Literature lesson on the topic: "The search for the meaning of life is the lot of every thinking and conscientious person" on the example of the story of V.M. Shukshina "Alyosha Beskonvoyny". The problem of finding the meaning of life as a way to overcome the spiritual crisis in the work of V. Shukshin Objected

What is the meaning of human life? Many people at all times have pondered this question. For some, the problem of the meaning of human life does not exist as such, someone sees the essence of being in money, someone - in children, someone - in work, etc. Naturally, the greats of this world also puzzled over this issue: writers, philosophers, psychologists. They devoted years to this, wrote treatises, studied the works of their predecessors, etc. What did they say about this? What did you see the meaning of life and the purpose of man? Let's get acquainted with some points of view, perhaps this will contribute to the formation of our own vision of the problem.

About the question as a whole

So, what is the meaning Both eastern sages and philosophers of absolutely different times tried to find the only correct answer to this posed question, but in vain. Every thinking person can also face this problem, and if we are not able to find the right solution, then we will try to at least speculate and understand the topic a little. How to get as close as possible to the answer to the question of what is the point in human life? To do this, you need to determine for yourself the purpose, the purpose of your existence. Depending on what one wants to achieve in a certain period, the meaning of a person's life will also change. This is easy to understand with an example. If at the age of 20 you firmly decided to make a lot of money for yourself, that is, you set such a task for yourself, then with each successful deal, the feeling that being is filled with meaning will only grow. However, after 15-20 years, you will realize that you worked hard at the expense of your personal life, health, etc. Then all these years may seem, if not senselessly lived, then only partially meaningful. What conclusion can be drawn in this case? That a person's life should have a goal (in this case, meaning), albeit a passing one.

Can you live without meaning?

If a person is devoid of meaning, it means that he has no intrinsic motivation, and this makes him weak. The absence of a goal does not allow you to take your own destiny into your own hands, resist adversity and difficulties, strive for something, etc. A person without the meaning of life is easily controllable, since he does not have his own opinion, ambitions, life criteria. In such cases, their desires are replaced by others, as a result of which individuality suffers, hidden talents and abilities do not appear. Psychologists say that if a person does not want or cannot find his own path, purpose, goal, then this leads to neuroses, depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicides. Therefore, each person should seek the meaning of his life, even if unconsciously, to strive for something, wait for something, etc.

What is meant by the meaning of life in philosophy?

Philosophy about the meaning of human life can tell us a lot, so this question has always been in the first place for this science and its admirers and followers. For thousands of years, philosophers have created some ideals to which one had to strive, some laws of existence, which contained the answer to the eternal question.

1. If, for example, we talk about ancient philosophy, then Epicurus saw the goal of being in getting pleasure, Aristotle - in achieving happiness through cognition of the world and thinking, Diogenes - in striving for inner peace, in denying family and art.

2. To the question of what is the meaning of human life, the philosophy of the Middle Ages gave the following answer: one should honor ancestors, accept the religious views of the time, pass all this on to posterity.

3. Representatives of philosophy of the 19-20 centuries also had their own view of the problem. Irrationalists saw the essence of being in a constant struggle with death, suffering; existentialists believed that the meaning of a person's life depends on him; the positivists, however, considered this problem completely meaningless, since it was expressed linguistically.

Interpretation from the point of view of religion

Each historical epoch poses tasks and problems for society, the solution of which most directly affects how a person understands his destiny. Since living conditions, cultural, social needs change, it is natural that a person's views on all issues also change. However, people have never left the desire to find that unique, so to speak, universal meaning of life, which would be suitable for any stratum of society, for every period of time. This same desire is reflected in all religions, among which Christianity is especially worth noting. The problem of the meaning of human life is considered by Christianity as inseparable from the doctrine of the creation of the world, of God, of the Fall, the sacrifice of Jesus, and the salvation of the soul. That is, all these questions are seen on the same plane, respectively, the essence of being is presented outside of life itself.

The idea of ​​a "spiritual elite"

Philosophy, or rather, some of its followers, considered the meaning of human life from another interesting point of view. At a certain time, such ideas about this problem became widespread, which cultivated the ideas of the "spiritual elite" designed to save all of humanity from degeneration by introducing it to cultural and spiritual values. So, for example, Nietzsche believed that the essence of life is to constantly be born geniuses, talented individuals who would raise the common people to their level, deprive them of the feeling of orphanhood. K. Jaspers shared the same point of view. He was convinced that representatives of the spiritual aristocracy should be a yardstick, a model for all other people.

What does hedonism say about this?

The founders of this doctrine are the ancient Greek philosophers Epicurus and Aristippus. The latter argued that both physical and spiritual pleasure is a good for the individual, which should be positively assessed, respectively, displeasure is bad. And the more desirable the pleasure will be, the stronger it is. Epicurus's doctrine on this issue has become a household name. He said that all living things are drawn to pleasure, and any person strives for the same. However, he receives not only sensual, bodily pleasure, but also spiritual.

