later than 1748-1749. Under the heading “About dialects,” the scientist gives the following classification of dialects of the Russian language: “The Russian language “mainly” can be divided into three dialects: 1) Moscow, 2) Pomeranian, 3) Little Russian. The first main word used both at court and among the nobility and especially in cities near Moscow. The other is somewhat inclined closer to the old Slavic and occupied a large part of Russia. The third is the most different and mixed with Polish. ..." (ill. 2) .

Further M.V. Lomonosov lists the Slavic languages: “The languages ​​originated from Slavic: 1) Russian, 2) Polish, 3) Bulgarian, 4) Serbian, 5) Czech, 6) Slovak, 7) “Vandal” Vendian.” (ill. 3). As we see, “Ukrainian” among Slavic languages not on Lomonosov's list.

In 1746, Lomonosov, as an objection to the dissertation of Academician. VC. Trediakovsky wrote “Notes on the proposal on the plural ending of adjectives.” In them he touches on the “Little Russian dialect“: “Nothing follows from the Little Russian dialect to establish Great Russian endings, because, although this dialect is very similar to ours, its emphasis, pronunciation and endings of speeches have been greatly abolished from the neighborhood with the Poles and from long-term existence under their rule, or, frankly speaking, , spoiled." .

Using these examples, we see that the tradition of Russian linguistics to understand the terms “Ukrainian/Little Russian” as a designation of a dialect of the Russian language appeared no later than the middle of the 18th century. Also noteworthy is the clarification of M.V. Lomonosov that the “Little Russian dialect” is “most different and mixed with Polish,” from which its elements have “deteriorated.”

In the “Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language,” published in 1758, M.V. Lomonosov noted the mutual closeness of Russian dialects in comparison with the dialects of other national languages: “The Russian people, living across a great space, despite the long distance, speak everywhere in a language intelligible to each other in cities and villages. On the contrary, in some other states, for example in Germany, the Bavarian peasant understands little of the Mecklenburg or Brandenburg Swabian, although they are still the same German people.” .

M.V. Lomonosov also noted the small variability of the Russian language over the centuries compared to the languages ​​of other peoples: “Judging by time, we see that the Russian language from the possession of Vladimirov to the present century, more than seven hundred years, has not been so much abolished that the old cannot be understood : not like many peoples, without studying, do not understand the language in which their ancestors wrote for four hundred years, for the sake of its great change that happened during this time.”

The proximity of folk dialects and time at Lomonosov explained the low variability of the “Russian language” by the benefit “.. from the Slavic books of the Church...”, that is, by the influence of the Church Slavonic language.

This original one, used by M.V. Lomonosov, the principle of classification, understanding of “Little Russian (Ukrainian)” as dialect, an integral part of the Russian language, existed in Russian linguistics for more than a century and a half. The named principle was withdrawn from scientific, public circulation after the revolutions of 1917. Communist scientists and ideologists replaced it with the category “Ukrainian language", which is still exclusively presented to the Russian people by official education and the media created by the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)-CPSU of the three "fraternal countries" (Right - states) Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus. At the same time, scientific revolutionaries and their followers still have not really bothered to provide scientific justifications for the conceptual revolution they carried out, replacing them primarily with ideological ones.

Terminology

As a designation for the totality of Ukrainian dialects in the 19th century. The following names were used:

Dispute provisions

At that time, there were disputes about several statements about the Ukrainian language (Little Russian dialect):

• Russian adverb
• separate language
  • brought from Galicia, Volyn, Podolia to the territory of Little Russia, with the resettlement of Russians to the north
  • developed from Old Slavic on the territory of Little Russia
  • older and closer to the culture of Kievan Rus than Russian
• Russian spoiled by the Poles

According to the Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, “the Little Russian dialect of the Russian language, recognized by many (Naumenko, Zhitetsky, Miklosic, etc.) as an independent language, shares with the Great Russian and Belarusian dialects all the phonetic features that distinguish the Russian language from Polish and other Slavic languages ​​(full consonance , transformation of yus into y, and and others). Consequently, the Little Russian dialect developed not from the Proto-Slavic, but from the all-Russian language, which, however, does not exclude its right to independent literary existence; has two sub-dialects, northern and southern, which are divided into many dialects."

Throughout the 19th and early 20th years, the phrase “Little Russian (Little Russian) dialect” was gradually replaced by “Little Russian language” and later by “Ukrainian language”. Replacing the word “Little Russian” with “Ukrainian” is associated with a rethinking of the name of Little (actually, “original, ancient”) Rus' as “less significant,” which turned out to be unacceptable for the name of a national language. The use of this or that phrase does not correlate with the views of the philologists themselves -

• with the author’s unchanged views, the titles of early publications use “adverb”, then “Little Russian language”, then “Ukrainian language”.
• in such early publications it is stated that “the Little Russian dialect is an independent language”

Separate language

Some philologists and Slavists already in the second half of the 19th century considered the Ukrainian language to be an original separate language (P. I. Zhitetsky, F. E. Korsh, F. Miklosic, P. J. Safarik, A. A. Shakhmatov and others).

Theory of the Galician origin of the Little Russian dialect

Russian adverb

The compiler of the article “Little Russian dialect” in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, representative of the Kazan linguistic school S.K. Bulich, mentioned among the supporters of a separate language only Miklosic and philologists, united by the characteristic of Ukrainian origin. He, without defining the term “Little Russian dialect,” considers it more justified to consider it a dialect of the Great Russian language, without denying its right to independent use as a literary, scientific, school language, etc., also indicating the relativity of the division between the term dialect and language and the natural desire of the Little Russian dialect to become an independent linguistic unit, to turn into an independent language.

A supporter of the point of view about the Little Russian dialect as part of the Russian language was A. I. Sobolevsky (“Lectures on the history of the Russian language”). From his point of view, statements that “Great Russian” and “Little Russian” are different languages ​​are based on a comparison of the Moscow dialect of the Great Russian dialect with the “Ukrainian” (Kiev-Poltava) and “Galician” dialects of the Little Russian dialect, without taking into account the entire dialect situation ; at the same time, for example, the northern Great Russian dialects are connected with the Little Russian dialects by many isoglosses dating back to the Old Russian period. At the same time, Sobolevsky classified the Belarusian dialect as Great Russian, but sometimes singled it out especially.

An outstanding scientist, professor at Kyiv University T. D. Florinsky noted:

“The close internal connection and close relationship between the Little Russian language, on the one hand, and the Great Russian, Belarusian and All-Russian literary languages, on the other, are so obvious that the separation of Little Russian from the Russian dialectical group into any special group is equally unthinkable, in how unthinkable it is to separate, for example, the Greater Poland, Silesian and Masurian dialects from the Polish dialectical group, or the Moravian dialect from the Czech dialectical group, or the Rupalan dialect from the Bulgarian dialectical group... In private aspects and phenomena of one’s life, in language, everyday life, folk In their character and historical destiny, the Little Russians present many unique features, but despite all this, they have always been and remain part of one whole - the Russian people.”

Russian language, changed (deteriorated) under Polish influence

Other points of view

Political moments

Notes

Little Russian dialect in literature of the 19th century

Grammarians

• A. Pavlovsky, “Grammar of M. adverbs” (St. Petersburg, 1818);
• Golovatsky, “Rosprava about the South Russian language and its dialects” (Lvov, 1849)
• Zhitetsky, “Essay on the sound history of the M. dialect” (Kyiv, 1876);
• Ogonovsky, cited. above “Studien” etc., important for zap.-M. adv. by the richness and novelty of the material; his, “Grammar of the Russian Language” (Lvov, 1889).
• Naumenko, “Review of phonetic. features of M. speech" (Kyiv, 1889);
• Zhitetsky, “Essay on the literary history of the M. dialect in the 17th and 18th centuries.” (Part I, Kyiv, 1889); Smal Stotsky and Gartner, “Russian Grammar” (Lvov, 1893).

