Golden Gate to Ancient Rus' workbook. Golden Gate to Ancient Rus'. VI. Homework

During the classes.

1. Org. moment

2. Updating knowledge.

History is a process of development; it can be compared to an unstoppable movement forward. Over the course of several lessons, we talked about Ancient Rus'. And what exactly we will talk about today, you will find out if you continue the sentence:

... (culture).

Give examples.

Why do you need this?

Look back at our ancestors,
To the heroes of days past,
Remember them with kind words.
Glory to them stern fighters!
Glory to Russian antiquity!
And about this old thing
I'll start telling you
So that people can know
About the affairs of our native land...

(A rare monument of ancient Russian culture. The building was built of white stone in 1158-1164 by the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, as the main battle and passage tower of the fortress he newly created. Of the five external gates of the fortress, only one survived - the Golden.
The building is a high, powerful tower, cut through by a 14-meter vault with an arched lintel in the middle. Oak doors bound with gilded copper were attached under the lintel.)

The children asked: “Why do you draw them?” To which the artist replied: “I want to paint our city as it was during the times of Ancient Rus'. To do this, I must thoroughly study all the ancient Russian buildings, things, and books that survived the whirlpool of time. In a word - all...(cultural monuments) that have survived to this day.

Close your eyes and listen to the modern city noise. Now imagine that we approached the Golden Gate, walked through the gate opening, and were enveloped in twilight. The city was noisy behind me, cars were honking, and the smell of gasoline could be heard. Ahead we also hear the city noise, but it’s different, and it smells different: freshly planed wood and fragrant honey (light a candle for the smell). We walked forward and the city of Vladimir of the 12th century appeared before us. We look in fascination at the revived ancient city. At this time the bells rang (recording of the sound of the bells). All the townspeople left their work and headed to the upper fortress, where the white stone temple shone with golden domes. Open your eyes and look: this is the main temple of Vladimir - the Assumption Cathedral.


You will see a dream come true.
Like the smoke of a fire in the calm, like a flame,
Like a song, the temple flows to heights;
He rushes to the heights, solemn and slender,
The stone is inspired by the singing power, -
He's built for God or not built for God
But it was erected by man.

(Shefner. B.)

majestic

white stone

solemn

unsightly

slim

expressive

golden-headed

Frescoes

Continued from 48.

altar

icon

Looking at illustrations.

Cyrillic

From the history of the Cyrillic alphabet

E.M.Vereshchagin

Review and discussion.

Who are they monks ?

Where they lived? ( in the monastery )

Reading text on p52

Looking at the illustration.

chronicles? ».

Reading the text on pages 52-53

What's happened chronicles?

5. Generalization.

On the desk: The Golden Gate of the Vladimir Fortress is the gateway to Ancient Rus'. Why can we say this?

Examination.

7. Lesson summary.

Evaluate student work.

I found out…

I was surprised...

I thought...

8. Home task.

P.46-53 (school). p.12№22 (tet.)

View document contents
"Golden Gate to Ancient Rus'"

Introductory course of history and social studies “My Fatherland”.

Lesson 8. “Golden Gate” to Ancient Rus'.

Goals:

to form in the student an image of the culture of Ancient Rus' as many great monuments of writing, literature, art, with the help of which we can plunge into the world of thoughts and feelings of our distant ancestors;

create an image of the life of monks of medieval Rus' and monasteries as centers of culture, creative activity, and moral behavior;

develop the ability to meaningfully use concepts and terms in your speech when solving creative tasks;

foster a sense of pride in the culture of your homeland.

During the classes.

1. Org. moment

Let this lesson, carried out together, allow you to discover many new things.

2. Updating knowledge.

History is a process of development; it can be compared to an unstoppable movement forward. Over the course of several lessons, we talked about Ancient Rus'. And what exactly we will talk about today, you will find out if you continue the sentence:

Ancient Rus' was famous for its rich cities, in which a unique ... (culture).

What is culture? (All the achievements of mankind, everything useful or beautiful that was made by man.)

Give examples.

In the last lesson you understood what culture and cultural monuments are. And today we will try to determine. What cultural monuments help us tell about the times of Ancient Rus'.

In what centuries was our state called Ancient Russia? Open the textbook on p. 22 and tell me. (9th-13th centuries)

Open the textbook on p. 30, look at the map and name which cities were part of Ancient Rus'. (Kyiv, Galich, Pinsk, Turov, Chernigov, Smolensk, Vladimir, Suzdal, Ryazan, Kursk, etc.)

Have you come across names of cities that currently exist that are familiar to you?

Would you like to travel around Ancient Rus' to get even better acquainted with the preserved cultural monuments?