Utilitarian theory

This type of hedonism was developed mainly by the philosophers Bentham and Mill. The first, like Epicurus, was sure that the meaning of life and the happiness of a person is only in obtaining pleasure and striving for it and in avoiding torment and suffering. He also believed that the criterion of benefit could mathematically calculate a particular kind of pleasure or displeasure. And by composing their balance, we can find out which act will be bad, which will be good. Mill, who gave the name to the flow, wrote that if an action contributes to happiness, then it automatically becomes positive. And so that he would not be accused of selfishness, the philosopher said that it is important not only the happiness of the person himself, but also of those around him.

Objections to hedonism

Yes, there were some, and quite a few. The essence of the objection boils down to the fact that hedonists and utilitarians see the meaning of human life in the pursuit of pleasure. However, as life experience shows, a person, performing an act, does not always think what it will lead to: to happiness or grief. Moreover, people deliberately do things that are obviously associated with hard work, torment, death, in order to achieve those goals that are far from personal benefit. Each personality is unique. What is happiness for one person is torment for another.

Kant deeply criticized hedonism. He said that the happiness that hedonists speak about is a very conditional concept. It seems to everyone differently. The meaning and value of human life, according to Kant, lies in the desire of everyone to develop goodwill in themselves. This is the only way to achieve perfection, to fulfill. Having the will, the person will strive for those actions that are responsible for its purpose.

The meaning of human life in the literature of Tolstoy L.N.

The great writer not only pondered, but even tormented over this issue. In the end, Tolstoy came to the conclusion that the purpose of life is only in the self-improvement of the individual. He was also convinced that the meaning of the existence of one individual cannot be sought separately from others, from society as a whole. Tolstoy said that in order to live honestly, one must constantly struggle, torn, get confused, because calmness is meanness. That is why the negative part of the soul seeks peace, but it does not understand that the achievement of the desired is associated with the loss of everything that is good and good in a person.

The meaning of human life in philosophy was interpreted in different ways, this happened depending on many reasons, the currents of a particular time. If we consider the teachings of such a great writer and philosopher as Tolstoy, then it says the following. Before deciding the question of the purpose of existence, it is necessary to understand what life is. He went over all the definitions of life known then, but they did not satisfy him, since they reduced everything only to biological existence. However, human life, according to Tolstoy, is impossible without moral, moral aspects. Thus, the moralist transfers the essence of life into the moral sphere. After that, Tolstoy turned to both sociology and religion in the hope of finding that single meaning that was intended for everyone, but all was in vain.

What is said about this in domestic and foreign literature?

In this area, the number of approaches to this problem and opinions is no less than in philosophy. Although many writers also acted as philosophers, they talked about the eternal.

So, one of the oldest is the concept of Ecclesiastes. It talks about the vanity and insignificance of human existence. According to Ecclesiastes, life is nonsense, nonsense, nonsense. And such components of being as work, power, love, wealth, do not have any meaning. This is the same as chasing the wind. In general, he believed that human life has no meaning.

The Russian philosopher Kudryavtsev in his monograph put forward the idea that each person independently fills being with meaning. He insists only that everyone sees the goal only in the "high", and not in the "low" (money, pleasure, etc.)

The Russian thinker Dostoevsky, who constantly “unraveled” the secrets of the human soul, believed that the meaning of human life is in his morality.

The meaning of being in psychology

Freud, for example, believed that the main thing in life is to be happy, to receive maximum pleasure and enjoyment. Only these things are self-evident, but a person who thinks about the meaning of life is mentally ill. But his student, E. Fromm, believed that one cannot live without meaning. You need to consciously reach out to everything positive and fill your being. In the teachings of W. Frankl, this concept is given the main place. According to his theory, under no circumstances in life can a person fail to see the goals of existence. And you can find meaning in three ways: in action, in experience, in the presence of a certain position to life circumstances.

Is there really a meaning in human life?

In this article, we consider such an eternally existing issue as the problem of the meaning of human life. Philosophy on this score gives more than one answer, some options are presented above. But each of us, at least once, but thought about the meaningfulness of our own being. For example, according to sociologists, about 70% of the world's inhabitants live in constant fear and anxiety. As it turned out, they were not looking for the meaning of their existence, but simply wanted to survive. And for what? And that fussy and disturbing rhythm of life is a consequence of the unwillingness to understand this issue, at least for oneself. No matter how we hide, the problem still exists. Writers, philosophers, thinkers were looking for answers. If you analyze all the results, you can come to three conclusions. Let's try to find the meaning and we?

The first judgment: there is no sense and cannot be

This means that any attempt to find a goal is a delusion, a dead end, self-deception. This theory was adhered to by many philosophers, including Jean-Paul Sartre, who said that if death is ahead of us all, then there is no point in life, because all problems will remain unresolved. A. Pushkin and Omar Khayyam were also disappointed and dissatisfied in their search for truth. It should be said that such a position of accepting the meaninglessness of life is very cruel, not every person is even capable of experiencing it. Much in human nature opposes this opinion. On this occasion, the next point.