Monographs on M. dialect and dialects

• Lavrovsky. “Review of the most remarkable features of the M. dialect in comparison with the Great Russian and other Slavic dialects” (“Journal of Min. Nar. Prosv.”, 1859, St. Petersburg);
• Kostomarov, “On some phonetics. and grammar. peculiarities of the South Russian (m.-r.) language, not similar to Great Russian and Polish” (“Journal of Min. Nar. Pr.”, 1863, CXIX, Sept.);
• Maksimovich, “New letters to M.P. Pogodin. On the antiquity of the M. dialect" (M., 1863);
• Potebnya, “Notes on the M. dialect” (Voronezh, 1871; from “Philol. Notes”, 1870);
• Mikhalchuk, “Adverbs, subadverbs and dialects of southern Russia in connection with the adverbs of Galicia” (Chubinsky, “Proceedings of the ethnographic-statistical expedition to the Western Russian region,” vol. VII, issue 2, St. Petersburg, 1887);
• Semenovich. “On the peculiarities of the Ugro-Russian dialect” (St. Petersburg, 1883);
• Hanusz, “O jazyku maloruskem” (“Slovansky Sbormk Jelinek’a” in Prague, vol. II, 1883);
• Werchratskij, “Ueber die Mundart der Marmaroscher Ruthenen” (Stanislav, 1883);
• L. L., “Materials for characterizing Russian dialects and dialects. language" (Seversky dialect; "Russian Philol. Vestn.", 1884, book 1);
• Zhelekhovsky, “Note about Russian. dialects of the Sedlec province." (ibid. book 2);
• Karpinsky, “Talk of the Pinchuks” (“Russian Philol. Vestn.,” book 1);
• Werchratskij, “Ueber die Mundart der galizisch. Lemken" (“Archiv fur slaw. Philol.”, vol. XIV XV and XVI); Broch, “Zum kleinruss. in Ungarn" (ibid., vol. XVII, 1895); Vetukhov, “The dialects of the settlements of Bakhmutovka and Nov. Aidari of Starobelsky district, Kharkov province." (“Russian Philol. Vestn.”, 1893); his, “Talk of the Alekseevka settlement in Starobelsky district. Kharkov province." (ibid., 1894, vol. XXXI); Ivan Verkhratsky, “About the dialect of Zamioaiv” (Lvov, 1893).

Dictionaries

• bad and incomplete glossaries by Zakrevsky, in his “Old World Bandura Player”;
• Piskunova, “Dictionary of Ukrainian Language” (1st ed., Odessa, 1873, 2nd ed., under the title “Dictionary of the living folk, written and actual languages ​​of Russian southerners”, Kyiv, 1882);
• Levchenko, “The Experience of the Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” (Kyiv, 1874);

03.06.2011 15:46:52

The work was published in 1880 in a meager circulation. It did not go unnoticed by specialists, but the mass educated reader is still not aware of its unique result. The brochure “Antiquities of the Little Russian Language” by Mikhail Krasusky / its existence was told to the compiler during the IX International Congress of Slavists by the late A. Znoiko / was discovered in a convolute ... without a name. S. Plachinda helped here. Subsequently, there was a link to a fairly prompt review in the Russian Philological Bulletin, but for that year there is no journal in the Podolsk repository of pre-revolutionary journals...

There is too little knowledge about it yet. Pole by nationality, Polish and Russian philologist. In his youth he moved from his homeland to Odessa, lived here for a long time... The search continues.

We deliberately publish intelligence in the original language: this way, the objective view of the age of our language of a scientist for whom, in fact, Ukrainian culture was alien appears more clearly / in the brochure this was manifested, in particular, in the passage regarding the Cossacks as robbers /.

Undoubtedly, earlier M. Maksimovich, P. Lukashevich, M. Drahomanov, who read the history of the East at Kiev University, came close to the problem... However, only a person with colossal knowledge of Oriental and European languages ​​could solve it. M. Krasusky solved the paradox contained in the title brilliantly, and they did not refute it even with the tried and tested method of hushing up.

Undoubtedly, this publication will contribute to a radical revision of approaches to Indo-European studios not only in Ukraine, but also in neighboring countries.

The underlining in the text is made by the compiler.