Why do you need this?

We will visit the city of Vladimir today. Look at the map and find where Vladimir is.

Look back at our ancestors,
To the heroes of days past,
Remember them with kind words.
Glory to them stern fighters!
Glory to Russian antiquity!
And about this old thing
I'll start telling you
So that people can know
About the affairs of our native land...

3. Creation of a problematic situation.

Before you set out on your journey, I challenge you to identify which concepts we already know and which ones we don’t.

On the board are concepts: culture, cultural monuments, frescoes, altar, icon, Cyrillic alphabet, monk, monastery, chronicle.

(Distribute all concepts into 2 columns)

Which of these concepts is the broadest? (culture)

Can all other concepts be attributed to culture? Why?

Let's see if our knowledge will be replenished by the end of the lesson.

4. Joint discovery of new knowledge.

We will go traveling not alone, but with the heroes of our textbook.

The parents of Anyuta and Ilyusha decided to extend their trip. When they arrived at the Vladimir station, they went for a walk around the city. On one of the squares, Anyuta and Ilyusha’s attention was attracted by an ancient building. (Show illustration)

The artist stood next to the guys. He sketched this structure in his album. Suddenly he turned to the children and said: “Before us is the Golden Gate of the fortress wall of Ancient Vladimir. They were built in the 12th century."

(A rare monument of ancient Russian culture. The building was built of white stone in 1158–1164 by the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, as the main battle and passage tower of the fortress he newly created. Of the five external gates of the fortress, only one survived - the Golden.
The building is a high, powerful tower, cut through by a 14-meter vault with an arched lintel in the middle. Oak doors bound with gilded copper were attached under the lintel.)

The children asked: “Why do you draw them?” To which the artist replied: “I want to paint our city as it was during the times of Ancient Rus'. To do this, I must thoroughly study all the ancient Russian buildings, things, and books that survived the whirlpool of time. In a word - all...(cultural monuments) that have survived to this day.

So, what cultural monuments will help tell us about the times of Ancient Rus'?

Let's compare our conclusion with the conclusion in the textbook, p.46.

This is the main idea of ​​our lesson and this is what we will talk about today.

Are you interested in being in Ancient Rus'?

Well, well, you can try.

Close your eyes and listen to the modern city noise. Now imagine that we approached the Golden Gate, walked through the gate opening, and were enveloped in twilight. The city was noisy behind me, cars were honking, and the smell of gasoline could be heard. Ahead we also hear the city noise, but it’s different, and it smells different: freshly planed wood and fragrant honey (light a candle for the smell). We walked forward and the city of Vladimir of the 12th century appeared before us. We look in fascination at the revived ancient city. At this time the bells rang (recording of the sound of the bells). All the townspeople left their work and headed to the upper fortress, where the white stone temple shone with golden domes. Open your eyes and look: this is the main temple of Vladimir - the Assumption Cathedral.

Listen to the poem and say which words of the poet prove that the cathedral or temple is a cultural monument.

But look up - over the gray hills
You will see a dream come true.
Like the smoke of a fire in the calm, like a flame,
Like a song, the temple flows to heights;
He rushes to the heights, solemn and slender,
The stone is inspired by the singing power, -
He's built for God or not built for God
But it was erected by man.

(Shefner. B.)

So, what words of the poet prove that a cathedral or temple is a cultural monument?

Choose the words that suit the description of the Assumption Cathedral:

majestic

white stone

solemn

unsightly

slim

expressive

golden-headed

And we find out what was inside the temple by reading from the textbook, p. 47.

Reading a text, working with concepts and moving them from the unknown to the known on the board.

Frescoes

What shorter word can replace the word clergyman? (priest)

Continued from 48.

altar

icon

Looking at illustrations.

The children saw intricate letters on one of the icons, but could not read them. The letters seemed to be familiar, but did not form words. Why do you think?

Look at the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, which is called Cyrillic . How is it similar to the modern one? What is the difference?

This alphabet was invented especially for the Slavs by two brothers, Cyril and Methodius. Why do you think the alphabet is called Cyrillic? Us. 49th

In the illustration on the left you see these brothers. What do you think this image is? (icon)

Now let's look at the illustrations on p. 50 and determine what they wrote on in such intricate letters?

Review and discussion.

In the 12th century in Rus' they did not yet know how to make paper and did not even know that such a material existed in the world. But many were literate and used birch bark (birch bark) for everyday writing. The letters on it were pressed with a pointed stick. But books were written on parchment - specially treated animal skin. The book was very difficult. The covers were made of thin boards and covered with leather. The cover was decorated with gold and silver plates and precious stones. They were written by hand. Looking at the illustration on p. 49 and 53. And who wrote them, we find out from the textbook, p. 51, last paragraph.

