Relations between the merchants and the Russian nobility. Gifts given by the Russian Emperor to his subjects From workshops and factories to the industrial revolution

Advisor One prince besieged an enemy fortress for three months and could not take it. Dissatisfied with his army, he ordered his adviser to send a letter home with an order to send another squad of the most desperate brave men to help. But the adviser noticed to him that the army of sheep

Manufactory Advisor- an honorary title given to the owners of large industrial enterprises and merchants of the Russian Empire.

Persons holding the title of manufacturing advisor had all the rights and benefits granted to commercial advisors. The rank corresponded to the VIII class of civil service. Hereditary honorary citizenship was granted to manufacturer-advisors from 1832, and to their widows and children from 1836. Since 1854, the sons of manufacturing councilors had the right to enter the civil service.

Many famous entrepreneurs of the Russian Empire had this title, in particular: A. V. Alekseev, N. A. Balin, D. V. Bryuzgin, G. E. Weinstein, S. P. Glezmer, I. F. Guchkov, P. N. Derbenev, R. R. Keller, E. E. Klassen, I. M. Kondrashov, G. M. Mark, I. A. Morozov, S. T. Morozov, K. Ya. Pal, S. A. Protopopov, K.V. Prokhorov, N.I. Prokhorov, S.I. Prokhorov, T.V. Prokhorov, F.C. San Galli, A.G. Sapozhnikov, M.G. Soldatenkov, A.V. Tretyakov, D. P. Khlebnikov, A. I. Khludov, G. I. Khludov, K. A. Yasyuninsky.

1. Alexander I.// Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, 1830. - T. XXXI, 1810-1811, No. 24403. - pp. 424-426.
2. Paul I.// Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire since 1649. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, 1830. - T. XXVI, 1800-1801, No. 19347. - P. 102-103.
3. // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire of His Imperial Majesty's Own Office, 1862. - T. XXXV, first department, 1860, No. 35670. - P. 379.
4. Nicholas I.// Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, second collection. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, 1833. - T. VII, 1832, No. 5284. - pp. 193-195.
5. // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, second collection. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, 1837. - T. XI, first department, 1836, No. 9231. - P. 623.
6. // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, second collection. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, 1837. - T. XXIX, second department, 1855, No. 28763. - pp. 49-50.

Literature

• Manufactory Advisor // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

How must the “people” who gave such orders have felt??? I think they didn’t feel anything at all, because their ugly, callous souls were black.

