Meaning of the word orchestra. What is an orchestra? Orchestra of Belarusian Folk Instruments

Fedorov Veronica and Vasyagina Alexandra

Presentations were made as part of the project "In the World of Musical Instruments"

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Varieties of orchestras Performed by 7th grade student B Fedorov Veronica

Symphonic orchestra A symphony orchestra is an orchestra made up of several different groups of instruments - the family of violins, winds and percussion. The principle of such unification developed in Europe in the 18th century. Initially, the symphony orchestra included groups of bowed instruments, woodwind and brass instruments, which were joined by a few percussion musical instruments. Subsequently, the composition of each of these groups expanded and diversified. Currently, among a number of varieties of symphony orchestras, it is customary to distinguish between a small and a large symphony orchestra.

A small symphony orchestra is an orchestra of predominantly classical composition (playing music of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, or modern stylizations). It consists of 2 flutes (rarely a small flute), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 (rarely 4) horns, sometimes 2 trumpets and timpani, a string group of no more than 20 instruments (5 first and 4 second violins, 4 violas, 3 cellos, 2 double basses).

A large symphony orchestra includes obligatory trombones in the brass group and can have any composition. Often wooden instruments (flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons) reach up to 5 instruments of each family (sometimes there are more clarinets) and include varieties (small and alto flutes, Cupid oboe and English oboe, small, alto and bass clarinets, contrabassoon). The brass group can include up to 8 horns (including special Wagner tubas), 5 trumpets (including snare, alto, bass), 3-5 trombones (tenor and tenorbass) and tuba.

Brass band A brass band is an orchestra consisting exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. The basis of the brass band is made up of brass instruments, the leading role in the brass band among the brass instruments is played by the wide-bore brass instruments of the flugelhorn group - soprano-flugelhorns, cornets, altohorns, tenorhorns, baritone-euphoniums, bass and double bass tubas, (in the symphony orchestra only one double bass tuba).

Parts of narrow-bore brass instruments trumpets, horns, and trombones are superimposed on their basis. Woodwind instruments are also used in brass bands: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, and in larger ensembles - oboes and bassoons. In large brass bands, wooden instruments are repeatedly doubled (like strings in a symphony orchestra), varieties are used (especially small flutes and clarinets, English oboe, viola and bass clarinet, sometimes double bass clarinet and contrabassoon, alto flute and amour oboe are used quite rarely).

The wooden group is divided into two subgroups, similar to the two subgroups of brass: clarinet-saxophone (bright-sounding single-reed instruments - there are slightly more of them in number) and a group of flutes, oboes and bassoons (weaker in sound than clarinets, double-reed and whistle instruments) . The group of horns, trumpets and trombones is often divided into ensembles; trumpets (small trumpets, rarely alto and bass) and trombones (bass) are used. In such orchestras there is a large group of percussion, the basis of which is the same timpani and the “Janissary group”: small, cylindrical and large drums, cymbals, a triangle, as well as a tambourine, castanets and tam-tam.

String orchestra A string orchestra is essentially a group of bowed string instruments in a symphony orchestra. The string orchestra consists of two groups of violins (first violins and second violins), as well as violas, cellos and double basses. This type of orchestra has been known since the 16th-17th centuries.

In various countries, orchestras made up of folk instruments have become widespread, performing both transcriptions of works written for other ensembles and original compositions. As an example, we can name an orchestra of Russian folk instruments, which includes instruments of the domra and balalaika family, as well as gusli, button accordions, zhaleikas and other instruments. The idea to create such an orchestra was proposed at the end of the 19th century by the balalaika player Vasily Andreev. In some cases, such an orchestra additionally includes instruments that are actually not folk instruments: flutes, oboes, and various percussion instruments.

Pop orchestra A pop orchestra is a group of musicians performing pop and jazz music. The variety orchestra consists of strings, winds (including saxophones), keyboards, percussion and electric musical instruments.

A pop symphony orchestra is a large instrumental composition capable of combining the performing principles of various types of musical art. The variety part is represented in such compositions by a rhythm group (drum set, percussion, piano, synthesizer, guitar, bass guitar) and a full big band (groups of trumpets, trombones and saxophones); symphonic - a large group of string instruments, a group of woodwinds, timpani, harp and others.