The second judgment: there is a meaning, but everyone has their own

Admirers of this opinion believe that there is a meaning, or rather, it should be, so we must come up with it. This stage implies an important step - a person stops running from himself, he must admit that being cannot be meaningless. In this position, the person is more frank with himself. If a question appears again and again, then it will not be possible to brush it off or hide. Please note that if we recognize such a concept as meaninglessness, by the same token we prove the legitimacy and right to existence of that very meaning. This is all good. However, representatives of this opinion, even acknowledging and accepting the question, could not find a universal answer. Then everything went according to the principle "once you admit it, think for yourself." There are many roads in life, you can choose any of them. Schelling said that happy is the one who has a goal and sees in this the meaning of all life. A person with such a position will try to find meaning in all phenomena, events that happen to him. Someone will turn to material enrichment, someone - to success in sports, someone - to the family. Now it turns out that there is no universal meaning, which means that all those “meanings” are what? Just gimmicks to cover up meaninglessness? And if, nevertheless, there is a common meaning for everyone, then where to look for it? Let's move on to the third point.

Third judgment

And it sounds like this: there is a meaning in our existence, it can even be cognized, but only after you know the one who created this being. Here the question will already be relevant not about what is the meaning of a person's life, but about why he is looking for it. So I lost it. The logic is simple. By committing a sin, a person has lost God. And you don't need to invent the meaning here yourself, you just need to cognize the Creator again. Even a philosopher and a convinced atheist said that if one excludes the existence of God from the very beginning, then there is nothing to look for meaning at all, it will not exist. A bold decision for an atheist.

Most common answers

If you ask a person about the meaning of his existence, he will most likely give one of the following answers. Let's take a closer look at them.

In procreation. If you answer the question about the meaning of life in this way, then you are showing the nakedness of your soul. Do you live for the children? To train them, to put them on their feet? And what's next? Then, when the children grow up and leave the cozy nest? You will say that you will teach your grandchildren. Why? So that they, in turn, also do not have goals in life, but go in a vicious circle? Procreation is one of the tasks, but it is not universal.

At work. For many people, plans for the future are related to their careers. You will work, but for what? Feeding your family, getting dressed? Yes, but this is not enough. How to realize yourself? Not enough either. Even ancient philosophers argued that work will not please for a long time if there is no general meaning in life.

In wealth. Many people believe that saving money is the main happiness in life. It becomes a thrill. But in order to live fully, you do not need countless treasures. It turns out that making money constantly for the sake of money is pointless. Especially if a person does not understand why he needs wealth. Money can only be a tool for realizing its meaning, purpose.

In existence for someone. This is already more full of meaning, although it is similar to the paragraph about children. Of course, caring for someone is grace, it is the right choice, but not enough for self-realization.

What to do, how to find the answer?

If, nevertheless, the question posed does not give you rest, then the answer should be sought in yourself. In this review, we briefly reviewed some of the philosophical, psychological, and religious aspects of the problem. Even if you read such literature for days and study all the theories, it is far from the fact that you will 100% agree with something and take this as a guide to action.

If you decide to find the meaning of your life, it means that something does not suit you in the present state of affairs. However, be careful: time is ticking, it will not wait for you to find something. Most people are trying to realize themselves in the above directions. Yes, please, if you like it, it brings pleasure, then who will forbid it? On the other hand, who said that it is impossible, that it is not true, that we have no right to live like this (for children, for loved ones, etc.)? Everyone chooses his own path, his destiny. Maybe you shouldn't look for it? If something is prepared, will it come anyway, without unnecessary efforts on the part of a person? Who knows, maybe it's true. And do not be surprised if you see the meaning of life as different in every segment of your existence. This is fine. The nature of man in general is such that he constantly doubts something. The main thing is to be filled, like a vessel, to do something, to devote your life to something.

LITERATURE

TOPIC: "The search for the meaning of life by the heroes of Shukshin's stories"

Lesson plan
Topic: The search for the meaning of life by the heroes of Shukshin's stories.

Lesson type: Combined lesson

Educational:

to acquaint with the work of Shukshin;

improve the skills of text analysis.
Educational:

education of sensitivity, kindness, humane attitude towards people, a sense of justice, honesty, truth, conscience;

fostering a sense of love for the Motherland, patriotism.

Developing:

development of the ability to analyze information;

compare and draw conclusions;

to establish a relationship with contemporary events;

development of students' creative abilities;

coherent monologue speech.

Equipment:

1. Wall newspaper dedicated to the work of Shukshin.

2. Statements of V. M. Shukshin, drawn up on the blackboard.

Interdisciplinary connections:

History, Russian language.

During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Motivation for learning activities.

Introductory speech of the teacher.

