Western European Middle Ages development of the feudal system presentation. Western European Middle Ages. Development of the feudal system. General history. Europe in the Middle Ages

Western European
Middle Ages.

!
Some consider it the beginning of an era
2
medieval culture section Roman
empire in 395 into two states, eastern and western. Others think it's
476 - fall of the Roman Empire.
The term MIDDLE AGES first appeared in
late 60s of the 15th century in the work “The Word”
Bishop Giovanni Andrea, dedicated
in memory of the medieval philosopher Nicholas
Kuzansky.

Stage 1 – “Western World” (England, France,
Germany):
- Early (pre-Romanesque) Middle Ages (V – X);
3
- Mature (Romanesque) Middle Ages (XI – XII centuries);
- Late (Gothic) Middle Ages (XIII – XV centuries).
!
Stage 2 – “Between West and East”
(Byzantium, Armenia, Georgia, Rus' XI - XVII centuries.)
Stage 3 – “World of Islam” (Arab countries, Iran,
Middle Asia).
“World of the East” (India, China, Japan).

General features and features
medieval culture:
Striving for universalism
generality.
Uniting the heritage of the ancients
civilizations and energy of young peoples.
The clash of Christian ideas and
pagan ideas.
Development of religious, secular and
folk cultures.
Applied nature of art.
4

Expression of basic life positions
through a system of conventions, symbols and
allegories.
Appeal to the inner world of a person.
The ability to see the spiritual beauty of a person
not only in a physically beautiful way.
Perceiving soul and body as two
opposite principles in which the soul
was given preference.
The dominance of the religious worldview and
religious nature of culture.
5

When studying the topic, you need to pay attention to the following questions:

6
When studying a topic, you need to pay attention to
next questions:
1. The Middle Ages includes 3 periods - 3
stages of development of feudalism (formation,
heyday
And
decline)
The early Middle Ages dates back to the 5th - 10th centuries
Mature feudalism - X - end of XV centuries
Late Middle Ages - XV - XVII centuries
2. Spirit of the era: movement of peoples, creation
new states, expansion of trade and
cultural ties between Europe and North Africa,
To our neighbors
East,
appearance
first
parliaments and constitutions, inventions,
European languages.
3. Contradiction in the worldview of the Middle Ages:
man is the crown of nature, man is God's servant.
AND
With
T
O
R
And
h
e
With
To
A
I
T
O
h
To
A
h
R
e
n
And
I

Ancient man is part of an eternal, harmonious world. The main virtues of antiquity are justice, wisdom, courage.

Ancient man is part of the eternal, harmonious
peace.
Basic virtues of antiquity! justice, wisdom, courage.
The man of the Middle Ages is not a creator, but
executor of God's will.
The virtues of the Middle Ages - faith, hope,
love and conscience.
Basic philosophical ideas:
! - monotheism (God is one and unique);
- theocentrism (God is the center of the universe;
- creationism (the creation of the world by God from
Nothing);
- dualism (duality).
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1. God is the center of the universe
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2. Religion
3. Morality
333
44
5
6
222
156
2
3
4
5 6
7
4. Art
5. Politics
6. Law
7. Science

Three world religions:
Christianity, Buddhism, Islam.
!
The main goal of world religions is to know
yourself, the world around you and God.
Symbols of three world religions:
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Buddhism – 6th century BC India. Siddhartha Gautama (623 – 544 BC) Four noble truths: 1. life is suffering;

2. its cause is passion;
3. there will be no passions, there will be no suffering;
4. The octal number leads to overcoming passions
the path, which is symbolized by a wheel with
eight knitting needles -
- correct understanding;
-correct aspiration;
- correct thought;
- correct speech;
- correct action;
- correct lifestyle;
- correct efforts;
- correct concentration.
10

Christianity – 1st century BC in the eastern part of the Roman Empire - Palestine. Later, three trends emerged in Christianity:

Christianity – 1st century BC in the eastern
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part of the Roman Empire - Palestine.
Later in Christianity there were three
directions:
Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism,
who recognize the dogma of the Holy Trinity,
believe in salvation through Jesus Christ,
recognize a single Holy Scripture -
Bible.