The predecessor of the pop symphony orchestra was symphonic jazz, which arose in the USA in the 20s. and created the concert style of popular-entertainment and dance-jazz music. The domestic orchestras of L. Teplitsky (“Concert Jazz Band”, 1927) and the State Jazz Orchestra under the direction of V. Krushevitsky (1937) performed in line with symphonic jazz. The term Variety Symphony Orchestra appeared in 1954.

Jazz orchestra The jazz orchestra is one of the most interesting and unique phenomena of modern music. Having emerged later than all other orchestras, it began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphonic, and brass band music. Jazz uses many of the instruments of a symphony orchestra, but has a quality that is radically different from all other forms of orchestral music.

The main quality that distinguishes jazz from European music is the greater role of rhythm (much greater than in a military march or waltz). In this regard, in any jazz orchestra there is a special group of instruments - the rhythm section. A jazz orchestra has one more feature - jazz improvisation leads to the vagueness of its composition. However, there are several types of jazz orchestras (approximately 7-8): chamber combo (although this is the area of ​​the ensemble, it must be indicated, since it is the essence of the rhythm section), Dixieland chamber ensemble, and red jazz orchestra - small big band , large jazz orchestra without strings - big band, large jazz orchestra with strings (not symphonic type) - extended big band, symphonic jazz orchestra.

The rhythm section of all types of jazz orchestras usually includes drums, plucked strings, and keyboards. This is a jazz drum kit (1 player) consisting of several rhythm cymbals, several accent cymbals, several tom-toms (either Chinese or African), pedal cymbals, a snare drum and a special type of bass drum of African origin - the "Ethiopian (Kenyan) kick drum " (its sound is much softer than the Turkish bass drum).

Military orchestra A military orchestra is a special full-time military unit designed to perform military music, that is, musical works during drill training of troops, during military rituals, ceremonies, as well as for concert activities. There are homogeneous military bands, consisting of brass and percussion instruments, and mixed ones, which also include a group of woodwind instruments. The leadership of a military orchestra is carried out by a military conductor.

In the West, the establishment of more or less organized military bands dates back to the 17th century. Under Louis XIV, the orchestra consisted of pipes, oboes, bassoons, trumpets, timpani, and drums. All these instruments were divided into three groups, rarely combined together: pipes and drums, trumpets and timpani, oboes and bassoons. In the 18th century, the clarinet was introduced into the military orchestra, and military music acquired a melodic meaning. Until the beginning of the 19th century. Military bands in both France and Germany included, in addition to the above-mentioned instruments, horns, serpents, trombones and Turkish music, that is, bass drum, cymbals, triangle. The invention of pistons (a type of valve, or the so-called standing valve, a button that activates a mechanism that opens spare tubes, or crowns attached to a brass instrument) for brass instruments (1816) had a great influence on the development of the military band: trumpets, cornets appeared , bugelhorns, ophicleides with pistons, tubas, saxophones. It is also worth mentioning the orchestra, consisting only of brass instruments (fanfare). Such an orchestra is used in cavalry regiments. The new organization of military bands moved from the West to Russia.

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"Varieties of Orchestra". Completed by 7A class student Alexandra Vasyagina.

Orchestra. Orchestra (from the Greek ορχήστρα) is a large group of instrumental musicians. Unlike chamber ensembles, in an orchestra some of its musicians form groups that play in unison.

Symphony Orchestra. A symphony orchestra is a large group of musicians dedicated to performing academic music primarily of the Western European tradition. The symphony orchestra consists of instruments whose history is inextricably linked with the history of music in Western Europe. Music written for a symphony orchestra (also called "symphonic") usually takes into account the style that has developed within European musical culture. The basis of a symphony orchestra is made up of four groups of instruments: bowed strings, woodwinds and brass, and percussion. In some cases, other instruments are also included in the orchestra.

Symphony Orchestra.

Brass band. A brass band is an orchestra consisting of wind and percussion instruments. The core of the brass band consists of wide-bore and conventional brass instruments - cornets, flugelhorns, euphoniums, altos, tenors, baritones, basses, trumpets, horns, trombones. Woodwind instruments are also used in brass bands: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, and in larger ensembles - oboes and bassoons. At the beginning of the 19th century, under the influence of “Janissary music”, some percussion musical instruments appeared in brass bands, primarily a large drum and cymbals, giving the orchestra a rhythmic basis.