Suddenly I saw a very beautiful castle, the walls of which were damaged in places by catapults, but mostly the castle remained intact. The entire courtyard was littered with corpses of people drowning in pools of their own and others' blood. Everyone's throat was cut...
– This is Lavaur, Isidora... A very beautiful and rich city. Its walls were the most protected. But the leader of the crusaders, Simon de Montfort, enraged by unsuccessful attempts, called for help all the rabble he could find, and... 15,000 “soldiers of Christ” who came to the call attacked the fortress... Unable to withstand the onslaught, Lavur fell. All residents, including 400 (!!!) Perfects, 42 troubadours and 80 knights-defenders, brutally fell at the hands of the “holy” executioners. Here, in the courtyard, you see only the knights who defended the city, and also those who held weapons in their hands. The rest (except for the burned Qataris) were slaughtered and simply left to rot in the streets... In the city basement, the killers found 500 women and children hiding - they were brutally killed right there... without going outside...
Some people brought a pretty, well-dressed young woman, chained in chains, into the castle courtyard. Drunken whooping and laughter began all around. The woman was roughly grabbed by the shoulders and thrown into the well. Muffled, pitiful moans and screams were immediately heard from the depths. They continued until the crusaders, by order of the leader, filled the well with stones...
– It was Lady Giralda... The owner of the castle and this city... All her subjects, without exception, loved her very much. She was soft and kind... And she carried her first unborn baby under her heart. – North finished harshly.
Then he looked at me, and apparently immediately understood that I simply had no more strength left...
The horror ended immediately.
Sever sympathetically approached me, and, seeing that I was still trembling heavily, he gently put his hand on my head. He stroked my long hair, quietly whispering words of reassurance. And I gradually began to come to life, coming to my senses after a terrible, inhuman shock... A swarm of unasked questions was annoyingly swirling in my tired head. But all these questions now seemed empty and irrelevant. Therefore, I preferred to wait to see what the North would say.
– Sorry for the pain, Isidora, but I wanted to show you the truth... So that you understand the burden of Katar... So that you don’t think that they easily lost the Perfect ones...
– I still don’t understand this, Sever! Just like I couldn’t understand your truth... Why didn’t the Perfect Ones fight for life?! Why didn't they use what they knew? After all, almost each of them could destroy an entire army with just one movement!.. Why was there any need to surrender?
– This was probably what I talked to you about so often, my friend... They just weren’t ready.
– Not ready for what?! – out of old habit, I exploded. – Not ready to save your lives? Not ready to save other suffering people?! But all this is so wrong!.. This is wrong!!!
“They were not warriors like you are, Isidora.” – Sever said quietly. “They didn’t kill, believing that the world should be different.” Believing that they could teach people to change... Teach Understanding and Love, teach Goodness. They hoped to give people Knowledge... but, unfortunately, not everyone needed it. You are right in saying that the Cathars were strong. Yes, they were perfect Mages and possessed enormous power. But they did not want to fight with FORCE, preferring to fight with the WORD. This is what destroyed them, Isidora. That's why I'm telling you, my friend, they weren't ready. And to be very precise, the world was not ready for them. The earth, at that time, respected strength. And the Cathars brought Love, Light and Knowledge. And they came too early. People were not ready for them...
– Well, what about those hundreds of thousands who carried the Faith of Qatar throughout Europe? Why were you drawn to Light and Knowledge? There were a lot of them!
– You’re right, Isidora... There were a lot of them. But what happened to them? As I told you before, Knowledge can be very dangerous if it comes too early. People must be ready to accept it. Without resisting or killing. Otherwise this Knowledge will not help them. Or even worse - if it falls into someone’s dirty hands, it will destroy the Earth. Sorry if I upset you...
– And yet, I do not agree with you, North... The time you are talking about will never come to Earth. People will never think alike. This is fine. Look at nature - every tree, every flower is different from each other... And you want people to be alike!.. Too much evil, too much violence has been shown to man. And those who have a dark soul do not want to work and KNOW when it is possible to simply kill or lie in order to get what they need. We must fight for Light and Knowledge! And win. This is exactly what a normal person should lack. The Earth can be beautiful, North. We just have to show her HOW she can become pure and beautiful...

The relationship between the merchants and the nobility throughout Russian history has undergone a complex evolution from the unconditional dominance of the nobility and the recognition of the merchants as a second-class class to almost complete equalization of their rights.

To distinguish the merchants into a special class by the City Regulations of 1785. The institution of “famous citizens” is introduced. This title was awarded to wholesale traders, bankers, and shipowners with a capital of over 50 thousand rubles. Such persons were not part of the guilds and were taken into account in section 5 of the philistine book.

In 1800, the title of commerce advisor was established for merchants as a sign of special distinction. This title gave its holders the right to the 8th class of full-time service, i.e. these individuals were given the opportunity to receive privileges close to those of the nobility.

In 1807, a manifesto “On new benefits, differences and advantages granted to the merchants and new ways to spread and strengthen trade enterprises” was published, which emphasized the difference between “real” merchants, who were called “first-class” or merchants and ordinary contractors, tax farmers and shopkeepers. The 1st group included only wholesale traders.

In 1810 The Manifesto “On ways to better organize cloth factories” was announced, which established the title of manufacturing advisor for merchants. Members of the 1st guild for 12 years in a row and who produced more than 100,000 arshins of cloth annually in their own factory. This title provided the same rights as a commerce advisor. Those who received the title of commerce or manufacturing advisor could move into the category of honorary citizens, which was introduced in 1832. The title of hereditary and personal honorary citizen gave a number of rights: exemption from conscription, capitation and corporal punishment... Merchants of the 1st guild could also become honorary citizens after a 10-year stay in it. Honorary citizens enjoyed “the right to be titled, like the nobles and your honor.” Thus, honorary citizens were an intermediate layer between the nobility and merchants and played a certain role in the formation of a layer of urban entrepreneurs.

