Introductory lesson about the world through the eyes of an astronomer. Milky Way Galaxy. The sun, together with the planets of its system, arose

Lesson objectives:

• introduce students to the science that studies the Universe - astronomy;
• form an idea of ​​the Sun and planets solar system;
• develop cognitive interest and the ability to observe, analyze, draw conclusions;
• cultivate interest in the world around us.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

The lesson begins
It will be useful for the guys,
Try to understand everything
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Give complete answers,
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II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

III. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. introduction teachers.

Today I invite you to look at the world through the eyes of astronomers. But first, we must find out who astronomers are and what astronomy is. I am ready to listen to your suggestions...

So, the word astronomy comes from two Greek words:

ASTRONOMY: “astron” - star and “nomos” - law.

But here is the interpretation of this word in “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova:

ASTRONOMY is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole.

Who are astronomers?

ASTRONOMERS are people who study the stars.

2. Introducing students to history.

We are with you found out what astronomy is and who are called astronomers.

Astronomy is the most ancient of sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. People have been observing the stars throughout history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago. The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the location of the stars in certain constellations. Around 2800 BC In Britain, construction began on the Stonehenge complex, which may have served as an observatory.

Later, instruments come to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

3. Universe or Space

From an astronomer's point of view world – this is the Universe – this is the entire infinite world surrounding us.

These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and I - this is the entire Universe.

Scientists believe that our Universe arose as a result of the so-called big bang, which occurred about 15 billion years ago. At the same time, a dense hot ball was formed, which began to rapidly expand, turning into the Universe. Many astronomers believe that the expansion continues today.

The next page of our lesson will help us get acquainted with the star to which we have long been accustomed.

Blue scarf,
Scarlet Tangle
Rolling on a scarf
Smiles at people.
/Sun and sky/

What can you say about the Sun?..

Our life is possible only thanks to the Sun. People understood this back in ancient times and worshiped the Sun as a deity. They called it differently: Ancient Greece- Helios, in Egypt - Ra, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo. Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun.

How did the birth of the solar system occur?

The solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Gas and dust particles in these areas began to move closer together under the influence of mutual attraction forces. Over time they formed a ball. The ball became denser, decreased in volume and warmed up. Gradually it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering some of the matter in space. At the same time, it continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the “embryo” warmed up for a nuclear reaction to occur; a huge amount of energy began to be released, and the new star. The ring of previously discharged substance began to gather into clots. These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we see today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.

The textbook article on page 6 will help us continue the conversation about the Sun from a scientific point of view. You will have to work in pairs.

In order to consolidate knowledge about the Sun, we will enter the missing data into the text.

Texts are distributed to desks:

The Sun is closest to the Earth …… It's huge …… cosmic body. The sun has a shape …… Diameter of the Sun in …… times the diameter of the Earth. Mass of the Sun in …… times the mass of our planet. Distance from Earth to Sun - …… kilometers. Temperature on the surface of the Sun - …… degrees, and at its center - …… degrees.

Checking texts. Sentences are read one by one.

5. Planets of the Solar System.

The sun forms the center of our system. 9 planets revolve around it. The 4 small planets located closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - are called internal. They have a hard surface. The remaining 5 planets are called outer planets. These are 4 gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, as well as a small solid planet of rock and ice - Pluto.

Consider the planets of the solar system.

Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun. The planet got its name in honor of the Roman god of trade. This is the fastest planet. It revolves around the Sun in 88 days. Since Mercury is close to the Sun, it heats up greatly, up to +480°C. The atmosphere is so rarefied that it is practically non-existent. The smallest planet. The diameter is only 4878 km.

Venus - the second planet from the Sun, Venus is named after the goddess of beauty, bright Star, it is also called the “evening”\“morning”\ star. It can shine with a silvery light, very similar to Earth, almost the same size. Venus is surrounded by a thick layer of clouds, but its atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. The heat here is unbearable: up to +480°C.

Earth - from space our planet appears blue. This color is given by the surrounding atmosphere and oceans, which cover more than two-thirds of the earth's surface. Water and oxygen support life on Earth, where there are at least one and a half million species of plants and animals. As a result of the movement of rocks under the earth's crust, the ocean floors move apart and continents move across the planet. The Earth was formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago and has a natural satellite.

Who has already guessed what it is called?

