The goal of literary works in the 30s. Approval of the method of socialist realism

The presentation introduces the literary process of the 30s of the twentieth century: the creation of the Union of Soviet Writers, the approval of a single method of Soviet literature - socialist realism, classics of social. realism, main genres

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Literature of the 30s Performed by the teacher Khodyreva O.B.

Literature of the 1930s On April 23, 1932, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a decree "On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations" Purpose: to unite all writers into a single Union of Soviet Writers.

On August 17, 1934, the First Congress of Soviet Writers took place. The congress was attended by M. Gorky (was elected chairman), A. Fadeev, A.N. Tolstoy, S. Ya. Marshak and many others

Socialist Realism The unified method of Soviet literature, socialist realism, was established at the congress. The works in the genre of socialist realism are characterized by the presentation of the events of the era, "dynamically changing in their revolutionary development." The ideological content of the method was laid down by dialectical-materialist philosophy and the communist ideas of Marxism (Marxist aesthetics) in the second half of the 19th-20th centuries. The method covered all areas of artistic activity (literature, drama, cinema, painting, sculpture, music and architecture). It affirmed the following principles: to describe reality "exactly, in accordance with a specific historical revolutionary development." to coordinate their artistic expression with the themes of ideological reforms and the education of workers in a socialist spirit.

Social classics realism M. Gorky "Mother" Alexander Fadeev "Defeat" Dmitry Furmanov "Chapaev"

The genres of socialist realism A production novel is a literary work where the whole action is described against the background of some kind of production process, all the heroes are somehow involved in this process, the solution of production problems creates some kind of moral collisions that the heroes solve. At the same time, the reader is introduced to the course of the production process, he is included not only in human, but also in business, working relations of the characters. In the USSR, many such works were written (not necessarily novels), there was always a "struggle between the new and the old," while the "new" in the end necessarily won. Of the most famous works on this topic that sounded all over the country at one time - "The Battle on the Way" by Nikolaeva (there was also a film by Basov), the play "Minutes of one meeting" by Gelman (film "Prize"), Marietta Shaginyan "Hydrocentral", Yakov Ilyin "Big conveyor"

Social media genres realism The collective farm novel "Bruski", "Lapti" by Fyodor Zamoysky. Such works covered the collective farm movement, the involvement of peasants in collective farms, construction, talked about the consolidation of a new life in the countryside.

Nikolay Ostrovsky. The novel "How the Steel Was Tempered"

“How the Steel Was Tempered” is an autobiographical novel by N. Ostrovsky about the time of the beginning of the twentieth century, a time of restlessness, the time of the formation of communism in the country. The time described in the novel includes the First World War, the February and October revolutions, the civil war, the struggle against devastation, banditry and petty-bourgeois elements, the rebuff of the party opposition, as well as the period of the country's industrialization. Considering the novel "How the Steel Was Tempered" today, it is worth noting, first of all, the novel as the story of a man with a very difficult fate, a man living in difficult times for Russia and its people.

Poetry Production poetry (for example, the poem "Mobilization" of the poet Bezymyanny) Agitation and propaganda poetry (poems by V.V. Mayakovsky) Song poetry (works of Mikhail Isakovsky, Lev Oshanin, Dolmatovsky, Lebedev - Kumach)

Katyusha Apple and pear trees were blossoming, Fogs floated over the river. Katyusha went ashore, On a high bank on a steep one. She came out, started a song About the gray-gray eagle of the steppe, About the one she loved, About the one whose letters she cherished. Oh you, song, girlish song, You fly after the clear sun: And to the fighter on the far border From Katyusha, say hello. Let him remember a simple girl, Let him hear how she sings, Let him protect his native land, And Katyusha will save love. Apple trees and pears blossomed, Fogs floated over the river. Katyusha went ashore, On a high bank on a steep one. 1938

Along the village Along the village, from the hut to the hut, Hurried columns walked; Buzzed, played wires, - We have never seen this; We have not seen this in a dream, For the sun to light up on a pine tree, For joy to make friends with a man, So that everyone has a star under the ceiling. The sky is pouring, the wind beats more and more painfully, And in the village there are palisades of fires, And in the village there is fun and beauty, And the heavens envy the village. Along the village, from the hut to the hut, Hurried columns walked; Buzzed, played wires, - We have never seen this. 1925

The flourishing of A.A. Akhmatova, B.L. Pasternak, Lozinsky

Children's literature K. Paustovsky, V. Bianki, A. Gaidar, S. Mikhalkov, S. Marshak

Historical literature A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the First" Yuri Tynyanov "Pushkin", "Kyukhlya", "Death of Vizir-Mukhtar"

Russian Diaspora Bunin, Shmelev, Remizov

The Soviet period is a complex and contradictory phenomenon in the development of not only our history, but also culture. The twentieth century gave the fatherland brilliant scientists and researchers, talented artists, writers, musicians, directors. Numerous creative associations, art schools, trends, trends, styles have appeared.

