Lesson-reflection on the story by A. Platonov “Yushka” “Without kindness and compassion there is no person...”. “Kind and naive Yushka (based on the story by A.P. Platonov “Yushka”) Literary direction and genre

On March 14, assistant rector of the Holy Intercession Cathedral for missionary and youth work Kirill Postyko and head. Service Department of the Children's Library named after. A.P. Gaidar Elena Ivanovna Sinelnikova conducted a lesson-conversation with students of grade 7 “a” of MBOU Secondary School No. 1 for Orthodox Book Day “Kindness will save the world” based on the story “Yushka” by A.P. Platonov. This work is a kind of parable about kindness and forgiveness.

Long ago, in ancient times, there lived an old-looking man. He worked in a forge on a large Moscow road as an assistant to the chief blacksmith. His name was Efim, but people called him Yushka. He lived in a blacksmith’s apartment and was fed bread, cabbage soup and porridge. They also paid him a salary so that he could buy himself sugar, tea and clothes. But Yushka drank water, and wore the same clothes for many years without changing, black and smoked from work. Barefoot in summer, wearing the same pair of felt boots in winter. He went to work early - the old people used it to wake up the young, and returned late - Yushka was coming home from work, which meant it was time for everyone to sleep. Blind and weak, he carried water, coal, inflated bellows - in a word, wherever he was sent. The children teased Yushka, threw sticks and clods of earth at him and were angry that he did not chase after them and did not scold them. Parents told naughty children: “When you grow up, you will be like Yushka.” Adults also offended Yushka, and when they got drunk, they even beat him. Old and young considered it necessary to tell the sufferer: “It would be better if you died, Yushka.” But Yushka did not want to die - since he was born to live. And he also believed that his people loved him, but they just loved him without a clue. In July or August, Yushka put a knapsack with bread on his shoulders and left the city. He admired the sky, the grass, kissed the flowers and stroked the trees. In nature, his illness - consumption - receded. But year after year, Yushka grew weaker and weaker, so the time of his life passed and passed, and chest illness tormented his body and exhausted him. One summer, a passerby became angry with Yushka and pushed him in the chest. He fell on the road and never got up again. All the people, old and young, came to the body of the deceased to say goodbye to him, all the people who knew Yushka, and made fun of him, and tormented him during his life. Then Yushka was buried and forgotten. However, without Yushka, people’s lives became worse. Now all the anger and mockery remained among the people and wasted among them, because there was no Yushka, who unrequitedly endured all other people's evil, bitterness, ridicule and ill will. And after some time, a young girl came to this area and said that Yushka (she called him Efim Dmitrievich) placed an orphan completely alien to him in a boarding school and once a year came to her in Moscow to visit her and brought money earned for the year. This girl subsequently began working in a hospital for consumptives; she went to houses where there were tuberculosis patients, and did not charge anyone for her work.

The main character never returned evil for evil. And only when he, weak and defenseless, was beaten to death, did people realize what they had lost. And at the end of the story it is revealed that it was no coincidence that Yushka constantly walked around in old, tattered clothes: he gave all the money he earned to the orphan girl whom he had once saved. The work is filled with deeply Orthodox content. It raises many spiritual and moral questions. Why did Yushka endure bullying? How did the hero manage to maintain goodwill and a good attitude towards people and the world? What helped him live? Can his patience be called a manifestation of true love for people? Is Yushka’s sacrificial life worth the result it all came to? The seventh graders had to think about all these questions. The guys came to the conclusion that forgiveness is a very difficult feat. But if everyone tries to forgive each other, to extinguish evil at its very beginning, then there will be more good in the world.

Press service of the Intercession Cathedral

Composition

Andrei Platonov in his works creates a special world that amazes us, fascinates or bewilders us, but always makes us think deeply. The writer reveals to us the beauty and greatness, kindness and openness of ordinary people who are able to endure the unbearable, to survive in conditions in which it would seem impossible to survive. Such people, according to the author, can transform the world. The hero of the story “Yushka” appears before us as such an extraordinary person.