Literary sources for the study of early Christianity are:

!
Literary sources of study
early Christianity are:
1. canonical books of the New Testament (4
gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and
John, narrating
about the earthly life of Jesus
Christ.
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2. non-canonical works - legends, not
! recognized by the church - apocrypha.
13
Illustration for the apocrypha "On Birth"
Cain."

3.
essays
apologists
(defenders
!
Christianity from criticism of non-Christian
philosophers) and church fathers.
Portrait of Church Father Augustine
Blessed (354-430)
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Islam (submission, humility) - 7th century AD in Arabia. Muslims are “faithful”, “submissive to Allah”

Islam (submission, humility) - 7th century AD V
Arabia.
15
Muslims - “faithful”, “submissive”
Allah"
The one God is Allah, his prophet is Muhammad.
Holy book Koran (reading aloud,
edification).

Early Middle Ages. Pre-Romanesque period.

16
Charlemagne
Carolingian
Renaissance
(768-814)
Charles' Empire
Great

17

!
In 330 - Emperor Constantine announced
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the new capital of Constantinople.
In 395 the final
division of the empire. Constantinople
became the center of Orthodoxy and the capital
Eastern Roman Empire - Byzantium, and
Rome - the center of the Western Roman Empire
and the future of the Catholic world.
In 476 the last emperor was overthrown.
Fall of the Roman Empire, end
the ancient period of the Ancient world and the beginning
Middle Ages.

Theodoric (493 – 529)

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In 325 at the Nicene Ecumenical Council
the church hierarchy was established and
accepted uniform for all Christian
church symbol of faith.
The language of the church is Latin (the language of learning), in
further along with local
dialects and adverbs, became the basis
European national languages.
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Roman education system: Boethius
5. geometry;
6. music;:
Seven
liberal arts"
7. grammar;
astronomy.2. logics;
1.
3. rhetoric; 4.
arithmetic;
The highest level is quadrium
5. geometry; 6. music;
7. astronomy.
The lowest level is trivium
trivium
grammar
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quadrium
dialectics
arithmetic
geometry
astronomy
music
rhetoric

Scholasticism (from the Latin Schola - school) is the dominant direction of medieval philosophy, which sought to theoretically justify

!
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Scholasticism (from Latin Schola - school) the dominant direction of medieval
philosophy, which sought to theoretically justify
church dogmas with the help of speculative,
logical, formal
arguments.
Clement
Apologists are philosophers, supporters of scholasticism.
Aristides, Justin, Clement.
The Church Fathers are the thinkers who created
Christian religious theology, philosophical
substantiating the main provisions, canons
Christian doctrine.
Origen, Augustine, Boethius.
Patristics (Latin pater – father) – teachings of the fathers
churches.
Augustine

Architecture, applied and fine arts of barbarian peoples.

23
Architecture, applied and fine arts
barbarian peoples.
!
Animal style is a type of decorative art and
ornament of the early Middle Ages, for which
characterized by stylized images
real and fabulous animals and birds, whimsical
intertwined plants and animals
motives.
In the 9th – 10th centuries. Christian motives appear, but
folk elements remain basic.

Roman catacombs - underground burial places of the first Christians

24
!
Paintings and symbols of the first Christians.

25

26
pommel
Irish
episcopal
staff.
Crown of Theodelinda.
!
brooches
Celtic jewelry

The architecture of the early Middle Ages had a cult character. The main buildings are temples and monasteries. Two types of buildings -

The architecture of the early Middle Ages had a cult
27
character.
The main buildings are temples and monasteries.
Two types of buildings - mausoleum and basilica.
Mausoleum - a memorial sanctuary over
grave, centric structure topped
dome
Rotunda is a round temple.
The baptistery is a baptismal place for Catholics.
Basilica (from the Greek Basilike - royal house) -
rectangular building, divided
inside to the naves.
Apse - a rounded projection covered
dome in the eastern part of the temple.
Transept – transverse nave.
!

1
2
!
3
1.Baptistery.
2.Mausoleum
Theodoric.
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1
2
1. Charles Chapel
Great in Aachen
(805)
2. Charles Chapel
Great in Aachen
3. San Church
Vitale in Ravenna
(approx. 520)
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3

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Monastery of Saint Riquier.

31

Scriptoriums are special rooms in
! the Middle Ages, in which
books were copied and decorated.
Miniatures - handmade
! artistic works of small
sizes.
Parchment – ​​specially processed
! calfskin on which books were written.
32

Book miniature.