Today in the lesson we will talk about the questions that Vasily Shukshin posed, and which he bequeathed to us. We will also talk about Shukshin's lessons: about the way to live in art, about the artist's position. His work calls for controversy, for discussion. Our lesson will feature memories of the writer, his letters, excerpts from articles, poems.
3. Communication of new knowledge.
3.1 A student reads a poem:
The village is scattered in the foothills,

Where the Katun splashed light,

Knew plenty of dashing and sorrow

This village is older.
Here the boy was making a track,

A drunken wind breathed in from the meadows,

I was eating potatoes in the garden,

On the Katun I hauled chebaks.
Siberian land. The landscape is inconspicuous.

A wave hits the bank of the Katun.

Everyone in Russia knows that Srostki -

This is the homeland of Shukshin.

(Kondakov)
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin, working on a novel about Stepan Razin “I Have Come to Give You Free”, found the history of his peasant family in Russian history. It turns out that the Sura River, a tributary of the Volga, has its own small tributary - the Shuksha River. From here, from the Volga region, the writer's ancestors, the Shukshins, moved to Altai in the 19th century.
And he was born on July 25, 1929 in the village of Srostki, Biysk District, Altai Territory. And he was still very young when his father was arrested on charges of aiding the enemies of Soviet power. In 1956, Makar Shukshin was posthumously rehabilitated - like many innocent victims at that time. Vasya and his sister Natalya were raised by their mother - Maria Sergeevna. For a short time, the children had a stepfather, according to Shukshin's recollections - a kind person. Stepfather died in the war. Shukshin carried the most tender love for his mother through his whole life.
In 1943, the war year, he completed the rural seven-year school and entered the Biysk Aviation Technical School, but he did not like it there, and he returned to Srostki, became an ordinary collective farmer, a jack of all trades. However, in 1946, Maria Sergeevna had to lead her son into an independent life.
From the age of 17, Shukshin worked at a construction site in Kaluga, at a tractor plant in Vladimir, at construction sites in the Moscow region - workers were then required everywhere. He tried to enter the military aviation school, the automobile - through the military registration and enlistment offices. Did not work out. In 1949, Shukshin was called up for military service - in the navy. He served first in the Baltic, then in Sevastopol: a senior sailor, by profession - a radio operator. Enrolled in the officers' library. Shukshin wrote about the fact that books build whole destinies, having already become a famous writer.
After demobilization, he returned to Srostki - apparently already with deliberate plans. I passed the exams for the certificate of maturity as an external student, having been pretty worried about mathematics, and considered it my little feat: “I have never experienced such a strain of strength again.” In Srostki, obviously, there were not enough teachers - Shukshin taught Russian language and literature at the local evening school for a short time and retained the fond memory of how gratefully his students listened to him - village boys and girls who had worked during the day.
(From V. Shukshin's article “Monologue on the stairs”) “Honestly, I was not a good teacher (without special education, without experience), but I can’t even now forget how good the guys and girls who worked for the day looked at me gratefully when I was able to tell them something important, interesting. I loved them at such moments. And deep down, not without pride and happiness, I believed: now, in these minutes, I am doing a real, good deed. It is a pity, we have few such minutes in our life. Happiness is made of them. "
In the spring of 1954, Maria Sergeevna, in order to raise money for her son for the trip to Moscow, sold the heifer. There are many legends about how Shukshin entered the Institute of Cinematography.
(From the memoirs of Shukshin) “It was 1954. There were entrance exams at VGIK. My preparation left much to be desired, I did not shine with special erudition and with all my appearance caused bewilderment to the selection committee ... Then I met Mikhail Ilyich Romm. The entrants in the corridor drew a terrible picture of a man who will now look at you and incinerate. And surprisingly kind eyes looked at me. I began to ask more about life, about literature. "
“The horror of the exam turned into a very human and sincere conversation for me. My whole fate here, in this conversation, probably, was decided. True, there was still a selection committee, which, apparently, was also amazed at who Mikhail Ilyich was recruiting.
The chairman of the commission asked ironically:
- Do you know Belinsky?
- Yes talking.
- Where does he live now?
Everyone in the commission was quiet.
Vissarion Grigorievich? He died, - I say, and began excessively ardently to prove that Belinsky was "dead." Romm all this time was silent and listened. The same infinitely kind eyes were looking at me. I was lucky to have smart and kind people ”.
As a student, Shukshin filmed a term paper according to his script, played and directed himself. As a student, he received his first major film role - soldier Fyodor in Marlen Tsukhiev's film “Two Fyodors” (1959). His last role was Lopakhin in Sergei Bondarchuk's film They Fought for the Motherland (1974). The first directorial work in the cinema was the film “There is such a guy” (1964). The last one is “Kalina Krasnaya” (1973). The first story that appeared in print was “Two on a Cart” (1958). The first book is a collection of short stories "The Villagers" (1964).
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin died on the night of October 2, 1974 from a heart attack in the cabin of a motor ship that served as a floating hotel for the participants in the filming of the film They Fought for the Motherland. In 2002, Shukshin's admirers saved the old ship from being scrapped, repaired and named it “Vasily Shukshin”.
I want to read poems by Leonid Popov... It seems to me that the position of the poet in the main echoes the life line of the writer V. Shukshin:
Late: learn to sing - dance,

Shuffle the sole on a hot circle.