In addition, merchants who traded with foreign countries for at least 50 thousand rubles for 5 years received the title of trade guest and in “honors” were equal to the 7th class of regular service. These benefits extended to members of merchant families.

The presence of such privileges increased the social status of the merchants in the class system, facilitated the conduct of commercial activities, and created additional opportunities for capital accumulation.

The desire of representatives of large merchants to obtain nobility is also considered in historical literature as a manifestation of the influence of the feudal value system on the consciousness and behavior of merchants. Some representatives of the large merchant class sought to obtain ranks and the title of nobility, guided not by commercial calculations, but by ambitious motives. Such merchants even considered charitable activities as a way to obtain high ranks and titles. Thus, Irkutsk merchant E.A. Kuznetsov in 1848 - 1849 donated more than 1 million rubles to charitable purposes, for which he received the rank of state councilor. According to a contemporary memoirist, the dream of his life was “to be promoted to actual state councilor, so that he would be addressed on an equal basis with the governor with the words: “Your Excellency,” which then had enormous significance and constituted an almost unacceptable dream of the most inveterate ambitious people.” However, the significance of ambitious calculations among the motives that determined the desire of merchants for ranks and noble titles also weakened over time, since during the first half of the 19th century. for persons who were successfully engaged in industry and trade, the government introduced a number of honorary titles (eminent citizen, hereditary honorary citizen, commerce advisor, manufacturing advisor), the holders of which received a social status comparable in many respects to the status of persons who had the title of nobility. Thus, the titles of manufacturing advisor and commerce advisor were equated to the VIII class of the civil service, and their holders received the right to the title “Your Honor.”

And yet there is no need to talk about harmonious relationships. Since the beginning of the 19th century, wealthy merchants en masse became interested in collecting paintings, patronized artists, theaters, and charitable institutions, trying to raise their level of culture and respectability, and assert their class priority over the nobility. In his memoirs “The Artist in Bygone Russia”, Prince Sergei Shcherbatov wrote: “The merchants’ bitterness towards the nobility received vivid expression in the significant and unforgivably rude speech of the eldest of the Ryabushinsky brothers during the revolution, in which he celebrated with obvious gloating a funeral feast for the nobility who were about to be replaced merchants, “the salt of the Russian land.” Everything that was created by the Russian nobility over the centuries on this Russian soil and for it was forgotten or passed over in silence.”

The merchants had very good reasons to “dislike” the nobility: class prejudices, even at the end of the 19th century, greatly limited the possibilities of the merchant class. So, for example, the “salt of the Russian land” was simply not allowed to attend the Moscow Governor-General’s annual ball. Despite the enormous capital that the merchant class owned, it was almost impossible for its most efficient, active and successful representatives to obtain a rank or title in order to be able to be in the public service.

At the beginning of the 20th century. In Russia, the previously established division of society into class groups was preserved, which was largely facilitated by state policy that prevented the erosion of class boundaries. The law divided the population of the Russian Empire into 3 large groups: natural inhabitants (indigenous citizens), foreigners (nomadic and other aboriginal groups) and foreigners. Natural inhabitants or subjects of the Russian crown, in turn, were divided into 4 classes: nobles, clergy, urban and rural inhabitants.

The unprecedented economic growth that Russia experienced at the end of the 19th century brought to life new layers of the population that changed the usual picture of classes. An entrepreneurial layer is emerging, its own bourgeoisie, large and medium, whose numbers and political weight are constantly growing. The former division of the merchants into guilds, with different rights for each, is a thing of the past, and membership in the bourgeoisie is now determined by “trade certificates” issued annually by the authorities. They indicate the amount of capital within which the business is carried out and property liability arises. There remains a step to the final equalization of entrepreneurs and merchants, as well as the equalization of the rights of all classes. And Russia took this step in 1905.