Having been studying for a long time comparing Aryan languages, I became convinced. that the Little Russian language is not only older than all Slavic languages, not excluding the so-called Old Church Slavonic, but also Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and OTHER Aryan languages. Meanwhile, the Little Russian language currently does not even have a decent dictionary! This circumstance prevented our and foreign philologists from discovering the real source of ancient languages. In addition, recently foreign scientists began to become convinced that the cradle of the Aryan tribes was not Central Asia, but the so-called Sarmatian, or Slavic, valley; Consequently, the Little Russians and the colonists who descended from them in the north, and the Novgorodians, and the Great Russians in general live on this plain to this day. It is known that the Novgorod dialect is most suitable for the Little Russian dialect. It is generally recognized that civilization has a strong influence on the deterioration and change of forms of the indigenous language; That is why the French and Italians no longer understand Latin, and the Germans do not understand Gothic. Thus, the ancient Indian civilization produced Sanskrit from a primitive language, which is no longer considered (as before) the father of all Aryans. A. (so) since culture had little influence on the Little Russian language, it is not surprising that it has been preserved more than others. So, from the minors. the words hodyty comes from nahodyty, znahodyty, and then a healer, or one who knows where to find something, how to get down to business, and so on. Hence the new word znaty, in Sanskrit it is written gnatum, pronounced jnatum /to know/. From this we see that initially our z was converted to g, or j, in Latin to g, in German to k, in Italian and French to s, for example: conoscere, connaitre /know/. It is impossible to doubt that the healer and the nobles come from the famous, in Polish znachodzic. In the same way, invenire comes from the Latin venire, but these forms are relatively new, and therefore we do not have them. Polish invencya was already taken from Latin after the adoption of Christianity. There is no doubt that the name of numbers used by all Aryan tribes belongs to extreme antiquity: and if we could explain them, / that is, numbers / origin, we would thereby find the key to resolving the Aryan question. Here is how, in my opinion, based on the forms of the Little Russian language, the origin of the name of the first numbers can be explained, namely:
1
One comes from malor. one-vin, or from-on, from him, meaning by this that counting begins from the first finger of the hand. However, this is not news, and it is generally accepted that the pronoun was used to express the unit. Malor. vin means he, in Czech on... Polish. on, ony, among the Novgorodians we find en, ena /he, she/, in Sanskrit ena /that/, but also among the Tver Korelians she means he, and he means she, in Lithuanian anas /he/, venas /one/. Malor. and Russian one, in Polish jedno, in Italian uno, discards g; so is the Latin unus, una /one, one/ instead of udnus, udna, Greek en, enos instead of eden, edenos, English one /one/, German ein, French un. The Sanskrit una meaning one, one is found in the form una vincanti, already corrupted from the Latin unus-de-viginti, undeviginti /nineteen/. So borrowing / many examples can be found / refutes the opinion of those who claim that the Slavs were the last to separate from the Indians. Against. The Indians separated from us before they separated from the Greeks. Lithuanians and Romans.
2
Two, two COMES FROM YOURS, yours, meaning here the second finger of the hand - the index finger, which serves to indicate the face of objects. In Polish, twa /your/ is often used instead of twoja. In Sanskrit tva, tvam means you, dva means two, in Italian tuo /your/, duo /two/, Gothic twa, English. two, German zwei. Maloros., dwi means two, in Polish also dwie, but in Sanskrit dvi means the same as dwa and is used only at the beginning of complex numbers. This has no doubt already been borrowed from Little Russian corrupted forms. So, instead of twelve, Maloros often says twelve, instead of two hundred he always says dvisti, which in Russian is two hundred, in Polish dwiescie. Maloros. And. also passed into the Latin language, for example: viginti ex dviginti instead of dwaginti (twenty). And yet they claim that he is small. And. already in historical times it came from yat, Polish ie. On the contrary, Malor. the newest is also written in Latin novissimus, and not like the Russian and Polish newest.
3
Malor. three incidents from tere, tre /tret/, because the middle finger rubs against the other side ones. Italian tre /three/ has most preserved its original form; lat. tres, Greek treis, German drei, franc. trois. But Maloros had to change tre to tre in order to distinguish it from tre in the meaning of tert. The same goes for Lithuania. trys, pol. trzy, russian three and Skt. tri, like Russian. However, Maloros does not say third, but third, and here we look for the ending t in the form tre/t/, which the Russians have preserved.
4
Malor. four, FUCKING. PINS. Polish ecztery, Celtic cethir, origin. from malor. more tere / still rubs /, for the fourth finger still rubs against the others, like the third. In Sanskrit, foreign scholars write thshatur, pronounced chatur /four/, in Lit. keturi, lat. quatuor and Greek , replacing thsh with t, tettares, tessares. The fourth is Celtic. cethvirtas, lit. ketvirtas, Skt. thshaturtha, or chaturta, Greek. tettartos. Lat. quartos drops the middle t instead of lit. ketvirtus, that’s definitely Polish. czvoro discards t from four, in Sanskrit thshatwar, in Czech ctvar. Already from Polish. czvoro origin. English four /four/, German. vier, vierte, and what do the Germans produce from vox! On the contrary, the Gothic fivor /four/ instead of fitvor changes our h, or Sanskrit, thsh, Greek. t, to f. Sanskrit form thshatur instead of four, as well as Latin quatuor instead of litas. keturi should not surprise us at all if we remember that in some places in Russia they say chatyri instead of four, for example, zhana / wife /, tabe, sabe, yago instead of him. In Sanskrit, most often our o. changes to a. just as in one of the Great Russian dialects, which is called Akaya, and which, according to Russian scientists, came from a cross with foreigners. Although Russians pronounce a, they still write o in the old way, just like in the Novgorod dialect and the Little Russian language. Consequently, the opinion of some of our and foreign scientists is that our Fr. comes from Sanskrit and has no scientific basis. Otherwise, it would be necessary to assert that those belonging to the Finnish tribe Chudy, Chuvash, Mordovians, etc. also come from the Aryans. No, I believe that not only the real Russian language is comparatively new, like Belarusian, but also the old Lithuanian language, closely related to Sanskrit and Latin, is highly spoiled by a crossbreed. Lithuania was surrounded on three sides by foreigners.
5
Five, fifth HAPPEN. from malor. beer ducky /cut in half/, or pigtyty /trimmed/. Five in Czech pet, Staroslav. nasal pent, Old Polish also nasal pent, rep, Greek. pente, Skt. pantshan, or panchan. Fifth in Czech paty, Polish. pionty, piaty, Vedic pantshata, Greek. pemptos, hence, changing p to t, English fifth /fifth/ German, funf /five/. But even Russian is being remade by ordinary people into ento, efto, evta. Exactly the same thing happened. funf, English five /five/. Lit. penktas /fifth/, in Latin quintus, but also Sanskrit ar /water/, in Latin aqua. Here, by the way, it should be noted that the nasal sounds that crept into the Old Slavonic and Polish pent, pent, pienc, Greek. pente, Skt. pantshshan, it is impossible to consider at all (as they do) indigenous, natural to the Aryan tribe, because they are acquired through the influence of a humid climate and hence the resulting inflammation of the nasal membrane, runny nose, scrofula and various catarrhs. A person with a runny nose always speaks through his nose. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Poles or the former western Polyana acquired nasal sounds, for it is known that the former Wielkopolska was almost covered with lakes and stagnant waters. The Greeks also lived almost on the water, and as for the Indians, for whom Sanskrit was one of many dialects, even now, despite extreme heat and drought, they live in mud for several months a year, and entire countries, on the occasion of periodic rains become impassable. On the contrary, the Little Russians lived before and now live in a dry climate in summer and winter, and therefore do not tolerate nasal sounds even more than the Russians, who now live in the north, in a more humid climate. We saw above that commoners are already changing this to ento and so on. There are now many such sounds in Great Russia, and that is why Russians are distinguished by their good French accent.
6
Malor. six, shist incident. from yet-there /still is/, or, having finished counting on one hand, begins again, exactly the same on the other; therefore, there is still the possibility of counting. Malor. still often pronounced as she. Six in Latin sex, Hebraic tesh, lit. szeszi, Skt. shash, or shash, also tal, zend. xvas, Greek sfeks, eks, Provençal. ksiks, Gothic saihs, German. sechs, eng. and French six. This last one is written with i., like malor. spoiled shist. As for Sanskrit. shash, then our_e is replaced by a_. Just as the third borrows the second t from the ending tre/t/, so the sixth receives t from six; hence, lat. sex, Gebrayan shesh, Skt. shash and so on have lost their t, but are regaining it in forms derived from our six, such as: ital. sesto /sixth/, lat. sextus, Sanskrit, shashta. By the way, it’s worth mentioning here that it’s small. It’s still Russian, Staroslav. They do not come from Lat. etiam; on the contrary, malor. we look for more or more in Greek and Latin endings with sko, for example. sene-sco /getting old, or getting older/. To denote the highest degree, Little Russian also uses the ending shche, for example: new shche + new, in Russian. newest, in Polish. nowiejszy or nowszy, in Latin novissi-mus. Among the plural malor. newbies, in Polish. nowiejsi, also nowsi, in Sanskrit converted into nasal nawjans, or navjes /newest/. Generally small. plays an even greater role in our language; malor. buv-shche /was still, or I was still/, makes buvshy /byvshi, or byv/, pol. bywszy. Malor. dilayu-shche /do still/ produces dilayuchy /doing/, Polish. dzialajac. Hence the malor. doing/doing/ Polish dzialajacy and so on.