It's a shame: to distribute bows for the future,

Ardently falling in love with the metropolitan blizzard.
Believe in the shaking hands

To pay with honor for strained mercy,

Time: to sum up your debts,

the blessing has accumulated enough of them.
Time: to remember past sins,

So that the soul is not wasted in vain.

So that your head is not dizzy.
Time: the last to scoop out the copper,

But to pay for everything to a penny

And have time to die before dawn,

To be born free at dawn!
And now we will talk about the problems that the writer poses to the readers.

3.2. The problem of the city and the countryside in the work of Shukshin.
The collision characteristic of Shukshin's stories - the clash of "urban" and "rural" - does not so much reveal social contradictions as it reveals the conflict relationship between dreams and reality in the life of a "little man." The study of these relations is the content of many of the writer's works.

The Russian person in the image of Shukshin is a seeker who asks life unexpected, strange questions, who loves to be surprised and surprised. He does not like hierarchy - that conventional everyday "table of ranks", according to which there are "famous" heroes and there are "modest" workers. Opposing this hierarchy, Shukshin's hero can be touchingly naive, as in the story "Chudik", an incredible inventor, as in "Mil pardon, madam!", Or an aggressive debater, as in the story "Cut off". Such qualities as obedience and humility are rarely present in Shukshin's characters. Quite the opposite: they

stubbornness, self-will, dislike for insipid existence, resistance to distilled sanity are characteristic. They cannot live without sticking out.

3.3. Analysis of works.

Some critics believe that the writer has some social limitations. He constantly wrote about the village and the villagers, and had a negative attitude towards the city and the townspeople.
Do you agree with this opinion?
Let's talk about the heroes of the story "The Villagers". What actions do the heroes do and how does the author relate to them?
The writer sympathizes with them.
Vasily Knyazev in the story "Chudik" goes to the city to visit his brother, where he faced the anger and envy of his brother's wife, who also once came from the village. Do you think the city made her bad?
Prove your point.
"Cut" is one of Shukshin's brightest and deepest stories.

The central character of the story, Gleb Kapustin, has a "fiery passion" - to "cut off", "upset" people from the village who have achieved success in life in the city.

Shown here is a country man and a city dweller. How do the village peasants treat them? Which of the heroes do you sympathize with?
The main thing for Shukshin is not where a person lives, but how he lives and what kind of person he is. The main thing is to have the courage to speak the truth. And Shukshin had it.
Let me give you an example. We see something bad in the life around us - and we habitually repeat: "remnants of the past in the minds of people", "the pernicious influence of the West." And Shukshin had the courage to look life in the face. And now from the pages of the story “Insult” came the sorrowful cry of Sashka Ermolaev, “How long will we help rudeness ourselves ... After all, we ourselves have bred boors ourselves! Nobody brought them to us, or dropped them on parachutes .. "

V. Shukshin is not afraid of the harsh, unexpected actions of the heroes. He likes the rebels, because these people, in their own awkward way, defend human dignity.
The writer hated smug, well-fed, reassured people, he wanted to disturb our souls by showing the truth, and they demanded beautiful heroes and noble gestures from him. V. Shukshin wrote: “Like anyone who does something in art, I also have an“ intimate ”relationship with readers and viewers - letters. They write. Require. They want a handsome hero. They scold for the rudeness of the heroes, for their drinks, etc. And what do they demand? For me to invent. He, the devil, has a neighbor who is rude, drinks on weekends (sometimes noisy), sometimes fights with his wife. he will cry at the TV, moved, and go to bed with a calm soul ”. V. Shukshin wanted to awaken our conscience, so that they could think about what was happening to us.
It's cozy in art

be a bun

French,

but you can't feed it like that

no cripples

no orphans.

Shukshin was a humpback

With red viburnum

To the taste,

That little black girl

Without which the people are unthinkable ...

When we got up

On a heavy peasant sourdough,

We are drawn to nature

To Yesenin's pure verses.

We can't live with lies

You can't get along in the comfort of a snake,

And the heart is like a falcon

Like a related Stepan Razin.