Brass band

String orchestra. A string orchestra is essentially a group of bowed string instruments in a symphony orchestra. The string orchestra consists of two groups of violins (first violins and second violins), as well as violas, cellos and double basses and guitars. This type of orchestra has been known since the 16th-17th centuries.

String orchestra.

Orchestra of folk instruments. In various countries, orchestras made up of folk instruments have become widespread, performing both transcriptions of works written for other ensembles and original compositions. As an example, we can name an orchestra of Russian folk instruments, which includes instruments of the domra and balalaika family, as well as gusli, button accordions, psaltery, rattles, whistles and other instruments. The idea to create such an orchestra was proposed at the end of the 19th century by the balalaika player Vasily Andreev. In some cases, such an orchestra additionally includes instruments that are actually not folk instruments: flutes, oboes, various bells and many percussion instruments.

Orchestra of folk instruments.

Pop orchestra. A pop orchestra is a group of musicians performing pop and jazz music. A pop orchestra consists of strings, winds (including saxophones, which are usually not represented in the wind groups of symphony orchestras), keyboards, percussion and electric musical instruments.

Pop orchestra.

Jazz orchestra. A jazz orchestra is one of the most interesting and unique phenomena of modern music. Having emerged later than all other orchestras, it began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphonic, and brass band music. Jazz uses many of the instruments of a symphony orchestra, but has a quality that is radically different from all other forms of orchestral music.

Jazz orchestra.

Military band. Military band, brass band, which is a regular unit of a military unit.

Military band.

School orchestra. A group of musicians consisting of school students, led, as a rule, by a teacher of primary music education. For musicians it is often the starting point of their future musical career.

School orchestra.

ORCHESTRA
Meaning:

ORCHESTRA, -a, m.

1. A group of musicians performing music together on various instruments. Symphonic, wind, string, jazz o. Chamber o. O. folk instruments.

2. The place in front of the stage where the musicians are located.

| adj. ~new, oh, oh. Orchestral music. Orchestra pit(recessed place for ~a in front of the stage).

S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Meaning:

orc éstr

1) A group of musicians performing a piece of music together on various instruments.

a) Ensemble of musical instruments.

b) Part of an ensemble of musical instruments in complex musical works.

3) The place in front of the stage where the musicians are located.

Modern explanatory dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"

ORCHESTRA

Meaning:

(from orchestra), a group of musicians (12 people or more) playing various instruments and performing musical works together. The term "orchestra" in the 17th and 18th centuries. replaced the term “capella”, common in European countries. The composition of the orchestra differs from strings, folk instruments, brass, symphony, etc.; by genre - pop, jazz, military. The chamber orchestra is characterized by a small number of performers.

Dictionary of foreign words

ORCHESTRA

Meaning:

1. A group of musicians performing musical works together on various instruments. Symphonic o. Chamber o. O. folk instruments. Orchestrator - a musician from an orchestra.

Orchestrate - present (present) a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or choir.||Cf. ENSEMBLE, CAPELLA I, CHORUS.

2. The place in the theater in front of the stage where the musicians are located. Sit in the orchestra. Orchestral - relating to the orchestra, orchestras.

Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language

orchestra

Meaning:

A, m.

A set of musical instruments participating in the performance of a musical work, as well as a group of musicians jointly performing a musical work on various instruments.

Brass band. Symphony Orchestra. String orchestra.

The regiment stretched out in a long column and walked rhythmically to the sounds of the regimental orchestra, which thundered a cheerful march. Garshin, From the memoirs of Private Ivanov.

The place in front of the stage in a theater where the musicians are seated.

(French orchestra from the Greek "ορχήστρα - area in front of the stage in an ancient Greek theater)

Compiled dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

orchestra

Meaning:

ORCHESTRA

(Greek orchestra). 1) everything is connected. several instruments together. 2) a place in the theater where the musicians are located.

ov, as a rule, performs instrumental works.

• ru (music)
• The sun played on the armor, the copper of the military orchestras called for battle.

Synonyms for orchestra

• • ensemble

Hyponyms for orchestra

• • chapel

Hypernyms for orchestra

• • ensemble
  • group
  • team
  • room

Similar words for orchestra

• Verbs

  • orchestrate

  adjectives

  • orchestral

  nouns

  • orchestration
  • orchestra player
  • orchestral player

  umlask

  • orchestra

Phraseologisms for the word orchestra

• • military band
  • brass band
  • chamber orchestra
  • Symphony Orchestra
  • string orchestra
  • one-man band

Music is, first of all, sounds. They can be loud and quiet, fast and slow, rhythmic and not very...