Who wrote books in Ancient Rus'?

Who copied them by hand?

Reading and looking at illustrations.

Who are they monks ?

Where they lived? ( in the monastery )

Reading text on p52

What very important work did the monks do?

Looking at the illustration.

What did the monks do in the monastery?

After the illustration on p. 52 read the text yourself and find the answer to the question “what is chronicles? ».

Reading the text on pages 52-53

What's happened chronicles?

While talking with the artist, Anyuta and Ilyusha, and together with them we again walked under the arches of the Golden Gate.

5. Generalization.

On the desk: The Golden Gate of the Vladimir Fortress is the gateway to Ancient Rus'. Why can we say this?

Let's repeat once again which cultural monuments help us learn about the times of Ancient Rus' (houses, temples, books)

6. Application of knowledge in practice.

All concepts during the lesson from the ignorance column were transferred to the knowledge column. Now we will check how you have mastered these concepts.?

Open the workbooks on p. 12 and complete task No. 21 yourself.

Examination.

7. Lesson summary.

Evaluate student work.

Let's summarize the lesson. Start with any words.

I found out…

I was surprised...

I thought...

8. Home task.

P.46-53 (school). p.12№22 (tet.)

Teacher: - What’s your mood?

Children: - Wow! (show who is in what mood)

There are red leaves in front of you. Write: what are you afraid of, what worries you. Attach these leaves to the board.

And in yellow - what do you expect from the lesson.

Now hold hands, close your eyes and feel each other. You are together, you are a team! Open your eyes, smile, wish each other good luck, get into a working mood and... good luck!

Teacher: - What’s your mood?

Preparation for work at the main stage.

You and I continue to travel through Ancient Rus'.

What is the topic of our lesson today? Read.(slide 1)

Do you understand the topic? What questions do you want to ask the author? (Why were gates needed in Ancient Rus'? Did they exist? Were they really golden?)

Let's try to answer the first question:

What do you know about Ancient Rus'? When did the state emerge? (This is a state. Formed in 882 as a result of the unification of cities?).

What was the territory of the ancient Russian state? Was a gate necessary?

Why are the gates called “golden”? (children's answers)

In the city of Vladimir (This city is named after its founder Vladimir Monomakh.)the main gates were also called “golden”, but no one still knows for sure whether they were actually made of gold.

Contradiction:“The gates are called “golden”, but what material they were made of is unknown.”

Are all objects that we call gold made of gold? Explain the expressions: “golden hands”, “golden heart”.

So why were the gates called “golden”? (special, main, important) (In the old days, gates led to the city. The most solemn ones were called Golden. Many legends are associated with them, the most honored guests entered through them, the enemy sought to enter the city through them to demonstrate their victory.The Golden Gate simultaneously served the city as both a defense center and a ceremonial entrance. Their powerful white stone cube, cut through by a huge arch and a highly crowned golden-domed church, is a remarkable structure of fortress architecture.(slide 2)

Your guesses.

So, what do they want to tell us about? (about something special, very important and important)

What is the goal of our lesson? (Find out: what’s behind the gate?)slide 3

To find answers to the questions that interest us, let's work in groups. (Each group receives a piece of paper with an assignment):

Task 1 group:

Task 2 group: Read the text and answer the questions:

Task 4 group :

Who are monks?

Task 5 group :

Initial check of understanding of what has been learned (demonstration of group work) slide 4

Teacher: Look back at our ancestors,

To the heroes of days past.

Remember them with a kind word -

Glory to them, the stern fighters!

Glory to our side!

Glory to Russian antiquity!

And about this old thing

I'll start telling you

So that people can know

About the affairs of our native land...

Performance of 1 group. (slide 5)

In the table: traders, artisans, peasants

- Craftsmen - craftsmen who forged tools and weapons from iron, sculpted beautiful dishes from clay, sewed clothes, built houses and churches.
Craftsmen they were engaged in blacksmithing, others sculpted pots from clay, others were carpenters, others made gold and silver dishes, and various decorations.Merchants Hot pies with hare and mushrooms and pancakes with honey were sold directly from the stalls.
Visiting peasants wax in bags, honey in tubs, furs (animal skins used for fur), leather, fish, and vegetables were sold directly from the carts.

Performance of 2 groups. (slide 6)

In the table: merchants

Merchant - traded various goods, traveled to distant countries and brought strange things.

Foreign merchants sold amber, bright fabrics, shiny helmets, expensive clothes, colorful carpets, silver and gold vessels, wines, and fragrant herbs.
Russian merchants offered customers grain, swords with patterns on the blade and jewelry trim on the handle, ingenious locks with springs, chain mail shirts woven from small but durable rings, and fur.