Knizhnaya 33
miniature.
!

Music and literature.

!
34
Music was seen as God's helper
word.
Church music - hymns, psalms, antiphons.
Singing in unison.
Gregorian chant - single voice, unison
singing of a male choir in Latin without
musical accompaniment.

35
!

Literature:

!
Literature:
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1. Stories about the lives of saints - hagiography
"Lives of Saints", visions and spells.
2. Encyclopedic, scientific and
historiographic works.
The Venerable Bede "On the Nature of Things", Einhard
"Biographies of Charlemagne" and others.
3. Mythology and heroic-epic poems, sagas
and songs of Celtic and Germanic tribes
Icelandic sagas, Irish epic "Elder Edda",
"Younger Edda" and others.

37

38
Runic letter

Mature Middle Ages. Romanesque period.

!
Mature Middle Ages. Romanesque period.
Time of religious upsurge.
1054 - schism - split of Christian
churches into Orthodox (Eastern) and
Catholic (Western).
Crusades.
39

Philosophy and theology - relationship
40
reason and faith.
Heresies are special beliefs that differ
! from the system of religious ideas,
recognized by the church.
1184 - Inquisition - subordinates to the pope
! courts.
Scotus Eriugene, Anselm of Canterbury,
Pierre Abelard.

Architecture. Roman style.

!
!
!
Architecture. Roman style. 41
XI – XII centuries – the first pan-European
style - Romanesque.
“Heavy Silence” - Auguste Rodin.
Main structural elements - arch
and vault.
The monastery is a fortress, the temple is a fortress,
castle - fortress.

42
!
Monastery in
Cluny. XIII century.

Monastery
Fontenay in
Burgundy.
43

The Romanesque temple in the form of a Latin cross personified the model of the world and reflected the Catholic idea of ​​the “way of the cross” of suffering and

Romanesque temple in the form of a Latin cross
personified the model of the world and reflected
44
the Catholic idea of ​​the "way of the cross" of suffering and
atonement for sins.
It is based on a Roman basilica.
An important structural element is the column. !
The main supporting part is the wall.
!
Transept – transverse nave.
The central portal (western) was decorated
towers.
!
At the middle cross there is a tower.
Crypt - a room for storing church
!
relics.

St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim. Germany. XI century.

45
!

1
2
3
46
1. Church of St. Panteleon in Cologne.
2. Church of Sainte Trinite in Cannes. France.
3. Monastery Church of Saint Front in Perigueux in France.

Pisa architectural ensemble.

!
47

Castle Krak - de Chevalier in Syria.

48
Krak Castle
Chevalier in Syria.
!

Wartburg Castle in Germany. XI-XIV centuries

Gruyere Castle. Switzerland.
!
Rocher Castle.
England.
49

Fine, applied and musical entertainment arts.

XI-XII centuries – the emergence of a monumental
sculptures.
Tympanum - a semicircular plane above the door with
! relief.
Church of Saint Lazare Ottenet.
Scene of the Last Judgment.
50

Bronze doors in the Church of St. Michael in Hildesheim. Germany.

!
Bronze doors in the church
St. Mikhail in
Hildesheim. Germany.
Capital of a Romanesque column.
51

1
2
1.Christ in glory. Painting of the main apse of the church
San Clemento in Taule. Spain. XII century.
2. Trellis.
3.Initials from manuscripts. England.
52
3

Guido Aretinsky - Italian monk, theorist
! and practitioners of Romanesque music:
1. polyphonic singing;
2. four-line staff;
3. names of six notes.
Theatrical genres:
! 1. Liturgical drama
2. Miracle (miracle).
3. Mystery (sacrament).
4. Moralize (edify).

Romance literature:

!
54
“learned” Latin and church literature;
heroic epic (“The Song of Roland” France,
"Song of the Cid" Spain, "Song of the Nibelungs"
Germany);
knightly, or courtly, literature (prose and
poetry of troubadours, trouvères and minnesingers)
- love for a beautiful lady, glorification
exploits and reflection of the rituals of knightly honor.
chivalric novels (Chretien de Troyes, Lancelot,
or Knight of the Cart", "Tristan and Isolde", etc.)