But each of them, each sounding note, in some certain way affects the consciousness of the person listening to the music, his state of mind. And if this is orchestral music, then it certainly cannot leave anyone indifferent!

Orchestra. Types of orchestras

An orchestra is a group of musicians who play music on musical instruments that are designed specifically for these instruments.

And depending on what this composition is, the orchestra has different musical capabilities: in timbre, dynamics, expressiveness.

What types of orchestras are there? The main ones are:

• symphonic;
• instrumental;
• folk instrument orchestra;
• wind;
• jazz;
• pop.

There is also a military orchestra (performing military songs), a school orchestra (comprising schoolchildren), and so on.

Symphony Orchestra

This type of orchestra contains strings, wind and percussion instruments.

There is a small symphony orchestra and a large one.

Maly is the one who plays the music of composers of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. There may also be modern variations in his repertoire. A large symphony orchestra differs from a small one by adding more instruments to its composition.

The small one must include:

• violins;
• alto;
• cellos;
• double basses;
• bassoons;
• horns;
• pipes;
• timpani;
• flutes;
• clarinet;
• oboe.

The large one includes the following tools:

• flutes;
• oboes;
• clarinets;
• contrabassoons.

By the way, it can contain up to 5 instruments from each family. And also in the large orchestra there are:

• horns;
• trumpets (bass, snare, alto);
• trombones (tenor, tenorbass);
• tuba

And, of course, percussion instruments:

• timpani;
• bells;
• snare and bass drum;
• triangle;
• plate;
• Indian tom-tom;
• harp;
• piano;
• harpsichord.

The peculiarity of a small orchestra is that there are about 20 string instruments in it, while in a large orchestra there are about 60.

The conductor leads the symphony orchestra. He artistically interprets a work performed by an orchestra using a score - a complete musical notation of all parts of each instrument of the orchestra.

Instrumental orchestra

This type of orchestra differs in its form in that it does not have a clear number of musical instruments of certain groups. And he can also perform any music (unlike a symphony orchestra, which performs exclusively classical music).

There are no specific types of instrumental orchestras, but conditionally they can include a pop orchestra, as well as an orchestra performing classics in modern arrangements.

According to historical information, instrumental music began to actively develop in Russia only under Peter the Great. She, of course, had Western influence, but she was no longer under such a ban as in earlier times. And before it got to the point where they banned not only playing, but also burning musical instruments. The Church believed that they had neither soul nor heart, and therefore they could not glorify God. And therefore instrumental music developed mainly among the common people.

They play in an instrumental orchestra the flute, lyre, cithara, pipe, trumpet, oboe, tambourine, trombone, pipe, nozzle and other musical instruments.

The most popular instrumental orchestra of the 20th century is the Paul Mauriat orchestra.

He was its conductor, leader, arranger. His orchestra played a lot of popular music of the 20th century, as well as his own compositions.

Folk Orchestra

In such an orchestra, the main instruments are folk ones.

For example, the most typical for a Russian folk orchestra are: domras, balalaikas, gusli, button accordions, harmonicas, zhaleikas, pipes, Vladimir horns, tambourines. Also additional musical instruments for such an orchestra are the flute and oboe.

The folk orchestra first appeared at the end of the 19th century, organized by V.V. Andreev. This orchestra toured a lot and gained wide popularity in Russia and abroad. And at the beginning of the 20th century, folk orchestras began to appear everywhere: in clubs, at palaces of culture, and so on.

Brass band

This type of orchestra assumes that it includes various wind and percussion instruments. It comes in small, medium and large.

Jazz orchestra

This type of orchestra was also called a jazz band.

It includes the following musical instruments: saxophone, piano, banjo, guitar, drums, trumpets, trombones, double bass, clarinets.

In general, jazz is a direction in music that was formed under the influence of African rhythms and folklore, as well as European harmony.

Jazz first appeared in the southern United States at the beginning of the 20th century. And soon it spread to all countries of the world. At home, this musical direction developed and was supplemented by new characteristic features that appeared in one or another region.

At one time in America, the terms “jazz” and “popular music” had the same meaning.

Jazz orchestras began to actively form already in the 1920s. And they remained so until the 40s.

Participants, as a rule, joined these musical groups in their teens, performing their specific part - memorized or from notes.