7
Polish siedem, siedm, Czech sedm instead of sedem, in Malor. and Russian the seventh retained the same shape and letter d. just like Polish. siodmy. There is no doubt that the name of this number originated. from malor. gray / we sit /, or remain without work, we celebrate this day after six days of labor. In Italian sedemo /we are sitting/, has the same ending as maloros. gray-haired; Polish siedzimy has a more correct ending because it, like the Latin mus, comes from we. Sem instead of sedem, in Italian. sette, lat. septem, Skt. saptam, hence gebr. Sheba, German sieben, English seven, zend. hapta instead of sapta, Greek. epta. We have seen that the Greeks made pemptos /fifth/ from pente /five/. In the same way, lat arose. septem, Skt. saptam instead of setem, sedem. As we saw above that the ending third came from tre/t/, so the ending seventh, in lit., came from sedem. septimus, Skt. saptama, and this proves that we were not mistaken in producing three from tert. How this instead of sitting happened. from malor. gray-haired, that is, not working, and malor. thousand /week/, Polish tydzien, prois. from malor. tysh is a day, or a day of silence, tranquility, and, perhaps, older than the number seven. Malor. nedilya /resurrection, as well as week/, also occurs. from doing nothing, or resting. Malor. simkrot instead of sedmkrot, Polish. siedmkroc, in Sanskrit. saptakritwas /seven times/. Lithuania tris kartas /three times/, du kartu /two times/. Malor. krot, Polish kgos, rus. Krat, Staroslav. krate, prois. from malor. cool, for example: I wish I could cool your mother! /would make a face at your mother!/. From malor. skrutytysya in the meaning of coming to your senses, getting very busy, there is a skrut / a lot to do, chaos/, skrutny / very busy/, skrutno / a lot to do!/, pol. cool; rus. kruten in Dahl’s dictionary means impatient, quick, in the Tver dialect okrutny means fast, dexterous. After this, we can claim that from here, namely from spinning in a figurative sense, Sanskrit arose. roots: kar, kri /do, work/, lat. sgeo /do, create/, creator, Skt. kartar /creator/. However, we find the word twist in foreign languages ​​in the literal sense; So, for example, I twist it in Staroslav style. and in Polish it became the nasal kronets, krencem, krece, in Sanskrit. also nasal krunthshami, or crunches /bend/, in Latin. no longer nasal crucio /torture/, crux /gallows, torture, cross/ and so on. Polish okrutny /fierce/, okrutnie /mercilessly, brutally/, also comes from malor. okrutyty in the meaning of bending, twisting, etc.; Russian kruchinit in Dahl's dictionary means to sadden, to mock. Thus, Lat. crucio prois. from the same root as sgeo, but without malorus. language / which not only foreign, but also Slavic scientists do not know enough / we would not be able to verify this. Skt. krig, or krij /play, have fun/, origin. from the same root, because from twisting happened. circle, circle, in a field. krazyc, or walk, play in a circle, in a small way. spin around / spin, play /. From Skt. krunthshami, erroneously produce English. shrine, screen, franc. ecran, for they come from our cover, hide; hence the malor. hideaway /chest/, Polish. skrzynia /cabinet/ etc. However, to cover, to cover is also in English. to cover and in franc. couvrir, but the name is skrynya, lat. scrinium, was directly developed by us, and not by the Italians or Greeks.
8
Malor. hanging, russian eight, pol. osiem, osm, prois. from malor. vid-sim, or vit-sim /from seven/, or coming after seven. To the expression Polish. od, rus. ot, Maloros uses four forms: vida, vid, od and ot, in accordance with the laws of phonetics. Thus, one-win agrees better than type-win; on the contrary, the view-sim is better than the one-sim. How did Polish come from eight? osiem, so we can assume that it is straight from malor. Vit-sim originated from Skt. washtim, and after ashtam, or ashtam /eight/, lit. aszutni, goth. ahtau, lat. octo, French huit, Welsh wyth /eight/. Since neither the Greeks nor the Romans knew our sh_, Sanskrit, sh, then, naturally, Sanskrit. ashtan changed to lat. octo; just like Sanskrit. thshatur, or chatur, in Latin. quatuor, because our ch_, pol cz, was also not known by the inhabitants of Latium, although other Italians to this day pronounce ce, ci, as che, chi, and also see, sci, as our she, shi; therefore, their ancestors (not Roman aristocrats) knew our h and sh_, Polish. cz, sz, franc. che, English ch, sch, etc. The famous words: lasciate ogni speranca, - Dante pronounced as exactly as Maloros pronounces lyshay / leave, throw /, and the Russian says deprive, deprive.
9
Nine incidents from malor. to press /press/, for the ninth finger presses on the eighth; repeating tre/t/ as to mean the third finger was already awkward. That is why our most ancient mathematician had to find another term, also suitable for the meaning. Lat. novem, Skt. nawam /nine/, derived from Skt. nawa, lat. novus /new/. Indeed, the similarity is great, but this is still not enough, and no one will say that, for example, Malor. duty (blow) incident. from the same root as the English duty (duty). Or rather, from nine, Czech. devet, prod. Staroslav. nasal devent, devont, Polish devenc, dzevec and Skt. avant, then navant, navan. If lat. novem or Skt. navan could produce Greek. ennea, English nine (nine), then all the more our original d could be discarded from the form nine, as the Slavs themselves did the same in Polish. osiem instead of eight. What's nine, Czech? devet, comes from malor. In fact, the very shape of the ninth finger, curved from the pressure on the side ones, convinces us of this. Probably the above mentioned Skt. nava, lat. novos, our new, novik, newcomer prois. from the same root as the bride, Polish. niewiasta (woman) or ignorant, inexperienced. This seems to be confirmed by the Greek form. nefos, franc. neuf, English new (new). Polish nie wie means does not know, does not understand; Russian ignorant means, in fact, ignorant, inexperienced, and corresponds to the Greek form nefos. Thus, we can assume that the original form was new, after which it was new, lat. novus, italian nuovo, novo, fr. nouveau and Skt. through the usual change of our o_na a -nava.
10
Ten incidents from malor. fill up, Polish dosyc, dosc, in the Novgorod dialect also fill up (enough), and this happens. from to full, lat. ad-satis. Ten in Czech. deset, Staroslav. desont, pol. desent, dziesiec, Skt. dasan instead of dasant, in gypsy style. desh, lat. decem, Greek deka, franc. dix, german. zehen, German zehn, English ten, whale tschi (ten). Skt. dasan Bonn produces from dwa and san instead of thshan, the ending panthshan (five), or two times five, but, as we saw above, the same scholar Bonn claims that at the beginning of complex numbers Sanskrit uses dwi instead of dwa. On the contrary, two a. in dasan they only prove what we said, that our o_, also e. Sanskrit constantly changes to its eternal a, and thus our ten, Czech. deset, Staroslav. desont, could change to dasan. Lat. desem is also written through e, not a, just like the Greek. deka, gypsy, desh, german. zehen, German zehn, English ten.
11, 12, 20, 30, 50
Malor. eleven. Polish jedenascie, prois. from one-by-ten, or one superimposed on ten - which is very logical and incomparably more correct than the Latin undecim, Skt. ekadasan and Greek endeka, which literally express not eleven, but one ten. That’s exactly how Lat. duodecim, Skt. dwadasan and Greek. dodeka literally expresses not twelve, but two tens. Our twelve also comes from two-by-ten, like thirteen from three-by-ten, etc.; hence, Skt. dwadasan and lat. duodeci should be expressed like malor. two-ten + twenty instead of twenty, Polish. dwadziescia. And here is the Sanskrit. winati, or wjcati, instead of dwinsati, dwjcati means twenty, omitting d_ at the beginning and in the middle, so is Lat. viginti instead of dviginti discards two d, and c is small. ending at twenty, at twenty, makes a nasal ginti. English twenty (twenty), fr. vingt, German zwanzig represent forms that are already completely degenerate. Maloros. three-ten + three-ten, in Latin. triginta instead of tridcinti, Skt. trinsat or trisat, also throws out d, which in Russian would be thirty instead of thirty, but this is instead of thirty. Malor. and Russian fifty, Polish piecdziesiat, in Sanskrit. panthshasat instead of panthshadasat, Provençal. quincenti instead of quindesenti, lat. quingenti, etc. Here you should pay attention to the important fact that all the above endings: Skt. sat, lat. ginti, genti, provencal. centi, as well as English. ending twenty (twenty), fifty (fifty), Greek. pentekonta (fifty), instead of pentegenti or -centi, all of them prove beyond doubt that originally Skt. the form of dasan was dasat, the Latin decem was decent, deset, and the Greek. deka was dekat, decat, etc. the same, almost like our ten, Czech. deset, and that, therefore, Skt. dasan did not, as Bonn claims, come from dwa-san.
100
One hundred comes from stop! , so exactly ten is enough or enough, but it may be that the hundredth came from the tenth, and from here it’s already a hundred, because from Sanskrit. dasati scientists produce sata (one hundred), hence Provençal. nasal santa lat. centum, fr. cent, germ, hunt, instead of sunt, sent.
1000
Thousands of incidents from malor. ten, or ten, meaning here the tenth hundred, so exactly Sanskrit. shashti (sixty) pron. from shashta (sixth). The nickel is also often converted into a nickel by the Little Russians. Thousand in Lithuanian is tukstantis, but ours is also five litas. penktas. In Gothic thouend, German. tausend, English thousand means thousands. Let's not be surprised by the ending send, sand, because the same nasal is found in Polish. tysionc, tysiac. Skt. sahasra (thousands) seems to have no connection with ours, and, probably, our ancestors still did not know how to count to a thousand before the division of the tribes. The Lithuanians and Germans borrowed this form from us, like many other new ones, later through close proximity and mixing.