Kind and warm-hearted Yushka has a rare gift of love. This love is truly holy and pure: “He bent down to the ground and kissed the flowers, trying not to breathe on them so that they would not be spoiled by his breath, he stroked the bark of the trees and picked up butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead, and peered for a long time in their faces, feeling orphaned without them.” Immersing himself in the world of nature, inhaling the aroma of forests and herbs, he rests his soul and even stops feeling his illness (poor Yushka suffers from consumption). He sincerely loves people, especially one orphan whom he raised and educated in Moscow, denying himself everything: he never drank tea or ate sugar, “so that she would eat it.” Every year he goes to visit the girl, bringing money for the whole year so that she can live and study. He loves her more than anything in the world, and she is probably the only one of all people who answers him “with all the warmth and light of her heart.” Having become a doctor, she came to the town to cure Yushka of the illness that was tormenting him. But, unfortunately, it was already too late. Not having time to save her adoptive father, the girl still remains to spread to all people the feelings kindled in her soul by the unfortunate holy fool - her warmth and kindness. She remains to “treat and comfort sick people, without tiring of quenching suffering and delaying death from the weakened.”

All the life of the unfortunate Yushka, everyone beats, insults and offends him. Children and adults make fun of Yushka and reproach him “for his unrequited stupidity.” However, he never shows anger towards people, never responds to their insults. Children throw stones and dirt at him, push him, not understanding why he doesn’t scold them, doesn’t chase them with a twig, like other adults. On the contrary, when he was in real pain, this strange man said: “What are you doing, my dears, what are you doing, little ones!.. You must

Maybe, love me?.. Why do you all need me?..” The naive Yushka sees in the continuous bullying of people a perverted form of self-love: “People love me, Dasha!” - he says to the owner’s daughter. And Yushka dies because his fundamental feeling and conviction that each person “by necessity” is equal to another is insulted. Only after his death it turns out that he was still right in his beliefs: people really needed him.

Platonov affirms in his story the idea of ​​​​the importance of love and goodness coming from person to person. He strives to bring to life the principle taken from children's fairy tales: nothing is impossible, everything is possible. The author himself said: “We must love the Universe that can be, and not the one that is. The impossible is the bride of humanity, and our souls fly to the impossible...”

I love reading - much more than watching TV. After all, it is books that give a person new friends and acquaintances, and help them, without leaving the room, participate in exciting travels and adventures. By making the destinies and life stories of other people close, books help us gain new experiences, learn and improve.

After reading some books, you realize that their characters become especially dear, you really begin to treat them as living people, friends. Such is Yushka - the main character of the story by A.P. Platonov, whose fate is happy and tragic at the same time. Of course, at first glance, only the troubles and problems of this amazing person seem obvious. Sick and lonely, Yushka worked in the forge from morning to evening. He gave all his money, earned during the year, to support an orphan girl that was alien to him, and he even denied himself the purchase of essential, necessary things - clothes, shoes, tea, sugar. But the main problem, as I believe, was that no one took the kind and naive Yushka seriously or understood him; everyone only laughed at his oddities, and often tortured and even beat him. And there was not a single soul nearby who could protect the weak Yushka, share his joys and anxieties.

And yet this strange, extraordinary man cannot be called unhappy, because his whole being was filled with love - for people and animals, trees and herbs. This love caused Yushka’s meekness and humility, his sacrifice and spiritual generosity. Constantly suffering insults and humiliation from those around him, Yushka was sure that they loved him too, they just didn’t know how to

To correctly express your feeling, “they don’t know what to do for love, and therefore they are tormented by it.” And better than any words, his rightness is confirmed by the fact that the memory of Yushka lived on for many, many years after his death thanks to that same orphan girl who, with his help, studied to be a doctor and came selflessly to work in his hometown. “And everyone in the city knows her, calling her the daughter of the good Yushka, having long forgotten Yushka himself and the fact that she was not his daughter.”

