Where was born Saltykov Shchedrin city. Saltykov-shchedrin, Mikhail Evgrafovich. Collaboration with the journal "Domestic Notes"

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin is a Russian writer, journalist, editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, Ryazan and Tver Vice-Governor. Saltykov-Shchedrin was a master of the island of the word and was the author of many.

He managed to create excellent works in the genre of satire and realism, as well as help the reader analyze his mistakes.

Perhaps his most famous graduate was.

While studying at the Lyceum, Saltykov-Shchedrin stopped monitoring his appearance, began to swear, smoke, and also often ended up in a punishment cell for misbehavior.

As a result, the student graduated from the lyceum with the rank of collegiate secretary. Interestingly, it was during this period of his biography that he tried to write his first works.

After that, Mikhail began working in the office of the military department. He continued to engage in writing and became seriously interested in the work of the French socialists.

Link to Vyatka

The first stories in the biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin were "A Tangled Case" and "Contradictions". In them, he raised important issues that run counter to the policy of the current government.

When Alexander 2 was on the throne in 1855 (see), he was allowed to return home. The following year, he was appointed officer for special assignments at the Ministry of the Interior.

Creativity Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin is one of the most prominent representatives of satire in. He had a subtle sense of humor and was able to brilliantly convey it on paper.

An interesting fact is that it was he who coined such expressions as "bungling", "soft-bodied" and "stupidity".

One of the most popular portraits of the writer M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

After Saltykov-Shchedrin returned from exile in , he published a collection of short stories "Provincial Essays" under the name of Nikolai Shchedrin.

It is worth noting that even after he gained all-Russian popularity, many of his admirers will remember this particular work.

In his stories, Saltykov-Shchedrin portrayed many different characters, who, in his opinion, were prominent representatives.

In 1870, Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote one of the most famous stories in his biography, The History of a City.

It is worth noting that this work was not initially appreciated, since it contained a lot of allegories and unusual comparisons.

Some critics even accused Mikhail Evgrafovich of intentional distortion. The story presented ordinary people of different minds and who unquestioningly obeyed the authorities.

Soon, from the pen of Saltykov-Shchedrin came out a very interesting and deep in content fairy tale "The Wise Piskar". It told about a piskar who was afraid of everything, who lived in fear and loneliness until his death.

Then he began working as an editor in the publication "Domestic Notes", which he owned. In this journal, in addition to his direct duties, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin also published his own works.

In 1880 Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote the brilliant novel The Golovlevs. It told about a family that all their adult life thought only about increasing their capital. Ultimately, this led the entire family to spiritual and moral decay.

Personal life

In the biography of the writer there was only one wife - Elizaveta Boltina. Saltykov-Shchedrin met her during her exile. The girl was the daughter of the vice-governor and was 14 years younger than the groom.

Initially, the father did not want to give Elizabeth in marriage to the disgraced writer, however, after talking with him, he changed his mind.

An interesting fact is that Mikhail's mother was categorically opposed to him marrying Boltina. The reason for this was the young age of the bride, as well as a small dowry. In the end, in 1856, Saltykov-Shchedrin did get married.

Saltykov-Shchedrin with his wife

Soon, frequent quarrels began to occur between the newlyweds. By nature, Saltykov-Shchedrin was a straightforward and courageous person. Elizabeth, on the contrary, was a calm and patient girl. In addition, she did not have a sharp mind.

According to the recollections of Mikhail Evgrafovich's friends, Boltina liked to intervene in the conversation, saying a lot of unnecessary things, which, moreover, were often irrelevant.

At such moments, the writer simply lost his temper. In addition, Saltykov-Shchedrin's wife loved luxury, which further increased the distance between the spouses.

Despite this, they lived together all their lives. In this marriage, they had a girl, Elizabeth, and a boy, Konstantin.

Biographers of Saltykov-Shchedrin claim that he was well versed in wines, played on and was an expert in matters relating to profanity.

Death

In recent years, the writer seriously suffered from rheumatism. In addition, his health deteriorated after Otechestvennye Zapiski was closed in 1884. Censorship considered the publication a distributor of harmful ideas.

Shortly before his death, Saltykov-Shchedrin was bedridden, in need of outside help and care. However, he did not lose his optimism and sense of humor.