It seems that from the above comparison we are able to affirm positively:
1. What is the opening and name of the first ten numbers. used today by all Aryan tribes. made by the Slavs. but mainly by the so-called Little Russians. or Rusyns, from whom, that is, from Kievan Rus, Russia itself received its name.
2. That this discovery cannot be considered very ancient, comparatively (it is true before that, another way of counting was already in use, more SIMPLE), because the language of the then Slavs, and mainly the main tribe, was the same as the Little Russian language now, and even then was already partly damaged. So, instead of being full, they already said to be full. instead of eat, they already said sche, she, and so on... instead of grating they said rub, tere, tre.
3. That even then our ancestors celebrated the seventh day.

A few centuries have passed since the dominance of the Latin language, but now no one understands it, just as the Germans do not understand the language of the Goths. The dialects of wild people change over the course of several generations, but the language of the Little Russians, although also not in its primitive form, still stands firmly, like an indestructible rock. If someday the idea of ​​​​a universal Slavic language will not soon come true, then the Little Russian one has the first right to this, since it is an indigenous language, and that is why all Slavic tribes understand it better than others. So. Pole, Slovak, Czech, Serb, etc. They will understand the Little Russian more easily than the Great Russian, and the latter will sooner understand the Little Russian than the Pole, Czech and others.

Meanwhile, some Russian and Polish scientists claim that Little Russian. language is a product of degeneration already in historical time! This is what the previous spread (not in speech, but in writing) of the so-called Old Church Slavonic, and subsequently church language, led to! So in Russian. walked, asked, gave, in Polish. chodzil, prosil, dal, prois. from Staroslav. l, What will the Sanskrit and Latin languages ​​say to this? Even more degenerate than the latter: Greek, Gothic, English, can protest against such an unscientific opinion.

But the Provençal doubled dadawa means gave, in a small way. having given, that’s right, and Sanskrit. dadaw or dadau, but also in the Vyatka province they say poshou instead of poshov (went), Polish. poszedl, nashou instead of ours (found). We find the same thing in Latin polui, in the old days poluvi, habui instead of habeui, fui instead of fuvi. Lat. amavi, amaban take the ending from malor. V. vem. for example: loving, loving (loved, I loved), Polish. lubie, lubiem. Italian has the same ending. amava, Spanish amaba, changing v to b. Malor. we scrape, or I scraped (I scraped), in Latin, scribebam, Italian. scriveva, Spanish scribeba, franc. j'ecrivai. From this we see that Lat. scibebam (I drew) has exactly the same ending as malor. scrape, Polish skrobalem, but already lost, both in Old Church Slavonic and in Russian, and therefore it is necessary to add the pronoun I skrebal. We also find this ending in Sanskrit, for example: abhuvam (I was), in a minor way. buv, in Polish. bylem. It follows from this that he is not small. V. vem comes from l_, Polish. l, lem, but, on the contrary, the latter endings originated from Little Russian ones, and even more so since Little Russian often pronounces l. instead of in, for example: stovp and pillar, Russian stolp, Polish slup, Sanskrit slhamba, Latin atipes. How small. stovp is radical, because it comes from the word put, put, namely from the root stav and po, ​​or put, Sanskrit. stha (to become), stav (to put), then there is no doubt that Skt. sthamba replaced w with t, and lat. stipes instead of stives. The Russian stolb and the Polish stub are more different from the Little Russian than the Sanskrit and Latin! In Scandinavian stolpe meant pillar, and also a symbol of the god of war.

We still find traces of similar endings on 1 among the Novgorodians and other Slavs, even despite the predominance (in writing) of the Old Church Slavonic language; in Svyatoslav’s collection of 1073 we find malor. having given (gave), but this still did not stop us from asserting that it was malor. in already in modern times it was converted from l! The same gentlemen also scientifically assert that it is malor. j. for example, I wake up, I wake up, just like Russian. I wake up, appeared only in the 16th century. and converted from old OS Lava. railway In this case, the Polish dz, Skt. g (j, dz), ital. ge, gi, English j (j), also not older than the 16th century? On the contrary, the old lava. there is already an inverted j. Potebnya produces the latter not from d_, but from w., but he is very mistaken, because I wake up, Polish. budze, prois. from waking up, like Malor. I go, I go, I go, Polish. Chodze, prois. from walking. We have seen that Skt. abhuwam (I was) is the same as malor. buv, pols. bujem, lat. fui, ex foui, fuvi; but foreigners very often discard in, for example: malor. bravem (I took), we remove (I took, removed), pols. zabrajem, but Sanskrit, abharam (I carried), lat. ferebam, Greek eferon. Our root is bra, Ber, bir, to take, in Sanskrit. bhar, bhri, Greek and lat. fer, Gothic bajra, means to carry. Malor. berimo (berim), Polish. bierzmi, in Sanskrit. bharama (carry), therefore, the concept of carry has already come from taking, taking away, for the root br is the same as ar from the word yat, hence malor. accepted, or accept, pol. prizyiac, Russian accept.

Finally, let us add that not only malor. the ending in_is found in Sanskrit, Latin, and also in Italian, Spanish, French. languages, but also in Gothic gaft means dal, malor. having given, that is, d. has been changed to g foreign, and c. on f. Eng. he gave (he gave) comes closer to the type, but not Slavic, Russian or Polish, but to Little Russian, Sanskrit, etc. Malor represents the same primitive type. root bu, buty, but not Staroslav. be, rus. be, Polish bye, and Maksimovich also noticed that the root is boo. corresponds to Sanskrit bhu (to be). Lat. fuere, fr. fut (was) is also written through u, like Little Russian buty. However, we also meet the primitive in Russian forms: I will, be, as if, will be, wake up, everyday life, everyday life. Already English to be, read tu bi (to be) is spoiled, like German, ich bin (I am), Celtic bott (to be), Sanskrit byan (to reside or abide), Gothic bauan; but the Tambov dialect also uses bavat instead of malor. Buvaty, Russian happen. At the beginning of this study, from the word walk we derived find, know, healer and know, but many others come from the same root. So, from ascending the incident. Skt. hand, lat. scando (entering), Scandinavia, scandula, scala, fr. escalier (staircase). However, the Little Russian, instead of ascending, most often expresses skhodija, descent (sunrise), and the Pole, instead of wschody, says schody (stairs). Consequently, foreign forms have already emerged from our erased forms! About t find the incident. Norman fundu (to find), English. to find; but Novgorodians also say fodit instead of walk, and Little Russians often say fataty instead of khvatata. Already from the shape of the spoiled fatata comes. lat. facio (I do), literally I get down to it, I grab onto the job. That's just a small thing. lapata (grab), pol. lapac, in Greek. labein (take), lat. labor (labor); hence the malor. robyty, pol. robic, rus. work, lit. loba. And Skt. labhe, too, like ours, changes to rabhe.

From going out, going out is small. vystya, pol. wyjscie, which means going out and leaving together; hence German and English west (west), fr. l'ouest, and from sunrise, or east, origin. German ost, eng. east, fr. l'est. Lat. ascendo, therefore, also from ascending. From leaving, leaving incident. malor. ustya (mouth), Polish. ujscie, Italian. uscio (door, exit); hence the mouth, Polish. usta, Skt. ashta, asya, as, lat. os (mouth), ostium, Greek. estia (fireplace), French l'issue. From similar or similar origin. almost the same Arabic schaden (similar). From converge, or put up, happened. malor. similar, hence to distinguish it from the last form zgodny, read zhodnyi (peace-loving), zgoda! Polish zgoda! (let it be so! good!), eng. good! Sanskrit. hauta! (good!), nem gut, and also malor. and Russian go! or enough! It must be remembered that Little Russian knows almost no armor. and Polish g, rus. r, but always pronounces it as a hard h in Polish and English; That’s why the transition from similar to suitable is very natural and understandable. German scientists claim that both the Normans and the Germans in the most ancient times did not know g, but h. The latter also predominates in Sanskrit, but it is already soft, and g also appears, which I also classify as nasal sounds, not characteristic of the primitive Aryans.