Russian entrepreneurs declare themselves to be joining the liberal movement, an opposition to the government is being formed, which demands participation in government.

Russian merchants commercial education

MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR

Manufactory Advisor, Moscow (pre-revolutionary). An honorary title given by the government to the owners of large industrial enterprises.

Ushakov. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Ushakov. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  a title identical with the title of commerce advisor (see the corresponding article) and at the same time with it...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  ? a title identical with the title of commerce advisor (see the corresponding article) and at the same time with it...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  m. 1) An honorary title given to the owners of large industrial enterprises and merchants (in the Russian state until 1917). 2) A person who had...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Manufacturer-adviser, ...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  manufacturing advisor, ...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR in the Spelling Dictionary:
  Manufacturer-adviser, ...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  manufactory-advisor m. 1) An honorary title given to the owners of large industrial enterprises and merchants (in the Russian state until 1917). 2) Face, ...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  m. 1. An honorary title given to owners of large industrial enterprises and merchants (in the Russian state until 1917). 2. A person who had...
• MANUFACTUR-ADVISOR
  m. 1. An honorary title given to owners of large industrial enterprises and merchants (in the Russian state until 1917). ...
• ADVISOR
  RUSSIAN FEDERATION - a qualification rank that can be assigned to civil servants holding leading government positions in the civil service. There are categories of S. Russian Federation...
• ADVISOR in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  MUNICIPAL - see MUNICIPAL COUNCILOR...
• ADVISOR in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CIVIL SERVICE - a qualification rank that can be assigned to civil servants holding senior civil service positions. There are categories S...
• ADVISOR in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, m. 1. The name of certain officials, as well as (in Tsarist Russia) certain civil ranks and persons having such ...
• ADVISOR in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  advisor, advisors, advisor, advisors, advisor, advisors, advisor, advisors, advisor, advisors, advisor, ...
• ADVISOR in the Cheerful Etymological Dictionary:
  1) owl's nest; 2) resident of the former USSR; 3) assistant...
• ADVISOR in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  Syn: ...
• ADVISOR in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  Syn: ...
• ADVISOR in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  advisor...
• ADVISOR in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  vizier, attorney general, state councilor, genro, dainagon, constable, consultant, adviser, ...
• ADVISOR in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  1. m. The one who gives advice advises; adviser. 2. m. 1) The names of some positions. 2) A person holding such...
• ADVISOR in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  advisor,...
• ADVISOR in the Spelling Dictionary:
  advisor,...
• ADVISOR in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  The names of some officials of the S. Justice. C. customs service. S. embassy. advisor Obs == advisor My constant...
• ADVISOR in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  adviser, m. 1. The one who advises, gives advice. 2. The name of the members of certain government places, certain positions (official pre-revolutionary). Advisor to the provincial...
• ADVISOR in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  advisor 1. m. One who gives advice, advises; adviser. 2. m. 1) The names of some positions. 2) A person holding such...
• ADVISOR in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  
• ADVISOR in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  I m. The one who gives advice advises; adviser. II m. 1. Names of some positions. 2. A person holding such...
• MANUFACTUR-COLLEGIE
  the central government agency of Russia in charge of industry. Established in December 1717. It functioned actively since 1720. Until 1722 it existed together with the Berg College, ...
• COUNCIL OF TRADE AND MANUFACTURES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  an advisory institution under the Ministry of Finance that takes care of the needs of Russian industry and trade. The village of trade and manufacture was formed in...
• MANUFACTUR-COLLEGIE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  established by Peter I together with the Berg College (see) in 1719, and they were ordered to be in charge of “mining factories, all other crafts and ...
• COMMITTEES OF TRADE AND MANUFACTURING in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  are established at the request of city or merchant societies and with the permission of the Minister of Finance: 1) for discussion, according to proposals of the Ministry of Finance and ...
• COUNCIL OF TRADE AND MANUFACTURES in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? an advisory institution under the Ministry of Finance that takes care of the needs of Russian industry and trade. The village of trade and manufacture was formed...
• MANUFACTUR-COLLEGIE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? founded by Peter I together with the Berg College (see) in 1719, and they were ordered to be in charge of “mining factories, all other crafts ...
• CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  SERVICE - 1) an integral part of the public service, carried out in the customs authorities. At the moment, the procedure for performing public service in customs ...
• PERSONAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  (SPECIAL) RANKS OF OFFICIALS OF THE CUSTOMS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION -10 ranks established by decree of the Government of the Russian Federation: actual state adviser of the customs service ...
• IS 9 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. Old Testament. Book of the prophet Isaiah. Chapter 9 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ...
• RUSSIA, SECTION TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCE in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
  Retechnological science is generally a science of recent times. Such science, or such knowledge, especially in the beginning, was taught by life itself...
• AKHROMEEV SERGEY FEDOROVICH in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (1923-91) Marshal of the Soviet Union (1983), Hero of the Soviet Union (1982). Participant of the Great Patriotic War. Since 1974 deputy, since 1979 1st deputy, ...
• OFFICIALS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  in Russia, a set of persons who had ranks and were in the civil service. It originated with the emergence of the 16th century in the Russian state. systems...
• THE USSR. FEUDALAL STORY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  system In the 1st half of the 1st millennium AD. e. Among the peoples of the Northern Black Sea region, the Caucasus and Central Asia, the slave system was in...
• RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERAL SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, RSFSR in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• POSSESSIONAL PEASANTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  peasants, in Russia 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries. Serf peasants assigned to possessional manufactories. P.K. not...
• MANUFACTURING COUNCIL in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  council (since 1872 - Council of Trade and Manufactures), an advisory body under the Department of Manufactures and Domestic Trade of the Russian Ministry of Finance. Arose...
• CAPITALISM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  a socio-economic formation based on private ownership of the means of production and exploitation of wage labor by capital; replaces feudalism, precedes socialism - the first...
• EMERITAL CASSES OF THE MILITARY LAND AND MARINE DEPARTMENTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  E. military-land cash register. department was established in 1859 to provide support for military officials who left the service. departments, as well as their widows and...
• FACTORY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Contents: - 1) Definition of industry and its difference from other forms of industry. - 2) The existence of F. in ancient times in the Middle Ages ...
• TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  aims to clarify the general course of development of industry in a given country, or at least the most significant and characteristic manifestations of this development. ...
• TABLE OF RANKS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  law on the procedure for civil service, issued in Russia by Peter the Great on January 24, 1722. There is an assumption that the idea of ​​​​issuing ...
• RUSSIA. ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT: INDUSTRY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  I a) Historical sketch. In the era preceding the transformations of Peter I, the industrial and commercial life of Russia due to the sparse population, the lack of proper means of communication...
• RUSSIA. ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT: RUSSIAN METROLOGY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  H. Russian metrology. History finds the Russian people already with a complete system of units of weight, value and measures, partly independent, partly borrowed...