Teacher: There are many Orthodox churches in Russia. They reveal the soul of the Russian people, their love for their land. They were built in the most beautiful places and amazed with their enormous size, severity and exceptional beauty of interior decoration.

Slide 7 -10 Mosaic

The walls are paintedfrescoes

Teacher. altar, icons (iconostasis). Royal Gates.

Read the textbook text on p.34 (starting from the last paragraph) and on p. 35 (until the section “Learning to read and write is always useful”). Answer the questions:
1.What did the temples look like inside? What was on the walls?
2. How do frescoes differ from icons?
3. Why do people go to church?

What do you think an icon is?

Icon - (translated from Greek - image, image) a sacred image of Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, saints or angels, as well as events of Sacred history. The icon, being the main shrine, is designed to attract the gaze of those praying to itself. In ancient manuscripts it is said about the icon: “Its beauty is unspeakable, and it is wonderfully painted.”The painting of icons was considered a godly deed.

In ancient Rus', icon painters painted icons on wooden boards. To paint icons, one had to have talent, to know the secret of making paints, because they were painted for centuries. Many people believed and still believe that icons can work miracles.

A real icon painter had to be a righteous man, an extraordinary person: he had the talent of an artist and the knowledge of a theologian. A woman, as well as a person of a different faith, could not become an icon painter. In Rus', icon painters were treated with great respect. Before starting work on the icon, the artist fasted, went to the bathhouse the day before, and put on a clean shirt. When starting work, the icon painter offered a prayer to God, asking him for grace for his labors.

Student. - The most revered icon in Rus' was the image of the Mother of God with a baby in her arms. This icon was calledOur Lady of Vladimir and became a kind of symbol of Rus' - the greatest Russian shrine (it is currently kept in the Tretyakov Gallery). Our Lady of Vladimir is one of the most perfect works of world art.

The subject of the icon is eternal, like life itself, and touching, like love. The Child Christ hugged the Mother of God by the neck and tenderly pressed his cheek to her face. The face of the Mother of God is amazing and unique. The deepest grief and sadness of the mother, foreseeing the cruel fate of her son, was imprinted in the eyes. Love and sadness - two feelings conveyed by the brilliant Byzantine master. A mother feels the fate of her child.

There is a story connected with it. In 1395, a new danger loomed over Russia. The invincible commander of Asia, Tamerlane, moved his countless hordes to Russian lands. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Vasily, ordered the icon to be brought from Vladimir to Moscow. And the incredible happened: Tamerlane’s army turned and went home.

What cultural values ​​were considered? . - Icons, frescoes, mosaics.

. - How to call it in one word? . - Painting.

Cyril and Methodius

Student.

Teaches. The creators of the Cyrillic alphabet, Cyril and Methodius, were canonized as saints for their ascetic activities. The letters of the Cyrillic alphabet did not quite resemble modern ones in their style. The letter A was called "az", the letter B - "buki". The word “alphabet” comes from their name.

Most of the ancient written sources that have reached us are written in Cyrillic with these letters.

What written sources are you familiar with?

Chronicle - a record of events in Russian history, arranged by year. It was the chronicles that preserved for us the memory of the times of Ancient Rus' - a strong state in which a rich and vibrant culture was created.

Why were they called that?

. - The year was then called “summer”, so the yearly record began to be called a chronicle.

. -Who wrote the chronicles?

. - But chronicles were most often written by monks, i.e. people who have dedicated their entire lives to serving God.

. - When did chronicle writing begin in Rus'?

. - This type of literature was widespread in the 11th - 17th centuries.

All the books were handwritten: they did not yet know how to print them. In the 12th century. In Rus' they did not yet know how to make paper. Most books were written on parchment - specially treated calf or lamb skin. Parchment is a very expensive material.

Parchment - processed calf skins that were used for writing.

Teacher. - What is the name of the most famous chronicle?

Slide 20. Student. - One of the ancient Russian chronicles, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” was compiled in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery by monk Nestor, telling about the birth of the Old Russian state. Chronicles tell about our ancient history.

Teacher. - What else did the Slavs use to record everyday decrees, letters, expenses?

Student. - Birch bark - birch bark.

What do we consider cultural values? Chronicles, ancient Russian books.

. - How to call it in one word? - Writing.

Physical exercise.

Imagine that we went to the forest to get birch bark for writing.

We came across a river. The movements are fluid and soft. We swim across it.

And now there is a thick thicket on the way. We must go through it. The movements are strong, chopping.