E. Evtushenko. "In memory of Shukshin".
His wonderful films went around the country: "Such a guy lives",

"Stove-benches", "Kalina red". From the pages of magazines his heroes looked at us: drivers, collective farmers, saddlers, ferrymen, watchmen. The country recognized itself in his heroes and fell in love with Shukshin.
Shukshin always writes about his mother with great love, tenderness, gratitude and at the same time with a sense of some kind of guilt.
Let us recall the scene of the meeting of Yegor Prokudin with his mother (“Kalina krasnaya”)., Comment on it. We note that Yegor's mother is played not by a professional actress, but by a simple village woman.
- Why did the director make such a decision - to approve an unprofessional actress for the role of mother?
What did Shukshin want to say in Kalina Krasnaya, killing Yegor Prokudin? That it makes no sense for thieves to rush to a normal life, right?
(It seems to me that V. Sh. Wanted to say that you have to pay for everything in life. To have the opportunity to respect yourself and feel the respect of people - sometimes it takes your whole life. More than one field needs to be plowed, more than one act needs to be done. And Yegor understood this.)
During Shukshin's lifetime, few people thought about the price paid for his art. We think about it only now that he is gone. The notes in the margins of his drafts contain the following lines: “Never, not once in my life have I allowed myself to live relaxed, lounging. Always tense and collected. Both good and bad - I start to twitch, I sleep with clenched fists. . It can end badly, I can crack from the stress. "
... And now we will talk about Shukshin's peculiar approach to the problem of the positive hero.
Have you noticed that he doesn't have a goodie? Is he needed?
Shukshin himself wrote about this with humor: “Let's say a young man came out of the cinema and stopped thinking: I didn't understand who to take an example from, who to be like. Who should you be like? To myself. You won't look like anyone else anyway. " V. Shukshin invites us to think about ourselves.
Let us dwell on the story "Energetic people". What heroes does the author show us? Why does he call them that? What is the principle of their relationship? (“You - to me, I - to you”).
I want to read a poem related to our dispute and to Shukshin's life position.
Everyone chooses for himself

Woman, religion, road.

Serve the devil or the prophet -

Everyone chooses for himself.
Everyone chooses for himself

A word for love or prayer.

A sword for a duel, a sword for a battle

Everyone chooses for himself.
Everyone chooses for himself.

Shield and armor. Staff and patches.

A measure of final reckoning.

Everyone chooses for himself.

I also choose - as I can.

I have no complaints against anyone.

Everyone chooses for himself.

(Y. Levitansky)
... From Shukshin's working notes.

“Now I’ll say beautifully: if you want to be a master, dip your pen in truth. Nothing else will surprise you. ”
“Kind, kind ... This medal is worn through one. Good is a good deed, it is difficult, it is not easy. Do not boast of kindness, do not even do evil! "
“When we feel bad, we think:“ Somewhere someone is good ”. When we feel good, we rarely think: "Somewhere someone is bad."
“I am a son, I am a brother, I am a father. The heart has grown to life with meat. It’s hard, painful to leave ”.

3.4. Composition-essay: "What the heroes of Shukshin's stories taught me."
4. Systematization and generalization of the acquired knowledge.
Closing remarks from the teacher.

There is no longer a writer with us - Vasily Shukshin. But his books, his thoughts remained. And each of his stories makes us think about the serious problems of our time, about life, about human behavior, his actions.
And again the words of the writer come to mind: “The Russian people in their history have selected, preserved, elevated to the degree of respect such human qualities that cannot be revised: honesty, hard work, conscientiousness, kindness. Believe that everything was not in vain: our songs, our fairy tales, our incredible severity of victory, our suffering - do not give it all for the smell of tobacco. We knew how to live. Remember this. Be human".
5. Summing up the lesson.

6. Homework.

The writer was able to express in his works the world of modern man, the complex, "tangled" world of the era of stagnation.

Shukshin reveals and explores in his heroes the qualities inherent in the Russian people: honesty, kindness, diligence, conscientiousness. But this is a world in which the best is forced to fight for its existence in human souls with tremendous "pressure" of hypocrisy, philistinism, indifference, and lies.

In Shukshin's stories, one can always feel the psychological depth, the inner intensity of the hero's state of mind. They are small in volume, reminiscent of ordinary, familiar everyday scenes, casual overheard ordinary conversations.

Shukshin's heroes solve the problem of the meaning of life in their own way. They too

ask eternal questions: why was I born, why am I living? But they do it somehow absurdly, awkwardly, again from the point of view of village morality. For example, Alyosha Beskonvoyny in the story of the same name. The name of the hero was actually Kostya Valikov - he was nicknamed "Convoy" for his uncontrollable character, although he was known on the collective farm as a diligent and hardworking worker, did not shy away from any work. But on Saturday and Sunday, under no pretext he could be made to work. In general, Saturday was a holy day for him - "on Saturday he heated the bathhouse."

On this day, he thought about life, remembered the past, thought about the future. The process of preparing the bath itself aroused in Beskonvoyny a feeling of extraordinary joy - the soul was ringing. First he chopped wood and dragged water, then in a special way, in his own way, he melted the stove. Looking at the fire, he philosophized: "Two logs even burn out differently, but you want people to live the same way." The discovery that he made, looking at the fire, was also agitated: "Any firebrand that burns out will flare up with the last fire - so a person before death burns with the desire to live." And this simple discovery made my soul calm. No one in the village would have believed that Alyosha was seriously thinking about life, "what kind of mystery is it, whether it is necessary to pity her (life)." I thought, however, within the same everyday coordinates in which I lived. About how the children will grow up, start their families, will come to visit the old people, and he will be proud of them. For all these thoughts he set aside one Saturday day, but that was his day, his personal space, into which no one was allowed to enter.