The Moon is our closest neighbor in outer space. It can be examined in detail through a telescope. This is a small cosmic body \ 4 times in diameter smaller than Earth\ has no atmosphere, weather conditions do not change on it and there is no life. Man has already been to the moon.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, named after the Roman god of war for its red color, reminiscent of the color of blood. Mars is smaller than Earth, but it has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos in honor of the sons of the god of war, which means Fear and Horror. The temperature drops to -110°C.

Jupiter is the next planet from the Sun. The largest in the solar system. It is named after the most important Roman god, Jupiter. Accommodates more than 1,300 Earth-sized bodies. False hurricanes constantly rage in Jupiter's atmosphere. The temperature on the planet is 150°C.

Saturn is the second largest planet. Named after the Roman god of agriculture. Surrounded by many bright rings consisting of fragments of ice and stones. Temperature - 170°C. The planet has 18 satellites.

Uranium - 4 times more than Earth by diameter. It consists of a small rocky core and frozen gases: hydrogen, helium and methane.

Neptune - bears the name of the Roman god of the seas. The planet flickers bluish light \ this is the color of methane \, reminiscent of the shine of water. Sometimes dark spots appear in Neptune's atmosphere - these are the strongest vortices raging in it. Surface temperature -200°C.

Pluto is so far from the Sun that its surface is incredibly cold, down to minus 230°C. It is the smallest planet in the solar system. It is named after the Roman god, ruler of the kingdom of the dead.

So we got acquainted with the planets of the solar system.

IV. Consolidation of the studied material.

Test "Planets of the Solar System"

1. The planets of the solar system are studied:

a) geographers;
b) chemists;
c) astronomers;
d) physicists.

2. Planets revolve around the Sun. Their:

a) 7;
b) 9;
at 11.

3. Pluto is:

a) the largest planet;
b) the smallest planet;
c) a planet equal in size to planet Earth.

4. Does the Earth have natural satellites?

a) yes, one;
b) no;
c) yes, two.

5. Which planet is named after the goddess of beauty?

a) Earth;
b) Venus;
c) Saturn.

6. The star around which the Earth revolves:

a) Moon;
b) Sun;
c) Venus.

7. In what order are the planets located relative to the Sun?

a) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter;
b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus;
c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

V. Lesson summary.

• What did the lesson make you think about?
• What impressed you the most?
• Will the knowledge of this lesson be useful in life?

VI. D/z: make models of the solar system as desired; take a correspondence trip to one of the planets; for this, refer to additional literature.

In this article we will look at the world through the eyes of an astronomer. Let's find out what the universe is and what place our planet Earth occupies in it. We will look at what other celestial bodies there are in Space, and how they can affect us. IN this material you will find answers to questions about the world around you for grade 4.

What is Astronomy?

The sky has interested people at all times. The first scientists who developed knowledge about the stars were called astrologers. Later they began to be called astronomers, and the science of celestial bodies - astronomy.

Scientists study how the universe works using telescopes. The first device similar to the modern one was invented by Isaac Newton, using mirrors instead of lenses. The world's largest telescope in Russia is located in the Caucasus. The diameter of its mirrors reaches 6 meters.

Rice. 1. The BTA telescope is the largest not only in Russia, but also in Eurasia

Universe - what is it?

All that our imagination can imagine is the universe. This is a huge space that has no end and edge outside our Earth. The Universe has no boundaries. It consists of many galaxies, planets, stars, black holes. It is impossible to measure and difficult to demonstrate, but this is the world in which we live.

Rice. 2. Galaxy Milky Way

The universe consists of galaxies. A galaxy is a collection of star systems, like our solar system. There are other planets around the stars, but humanity does not yet know whether there are intelligent life, similar to ours. We are in a galaxy called the Milky Way.

In clear weather, you can see a narrow light path in the sky, consisting of many small stars. This is the outline of our galaxy, although in the universe it looks like a spiral.

Types of stars

Scientists identify the following types of stars:

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• white dwarfs;
• yellow dwarfs;
• blue giants;
• giants;
• super giants.

Our Sun is a yellow dwarf and is only 5 billion years old. According to rough estimates, it will live the same amount of time before it turns into a red star and engulfs the Earth.

Planets of the Solar System

The Sun, along with its surrounding planets, is believed to have formed from a large, cold cloud of gas and dust. Eight planets revolve around it, each of which has its own orbit and speed of movement.

Rice. 3 Solar system

The four planets that are closest to the star are called the inner ones. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These are the only bodies in our system that have a solid surface.

The other four planets are called the outer planets. These include the giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They have low density due to the accumulation of gases.