Malor. godty has multiple meanings, already partly forgotten among other Slavs, namely: 1) To reconcile, satisfy, hire for service. 2) Compare one with the other; hence the Gothic gadeti (business, work). 3) Attack, hit, Polish. godzic, ugodzic. 4) To be fit for something, fit, small. fit-is done fit, pols. godnosc (dignity), English. goodness (kindness), good (capable, kind), goods (things, goods). 5) Please, hence the benefit. 6) Wait, this is where the weather comes from; wait, expect, wait, hence Russian. rain, little rain, rain/por. visnovki S. Nalivaika shodo Dazhboga. — V.D./, Polish. deszcz. From good in the meaning of pleasing what happened. Italian godere (to use), goditore (to savor), German. gedeihen, lat. gaudeo (I rejoice, I use), Greek. getheo, fr. la gaite (joy). To please in small ways. gajats, gazats, hence the Skt. gaga, read gadja (drunkard). From suit in the meaning of comparing one thing with another, coordinating, happening. year, godina, Skt. hati, also gati, Greek. etos, instead of hotos. From the year of occurrence. rus. to year, or to live, to remain for a year, malor. one year old, overyear old (spend a year, feed livestock), Polish. hodowac (to have diligence, to feed). From one year old (to feed) prois. ready (cook), ready (cook), hence the English. hot (warmth), heat (warmth), German. heiss, hitzih. To lat. coguo (cook) also has the meaning of preparing, arranging. Hence the English. to cook, German kuehen, rus. and pol. kitchen, kitchen Lat. coguo is doubled instead of co-co, like bibo, doubled from drink. How to leave, leave incident. estuary, Poland ujscie, also mouth, Polish. usta, so the departure happened. ear, ears, where sounds converge and penetrate, like through a door or window. In Italian. uscio. read ushio (entrance, door). Ear in Greek ous, Gothic auso, lit. ausis, and through the change s to r lat. auris. This is exactly what happened from os (mouth). lat. oris. Italian already comes from auris. orecchio, fr. oreill, eng. ear (ear), in which there is no longer a single original letter! As for the form auso, ausis, we also have illir. uho changes to Serbian uwo, our ear in Czech ousko, Russian it changes to evo, in the Perm dialect dobryf, mnogif instead of good, many, howl strike, howl podin instead of sovereign, master.

From malor. zlyty-uh (drain the ear) prois. hearing, for sounds flood, merge in the ear and produce hearing. From hearing what happened. servant, in Sanskrit. sarakas instead of salahas, slaha. From hearing through the replacement of l with r Sanskrit, root sru, cru, lat. clueo, Greek kluo (hear), lat. cliens, Provençal cluiens, Gothic. hliuma. How to know, know what happened. to know, so to hear what happened. reputed, reputed, Staroslav. sluty (to become reputed). From the Little Russians. endings in v.: slyv (reputed) prois. glorious instead of verbal, hence glory, glorify, glorify, and then the word, or glorify with the word /por. visnovki B. Yatsenka shodo slov’yan. — V.D./. From the word it has already happened. Slavs, and not like the Russian Slavs through the usual replacement of o_ with a. From glory comes the Vedic sravas, cravas, Greek. klofos, lat. cluis ex ciuvis, clivior, cluior. We should not be surprised by foreign abbreviations of roots, for example: Skt. sru, lat. clu instead of our foundation hearing, hearing, hearing, for we find the same thing with us, for example: Tambov words instead of hearing, look instead of look - ka, tabei chal instead of you expected. The Normans changed our glory to laf, lof, leif. Pols. czwpro in English four. Fallmeraer claims that the modern Greeks ARE only a cross between the Illyro-Slavs. The names of MOUNTAINS can be found all the way to Crete. rivers and villages in Slavic style, our influence is even more evident on clothing. hunting, military habits and lifestyle of the Greeks. In fact, some of our words were borrowed by foreigners in relatively modern times. So, from slyagte meaning to kick, lie down with bones, Polish. zledz, poledz w bitwie. or be killed in battle, incident. German schlacht (battle, massacre), schlagen (beat, hit), in the old days they wrote slagan; hence germ, lah (sign, rifling), germ. lachen (to appoint), Greek. lachos (part, allotment), lat. lancino (cut), lacero (tear). Perhaps this is where it comes from. Novgorod lyash, lesh the field, or divide into lehi. Polish lehca. To Nizhny Novgorod. Poles, Perm. lecha means twelfth of a tithe. To Byzantium. letop. 1147 we already meet lechis scythicae genti. Malor. Zlyagty, Polish zledz also have the meaning of being relieved of a burden. Ask to rely on this same root. pulse. polog, rus. to lay, to produce. To Novgorod, years. we read: and the wife who lay down (‘was relieved of her burden’) took her to the church house. But just dumb. schlagen, before slahan also means to give birth; von gatem schlag (good family). Thus, Norman. slagt, german. slahta (clan, family) were taken from us, and then returned to us in the form of gentry, Polish. szlachta. szlachetny (noble).

From the same root to kick, namely to impose, to impose. malor. nalygach (a rope that is placed on the horns of oxen and tied in pairs), hence lygaty (to tie up oxen), Greek. and lat. ligo (knitting). Once we are convinced that our word has become the property of many peoples, even non-Aryan ones, then it goes without saying that the primitive Slavic civilization, customs, institutions and religion served as a model for others. THIS IS why we will not complain about Kollontai for his overly strained hypothesis about the Scythians-Gods. who allegedly descended directly from the descendants of a family that survived the flood, and their language was primitive to almost all of humanity! /Div, statue by S. Nalivaika. -V.D./. Mitsieevsky also called the Slavs teachers of almost all peoples / an illustrative summary of B. Yatsenko’s hypothesis. — V.D./. and Kollar filled the earth and all periods of classical antiquity with them. In fact, if we take as a basis the opinion of foreign scientists about the Aryan cradle not in Asia, but on the Slavic Plain, and if we take a look at the numerous graves stretching along it to the very center of Asia, then it becomes very plausible that our ancestors did not come to the Dnieper from Asia, but on the contrary, along the road that was strewn with their bones, they moved east for a long time and finally conquered rich India. In this case, the conquest of Siberia by a handful of Cossacks was only a repetition of the previous one / more strikingly according to the pattern, as established by the desperately passionate theory. - V.D./, back in prehistoric times in Central and Southern Asia, where the best conditions for higher culture were located. We said that the letter a dominates in Sanskrit, and at the same time we presented evidence that not only ours, but also the Latin o. e changes Sanskrit to a.. Then, if the fact of alteration of the Russian language by foreigners of the Inner-Eastern provinces into the Akaya dialect is comparable with the supposed migration of our ancestors to Asia in Prehistoric times, then in this way we can easily be convinced that they came into contact during a long wandering with Finnish and Mongolian tribes also acquired the Akaya dialect, or, in other words, one of the ancient Indian dialects. Subsequently, the progress of civilization influenced even more its distortion, that is, a deviation from the original forms. The real Russian literary language almost before our eyes became unrecognizable, and who can guess how many centuries the Indian language was remade before it became Sanskrit! The distortion of the ancient language was no less affected by mixing with the primitive inhabitants of India, the so-called Dravidians. The language of Aryan origin, according to Max Muller's calculations, is spoken by 125 million Indians, and the language of Dravidian origin by 115 million. Until recently, the Sanskrit language was considered the father of all Aryans, but now they have come to the conclusion that it can only be called their brother. Where is father?