The writer pays a lot of attention to the moral and spiritual values ​​of a person. The search for one's place in the world is often accompanied by the rejection of those values ​​that were dear to a person before. And this is also a tragedy, because the moral degradation of a person affects not only himself, but also those close to him.
Shukshin paid a lot of attention to the so-called village theme. In his works, he said that the peasants are losing those values ​​that were dear to their ancestors. But in return for the lost, nothing is gained. That is why the common man falls into drunkenness, revelry. The lack of meaning in life is the reason. In the work of Shukshin, the problem of fate is touched upon. For example, the fate of an ordinary person, a peasant, a worker, is labor. This is both a duty and, at the same time, the meaning of life. Torn from his roots, the peasant toiler becomes unhappy. But the life of ordinary people is by no means sad and hopeless. In addition to work, there are many joys in their lives. Perhaps, to someone's eyes, these joys will seem simple and primitive. But for the peasants themselves, they mean a lot. Shukshin often shows what place the holidays occupy in the unpretentious life of the peasants.
Shukshin does not spare his heroes. He sometimes puts them in the most unpleasant situations. And the reader is well aware that these situations are not invented, they are real.

Shukshin's work in the first half of the 1960s. - this is an attempt to express the "logic of life" in the moral quest of specific heroes; creativity of subsequent years - the intention to correct the "logic of life" with the "logic of art" and thereby help a person. On this path, the writer faced many difficulties, disappointments and dead ends.

The heroes of Shukshin's stories are mostly people with an unmet spiritual need. Hence their eccentricities, sometimes completely innocent, and sometimes on the brink of breaking the law, and even beyond that. V. Shukshin himself constantly doubted, painfully pondered about our life, asked endless questions to himself, often not finding satisfactory answers to them. And many of its heroes are similar to its creator: restless, often acting contrary to common sense, to their own detriment. But the writer always appreciated in a person sincerity, directness, a good beginning. Even in the most lost person, he wanted to see something good, elevating him above the prose of life.

• Category: V. Shukshin

I. Moral problems in the writer's stories.

II. The fate of the heroes of V. Shukshin's stories.

1. Kindness and pity are the basic human values ​​of Shukshin's heroes.

2. The attitude of others to the actions of the "freak" from the story of the same name.

3. The strength of the mother's heart.

III. Shukshin and his heroes.

Vasily Shukshin is one of those writers who are not only needed by people. His works are extremely necessary for people. The works of this writer are attracted by the sharpness of the formulation of the eternal problem of the meaning of life. "What's happening to us?" - as if V. Shukshin wants to ask with his stories. External events in the works of V. Shukshin are not the main ones. His plot is just an excuse to start a conversation. More often, the heroes of the writer's stories are simple people, but always not indifferent. They think about the basics of being and increasingly turn to the so-called "eternal questions".

Kindness occupies a special place among human values ​​for Shukshin. He saw in the heart's ability to do good the most precious wealth: "If we are strong in anything and truly smart, it is in a good deed." Shukshin believed that life will be beautiful only when people will do good and please each other. So, in "Kalina Krasnaya" changes in the soul of the protagonist Prokudin occur only under the influence of the force of "counter good". Shukshin believed that the "stocks of good" in the human soul are limitless.

In V. Shukshin's stories, one of the leading places is occupied by the fate of unusual people with complex characters, the so-called "freaks". "Freaks" are strange, dreamy, simple-minded people who cannot and do not want to put up with a gray and boring life. They strive to free themselves from everything material, base. They are looking for the meaning of life in something sublime, beautiful. This is the main character of the story "Chudik". The author insistently emphasizes his eccentricity, which distinguishes the hero from other, "right" people. This technique helps to reveal the best human qualities of the Chudik: love of truth, conscientiousness, kindness. The story is built in the form of a presentation of the events that happened during Chudik's vacation trip "to his brother in the Urals." Various stories that were not understood by others happened to the hero of the story. Nevertheless, these episodes reveal the wonderful properties of the hero's soul: honesty, modesty, shyness, a desire to do good to people. But what is happening to us? Why so many people cannot understand the Chudik and consider him a strange person? Was it really impossible to forgive the eccentricities of the protagonist and pity him? After all, when, for example, he painted a baby carriage, he thought only about good, about making it more beautiful and better.

And here is another "weirdo" from the story "Mother's Heart". Vitka Borzenkov went to the city to sell bacon in order to earn money for the wedding. And then he took a walk. And when the money was stolen, he decided to take revenge by brutally beating up several townspeople, including a policeman. The mother, having learned about the misfortune that befell her son, tries to justify him. "A mother's heart, it is wise, but where trouble loomed to her own child, the mother is not able to perceive an extraneous mind, and logic has nothing to do with it." Mother is mother. She is ready to give everything for the sake of her son. Only do children always appreciate the self-sacrifice of mothers, the warmth and strength of the mother's heart?