The development of capitalist relations in Russia can be judged by changes in commercial and industrial legislation.
The townspeople of St. Petersburg were divided into guilds under Peter I in 1721. The foreign word “guild” did not take root at that time, and for half a century the merchants were called first-class and middle-class.
The merchant class was first divided into three guilds under Catherine II in 1775. At the same time, the size of the minimum capital was established, which the merchant signing up for the guild had to declare “in good faith” and pay an annual fee of 1% on it.

Guilds are approved
In 1785, the “Certificate of Rights and Benefits to the Cities of the Russian Empire” was published, which confirmed the division into three guilds and defined the scope of activity of each of them. Merchants of the 1st guild were allowed to carry out general trade both within the empire and abroad, establish plants, factories, and build seaworthy ships. Merchants of the 2nd guild enjoyed the right to conduct wholesale and retail trade within the state, as well as maintain factories, factories and river commercial vessels. For the merchants of the 3rd guild, petty bargaining was provided in the city and county, and they were also allowed to produce various kinds of handicrafts, maintain small river vessels, taverns, baths and inns.
Those who signed up for the guild were allowed to enter into government farming and contracts. All three guilds were exempt from conscription and capitation, and the 1st and 2nd guilds were freed from corporal punishment. The capital had to be declared annually. Failure to announce led to expulsion from the guild (those expelled were called “slobs”). Nobles were prohibited from joining guilds.