The 1930s are considered the pinnacle of glory for jazz orchestras. The leaders of the most famous jazz orchestras at that time were: Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, and others. Their musical works were heard everywhere at that time: on the radio, in dance clubs and so on.

Currently, jazz orchestras and melodies written in the jazz style are also very popular.

And although there are more types of musical orchestras, the article discusses the main ones.

Historical sketch

The very idea of ​​a group of instrumental performers simultaneously playing music goes back to ancient times: back in Ancient Egypt, small groups of musicians played together at various holidays and funerals.

The word “orchestra” (“orchestra”) comes from the name of the round platform in front of the stage in the ancient Greek theater, which housed the ancient Greek choir, a participant in any tragedy or comedy. During the Renaissance and further in the 17th century, the orchestra was transformed into an orchestra pit and, accordingly, gave its name to the group of musicians housed in it.

Symphony Orchestra

Symphony orchestra and choir

A symphonic orchestra is an orchestra made up of several different groups of instruments - a family of strings, winds and percussion. The principle of such unification developed in Europe in the 18th century. Initially, the symphony orchestra included groups of bowed instruments, woodwind and brass instruments, to which were attached a few percussion musical instruments. Subsequently, the composition of each of these groups expanded and diversified. Currently, among a number of varieties of symphony orchestras, it is customary to distinguish small And big Symphony Orchestra. A small symphony orchestra is an orchestra of predominantly classical composition (playing music of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, or modern stylizations). It consists of 2 flutes (rarely a small flute), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 (rarely 4) horns, sometimes 2 trumpets and timpani, a string group of no more than 20 instruments (5 first and 4 second violins, 4 violas, 3 cellos, 2 double basses). The Big Symphony Orchestra (BSO) includes obligatory trombones in the brass group and can have any composition. Often wooden instruments (flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons) reach up to 5 instruments of each family (sometimes there are more clarinets) and include varieties (small and alto flutes, Cupid oboe and English oboe, small, alto and bass clarinets, contrabassoon). The brass group can include up to 8 horns (including special Wagner tubas), 5 trumpets (including snare, alto, bass), 3-5 trombones (tenor and tenorbass) and tuba. Saxophones are used very often (all 4 types, see jazz orchestra). The string group reaches 60 or more instruments. There are numerous percussion instruments (although timpani, bells, small and large drums, triangle, cymbals and the Indian tom-tom form their backbone), the harp, piano, and harpsichord are often used.

Brass band

A brass band is an orchestra consisting exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. The basis of the brass band is made up of brass instruments, the leading role in the brass band among the brass instruments is played by the wide-bore brass instruments of the flugelhorn group - soprano-flugelhorns, cornets, altohorns, tenorhorns, baritone euphoniums, bass and double bass tubas, (note in the symphony orchestra only one double bass tuba is used). Parts of narrow-bore brass instruments trumpets, horns, and trombones are superimposed on their basis. Woodwind instruments are also used in brass bands: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, and in larger ensembles - oboes and bassoons. In large brass bands, wooden instruments are repeatedly doubled (like strings in a symphony orchestra), varieties are used (especially small flutes and clarinets, English oboe, viola and bass clarinet, sometimes double bass clarinet and contrabassoon, alto flute and amour oboe are used quite rarely). The wooden group is divided into two subgroups, similar to the two subgroups of brass: clarinet-saxophone (bright-sounding single-reed instruments - there are slightly more of them in number) and a group of flutes, oboes and bassoons (weaker in sound than clarinets, double-reed and whistle instruments) . The group of horns, trumpets and trombones is often divided into ensembles; trumpets (small trumpets, rarely alto and bass) and trombones (bass) are used. In such orchestras there is a large group of percussion, the basis of which is the same timpani and the “Janissary group”: small, cylindrical and large drums, cymbals, a triangle, as well as a tambourine, castanets and tom-toms. Possible keyboard instruments are piano, harpsichord, synthesizer (or organ) and harps. A large brass band can play not only marches and waltzes, but also overtures, concertos, opera arias and even symphonies. The gigantic combined brass bands in parades are actually based on doubling all the instruments and their composition is very poor. These are just multiply enlarged small brass bands without oboes, bassoons and with a small number of saxophones. The brass band is distinguished by its powerful, bright sonority and therefore is often used not in closed spaces, but in the open air (for example, accompanying a procession). It is typical for a brass band to perform military music, as well as popular dances of European origin (so-called garden music) - waltzes, polkas, mazurkas. Recently, garden music brass bands have been changing their composition, merging with orchestras of other genres. So, when performing Creole dances - tango, foxtrot, blues jive, rumba, salsa, elements of jazz are used: instead of a Janissary drum group, a jazz drum set (1 performer) and a number of Afro-Creole instruments (see jazz orchestra). In such cases, keyboard instruments (piano, organ) and harp are increasingly used.