Vasily Shukshin himself considered his mother the dearest and closest person. He inherited a rare gift from his mother - warmth of the heart. And later the desire for the "holiday of the soul" was inherited by the Shukshin heroes. In his last works V. Shukshin wrote: “Mother is the most respected, whatever is in life, the most dear, everything consists of pity ... Take pity away from her, leave her a higher education, the ability to educate, respect ... Leave her everything, but take away pity ... Why does the people rise up in anger when the enemy is on the doorstep? Because everyone feels sorry for their mothers, children, and their native land. "

The heroes of Shukshin's stories are mostly people with an unmet spiritual need. Hence their eccentricities, sometimes completely innocent, and sometimes on the brink of breaking the law, and even beyond that. V. Shukshin himself constantly doubted, painfully pondered about our life, asked endless questions to himself, often not finding satisfactory answers to them. And many of its heroes are similar to its creator: restless, often acting contrary to common sense, to their own detriment. But the writer always appreciated in a person sincerity, directness, a good beginning. Even in the most lost person, he wanted to see something good, elevating him above the prose of life.

Writing

Everyone who wrote and spoke about the work of Vasily Shukshin could not, without surprise and some sense of confusion, not say about his almost incredible versatility.

Shukshin the filmmaker organically penetrates into Shukshin the writer, his prose is visible, his film is literary in the best sense of the word, it cannot be perceived \ "in sections \"; reading his books, we see the author on the screen, and looking at the screen, we remember his prose.

This fusion of various qualities and talents, not only into a whole, but also into a very definite, completely finished one, pleases and surprises us today, will always delight and surprise.

Shukshin belonged to Russian art in that tradition, due to which the artist did not really humiliate himself, but did not notice himself in the face of the problem that he raised in his work, in the face of the object that became for him an object of art.

Shukshin was not only not peculiar, but also contraindicated any demonstration of oneself, any indication of oneself, although to whom, but he had something to demonstrate. It was this attitude towards himself that made him unforgettable for others.

The last years of Shukshin's life were such a period when everything that surrounded him became an object of art for him - whether it concerned a quarrel with a watchman in a hospital or studying the biography and deeds of Stepan Razin.

One thing can be said: to live among people, incidents, impressions, each of which requires its own, and a legitimate place in art, each of which, pushing everything else, tears through you onto paper, onto the stage, onto the screen, insistently demanding and grumbling, - It is very difficult.

Here is V. Shukshin's film story \ "Red Kalina \", written in 1973. The main character is Yegor Prokudin. Egor is inconsistent: now he is emotionally lyrical and hugs one birch tree after another, now rude, now ruff, now a bum, a lover of drinking, now a kind person, now a bandit. And now some critics were very confused by this inconsistency, and they took it for a lack of character and \ "truth of life \".

Critics did not immediately notice that such an image until now has not been possible, perhaps, to create anyone - not a single writer, not a single director, not a single actor, and Shukshin therefore succeeded because he is Shukshin, who piercingly saw people around him, their fate, their life twists and turns, because he is a writer, a director, and an actor all rolled into one.

Prokudin's inconsistency is not at all so simple, spontaneous and not conditioned by anything, it is by no means an empty space and not a lack of character.

Prokudin is consistently inconsistent, and this is something else. This is already logic. His logic is not our logic, it cannot, and probably should not be accepted and divided by us, but this does not mean at all that it does not exist, that it is not able to open up and be understood.

Not quickly and not quietly, but with an even step, Yegor moves along the arable land he has just plowed towards his death.

He walks, knowing where he is going.

Goes, first sending away his henchman on plowing, so that he would not be a witness of what will inevitably happen now, so that a person who has nothing to do with Prokudin's fate would not face any danger, some kind of witness troubles.

The beat of Prokudin's tarpaulin boots on the wooden walkways is heard loudly and for a long time, when he is released from prison into freedom, but now he is almost inaudible, but in the same rhythm he walks through the arable land from free to death, and the circle closes, and everything becomes clear to us.

It is then that we understand that this is the only thing this person should have done - in this all his previous inconsistencies began to speak.

Prokudin neither pity, nor love, nor patronage, nor help - he would not accept anything from us, but he needs our understanding. It is necessary in its own way - after all, he resists this understanding all the time, it is not for nothing that he was so inconsistent and threw out his knees. But all this is because our understanding was necessary for him.

And then you involuntarily begin to think that Prokudin gives us an understanding not only of himself, but also of his artist - Vasily Shukshin.

Time does not stand still, and those born in the year of Shukshin's death today become his readers. For them, he is the name of the classic series. But the years that have passed since his death have not at all erased the original meaning of the words that he wrote with a capital letter: People, True, Living Life.