Titles and awards
At the same time, the title of eminent citizen was introduced for the most noble and wealthy merchants, persons holding positions in city elections, as well as for scientists, artists, and performers. Merchants - eminent citizens had the right to establish country palaces and gardens, ride in a carriage in twos and fours, and, under certain conditions, ask for elevation to the nobility.
One of the first to receive the title of eminent citizen was the St. Petersburg merchant Vasily Grigorievich Kusov. By decree of March 27, 1800, the honorary titles of commerce advisor and manufacturing advisor were introduced, which were awarded to merchants - eminent citizens and merchants of the 1st guild. Due to the insignificance of capital required to join the 3rd guild, at the end of the 18th century, most of the townspeople's population registered as merchants. The lower level of capital was then raised twice more - in 1794 and in 1807 - and the number of merchants immediately decreased. The title of eminent citizens for merchants was abolished in 1807, at the same time, in order to strengthen ties between classes, nobles were allowed to carry out foreign trade and join trading houses and partnerships.
Under Nicholas I, the rights of entrepreneurs expanded. The manifesto of April 10, 1832 established a new title - personal and hereditary honorary citizens. The first was used by graduates of universities, commercial or technological schools. The title of hereditary honorary citizens could be received by commerce or manufacturing advisors, holders of orders and those who were 10 or 20 years, respectively, in the 1st and 2nd guilds continuously and immaculately. It was also possible to acquire honorary citizenship through rewards for useful activities. Before this, the privileged position of merchants could only be evidenced by the title of nobility, having achieved which many retired from business.

Temporary merchants
During the reign of Nicholas I, the duties of the 3rd guild were reduced, all merchants were allowed to trade abroad, and nobles were allowed to enroll in the guild. The increase in the number of classes with access to trading activities led to the emergence of the status of temporary merchants. This category included nobles, honorary citizens, foreign subjects, and out-of-town merchants who did not want to leave their previous state. Based on their temporary activities, they received merchant certificates in a certain city. There were quite a lot of temporary merchants in St. Petersburg. For example, three generations of British subjects Anderson, who traded wholesale at the port, were listed as temporary merchants for more than half a century.
There were few real nobles among the temporary merchants. One can name Dmitry Egorovich Benardaki, a retired lieutenant and cavalier, a temporary 1st guild merchant since 1851, who traded in forest materials, leather goods, mirrors and glass, walnut wood and flour and had a flour mill; Baroness Maria Antonovna Korf, a temporary merchant of the 2nd Guild since 1862, who ran drinking establishments in different parts of St. Petersburg.

Business goes to the masses
According to the Trade Regulations of 1863, the right to engage in trade and industry in Russia became the right of every person. The only exceptions were priests, church chanters and Protestant preachers. Trading persons were divided not by the amount of declared capital, but by the type of trade - into wholesalers and those engaged in retail trade. The volume of supplies and contracts for the second category was limited to 15,000 rubles; for the first, the size of transactions was not limited. Instead of the 3rd guild, petty trade was established for persons of non-merchant rank.
Merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds could maintain all kinds of industrial establishments. Merchants of the 1st guild were also granted additional rights, which were more of a decorative nature. They enjoyed the right to visit the Imperial Court and had the right to wear a uniform and a sword.
The rights of the merchant class were acquired by taking a guild or merchant certificate. But first, the candidate had to pay all duties as before. The fee for a certificate of the right to trade and trade was initially 265 rubles in St. Petersburg for the 1st guild, 65 for the 2nd, and 20 for petty trading. The amount of fees changed several times over time.