Report 7th grade.

Andrei Platonov in his works creates a special world that amazes us, fascinates or bewilders us, but always makes us think deeply. The writer reveals to us the beauty and greatness, kindness and openness of ordinary people who are able to endure the unbearable, to survive in conditions in which it would seem impossible to survive. Such people, according to the author, can transform the world. The hero of the story “Yushka” appears before us as such an extraordinary person.

Kind and warm-hearted Yushka has a rare gift of love. This love is truly holy and pure: “He bent down to the ground and kissed the flowers, trying not to breathe on them so that they would not be spoiled by his breath, he stroked the bark of the trees and picked up butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead, and peered for a long time in their faces, feeling orphaned without them.” Immersing himself in the world of nature, inhaling the aroma of forests and herbs, he rests his soul and even stops feeling his illness (poor Yushka suffers from consumption). He sincerely loves people, especially one orphan whom he raised and educated in Moscow, denying himself everything: he never drank tea or ate sugar, “so that she would eat it.” Every year he goes to visit the girl, bringing money for the whole year so that she can live and study. He loves her more than anything in the world, and she is probably the only one of all people who answers him “with all the warmth and light of her heart.” Having become a doctor, she came to the town to cure Yushka of the illness that was tormenting him. But, unfortunately, it was already too late. Not having time to save her adoptive father, the girl still remains to spread to all people the feelings kindled in her soul by the unfortunate holy fool - her warmth and kindness. She remains to “treat and comfort sick people, without tiring of quenching suffering and delaying death from the weakened.”

Dostoevsky wrote: “Man is a mystery.” Yushka, in his “naked” simplicity, seems frankly understandable to people. But his dissimilarity from everyone irritates not only adults, but also children, and also attracts a person “with a blind heart” to him. All the life of the unfortunate Yushka, everyone beats, insults and offends him. Children and adults make fun of Yushka and reproach him “for his unrequited stupidity.” However, he never shows anger towards people, never responds to their insults. Children throw stones and dirt at him, push him, not understanding why he doesn’t scold them, doesn’t chase them with a twig, like other adults. On the contrary, when he was in real pain, this strange man would say: “What are you doing, my dears, what are you doing, little ones!.. You must love me?.. Why do you all need me?..” The naive Yushka sees in the continuous bullying of people, a perverted form of self-love: “People love me, Dasha!” - he says to the owner’s daughter.

Before us is an old-looking man, weak, sick. “He was short and thin; on his wrinkled face, instead of a mustache and beard, sparse gray hairs grew separately; the eyes were white, like a blind man’s, and there was always moisture in them, like never-cooling tears.” For many years he wears the same clothes, reminiscent of rags, without changing. And his table is modest: he did not drink tea and did not buy sugar. He is an assistant to the main blacksmith, performing work that is invisible to the prying eye, although necessary.

He is the first to go to the forge in the morning and the last to leave, so old men and women check the beginning and end of the day by him. But in the eyes of adults, fathers and mothers, Yushka is a flawed person, unable to live, abnormal, which is why they remember him when scolding children: they say, you will be like Yushka. In addition, every year Yushka goes somewhere for a month and then returns. Having gone far from people, Yushka is transformed. It is open to the world: the fragrance of herbs, the voice of rivers, the singing of birds, the joy of dragonflies, beetles, grasshoppers - it lives in one breath, one living joy with this world. We see Yushka cheerful and happy.

And Yushka dies because his fundamental feeling and conviction that each person “by necessity” is equal to another is insulted. Only after his death it turns out that he was still right in his beliefs: people really needed him.