We are looking for a birch tree. We move our eyes in different directions.

We found a birch tree. We cut the bark. Making a sharp writing stick.

5. Generalization of acquired knowledge. Expressing a solution to a problem.

So what's behind the gate? (cities, people, activities, products, temples, i.e.culture)

What do you mean by the word “culture”? (children's answers)

Check your guesses using the dictionary in the textbook on p. 141. Find out there what “cultural monuments” are. What can be attributed to them?

What are cultural monuments for us? (historical springs, sources)Why is it necessary to treat cultural monuments with care?

How could the topic of our lesson be formulated differently? (“Cultural Monuments”)

Ancient Rus' was called the country of cities. Consult in groups and offer your own answers (Cities are the centers of the entire life of the state. They were beautiful, unusual, many people had the impression that the entire population lived in cities)

6. Control and self-control of knowledge.

Solving a crossword puzzle (in groups)

Horizontally:

2. Main part of the temple

3. Kirill's brother

4. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

Vertically:

7. Reflection.

Our lesson is coming to an end.

"I found out…",

"I was surprised..."

"I remembered…",

"I wanna know …".

8. Homework information:

P.32-37, vol. No. 1.2, 3 p.12-13

Task No. 3 on p. 37 textbooks

Horizontally:

2. Main part of the temple

3. Kirill's brother

4. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

6. Image made with paints

7. A man who dedicated his life to God

8. What they wrote on in Ancient Rus'

Vertically:

1. The city where the Golden Gate is located

5. Recording the events of Russian history by year

Horizontally:

2. Main part of the temple

3. Kirill's brother

4. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

6. Image made with paints

7. A man who dedicated his life to God

8. What they wrote on in Ancient Rus'

Vertically:

1. The city where the Golden Gate is located

5. Recording the events of Russian history by year

Horizontally:

2. Main part of the temple

3. Kirill's brother

4. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

6. Image made with paints

7. A man who dedicated his life to God

8. What they wrote on in Ancient Rus'

Vertically:

1. The city where the Golden Gate is located

5. Recording the events of Russian history by year

Horizontally:

2. Main part of the temple

3. Kirill's brother

4. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

6. Image made with paints

7. A man who dedicated his life to God

8. What they wrote on in Ancient Rus'

Vertically:

1. The city where the Golden Gate is located

5. Recording the events of Russian history by year

Horizontally:

2. Main part of the temple

3. Kirill's brother

4. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

6. Image made with paints

7. A man who dedicated his life to God

8. What they wrote on in Ancient Rus'

Vertically:

1. The city where the Golden Gate is located

5. Recording the events of Russian history by year

Task 1 group: Read the text and answer the questions:
1. Who are artisans? (check your guess in the dictionary p. 142)
2. What products did the artisans sell? (list)
3. Who are the peasants? What did they trade?
Kyiv was then divided into two districts. The part that stretched along the river valley was called Podol. And along the high bank of the Dnieper stretched the Upper City. Traders and artisans lived on Podol.
Craftsmen were engaged in blacksmithing, others sculpted pots from clay, still others carpentered, and still others made gold and silver dishes and various jewelry. Merchants were selling hot hare and mushroom pies and pancakes with honey directly from their stalls.
Visiting peasants sold wax in bags, honey in tubs, furs (animal skins used for fur), leather, fish, and vegetables directly from the carts.

Task 2 group: Read the text and answer the questions:
1. Who are merchants? (check your guess in the dictionary p. 140)
2. What did foreign merchants trade?
3. What goods did Russian merchants offer?
Early morning. Fog is still spreading over the Dnieper. You can hear the splash of oars on the water and people talking. The rowers work harmoniously with their oars. On one of the boats the benches are covered with carpets. People in beautiful clothes and with expensive weapons sit on them. These are foreign trade guests (merchants).
Opposite the Novgorod Kremlin was the main shopping area of ​​the city. Foreign merchants sold amber, bright fabrics, shiny helmets, expensive clothes, colorful carpets, silver and gold vessels, wines, and fragrant herbs.
Russian merchants offered customers grain, swords with patterns on the blade and jewelry trim on the handle, ingenious locks with springs, chain mail shirts woven from small but durable rings, and fur.

Task 4 group : Read the text of the textbook “Works and Prayers” pp. 36-37 and answer the questions:

Who are monks?

Why did they wear black clothes?

What were they doing? Where did you live?

Task 5 group : Read the text of the textbook on pp. 35-36 “Learning to read and write is always useful” and answer the questions:

What was the name of the Old Russian alphabet?

In honor of whom did he get this name? What was the second brother's name?

What were the books of Ancient Rus' like?