Müller claims that it died out long before Sanskrit, but the same would probably be said about ancient Scandinavian if Iceland no longer existed. As for foreign scholars, deep in their details, Russland also almost does not exist, we will not be surprised at them. Let us not be surprised by our native erudites, for whom the Little Russian language also almost does not exist. When I finally convinced one of them that he was a minor. endings in, vem / saved in Ukrainian. local dialects. — V.D. / older than Old Slavonic, Russian and Polish l, 1, lem, because we find the same in Sanskrit wam, wa, in Latin vi, bam, in Italian and Spanish va, ba, then to my inexpressible surprise, the learned professor, as it were Regretting that he had gone too far from the routine that had grown with him, he suddenly staggered and said: “Yes... but... however... and who knows, maybe he’s really a little guy.” V. everything happened already from l! It is known that our prepositions are by... on the. connecting with the roots of verbs, they form new words; we do not find these prepositions in their original form in other languages, but these words, or the new roots that came from them, were borrowed from us by classical languages, of course, even before the division of tribes. So, from the minors. watered (to water, about rain, to soak the ground / I’m picking up the wine. Assoc. with thoughts of S. Nalivaika. - V.D./) origin. swamp, instead of poloto, polyto (mud), Polish bloto, Italian. loto instead of boloto, bloto, lat. lutus German land, Poland lad, fr. boue (dirt), Skt. (Earth). We see here that the original swamp, or mud, was renamed land by other peoples who lived in a humid climate. Not only ancient Germany, but also ancient India were covered with forests.

From malor. tyaty (cut), Polish. ciac, Skt. ciati (cuts off). From malor. stynaty (cuts), Polish. scinac, lat. scindo, Skt. thsindami (cut), Greek. schiso, German schinden. But also small. tyty changes to bale, tsyuk, tyukats, tsyukats. Polish ciukac (I make cuts), hence sikty, sikach, sokyra, Polish. sickac, siekiera (axe). From malor. posikty (cut) incident. pisok (sand), Skr. pis, pish, pinashmi (I cut, push), lat. pinso. And then there’s the malor. And. we meet in Sanskrit and Latin, as well as our preposition po. We also meet him in lat. potens, what happened. from craving, or heaviness, tight, or hard, pushing (tension, force), Polish. tego (tight), potega (power), potezny means the same as Sanskrit. pattjati. lat. potis-est, potestas, ex potent-tas, Greek. despotes. From time to time it happened. malor. purytysya, purytysya / just a Polish pardon; there's clearly some trouble here. — V.D./, Polish. nurzac sie (to go deep), nurzac sie (to faint), ponury (gloomy), Greek. poneros (evil, cunning). From malor. in full, Polish pospolu, pospolstwo, or mob, hence Lat. populus instead of pospulus, Italian. popolo, fr. peuple (people), Greek. polios (many), polis (city), lat. pollere politicus, etc., who are no longer recognizable, for example, German. and English folk (crowd).

However, foreigners very often discard our prepositions, for example, malor. in domi, lat domi (in domi, but both Little Russians and Russians often say at home. From the Malorian wiyaty (to winnow) the origin of the Eastern Polish wiater, Sanskrit wata, lat. ventus, English wind, but already from blame , venut origin English weather, German etter, then these already come from malor. find) Lat. However, everything I have said does not seem to allow us to doubt that both the Little Russian and Russian (mainly folk) languages ​​developed independently, without the help of the so-called Old Church Slavonic, back in prehistoric times, and that the first of them, dominant in the center of Slavic world, the least among all the old and new Aryans has undergone distortion. As for evidence based on history, the chronicle teaches us that St. KIRILL already found a psalter and gospel in KORSUNI, written in Russian, and a man was shaved, saying that nonsense.

I’ve probably already tired the reader enough with such a dry (in our country) and thankless subject, but let me be allowed to pose one more question. Why, having the most extensive and richest country, based on two seas, the Black and Baltic, did our prehistoric ancestors lag behind all the Aryan tribes? The answer to this, it seems, was already given by Herodotus, who narrates that outside the Scythian nomads and cultivators lived east of the Dnieper (in the real Oryol and Tula provinces) tribes of a different breed, whom he calls anthropophagists, or cannibals. Some of them borrowed clothes from the Scythians, and others, along with clothes, also their language; Consequently, the said foreigners lived in these places for a very long time even before Herodotus, when they even managed to adopt the language from us? From this we can draw a plausible conclusion that one of the Great Russian dialects, Akaya, had already formed before Herodotus, and that even before the existence of Greece and Rome, our ancestors were under the onslaught of northern barbarians, and this, rightly, prompted them to disperse in different directions, as to the southeast, so to the south and west. Numerous towns, like poppy seeds, scattered throughout our land, prove that our ancestors constantly lived under martial law, which did not allow them to develop internally. Let’s not idealize them too much, as others do; Polygamy, which always prevails among military peoples, drunkenness and militarism, and then arbitrariness, are the best means of delaying progress for entire millennia. That our innocent ancestors played the trumpet more than the harp, we can be sure of that, and this, however, is confirmed by the most ancient monuments. The leader of Antov Lavritius answered the Avars: “As long as there are enough swords and arrows on earth, until then no one will conquer the Slavs.”

Lat. vincere ex gvincere (to win) was not developed by the ancient Italians, but by us. The above words traction, tightly come from traction, pull, lat. tengo, but from the abbreviated pull origin. Skt. tan (to stretch), Greek. Tejno. From malor. stretches in the meaning of pulling together for war, Polish. wyciagac w pole, origin. zvytyazhaty, Polish zwyciezac (to win). Italian vincere even means to pull out, therefore, to pull out. This is where Sanskrit comes from. wigi (to win), wigesha (victory). And the same thing is lat. vincere ex gvincere also changes our z to g, and t changes to s, like the Polish zwyciezac, zwyceztwo (victory). And the very same Latin tengere changes to cingere (tighten), Polish. ociagc. Lat. cingulus is the same as malor. tyn (wattle fence) from the word drawn, or circled. From malor. z tynu (from the fence) origin. stina (wall). Scandia, tyn, tun meant city, in English. town. From the same root, pull, tighten the song. lat. tonos, tonare; hence the Sanskrit. ton (distribute), and not as Müller claims that Lat. tonos has already happened. from Skt. ton.

From pulling out, or going to war, also happens. band, band (leader), also band, knight, etc. From acquiring the incident. banners, ties, compete, in Polish. ciagac na nieprzyjaciela, ciagac choragwie. From malor. to tighten oneself, to weigh oneself down, or to pull one's clothes over oneself, prov. dress up, dress up, wear out (get dressed), Polish. odziac sie, lat. tegere instead of abtegere, Greek. stego, Skt. sthagami. Hence the lat. tegula, German dicht, Polish dach (roof). Lat. induo, indulus is the same as clothed, and everything is drawn from the root, which, however, based on the Greek. and lat. languages ​​cannot be guessed at all. Lat. dux, Greek tagos (leader) was also developed by us, mainly military people. Just as a leader comes from leading, so from leading, Polish. dowodzic, or command, incident. malor. Dovidtsya, Poland dowodca (leader). Hence the Greek. difoko, dioko, Zend dwaozh, lat. douco instead of dovuco (I lead), also duco, educo, conduce, Italian. condottiero. It also happened from the driver. English to wed (get married), Polish. rozwod, russian divorce. In the Staroslav way. to lead a wife meant to be married. Russian prince, Polish. ksiaze, also ksiadz, or the highest clergyman, ksiaze kosciola, German. konig, English king (king), also developed by us from horse, horses, horse, or rider, knight, and in vain it is dumb. konig Bonn derives from Skt. ganaga or ganitar, read janitar (parent), lat. genitor, which is the same as our married. Rus. wife, Polish zona, goth gens, Dorian gana, Skt. gani, read dzhann (woman), but in the Tambov and Kursk provinces they also say zhana. Malor. konyaka, konyaga means a big, lively horse, Polish. koniuch, stable keeper, as well as an expert, a lover of horses. The word war in English. war, also happened. from our beat (English to beat, lat. battere), bon, to fight, to fight. Our squad, warrior, Norman driuh (servant, military comrade), we also did not take from the Varangians, as the Polish Shainokha claims, for whom the Normans, like for some Russian Varangians, became horses of an inexhaustible fantasy. From malor. dere-go (tears him) incident. dear, dear, friend, English. dear (dear, expensive). Our friend is the same as normal, driuh (servant). We also did not take our grip from the norms, hvat (quick, helpful), because the word grab comes from. from grab, lat. Sarega. Malor. hapun means bribe taker.