Platonov affirms in his story the idea of ​​​​the importance of love and goodness coming from person to person. He strives to bring to life the principle taken from children's fairy tales: nothing is impossible, everything is possible. The author himself said: “We must love the Universe that can be, and not the one that is. The impossible is the bride of humanity, and our souls fly to the impossible...” Unfortunately, good does not always win in life. But goodness and love, according to Platonov, do not dry up and do not leave the world with the death of a person. Years have passed since Yushka's death. The city has long forgotten him. But Yushka raised with his small means, denying himself everything, an orphan who, having studied, became a doctor and helped people. The doctor's wife is called the daughter of the good Yushka.

I would like to finish the report by reading a poem by Alexander Yakovlevich Yashin: “Hurry to do good deeds”:

My life with my stepfather was not fun, but he raised me - And that’s why

Sometimes I regret that I didn’t have the opportunity to please him with at least something. When he fell ill and died quietly, his mother tells him, day by day

More and more often he remembered me and waited: “If only Shurka... He would have saved me!” I told a homeless grandmother in my native village that I loved her so much that when I grew up I would build her a house myself,

I’ll prepare firewood, I’ll buy a cartload of bread. I dreamed about a lot, I promised a lot...

In the siege of Leningrad, an old man

I would save you from death

Yes, I'm a day late

And centuries will not return that day.

Now I've walked a thousand roads -

I could buy a cart of bread, cut down a house...

No stepfather

And grandma died...

Hurry up to do good deeds!

Questions about the report:

1) Who is the main character of A.P.’s story? Platonov's "Yushka"?

2) How does Platonov portray Yushka?

3) Why do children and adults mock and laugh at Yushka?

4) What does A.P.’s story teach readers? Platonov's "Yushka"?

Andrei Platonovich Platonov wrote his works of art about helpless and defenseless people, for whom the writer felt true compassion.

In the story “Yushka,” the main character is characterized as an “old-looking” man, a worker in a forge on a large Moscow road. Yushka, as people called the hero, led a modest lifestyle, even “didn’t drink tea or buy sugar,” wore the same clothes for a long time, and practically didn’t spend the little money that the owner of the forge paid him. The hero’s whole life consisted of work: “in the morning he went to the forge, and in the evening he went back to spend the night.” People mocked Yushka: children threw various objects at him, pushed and touched him; adults also sometimes offended, venting their resentment or anger. Yushka’s good-naturedness, his inability to fight back, and his selfless love for people made the hero an object of ridicule. Even the owner’s daughter Dasha said: “It would be better if you died, Yushka... Why do you live?” But the hero spoke about human blindness and believed that people love him, but do not know how to express it.

Indeed, both children and adults did not understand why Yushka would not fight back, would not shout, or scold. The hero did not have such human qualities as cruelty, rudeness, anger. The soul of the old man was receptive to all the beauties of nature: “he no longer hid his love for living beings,” “bended to the ground and kissed flowers,” “stroked the bark of the trees and raised butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead.” Being away from human vanity and human malice, Yushka felt like a truly happy person. Wildlife perceived the hero as he is. Yushka grew weaker and weaker and one day, pointing out to a passerby who was laughing at the hero that all people are equal, he died. The death of the hero did not bring the desired relief to people; on the contrary, life became worse for everyone, since now there was no one to take out all human anger and bitterness on. The memory of the good-natured man was preserved for many years, since a girl doctor, an orphan, came to the city, whom Yushka raised and trained with his little money. She stayed in the city and began to treat people who, like the hero, had tuberculosis.

So, A.P. Platonov portrayed as the main character a good-natured, defenseless man whom people considered a holy fool. But it was Yushka who turned out to be the most humane of people, showing mercy to the orphan girl and leaving a memory of himself.

(Option 2)

The main character of the story, Yushka, is an “old-looking man”: only forty years old, but he has consumption.