The smallest planet in the solar system is Mercury. It is closest to the star. The largest is Jupiter. The planet with the most satellites is Saturn. There are 18 of them. Saturn is surrounded by rings made of fragments of ice and rocks.

What have we learned?

The world through the eyes of astronomers - this is the universe that is around us. We are part of the vast cosmos, in which billions of mysteries remain unsolved. All that scientists manage to study is the Milky Way galaxy and the Solar system that is part of it.

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It is known that even cave people observed the starry sky, because drawings of the Sun, Moon, and starry sky were found on the walls of the caves (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Rock painting"Two Suns" ()

Of course, observations with the naked eye were not enough to answer many of the questions that people had. Therefore, a special device was created for observing cosmic bodies - telescope(Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Telescope ()

Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei(Fig. 4) made the first telescope.

Rice. 4. Galileo Galilei ()

It was a very imperfect instrument, nevertheless, with its help, Galileo Galilei made many discoveries: he saw craters on the Moon (Fig. 6), spots on the Sun (Fig. 7), observed the phases of Venus (Fig. 8) and discovered that around Jupiter is orbited by four satellites (Fig. 9).

Rice. 6. Craters on the Moon ()

Rice. 7. Sunspots ()

Rice. 8. Phases of Venus ()

Rice. 9. Moons of Jupiter ()

Naturally, since that time science has stepped far forward, and the appearance, and the accuracy of telescopes (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Computerized telescope ()

The most powerful telescopes are installed in observatories(from Latin observo - I observe) - scientific institutions where observations and studies of weather, atmosphere, and astronomical bodies are carried out (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Apache Point Observatory ()

The first observatory, according to scientists, was located in Britain back in the Stone Age. This place is called Stonehenge, the position of the stones in which is associated with astronomical phenomena (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Stonehenge ()

For an astronomer, the world is Universe or space. According to scientists, 15 billion years ago there was powerful explosion, after which the Universe was formed.

There are a huge number of celestial bodies in space: comets, meteorites, stars, planets, satellites. There are many galaxies in the Universe (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Milky Way Galaxy ()

One of them - Milky Way galaxy, consisting of 200 billion stars, of which the Sun is not the largest (Fig. 14).

The sun and 8 planets moving around it form solar system(Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Solar system ()

The first planet from the Sun is Mercury y, second - Venus, third - Earth, fourth - Mars, fifth - Jupiter, sixth - Saturn,seventh - Uranus, eighth - Neptune. For a long time it was believed that Pluto- the ninth planet of the solar system. However modern research gave grounds to assign Pluto the status of a dwarf planet.

Even in ancient times, people understood that our life is possible only thanks to the Sun, and they revered him as a deity. The deity of the Sun had many names: in Ancient Greece the Sun was called Helios, in Egypt - Ra, the ancient Scandinavians - Sol, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo.

Sun- the closest star to Earth. This is a huge hot cosmic body (Fig. 16). The sun has the shape of a ball. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 6 thousand degrees, and in its center - 15-20 million degrees.

Bibliography

1. Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around us 3. - M.: Ballas.
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.

1. Nsportal.ru ().
2. Astrolab.ru ().
3. Authorstream.com().

Homework

1. Answer “yes” or “no” to the following statements:
2. Earth is one of the planets in the solar system.
3. The Sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas.
4. The mass of the Earth is 330 thousand times the mass of the Sun.
5. Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts.
6. The Earth moves around the Sun.
7. You can observe celestial bodies by looking through a telescope.
8. Make a short test (6 questions with three answer options) on the topic “The Universe”.
9. * Using the knowledge gained in class, create a crossword puzzle on the topic “The World through the Eyes of an Astronomer.”

Astronomy is the most ancient of sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. It is known that even cavemen observed starry sky, because his drawings were found on the walls of caves. Much later, instruments came to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

The sun and the bodies moving around it make up the solar system. The planets were named after the Roman gods and are located from the Sun in the following order: 1. Mercury - the god of trade; 2. Venus – goddess of love and beauty; 3. Earth - it was believed that it was “not in heaven”; 4. Mars – god of war; 5. Jupiter – the supreme god of thunder; 6. Saturn – god of earth and fertility; 7. Uranus – god of the sky; 8. Neptune – god of the sea and shipping;

Insert the missing data into the text. The Sun is the closest star to Earth. This is a huge hot cosmic body. The sun has a shape. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. 330 thousand times more than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is -6 thousand and in its center - 15 - 20 million degrees. Mass of the Sun in degrees,