Performance of 4 groups. (slide 11-12)

Our ancestors did not know how to read books or write letters. Two enlighteners appeared in Rus', wise brothersCyril and Methodius . In 862 they created the Slavic alphabet.

Student. - They lived on the border of the Byzantine state and the Slavic lands in the city of Thessaloniki. At home, the two brothers spoke Slavic, but at school, education was conducted only in Greek. The younger Kirill dreamed of writing books that were understandable to the Slavs, and for this it was necessary to come up with Slavic letters. Years have passed. The brothers grew up and learned. But the dream of creating a Slavic alphabet abandoned his younger brother. He worked hard. And now the alphabet was ready. But coming up with ideas is half the battle. It is necessary to translate books from Greek into Slavic so that the Slavs have something to read. This turned out to be a very difficult task, and Kirill alone could not cope with it. His elder brother Methodius began to help him. Cyril and Methodius accomplished a great work! This event occurred in 863. More recently, our country began to celebrate the holiday of Slavic literature and culture.

Slide 7 -10 Assumption Cathedral. The walls of the cathedral are richly decorated inside: mosaics, frescoes and icons. The floors are laid with colored tiles. The walls and dome of the temple were decoratedMosaic - an image or pattern made from pieces of stone, marble, ceramics, smalt.

The walls are paintedfrescoes (painting with water paints applied on wet plaster). These images told about the life of Jesus Christ and the saints. It was a very difficult artistic work - it required precision and great speed, because... the plaster dried quickly.

Teacher. - The main part of all Orthodox churches isaltar, where sacred objects are located and where only priests are allowed entry. It is separated from the rest by a wall withicons , placed in a certain order(iconostasis). The doors in the center of the iconostasis are calledRoyal Gates.

One of the oldest architectural monuments of Kievan Rus is the well-known Golden Gate in the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv. Their construction dates back to the “golden era” of Yaroslav the Wise - during this period Kievan Rus was at the zenith of its power.
Initially, the Golden Gate was built as part of a defensive structure that was supposed to protect Kyiv from enemy attacks. Over time, the city's borders moved back, the gates were destroyed, and soon lost their defensive function. The exact date of construction is given by the thief as 1037, just when the construction of protective ramparts around the city walls and the famous Kyiv Cathedral of Hagia Sophia was completed.

The Golden Gate is one of the oldest cultural monuments that has survived to this day. It is not for nothing that it is included in the list of the most valuable cultural monuments of UNESCO, because this building serves as an example of ancient Russian architecture, built in an adapted Byzantine style.

As already mentioned, these gates were built during the time of Yaroslav, in the same period as the Hagia Sophia. Since then, they did not suffer serious destruction until 1240, when the horde of Batu Khan broke into Kyiv and destroyed the city. The Golden Gate was destroyed almost to its very foundation. Historians have drawn this conclusion from the notes and sketches of European travelers. Their first name was “Southern”, since they were located on the southern wall of the city of Kyiv. In general, many gates led to the ancient Russian capital from different sides, the main ones were Lyadsky, Southern (Golden) and Lviv.

The Golden Gate was originally made of stone. The construction was made according to the technological process of hybrid masonry, known in Antiquity. The procedure involved laying stones, interspersed with layers of plinth for leveling. This distinctive feature of the masonry is noticeable in the texture of the walls.

The Golden Gate was intended to be a component of the defensive building, the central gate of Kyiv. They were a voluminous arch, above which was the Church of the Annunciation, and below was a battle platform. Every visitor saw that Kyiv is a city of Christians. This work of architectural art amazed the inhabitants of the city and wanderers, and was supposed to instill horror and fear in its enemies with its majesty. They were also similar to the Arc de Triomphe - through them princes with their squads returning from a military campaign also entered the city.

Restoration work on the Golden Gate began in 1832. Now they no longer perform a defensive function, but become a national historical monument, a monument of ancient architecture and military art. Further research by archaeologists and restoration of the historical monument continued at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1970, it was decided to build a pavilion over the gate, which would protect it from further natural destruction.

Today, the Golden Gate in Kyiv is a cultural and historical museum. Those who visit this museum will be shown the internal structure of the Golden Gate, introduced to historical monuments and exhibits of Ancient Rus', told about the city of Kyiv, its history, and about the structure itself in a historical context.

Also from the guides you will definitely hear a legend related to the events in Kyiv in 1240. This year, Batu Khan gathered a huge horde and attacked Rus'. Kyiv did not give up longer than any other city. According to legend, the most skilled of the Kyiv archers, 18-year-old Mikhailik, saw Batu taking lunch with his entourage on Vyshgorod Mountain during the siege of Kiev, and shot him in the hand with a note tied to it demanding that the siege on the city be lifted immediately. Frightened and angry, Batu demanded that the besieged hand over the young man to him, and the frightened residents of the city, in turn, submitted. Mikhailik addressed the residents with a speech in which he said that if he had stayed in the city, the Tatars would not have taken it forever.