Yushka is an unusual person. There were always “uncooling” tears in his eyes, he always saw the grief of people, animals, plants: “Yushka did not hide... his love for living beings... he stroked the bark of the trees and raised butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead, and for a long time I peered into their faces, feeling orphaned.” He knew how to see with his heart. Yushka endured a lot from children and adults who were irritated by his gentleness: the children pushed him, threw earth and stones at him, and the adults beat him. The children, not understanding why he did not react, considered him lifeless: “Yushka, are you true or not?” They liked to mock with impunity. Yushka “believed that the children loved him, that they needed him, only they did not know how to love a person and did not know what to do for love, and therefore they tormented him.” Adults beat me for being “blessed.” By beating Yushka, an adult “forgot his grief for a while.”

Once a year Efim went somewhere, and no one knew where, and one day he stayed and for the first time answered the person who was pestering him: “Why am I bothering you, why am I bothering you!.. I was assigned to live by my parents, I was born by law, The whole world needs me, too, just like you, without me too, which means it’s impossible!..” This first rebellion in his life became the last. Pushing Yushka in the chest, the man went home, not knowing that he had left him to die. After Yushka’s death, people felt worse, since “now all the anger and mockery remained among people and wasted among them, because there was no Yushka, who unrequitedly endured all other people’s evil, bitterness, ridicule and ill will.” And then it became known where Efim Dmitrievich went.

In Moscow, an orphan girl grew up and studied with the money he earned at the forge. For twenty-five years he worked in a forge, never ate sugar, “so that she would eat it.” The girl “knew what Yushka was sick with, and now she herself has completed her studies as a doctor and came here to treat the one who loved her more than anything in the world and whom she herself loved with all the warmth and light of her heart...” The girl did not find Yushka alive, but remained in this city and devoted her entire life to consumptive patients. “And everyone in the city knows her, calling her the daughter of the good Yushka, having long forgotten Yushka himself and the fact that she was not his daughter.”

The story “Yushka” was written by Platonov in the first half of the 30s, and published only after the writer’s death, in 1966, in “Izbranny”.

Literary direction and genre

“Yushka” is a story that reveals in a few pages the way of thinking of the population of an entire town and the mentality of a person as such.

The work has an unexpected ending associated with the arrival of an orphan trained to be a doctor in the city. This ending makes the story look like a novella. There are similarities in the work with a parable, if you perceive the ending as a morality showing true mercy.

Topic, main idea and issues

The theme of the story is the nature of good and evil, mercy and cruelty, the beauty of the human soul. The main idea can be expressed by several biblical truths at once: one must do good unselfishly; human hearts are deceitful and extremely wicked, so people do not know what they are doing; you must love your neighbor as yourself. The problems of the story are also related to morality. Platonov raises the problem of belated gratitude, contempt and cruelty towards those who are different from everyone else. One of the most important problems is the moral deadness of the heroes, contrasted with the moral liveliness of Yushka, although it is precisely his liveliness that the children doubt.

Plot and composition

The story takes place “in ancient times.” Such a reference to the past makes the story almost a fairy tale, beginning with the words “once upon a time there lived in a certain kingdom.” That is, the hero of the story is immediately presented as a universal, timeless hero, who embodies the moral guidelines of humanity.

The blacksmith's assistant Yushka, whom all the inhabitants of the city laugh at as a meek and unrequited creature, leaves for a month every summer. According to him, either to his niece, or to another relative in the village or in Moscow. That year, when Yushka did not go anywhere, feeling very bad, he died, knocked down by another mocker.

In the fall, an orphan appeared in the city, whom Yushka fed and taught all her life. The girl came to cure her benefactor of tuberculosis. She remained in the city and devoted her whole life to selflessly helping the sick.

Heroes

The story is named after the main character. Yushka is not a nickname, as many readers think, but a diminutive name, which in the Voronezh province was formed from the southern Russian version of the name Efim - Yukhim. But the word Yushka in the same southern Russian dialect it means liquid food like soup, liquid in general, and even blood. Thus, the name of the hero seems to be telling. It hints at the hero’s ability to adapt to the harsh, evil world, just as water adapts to the shape of a vessel. And also the name is a hint at the death of the hero, who died from bleeding, obviously provoked by a blow to the chest.