However, it was in the twentieth century that a totalized socio-cultural system was created in Russia, the distinctive features of which were ideological control over the spiritual life of society, manipulation of consciousness, destruction of dissent, physical destruction of the color of the Russian and scientific and artistic intelligentsia. In short, the culture of the Soviet period was contradictory. Both positive and negative phenomena were manifested in it.

In 1918, in a conversation with K. Zetkin, Lenin defined the tasks of art in Soviet society: “Art belongs to the people. the thought and will of these masses, to raise them. It should awaken the artists in them and develop them. "

Writers and poets, artists and musicians were called to educate the people with their art in the spirit of selfless devotion to the proletarian revolution and hatred of the old world of violence and slavery.

In April 1932, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution "On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations", which provided for their dissolution and the creation of united creative unions. In August 1934, the Writers' Union of the USSR was formed. The very first congress ordered the workers of Soviet art to use exclusively the method of socialist realism, the principles of which are partisanship, communist ideology, nationality, "the depiction of reality in its revolutionary development." Along with the Union of Writers, the Union of Artists, the Union of Composers, etc. later arose. The Arts Committee was formed under the government to guide and control artistic creation.

Thus, the Bolshevik Party completely placed Soviet literature at the service of communist ideology, turning them into an instrument of propaganda. From now on, they were intended to instill in the minds of people Marxist-Leninist ideas, to convince them of the advantages of a socialist community, of the infallible wisdom of party leaders.

Literary figures who met these requirements received large royalties, Stalin's and other prizes, dachas, creative business trips, trips abroad and other benefits from the Bolshevik leadership. culture of the soviet period

Many writers, by their conviction, were apolitical. Thus, the manifesto of the Serapion Brothers association proclaimed the independence of artistic creativity from politics and ideological convictions. However, the work of the "Serapions", among whom were N. S. Tikhonov, K. A. Fedin, M. M. Zoshchenko, V. A. Kaverin, went beyond the scope of this declaration.

The fate of those who did not submit to the communist dictate was, as a rule, tragic. In concentration camps, torture chambers of the NKVD, the most talented representatives of Soviet culture perished: O. Mandelstam, who wrote the poem "We live under us without feeling the country ...", I. Babel, who vividly described the events of the civil war in the work "The First Horse", directed by V. Meyerhold, journalist M. Koltsov. Only from the members of the Writers' Union 600 people were repressed. Many cultural figures, for example the writer A. Platonov, artists P. Filonov, K. Malevich and others, were deprived of the opportunity to publish their books and exhibit paintings. Many outstanding works created in those years did not reach the reader and viewer at once. Only in 1966 was Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" published, in 1986-1988, "The Juvenile Sea", "The Foundation Pit" and "Chevengur" by A.P. Platonov were published, in 1987, "Requiem" was published A.A. Akhmatova.

The paths of ideological and political self-determination and the life destinies of many people of art took shape in this critical era not easy. For various reasons and in different years, great Russian talents turned out to be abroad, such as: I.A. Bunin, A.N. Tolstoy, A.I. Kuprin, M.I. Tsvetaeva, E.I. Zamyatin, F.I. Chaliapin, A.P. Pavlova, K.A. Korovin and others. Earlier than others, he realized that it was impossible for himself to live and work outside his homeland. Tolstoy, who returned from emigration in 1922.

Literary and art magazines played an important role in the artistic life of the country. Such new magazines have become popular as:

• - "New world",
• - "Red nov",
• - "Young guard",
• - "October",
• - "Star",
• - "Printing and Revolution".

For the first time, many outstanding works of Soviet literature were published on their pages, critical articles were published, and heated discussions were conducted. The production of newspapers, magazines and books has increased. In addition to all-union and republican newspapers, almost every enterprise, plant, mine, state farm published its own large-circulation or wall newspaper. The books have been published in more than 100 languages ​​of the world. The country was radioed. Radio broadcasting was conducted by 82 stations in 62 languages. There were 4 million radio stations in the country. A network of libraries and museums developed.