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Slide captions:

Western European Middle Ages

General characteristics Works of architecture speak most eloquently about the time of the Western European Middle Ages. Wooden buildings are no longer popular; now feudal castles and temples come forward. Stone churches had a special status in the Middle Ages. It was a public building where people came not only for prayer, but also to find out the latest news. With the increase in the number of stone buildings, a Medieval city emerges. In the architecture of this period, two styles are distinguished: Romanesque (10th - 12th centuries) and Gothic (13th - 15th centuries).

Romanesque style of architecture In the Middle Ages, the most common public building became the ancient Roman basilica, which laid the foundation for the Romanesque style of architecture. The largest centers of Romanesque architecture are France, Italy, and Germany.

Romanesque Basilica The beginning of the Romanesque era is characterized by the development of church architecture. The dominant type of temple is the basilica, a symbol of the way of the cross, suffering, and atonement for sins. A temple of this type had to be designed for a large number of people. Not only architects, but also sculptors and painters participated in the creation of such temples.

Structure of the Romanesque Basilica of the Aspida (altar projections); Gable; Eastern Towers; West Tower; Arcade; Gallery.

Pisa Cathedral, 11th – 12th centuries, Italy The Pisa Cathedral is a five-nave basilica. In the central part there is a dome. The surface of the walls is decorated with white and black marble and arcades of columns. The nearby tower has 6 tiers of the same arcaded columns.

"Leaning" tower of the cathedral. (Deviation from the vertical line by 4.5 m.)

Feudal castle It is difficult to imagine the architectural appearance of the Middle Ages without a feudal castle. A castle is not only the home of a feudal lord, but also a defensive structure and a center of cultural life. They hosted knightly tournaments, competitions, theatrical performances, balls, and court hearings.

The simplest castle consisted of a massive tower with narrow windows - donjons. The feudal lord lived in the upper floors; on the lower floors there were warehouses, stables, kitchens, and servants' rooms. All castles were built in hard-to-reach places: in the middle of lakes, on mountain cliffs. The architecture of the castles is simple, they were built not for beauty, but for reliability and had a terrifying image.

Gothic architecture The Gothic style originated in France, from where it spread to Central and partly Eastern Europe. The term “Gothic” is associated with the name of the German tribe of the Goths, who barbarously sacked Rome in 410, and therefore denoted “barbaric”, crude art. The main Gothic architectural structures are cathedrals.

Cathedral in Amiens, 13th-15th centuries. The Gothic cathedral is based on a somewhat simplified Romanesque basilica in plan. The cathedral building consists of 2 massive towers, turning into thin spiers, and many windows in the form of pointed arches. All Gothic cathedrals are very richly decorated. Thus, thanks to the windows, Gothic churches became lighter and did not seem as dark and gloomy as Romanesque churches.

Notre Dame Cathedral 12th – 14th centuries. The masterpieces of early French Gothic include Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.

Cathedral in Cologne, Germany 13-15 centuries. The Cathedral in Cologne is a work of Gothic architecture typical of German architecture. This is a huge building with 2 towers topped with pointed spiers.

Church of St. Anne, Lithuania 15th century

Questions and tasks 1. Name the characteristic features of the Romanesque style in architecture. What religious ideas does the temple - basilica reveal? 2. Describe the image and structure of the Gothic cathedral. How is it different from a Romanesque basilica? 3. Compare the cathedrals in Reims and Amiens. What are their similarities and differences? 4.What is the structure and purpose of a medieval castle? 5. Try to compile a dictionary of Romanesque and Gothic architecture terms.

Cathedral in Amiens Cathedral in Cologne

Periodization: Early Middle Ages - 4th - 9th centuries Heyday of the Middle Ages - 9th - 13th centuries Late Middle Ages - centuries

Frankish Kingdom Charles Martell created a system of benefits. Benefice = feud (land plot) Land plot issued for service

Empire of Charlemagne

Knights Ritter-rider The future knight received a special knightly education from a very early age. At the age of 21, knighting took place, which was a complex ritual action (taking the sacrament, ablution, kneeling before the master, demonstrating the ability to wield a spear, etc.). A full-fledged knight received homage

Punishment of knights A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was demoted and shamefully expelled from noble society and the country, if he survived at all. At such a sad ceremony, as a rule, all representatives of the knightly class, as well as the church synod, were present. The condemned man was publicly led to the scaffold, where the knight's inverted shield was already hanging on the pillory. All the armor was removed from the criminal one by one, and he was deprived of titles, awards and estates. Then the clergy consigned him to eternal damnation and buried him alive, depriving him of his name and status. This was followed by the death penalty or, at best, exile. The shame that the demoted and cursed knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.