String orchestra

A string orchestra is essentially a group of bowed string instruments in a symphony orchestra. The string orchestra consists of two groups of violins ( first violins and second violins), as well as violas, cellos and double basses. This type of orchestra has been known since the 16th-17th centuries.

Folk Instruments Orchestra

In various countries, orchestras made up of folk instruments have become widespread, performing both transcriptions of works written for other ensembles and original compositions. As an example, we can name an orchestra of Russian folk instruments, which includes instruments of the domra and balalaika family, as well as gusli, accordion, zhaleika, rattles, whistles and other instruments. The idea to create such an orchestra was proposed at the end of the 19th century by the balalaika player Vasily Andreev. In some cases, such an orchestra additionally includes instruments that are actually not folk instruments: flutes, oboes, various bells and many percussion instruments.

Variety orchestra

A pop orchestra is a group of musicians performing pop and jazz music. A pop orchestra consists of strings, winds (including saxophones, which are usually not represented in the wind groups of symphony orchestras), keyboards, percussion and electric musical instruments.

A pop symphony orchestra is a large instrumental composition capable of combining the performing principles of various types of musical art. The variety part is represented in such compositions by a rhythm group (drum set, percussion, piano, synthesizer, guitar, bass guitar) and a full big band (groups of trumpets, trombones and saxophones); symphonic - a large group of string instruments, a group of woodwinds, timpani, harp and others.

The predecessor of the pop symphony orchestra was symphonic jazz, which arose in the USA in the 20s. and created the concert style of popular-entertainment and dance-jazz music. In line with symphonic jazz, the domestic orchestras of L. Teplitsky (“Concert Jazz Band”, 1927) and the State Jazz Orchestra under the direction of V. Knushevitsky (1937) performed. The term “Variety Symphony Orchestra” appeared in 1954. This became the name of the Variety Orchestra of the All-Union Radio and Television under the direction of Y. Silantyev, created in 1945. In 1983, after the death of Silantyev, it was led by A. Petukhov, then M. Kazhlaev. The variety and symphony orchestras also included the orchestras of the Moscow Hermitage Theater, the Moscow and Leningrad Variety Theatres, the Blue Screen Orchestra (director B. Karamyshev), the Leningrad Concert Orchestra (director A. Badchen), the State Variety Orchestra of the Latvian SSR under the direction of Raymond Pauls, State Pop Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, Presidential Orchestra of Ukraine, etc.

Most often, pop symphony orchestras are used during song gala performances, television competitions, and less often for the performance of instrumental music. Studio work (recording music for radio and cinema, on sound media, creating phonograms) prevails over concert work. Pop symphony orchestras have become a kind of laboratory for domestic, light and jazz music.

Jazz orchestra

A jazz orchestra is one of the most interesting and unique phenomena of modern music. Having emerged later than all other orchestras, it began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphonic, and brass band music. Jazz uses many of the instruments of a symphony orchestra, but has a quality that is radically different from all other forms of orchestral music.

The main quality that distinguishes jazz from European music is the greater role of rhythm (much greater than in a military march or waltz). In this regard, in any jazz orchestra there is a special group of instruments - the rhythm section. A jazz orchestra has one more feature - the predominant role of jazz improvisation leads to noticeable variability in its composition. However, there are several types of jazz orchestras (about 7-8): chamber combo (although this is the area of ​​the ensemble, it must be indicated, since it is the essence of the rhythm section), Dixieland chamber ensemble, small jazz orchestra - small big band , large jazz orchestra without strings - big band, large jazz orchestra with strings (not symphonic type) - extended big band, symphonic jazz orchestra.