By the mid-30s, new works appeared. A novel by M. Gorky is being published (a recognized "petrel of the revolution" who had a tremendous influence on the development of culture and art of the Soviet period. In his "notes on revolution and culture" he expressed deep thoughts, calling them "untimely" revolution in its relations with culture, unfortunately, many of the dangers about which M. Gorky wrote, the Russian revolution could not be avoided.) "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-1936). Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Don" (1928-1940) tells about the problem of man in the revolution, his fate. The image of Pavel Korchagin, the hero of N. Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered (1934), became a symbol of heroism and moral purity. The theme of industrialization is reflected in the works of L. Leonov "Sot", M. Shaginyan "Hydrocentral", V. Kataev "Time Forward", I. Ehrenburg "Without catching his breath". Many works were devoted to Russian history. These are "Peter I" by A. Tolstoy, "Death of Vazir-Mukhtar" by Y. Tynyanov, drama by M. Bulgakov "Cabal of the holy man" and "The Last Days" by A.S. Pushkin.

Brilliant examples of poetry were given in their work by S. Yesenin, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, B. Pasternak. M. Zoshchenko, I. Ilf and E. Petrov successfully worked in the genre of satire. The works of S. Marshak, A. Gaidar, K. Chukovsky, B. Zhitkov became classics of Soviet children's literature.

Cultural ties with foreign countries developed. Foreign trips were made by S. Yesenin, V. Mayakovsky. The works of M. Gorky, V. Mayakovsky, A. Tolstoy, V. Ivanov, K. Fedin, I. Ehrenburg, B. Pilnyak, I. Babel were published abroad. A. Tolstoy, B. Pasternak, M. Sholokhov, I. Ehrenburg, M. Koltsov, V. Vishnevsky, A. Fadeev took part in the work of the I and II World Congresses of Writers in Defense of Culture in 1935 in Paris and in 1937 in Valencia ...

In the 30s, there is an increase in negative phenomena in the literary process. The persecution of prominent writers begins (E. Zamyatin, M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, O. Mandelstam). At the beginning of the 1930s, a change in the forms of literary life took place: after the publication of the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the RAPP and other literary associations announced their dissolution. In 1934, the First Congress of Soviet Writers took place, which declared socialist realism the only possible creative method. On the whole, however, a policy of unification of cultural life began, and there is a sharp decline in print media. On a thematic level, novels about industrialization, about the first five-year plans become the leading ones, large epic canvases are created. In general, the topic of labor is becoming the leading one. Fiction began to master the problems associated with the intrusion of science and technology into the daily life of a person. New spheres of human life, new conflicts, new characters, a modification of traditional literary material led to the emergence of new heroes, to the emergence of new genres, new methods of versification, to searches in the field of composition and language. A distinctive feature of the poetry of the 1930s is the rapid development of the song genre. During these years, the famous "Katyusha" (M. Isakovsky), "Wide is my native country ..." (V. Lebedev-Kumach), "Kakhovka" (M. Svetlov) and many others were written. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, interesting trends emerged in the literary process. Criticism, which until recently greeted the "cosmic" verses of the proletkultists, admired "The Fall of Dair" by A. Malyshkin, "The Wind" by B. Lavrenev, changed their orientation. The head of the sociological school V. Fritsche began a campaign against romanticism as an idealistic art. An article by A. Fadeev "Down with Schiller!" directed against the romantic principle in literature. Of course, this was a requirement of the times. The country was turning into a huge construction site, and the reader expected an immediate response from the literature to the events taking place. But voices were also heard in defense of romance. Thus, the newspaper Izvestia publishes an article by Gorky, "More on Literacy," where the writer defends children's authors from the children's book commission under the People's Commissariat for Education, which rejects works, finding in them elements of fantasy and romance. The journal "Printing and Revolution" publishes an article by the philosopher V. Asmus "In Defense of Fiction". And, nevertheless, the lyric-romantic beginning in the literature of the 30s, in comparison with the previous time, turns out to be pushed into the background. Even in poetry, always prone to lyric-romantic perception and depiction of reality, epic genres triumph during these years (A. Tvardovsky, D. Kedrin, I. Selvinsky). The period of the 40s introduced a new trend into Russian literature - naturalism and realism. The techniques of this literary movement were reflected in the works of this period. It is especially vividly reflected in the story. This literary genre was used by many writers.