The guides will invite you to go up to the entrance platform in front of the Annunciation Church. From there it offers a magnificent view of the surrounding area - the historical part of the city of Kyiv.

1. Circle what is a cultural object.

Write what cultural monuments from the times of Ancient Rus' you know.

St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod and Kiev, Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, chronicles, icons, frescoes.

Look at the picture on page 33 of the textbook and fill in the missing words.

In Ancient Rus' there were large cities They differed from other fortified villages in that rulers, traders and craftsmen lived in them.
In every ancient Russian city there lived artisans , that is, craftsmen who forged tools and weapons from iron, sculpted beautiful dishes from clay, sewed clothes, built houses and churches.
There were many rich people in ancient Russian cities merchants who traded various goods, traveled to distant countries and brought strange things.

Continue the sentences.

The most educated people in Ancient Rus' were monks. Thanks to them, we know a lot about the past of our country, because the monks knew how to write. They kept chronicles in which they talked about all the most important events that took place in Rus': the construction of new churches, military campaigns, the beginning of the reign of new princes, etc.

3. Indicate the centuries in which these cities were built.

In additional literature, find data on the emergence of other cities, continue the table. Circle the name of the oldest and youngest city.

Years of founding of other Russian cities:

• Polotsk - 863
  
• Uglich - 937
  
• Bryansk - 985
  
• Ryazan - 1095

Introductory course of history and social studies “My Fatherland”.

Lesson 8. “Golden Gate” to Ancient Rus'.

Goals:

to form in the student an image of the culture of Ancient Rus' as many great monuments of writing, literature, art, with the help of which we can plunge into the world of thoughts and feelings of our distant ancestors;

create an image of the life of monks of medieval Rus' and monasteries as centers of culture, creative activity, and moral behavior;

develop the ability to meaningfully use concepts and terms in your speech when solving creative tasks;

foster a sense of pride in the culture of your homeland.

During the classes.

1. Org. moment

Let this lesson, carried out together, allow you to discover many new things.

2. Updating knowledge.

History is a process of development; it can be compared to an unstoppable movement forward. Over the course of several lessons, we talked about Ancient Rus'. And what exactly we will talk about today, you will find out if you continue the sentence:

Ancient Rus' was famous for its rich cities, in which a unique ... (culture).

What is culture? (All the achievements of mankind, everything useful or beautiful that was made by man.)

Give examples.

In the last lesson you understood what culture and cultural monuments are. And today we will try to determine. What cultural monuments help us tell about the times of Ancient Rus'.

In what centuries was our state called Ancient Russia? Open the textbook on p. 22 and tell me. (9th-13th centuries)

Open the textbook on p. 30, look at the map and name which cities were part of Ancient Rus'. (Kyiv, Galich, Pinsk, Turov, Chernigov, Smolensk, Vladimir, Suzdal, Ryazan, Kursk, etc.)

Have you come across names of cities that currently exist that are familiar to you?

Would you like to travel around Ancient Rus' to get even better acquainted with the preserved cultural monuments?

Why do you need this?

We will visit the city of Vladimir today. Look at the map and find where Vladimir is.

Look back at our ancestors,
To the heroes of days past,
Remember them with kind words.
Glory to them stern fighters!
Glory to Russian antiquity!
And about this old thing
I'll start telling you
So that people can know
About the affairs of our native land...3. Creation of a problematic situation.

Before you set out on your journey, I challenge you to identify which concepts we already know and which ones we don’t.

On the board are concepts: culture, cultural monuments, frescoes, altar, icon, Cyrillic alphabet, monk, monastery, chronicle.

(Distribute all concepts into 2 columns)

Which of these concepts is the broadest? (culture)

Can all other concepts be attributed to culture? Why?

Let's see if our knowledge will be replenished by the end of the lesson.

4. Joint discovery of new knowledge.

We will go traveling not alone, but with the heroes of our textbook.

The parents of Anyuta and Ilyusha decided to extend their trip. When they arrived at the Vladimir station, they went for a walk around the city. On one of the squares, Anyuta and Ilyusha’s attention was attracted by an ancient building. (Show illustration)

The artist stood next to the guys. He sketched this structure in his album. Suddenly he turned to the children and said: “Before us is the Golden Gate of the fortress wall of Ancient Vladimir. They were built in the 12th century."