Yushka is a blacksmith's assistant. Nowadays, a person who does such work “that needed to be done” would be called a laborer. His age is defined as "old-looking". Only in the middle of the story does the reader learn that Yushka was 40 years old, and he looked weak and old due to illness.

The story turned out to be prophetic for Platonov himself, who died of tuberculosis, having become infected from his son, who went to prison at the age of 15 and was released 2.5 years later, already seriously ill.

The portrait of Yushka emphasizes his thinness and short stature. The eyes are especially highlighted, white, like a blind man’s, with tears constantly standing in them. This image is not accidental: Yushka sees the world not as it really is. He does not notice evil, considering it a manifestation of love, and seems to always cry for the needs of others.

Yushka looks like the blessed one that the Russian people imagined them to be. The only difference is that it was not customary to offend the blessed. But Yushka is humiliated and beaten, calling him not blessed, but blessed, unlike, animal, God's scarecrow, worthless fool. And they demand that Yushka be like them, live like everyone else.

Yushka considers all people equal “by necessity.” He is accidentally killed by a fellow villager precisely because he dared to compare himself to him.

We even compare the hero with Christ, who suffered for the people, enduring torment. When the Roman soldiers mocked Christ, he remained silent, without explaining anything to them. But the hero of Bulgakov’s novel, written a little later than “Yushka,” in 1937, is even more similar to Yushka. Yeshua, unlike the biblical Jesus, actively justifies the offenders, calling them good people. So Yushka calls the children who offend him relatives, little ones.

Yushka believes that both children and adults need it. He would seem to wrongly conclude that children and adults need him because they love him. But over the years, it becomes clear that they really loved him, just unable to express either love or need for him. And that’s exactly what Yushka, who was offended, thought.

Like many blessed people, Yushka gets by with little. Yushka does not spend his tiny income (seven rubles and sixty kopecks a month) on tea and sugar, being content with the simple free food of the blacksmith - bread, cabbage soup and porridge. Yushka’s clothes are just as simple, which over all the years do not seem to wear out, remaining uniformly shabby and full of holes, but fulfilling its purpose.

The people offended Yushka, because in the hearts of people "fierce rage", "evil grief and resentment". Yushka's meekness is contrasted with people's aggression, provoked by their grief, of which everyone considers Yushka to be the culprit.

Dasha, the blacksmith’s daughter, is kind to Yushka. She tries to explain to Yushka that no one loves him, that his life is in vain. But Yushka knows why he lives: by the will of his parents and for a purpose that he does not tell anyone about, as well as about his love for all living things.

Yushka does not need people the way they need him, but when he went to deserted places, Yushka experienced unity with nature. He felt orphaned even by the death of a beetle or insect. It was living nature that healed the hero, giving him strength.

After his death, Yushka shares the fate of many holy fools and saints. The carpenter who found his corpse immediately asks for forgiveness: “People rejected you”. All the people came to say goodbye to him. But then Yushka was forgotten, just as ordinary people, holy fools, and saints are forgotten. Lonely Yushka turned out to be a benefactor, giving the people someone who began to take care of them - an orphan raised and educated with his money, who became a doctor. They call her the daughter of the good Yushka, without remembering him.

Style Features

The story contains motifs traditional for Platonov. One of them is the motive of death. The children doubt that Yushka is alive because he does not respond with evil to their evil.

The landscape in the story reveals the source of the hero’s spiritual strength. Unlike people who draw energy from the pleasure of offending the weak, Yushka supported the weak and perceived himself as part of nature. A strange Platonic expression "beetle faces", found in other works, shows that Yushka perceived nature as equal to himself, humanizing it.

Platonov creates a convincing image of the happiness that happens to people despite their evil deeds. The writer's life was in many ways similar to the life of his hero: hard, thankless work into which he poured his soul, and premature death from illness.