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This material includes sections:

Theme and idea, severity of the conflict and artistic features of the play

The main themes and ideas of I. A. Bunin's prose.

Analysis of the story of I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"

The theme of love in A.I. Kuprin. (On the example of one piece.)

Heroes of M. Gorky's early stories

Disputes about a man in Gorky's play "At the Bottom"

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SILVER AGE POETRY

The theme of the revolution in A. Blok's poem "The Twelve"

The tragedy of the poem by A. Akhmatova "Requiem"

The theme of homeland and nature in the lyrics of Sergei A. Yesenin

The main motives of B. Pasternak's lyrics.

Satirical works of V. Mayakovsky. Main themes, ideas and images

Literature 30s - early 40s (review)

Formation of a new culture in the 30s. The First Congress of Soviet Writers and Its Significance.

The main themes and problems in the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".

Good and evil in the novel by MA Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".

Woland and his retinue.

Bulgakov's Moscow (based on the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita").

Historical time of the novel "The Master and Margarita" by MA Bulgakov.

The fate of the Cossacks in the work of MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don".

Signs of the genre of the epic novel in the work of M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don".

The fate of Andrei Sokolov in the work of M. A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man".

The post-war situation in the country and in literature. "Thaw".

Poetry of the 60s - the work of one of the poets of the sixties.

The military theme in the lyrics of AT Tvardovsky is the poem "I was killed near Rzhev".

Concept and types of technological processes. Methodology and technology principles. The principle of the sale of goods

Politician as "PR-man" and newsmaker

PR-men is a specialist who is engaged in the formation and maintenance of a positive public opinion about a company, a person (person), a product (product), an event. PR managers work as in specialized agencies

Quality and competitiveness management

Product quality: concept and classification of indicators Qualimetry: concept, basic methods and practice of application in quality management. Quality management systems based on ISO 9000 standards Quality management in an enterprise: basic concepts, functions, methods Factors of sustainability of a firm's competitive advantage The role of resources in creating a country's competitive advantage

In the 30s, there is an increase in negative phenomena in the literary process. The persecution of prominent writers begins (E. Zamyatin, M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, O. Mandelstam). S. Yesenin and V. Mayakovsky commit suicide.

At the beginning of the 1930s, a change in the forms of literary life took place: after the publication of the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the RAPP and other literary associations announced their dissolution.

In 1934, the First Congress of Soviet Writers was held, which declared socialist realism the only possible creative method. On the whole, however, a policy of unification of cultural life began, and there is a sharp decline in print media.

On a thematic level, novels about industrialization, about the first five-year plans become the leading ones, large epic canvases are created. And in general, the topic of labor is becoming the leading one.

Fiction began to master the problems associated with the intrusion of science and technology into the daily life of a person. New spheres of human life, new conflicts, new characters, a modification of traditional literary material led to the emergence of new heroes, to the emergence of new genres, new methods of versification, to searches in the field of composition and language.

A distinctive feature of the poetry of the 30s is the rapid development of the song genre. During these years, the famous "Katyusha" (M. Isakovsky), "Wide is my native country ..." (V. Lebedev-Kumach), "Kakhovka" (M. Svetlov) and many others were written.

At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, interesting trends emerged in the literary process. Critics, who had recently greeted the "cosmic" poems of the proletkultists, admired "The Fall of Dair" by A. Malyshkin, "The Wind" by B. Lavrenev, changed their orientation. The head of the sociological school V. Fritsche began a campaign against romanticism as an idealistic art. An article by A. Fadeev “Down with Schiller!” Appeared, directed against the romantic principle in literature.

Of course, this was a requirement of the times. The country was turning into a huge construction site, and the reader expected an immediate response from the literature to the events taking place.

But voices were also heard in defense of romance. Thus, the newspaper Izvestia publishes an article by Gorky, "More on Literacy," where the writer defends children's authors from the children's book commission under the People's Commissariat for Education, which rejects works by finding elements of fantasy and romance in them. The journal "Printing and Revolution" publishes an article by the philosopher V. Asmus "In Defense of Fiction".

And, nevertheless, the lyric-romantic beginning in the literature of the 30s, in comparison with the previous time, turns out to be pushed into the background. Even in poetry, always prone to lyric-romantic perception and depiction of reality, epic genres triumph during these years (A. Tvardovsky, D. Kedrin, I. Selvinsky).