(A rare monument of ancient Russian culture. The building was built of white stone in 1158–1164 by the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, as the main battle and passage tower of the fortress he newly created. Of the five external gates of the fortress, only one survived - the Golden.
The building is a high, powerful tower, cut through by a 14-meter vault with an arched lintel in the middle. Oak doors bound with gilded copper were attached under the lintel.)

The children asked: “Why do you draw them?” To which the artist replied: “I want to paint our city as it was during the times of Ancient Rus'. To do this, I must thoroughly study all the ancient Russian buildings, things, and books that survived the whirlpool of time. In a word - all...(cultural monuments) that have survived to this day.

So, what cultural monuments will help tell us about the times of Ancient Rus'?

Let's compare our conclusion with the conclusion in the textbook, p.46.

This is the main idea of ​​our lesson and this is what we will talk about today.

Are you interested in being in Ancient Rus'?

Well, well, you can try.

Close your eyes and listen to the modern city noise. Now imagine that we approached the Golden Gate, walked through the gate opening, and were enveloped in twilight. The city was noisy behind me, cars were honking, and the smell of gasoline could be heard. Ahead we also hear the city noise, but it’s different, and it smells different: freshly planed wood and fragrant honey (light a candle for the smell). We walked forward and the city of Vladimir of the 12th century appeared before us. We look in fascination at the revived ancient city. At this time the bells rang (recording of the sound of the bells). All the townspeople left their work and headed to the upper fortress, where the white stone temple shone with golden domes. Open your eyes and look: this is the main temple of Vladimir - the Assumption Cathedral.

Listen to the poem and say which words of the poet prove that the cathedral or temple is a cultural monument.

...But look up - over the gray hills
You will see a dream come true.
Like the smoke of a fire in the calm, like a flame,
Like a song, the temple flows to heights;
He rushes to the heights, solemn and slender,
The stone is inspired by the singing power, -
He's built for God or not built for God
But it was erected by man.(Shefner. B.)

So, what words of the poet prove that a cathedral or temple is a cultural monument?

Choose the words that suit the description of the Assumption Cathedral:

majestic

white stone

solemn

unsightly

wretched

slim

expressive

golden-headed

And we find out what was inside the temple by reading from the textbook, p. 47.

Reading a text, working with concepts and moving them from the unknown to the known on the board.

Frescoes

What shorter word can replace the word clergyman? (priest)

Continued from 48.

altar

icon

Looking at illustrations.

The children saw intricate letters on one of the icons, but could not read them. The letters seemed to be familiar, but did not form words. Why do you think?

Look at the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, which is called Cyrillic . How is it similar to the modern one? What is the difference?

From the history of the Cyrillic alphabet

This alphabet was invented especially for the Slavs by two brothers, Cyril and Methodius. Why do you think the alphabet is called Cyrillic? Us. 49th

In the illustration on the left you see these brothers. What do you think this image is? (icon)

Now let's look at the illustrations on p. 50 and determine what they wrote on in such intricate letters?

Review and discussion.

In the 12th century in Rus' they did not yet know how to make paper and did not even know that such a material existed in the world. But many were literate and used birch bark (birch bark) for everyday writing. The letters on it were pressed with a pointed stick. But books were written on parchment - specially treated animal skin. The book was very difficult. The covers were made of thin boards and covered with leather. The cover was decorated with gold and silver plates and precious stones. They were written by hand. Looking at the illustration on p. 49 and 53. And who wrote them, we find out from the textbook, p. 51, last paragraph.

Who wrote books in Ancient Rus'?

Who copied them by hand?

Reading and looking at illustrations.

Who are they monks ?

Where they lived? ( in the monastery )

Reading text on p52

What very important work did the monks do?

Looking at the illustration.

What did the monks do in the monastery?

After the illustration on p. 52 read the text yourself and find the answer to the question “what is chronicles? ».

Reading the text on pages 52-53

What's happened chronicles?

While talking with the artist, Anyuta and Ilyusha, and together with them we again walked under the arches of the Golden Gate.

5. Generalization.

On the desk: The Golden Gate of the Vladimir Fortress is the gateway to Ancient Rus'. Why can we say this?

Let's repeat once again which cultural monuments help us learn about the times of Ancient Rus' (houses, temples, books)

6. Application of knowledge in practice.

All concepts during the lesson from the ignorance column were transferred to the knowledge column. Now we will check how you have mastered these concepts.?

Open the workbooks on p. 12 and complete task No. 21 yourself.

Examination.

7. Lesson summary.

Evaluate student work.

Let's summarize the lesson. Start with any words.

I found out…

I was surprised...

I thought...

8. Home task.

P.46-53 (school). p.12№22 (tet.)

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