The rhythm section of all types of jazz orchestras usually includes drums, plucked strings, and keyboards. This is a jazz drum kit (1 player) consisting of several rhythm cymbals, several accent cymbals, several tom-toms (either Chinese or African), pedal cymbals, a snare drum and a special type of bass drum of African origin - the "Ethiopian (Kenyan) kick drum "(its sound is much softer than the Turkish bass drum). In many styles of southern jazz and Latin American music (rumba, salsa, tango, samba, cha-cha-cha, etc.), additional drums are used: a set of congo-bongo drums, maracas (chocalos, cabasas), bells, wooden boxes, Senegalese bells (agogo), clave, etc. Other instruments of the rhythm section that already hold the melodic-harmonic pulse: piano, guitar or banjo (a special type of North African guitar), acoustic bass guitar or double bass (played only by plucking). In large orchestras, sometimes there are several guitars, a guitar along with a banjo, both types of bass. The rarely used tuba is the rhythm section's wind bass instrument. In large orchestras (big bands of all 3 types and symphonic jazz) they often use vibraphone, marimba, flexatone, ukulele, blues guitar (both of the latter are slightly electrified, along with bass), but these instruments are no longer part of the rhythm section.

Other groups of a jazz orchestra depend on its type. The combo usually has 1-2 soloists (saxophone, trumpet or bow soloist: violin or viola). Examples: ModernJazzQuartet, JazzMessenjers.

Dixieland has 1-2 trumpets, 1 trombone, clarinet or soprano saxophone, sometimes alto or tenor saxophone, 1-2 violins. The Dixieland rhythm section uses the banjo more often than the guitar. Examples: Armstrong ensemble (USA), Tsfasman ensemble (USSR).

A small big band may have 3 trumpets, 1-2 trombones, 3-4 saxophones (soprano = tenor, alto, baritone, everyone also plays clarinets), 3-4 violins, sometimes a cello. Examples: Ellington's First Orchestra 29-35 (USA), Bratislava Hot Serenaders (Slovakia).

In a large big band there are usually 4 trumpets (1-2 play high soprano parts at the level of small ones with special mouthpieces), 3-4 trombones (4 trombone tenor-double bass or tenor bass, sometimes 3), 5 saxophones (2 altos, 2 tenors = soprano, baritone).

An extended big band can have up to 5 trumpets (with individual trumpets), up to 5 trombones, additional saxophones and clarinets (5-7 general saxophones and clarinets), bowed strings (no more than 4 - 6 violins, 2 violas, 3 cellos) , sometimes horn, flute, small flute (only in the USSR). Similar experiments in jazz were carried out in the USA by Duke Ellington, Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, Stanley Kenton, Count Basie, in Cuba - Paquito d'Rivera, Arturo Sandoval, in the USSR - Eddie Rosner, Leonid Utyosov.

A symphonic jazz orchestra includes a large string group (40-60 performers), and bowed double basses are possible (in a big band there can only be bowed cellos, the double bass is a member of the rhythm section). But the main thing is the use of flutes, rare for jazz (in all types from small to bass), oboes (all 3-4 types), horns and bassoons (and contrabassoon), which are not at all typical for jazz. Clarinets are complemented by bass, viola, and small clarinet. Such an orchestra can perform symphonies and concerts specially written for it, and participate in operas (Gershwin). Its peculiarity is a pronounced rhythmic pulse, which is not found in a regular symphony orchestra. What should be distinguished from a symphonic jazz orchestra is its complete aesthetic opposite - a pop orchestra, based not on jazz, but on beat music.

Special types of jazz orchestras are the brass jazz band (a brass band with a jazz rhythm section, including a guitar group and with a reduced role of flugelhorns), a church jazz band ( currently exists only in Latin America, includes an organ, choir, church bells, the entire rhythm section, drums without bells and agogos, saxophones, clarinets, trumpets, trombones, bowed strings), a jazz-rock ensemble (the Miles Davis group, from the Soviets - “Arsenal”, etc. .).

Military band

Military band, brass band, which is a regular unit of a military unit.

School orchestra

A group of musicians consisting of school students, led, as a rule, by a teacher of primary music education. For musicians it is often the starting point of their future musical career.

Notes

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Verges, Paul

ORCHESTRA See what “Orchestra” is in other dictionaries: - (Greek orchestra). 1) everything is connected. several instruments together. 2) a place in the theater where the musicians are located. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ORCHESTRA Greek. orchestra. a) The composition of the choir of musicians...

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language- a, m. orchestra m., German. Orchester lat. orchestra gr. 1. Ensemble of musical instruments. BASS 1. Piece for string orchestra. BAS 1. 2. A group of musicians performing a piece of music together on different instruments. BAS 1.… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language