Often, when he could not receive guests due to weakness, he asked me to tell them: "I am very busy - I am dying."

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin died on April 28, 1889 at the age of 63. According to his request, he was buried next to the grave at the Volkovsky cemetery.

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Saltykov - Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich (real name Saltykov, pseudonym N. Shchedrin) (1826-1889), writer, publicist.

Born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, in an old noble family. In 1836 he was sent to the Moscow Noble Institute, from where two years later he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum for excellent studies.

In August 1844, Saltykov joined the office of the Minister of War. At this time, his first stories "Contradiction" and "A Tangled Case" were published, which caused the wrath of the authorities.

In 1848, Saltykov-Shchedrin was exiled to Vyatka (now Kirov) for a "harmful way of thinking", where he received the post of senior official for special assignments under the governor, and after a while - adviser to the provincial government. Only in 1856, in connection with the death of Nicholas I, the restriction on residence was lifted.

Returning to St. Petersburg, the writer resumed his literary activity, while working in the Ministry of the Interior and participating in the preparation of the peasant reform. In 1858-1862. Saltykov served as vice-governor in Ryazan, then in Tver. After retiring, he settled in the capital and became one of the editors of the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1865, Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to public service again: at various times he headed the state chambers in Penza, Tula, Ryazan. But the attempt was unsuccessful, and in 1868 he agreed with the proposal of N. A. Nekrasov to enter the editorial office of the journal Domestic Notes, where he worked until 1884.

A talented publicist, satirist, artist, Saltykov-Shchedrin in his works tried to direct the attention of Russian society to the main problems of that time.

“Provincial essays” (1856-1857), “Pompadours and pompadours” (1863-1874), “Poshekhonskaya old times” (1887-1889), “Tales” (1882-1886) stigmatize theft and bribery of officials, cruelty of landowners, tyranny of chiefs. In the novel Lord Golovlevs (1875-1880), the author depicted the spiritual and physical degradation of the nobility in the second half of the 19th century. In the "History of a City" (1861-1862), the writer not only satirically showed the relationship between the people and the authorities of the city of Glupov, but also rose to criticism of the government leaders of Russia.

I, while a little-known 14-year-old writer, but I hope my biography will appear here soon:

It seems like a good site, a pretty wonderful biography, a place worthy of attention and further prosperity!

• Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov was born on January 27 (15), 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Kalyazinsky district, Tver province (now Taldomsky district, Moscow region).
• Saltykov's father, Yevgraf Vasilyevich, a pillar nobleman, served as a collegiate adviser. He came from an old noble family.
• Mother, Olga Mikhailovna, nee Zabelina, Muscovite, merchant's daughter. Michael was the sixth of her nine children.
• For the first 10 years of his life, Saltykov lives in his father's family estate, where he receives primary education at home. The first teachers of the future writer were the elder sister and serf painter Pavel.
• 1836 - 1838 - studying at the Moscow Noble Institute.
• 1838 - for excellent academic success, Mikhail Saltykov is transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, that is, trained at the expense of the state treasury.
• 1841 - Saltykov's first poetic experiments. The poem "Lear" was even published in the Library for Reading magazine, but Saltykov quickly realizes that poetry is not for him, since he does not have the necessary abilities. He leaves poetry.
• 1844 - the end of the Lyceum in the second category, with the rank of X class. Saltykov enters the service in the office of the Military Department, but serves all the staff. He manages to get the first full-time position only after two years, this is the position of assistant secretary.
• 1847 - the first story by Mikhail Saltykov "Contradictions" is published.
• The beginning of 1848 - in the "Notes of the Fatherland" the story "A Tangled Case" was published.
• April of the same year - the tsarist government was too shocked by the revolution that took place in France, and Saltykov was arrested for the story "A Tangled Case", more precisely for "... a harmful way of thinking and a pernicious desire to spread ideas that have already shaken the whole of Western Europe ...". He was exiled to Vyatka.
• 1848 - 1855 - service in Vyatka, under the provincial government, first as a clerk, then as a senior official for special assignments under the governor and governor of the governor's office. Link Saltykov ends in the post of adviser to the provincial government.
• 1855 - with the death of Emperor Nicholas I, Shchedrin gets the opportunity to "live where he wants" and returns to St. Petersburg. Here he enters the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a year later he was appointed an official for special assignments under the minister. Sent on a business trip to the Tver and Vladimir provinces.
• June 1856 - Saltykov marries the daughter of the vice-governor of Vyatka, Elizaveta Apollonovna Boltina.
• 1856 - 1857 - the satirical cycle "Provincial Essays" is published in the journal "Russian Bulletin" with the signature "Outdoor Councilor N. Shchedrin". The writer becomes famous, he is called the successor of N.V. Gogol.
• 1858 - appointment as vice-governor in Ryazan.
• 1860 - 1862 - Saltykov serves as vice-governor in Tver for two years, after which he retires and returns to St. Petersburg.
• December 1862 - 1864 - Mikhail Saltykov collaborated with the Sovremennik magazine at the invitation of N.A. Nekrasov. After leaving the editorial staff of the journal, the writer returns to public service. Appointed Chairman of the Penza State Chamber.
• 1866 - moving to Tula to the post of manager of the Tula State Chamber.
• 1867 - Saltykov was transferred to Ryazan to the same position. The fact that Saltykov-Shchedrin could not hold out for a long time in one place of service is explained by the fact that he did not hesitate to ridicule his superiors in grotesque "fairy tales". In addition, the writer behaved too atypically for an official: he fought against bribery, embezzlement and simply theft, defended the interests of the lower strata of the population.
• 1868 - the complaint of the Ryazan governor becomes the last in the writer's career. He was dismissed with the rank of real state councilor.
• September of the same year - Saltykov is a member of the editorial board of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, which is headed by N.A. Nekrasov.
• 1869 - 1870 - the tales "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals", "The Wild Landowner", the novel "The History of a City" are published in "Notes of the Fatherland".
• 1872 - the son Konstantin is born to the Saltykovs.
• 1873 - the birth of daughter Elizabeth.
• 1876 ​​- Nekrasov falls seriously ill, and Saltykov-Shchedrin replaces him as editor-in-chief of Otechestvennye Zapiski. He worked unofficially for two years, in 1878 he was approved for this position.
• 1880 - the publication of the novel "Lord Golovlev".
• 1884 - "Notes of the Fatherland" banned.
• 1887 - 1889 - the novel "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" is published in the "Bulletin of Europe".
• March 1889 - a sharp deterioration in the health of the writer.
• May 10 (April 28), 1889 - Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin dies. According to his own will, he was buried at the Volkovo cemetery in St. Petersburg next to

04/28/1889 (11.05.) - Writer Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin died

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov (01/15/1828–04/28/1889), writer and publicist (pseudo-Saltykov-Shchedrin). Born into a noble family, in the estate of his parents, the village of Spas-Ugol, Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province. Childhood years spent in the family estate, in a serf environment, had a huge impact on the formation of his social views.

He studied at the Moscow Noble Institute, from where in 1838, as the best student, he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here Saltykov-Shchedrin became interested in literature, in 1841 he published his first poem. He was reprimanded by teachers for "rudeness", smoking, negligence in clothes, writing "disapproving" poetry. Then his acquaintance with V.G. Belinsky influenced his political position, close to revolutionary. In 1847–1848 he became interested in the theories of the utopian socialists and visited the “Fridays” of M.V. Petrashevsky, with whom he later broke up. At the same time, he wrote the first stories "Contradiction" and "A Tangled Case", which caused dissatisfaction with the authorities with a sharp socially accusatory orientation.

However, the "despotic regime" was such that all this time, from 1844, after graduating from the lyceum, Saltykov served in the office of the Military Ministry. In 1848, for a "harmful way of thinking," he was only sent to serve in Vyatka, where he held the positions of a senior official, adviser to the provincial government. Judging by the note on the land disturbances in the Sloboda district, he warmly took his duties to heart when they brought him into contact with the people's troubles.

The death of Emperor Nicholas I in 1855 and the beginning of a liberal government course allowed Saltykov to return to St. Petersburg, where he gained fame with his "Provincial Essays" (signed under the pseudonym N. Shchedrin). "Provincial essays" were published in the "Russian Bulletin" from 1856, and in 1857, collected together, they went through two editions (subsequently - two more, in 1864 and 1882). They laid the foundation for the literature that came to be called "accusatory", but they themselves belonged to it only in part. The outer side of the bureaucratic world, well known to Saltykov-Shchedrin, of slander, bribes and other abuses, completely fills only some of the essays; more important there is the psychology of bureaucratic life; "Gogol humor" alternates with lyricism.