I repeat, it is in vain that our ancestors are represented as servants of God, in a word, sheep; in that case, they would not have been able to organize such a strong and courageous language, in comparison with which both Sanskrit and Greek appear effete and worn out. From the word take, or compete, origin. fight, bornya and struggle, hence to harrow, or defend, armor, according to Polish. bron (weapon), norms, brynia, and even v. translation of the Bible Ulfiliya IV Art. from Greek to Gothic we encounter brunio (iron armor), or in Polish uzbrojenie, Russian zbruya.

Bogufal claims that in ancient Poland, instead of a town, a town, the name wik was used. Norm, wik means town, place, hence barwik, szlezwik, riswik, etc. Bandke, and after him Shainakha, argued that the Polish endings also originated from the above-mentioned foreign forms, for example, Kruszwica, the ancient capital city, but Shainakha, living in Lviv, should have known that the Ruthenian viko is the same as the Polish. wieko (lid of a chest, coffin, box). Maloross also calls a bench, which is locked with a movable shutter, on which various small items are stored during the day. In Dahl's dictionary, veko and viko mean a box, as well as a place for selling small goods, a stand: Here we have an explanation of the name wiki of places in Poland and Scandinavia, as well as the ending in wik in the former Norman settlements from the Oder to the Rhine and in England. In addition, it is known that in ancient Poland even church villages were fortified with castles, even grain warehouses and mills were surrounded by strong walls, small towns were surrounded by a spike, a rampart and a canal / Div. article about Serpentine Vali, p.59. -V.D./, on which, of course, hanging bridges or vikes were built, rising and falling like the vista of a chest or coffin. The reader correctly guesses that vico comes from malor. vishata, or hang, hang. Consequently, the Polish Kruzwica expresses surrounded by wickets, or drawbridges, instead of a circle, circle-wik. From hanging up. also hung, and from viko malor. vikno (window), because at first, due to the lack of glass, windows were simply holes closed with a bubble, or with wicks on hooks, like shutters. This is not the place to dwell on the origins of the Normans and Varangians, but it is impossible to doubt that our ancestors were in no way inferior to them. Just as in England a brother sold his brother, a father sold his son, a son sold his mother, this is how the Novgorodians sold their wives, the Czechs sold their people to the Jews, just as now the Blacks are sold to the Arabs, and a few years ago we ourselves sold souls - even dead ones. Whoever wants to have an idea about Khmelnitsky’s wars and the great, endless Ruin, let him get acquainted with the latest conclusions of Kulish and Kostomarov / Here there is no reference to specific work. — V.D./ . Then he will find out who the so poetically praised Cossacks were. Robbers who robbed most of all Orthodox churches and the Orthodox people, in a word, with grabs! Nihilists are the same Cossacks, seeking unlimited freedom and unlimited equality, they advocate for universal slavery just as zealously as the brainless serf owners.

If we look into Polish history, then, indeed, its golden age amazes with the incredible flight forward of the Slavic spirit. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is the same Slavic, but already cultural community - of course, like a real Great Russian community and zemstvo, it could not do without peasant kulaks, but there was a time when the whole Greater Poland consisted of efficient, sharachkov and independent gentry, who defended their fatherland and without the help of peasants she cultivated her own land.

But at the beginning of the story we see something different. Boleslav the Brave fought not only with the sword, but also with bribery and intrigue, for which he also used the clergy, and finally, he helped the Germans themselves oppress the Slavs. Although he is considered the most perverse of people, he received the name from Dietmar: great and meaningful. The Polish princes also fought over trifles, like the Russians, about whom in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign” it is said: “They began to say: this is mine, and that is mine, but to the small ones they began to say: this is great.”

This tradition is still followed by the lively and hardy, but ill-fated Slavic tribes. Did the leader Antov say the truth that no one would conquer the Slavs? Yes, but with the help of their fists they conquered themselves.

1880. ODESSA.
Introduction by V. Dovgich.

Shevchenko and the Little Russian language March 28th, 2016

It is known that Shevchenko wrote “Kobzar” and “Haidamakov” in the Little Russian language (the lifetime edition of 1844 with the original spelling can be completely compared with the edition of I. Franko), where on one page there is both “in Ukraine” and “in Ukraine” - clickable, large size.

"Available in our Russian Orthodox huge kingdom a small fertile land, so small that it could accommodate at least four German kingdoms and France in addition. And multilingual peoples live in this small land and, by the way, Russian people and the most Orthodox. And this one Russian people He doesn’t plow or sow anything at all except melons and watermelons, but eats white wheat bread, called in their language kalatsi, and glorifies his glorious river, calling it his nurse, a bottom of gold with silver banks.”
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“And a few minutes later we approached a small white house, covered with straw; its appearance reminded me of Little Russia. An elderly woman in a Little Russian dress met us at the gate and greeted us good evening. “Good evening, Motre! I humbly ask you to come to our hut,” said he, turning to me: “Here, you see, our fellow countrymen, Kursk and Kharkov, live nearby, so I took a countrywoman as my worker, - it’s somehow better.” Saying this, he led me into his hut. The inside of the hut, "like its appearance, it was reminiscent of Little Russia. The walls are smeared with white, and the floor with yellow clay and strewn with aromatic herbs."
"Varnak" 1853

“At Maryana Akimovna’s call, a maid appeared, modest and pretty, in a village costume. And, having received an order from Maryana Akimovna in a clean Little Russian language, leave the room."
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“The German maid herself will soon become a crested child, but there’s nothing to say about the governess. Listen to what I’ll tell you. Adolfina Frantsovna decided to learn to speak Russian. So Maryana Akimovna taught her, but instead of speaking Russian, she taught her in Little Russian."
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“...I saw Adolfina Frantsovna leaning against a tree and, approaching her, said some kindness to her in Little Russian, to which she, making a cute grimace, very unashamedly answered me: “Thank you.” We followed the children, talking like short acquaintances. By the way, as proof of his knowledge in Little Russian language, [she] read me two poems"
"The Musician" 1854-1855

“Recently, someone compared ours in print, i.e. Little Russian, historical thoughts with rhapsodies of the blind man of Chios, the forefather of epic poetry."
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“After this sincere compliment, I fell into my role so much that, not to mention the guests, the hostess herself and her brother, abandoning the forced Great Russian dialect, spoke to me in their own way, i.e. in Little Russian."
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“It was not a German Christmas tree, but the so-called Giltse, an indispensable decoration of the wedding table at Little Russians."
"A walk with pleasure and not without morality" 1855 - 1858

“This also includes the role of Tatyana in “Moskal-Charivnik”; this play was staged in two days at the request of Mikhail Semenovich Shchepkin, who arrived by chance in Nizhny and agreed to participate in three performances, and, despite the haste of the production, as well as ignorance Little Russian language, Ms. Piunova was very good in the role of Tatyana"
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