CASTLE, fortified dwelling of a feudal lord. Castles of Europe, Middle East, Caucasus, Wed. Asia were built in well-protected places; the main tower (donjon, keshk) was surrounded by ramparts, ditches, and walls. Severe, powerful castles from centuries. become more picturesque, free in layout, from centuries. turn into complex complexes of buildings and, finally, into palace ensembles.
Consolidation: 1. the basis for receiving a fief 2. senior in Latin 3. the main quality of a knight 4. the meaning of the word vassal 5. Vassal of the Duke 6. A brief statement about the character of a knight 7. lord of a baron 8. land ownership

Western European Middle Ages. Development of the feudal system. General history

The concept of the Middle Ages: The period between antiquity and modern times 476 (the fall of the Western Roman Empire. - By the 15th century, the beginning of the Great Geographical Discoveries.)

Periodization: Early Middle Ages - 4th - 9th centuries Heyday of the Middle Ages - 9th - 13th centuries Late Middle Ages - 13th - 15th centuries

Sources: “Salic Truth” “Annals of the Saint-Berteng Monastery” “Life of Charlemagne” Eingard the epic “Beowulf” “The Tale of the Nibelungs”

The Great Migration of Peoples of the VI-VII centuries. completion of the migration of peoples. The Huns, Germans, Slavs, Hungarians, and Arabs came to Europe. The expansion of the Scandinavian peoples continued until the 12th century.

Frankish Kingdom 800-843 Charles Martell created a system of benefits. Benefice = feud (land plot) Land plot issued for service

Empire of Charlemagne 800-843

Feudal society: praying working fighting

"Feudal ladder" vassal of my vassal not my vassal lord - "senior"

A sign of a feudal society is corporatism. Knightly orders Monastic brotherhoods Craft guilds City communes Unions of cities Merchants' guilds Rural communities Fellowships and sects

feudal lords FEODAL, in the era of feudalism, a land owner (owner of a fief), exploiting the peasants dependent on him.

Peasants

Residents of the city - artisans marking workshops

Knights Ritter-rider The future knight received a special knightly education from a very early age. At the age of 21, knighting took place, which was a complex ritual action (taking the sacrament, ablution, kneeling before the master, demonstrating the ability to wield a spear, etc.). A full-fledged knight received homage

Knights code of chivalry: courage, honesty, generosity, generosity, hospitality, courtesy, devotion to duty, nobility towards women.

Knight's Armament

Myths about a beautiful lady

Punishment of knights A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was demoted and shamefully expelled from noble society and the country, if he survived at all. At such a sad ceremony, as a rule, all representatives of the knightly class, as well as the church synod, were present. The condemned man was publicly led to the scaffold, where the knight's inverted shield was already hanging on the pillory. All the armor was removed from the criminal one by one, and he was deprived of titles, awards and estates. Then the clergy consigned him to eternal damnation and buried him alive, depriving him of his name and status. This was followed by the death penalty or, at best, exile. The shame that the demoted and cursed knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family.

Knight tournaments

Knightly tournaments Lists - battle of 2 knightly detachments Jostra - battle of two knights Bagardo - ceremonial departure of one knight to demonstrate dexterity and bearing

Castle-dwelling of the feudal lord

Castle-dwelling of a feudal lord CASTLE, fortified dwelling of a feudal lord. Castles of Europe, Middle East, Caucasus, Wed. Asia were built in well-protected places; the main tower (donjon, keshk) was surrounded by ramparts, ditches, and walls. Severe, powerful castles from the 11th-12th centuries. became more picturesque, free in layout, from the 13th-14th centuries. turn into complex complexes of buildings and, finally, into palace ensembles.

The principle of vassal-seigneurial relations: “The vassal of my vassal is not my vassal”

Consolidation: 1. the basis for receiving a fief 2. senior in Latin 3. the main quality of a knight 4. the meaning of the word vassal 5. Vassal of the Duke 6. A brief statement about the character of a knight 7. lord of a baron 8. land ownership

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