During these years, the critic and accuser Saltykov-Shchedrin served as an official for special assignments in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was sent to the Tver and Vladimir provinces to review the office work of the provincial militia committees (on the occasion of the Crimean War). The note he wrote while executing this assignment reveals many abuses that he discovered. Further, he participated in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861. In 1858–1862. was appointed vice-governor in Ryazan, then in Tver, constantly fought against bribery.

He resigned to devote himself entirely to literature. He moved to St. Petersburg and, at the invitation, entered the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine, but he devoted most of his attention to the monthly review Our Public Life. In 1864, he left the editorial office of Sovremennik because of disagreements on the tactics of the "social struggle". He returned to public service in 1865–1868, heading the Treasury chambers in Penza, Tula, Ryazan, which ended with the final resignation in the rank of real state councilor (after a complaint from the Ryazan governor). From 1868, at the invitation of Nekrasov, he worked for 16 years in Otechestvennye Zapiski, and after Nekrasov's death he headed the editorial board.

Saltykov-Shchedrin did not spare the new liberal institutions of Alexander II - the zemstvo, the court, the bar - because he demanded a lot from them and was indignant at every imperfection. Although this focus of his work is not tied only to his time. Particularly well-known in this regard are the allegorical fairy tales-parables of Saltykov-Shchedrin, the images of which entered the proverbs and became common nouns: "The wise minnow", "Poor wolf", "Karas-idealist", "Sheep-forgetful" and others. True, they ridicule not only bureaucratic vices, but also the very principle of autocracy. The "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" is also well known - a bright and biased picture of the life of serf Russia. In the work of this writer, and especially in fairy tales, there is generally a caricature denunciation of the then Russian order, by which one cannot judge that Russia in any way (although we still meet these quotes now at every step - already in justification of the modern criminal regime: they say it has always been in Russia...).

Nevertheless, Saltykov-Shchedrin cannot be ranked among the revolutionary democrats, as was done under the Soviet regime. Here, apparently, at first the same feature of Russian denunciation as in : heightened spiritual and moral sensitivity and rejection of social evil with an inability to correctly understand the problem of theodicy: the existence of evil in the world with an all-merciful and omnipotent Creator. Saltykov-Shchedrin also lacked an understanding of the spiritual nature of evil, and therefore the social ideal was thought of as utopian. The fairy tale "The Adventure with Kramolnikov" is indicative here, in which the writer writes about his hero that the reason for his "seditious" writings was love for his country and pain for it, which was transmitted to others in the form of sedition. And in "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" Nikanor Shabby, through whose mouth, undoubtedly, the author himself also speaks, describes the effect produced on him by reading the Gospel. “The humiliated and insulted stood before me, radiant with light, and loudly cried out against the innate injustice, which gave them nothing but fetters.”

That is, in the heat of morally cheap experiences and denunciations, the writer exaggerated the ulcers of his time, denouncing in essence the sinfulness of man himself, but shifting responsibility for it to "society" and the existing Orthodox authorities. However, at the same time, Saltykov-Shchedrin remained a believer (reflections on the resurrection of Christ in the "Provincial Essays", "A Christmas Tale", "The Conscience Lost", "Christ's Night", etc.) and this "saves" many of his works for the classics of Russian literature . The Christian basis of the writer's intransigence to evil comes through, for example, in a speech about the fate of a Russian peasant woman, put by the author into the mouth of a village teacher ("A Midsummer Night's Dream"): "Who sees the tears of a peasant woman? Who hears how they pour drop by drop? They are seen and heard only by the Russian peasant baby, but they enliven the moral feeling in him and plant the first seeds of goodness in his heart.

Even in his most negative characters, Saltykov-Shchedrin sees human traits. In the socio-psychological novel "Lord Golovlev" (a symbol of the decay of the idle life of a noble family), he reveals them even in "Judas" (Porfiry Golovlev) - a man who blasphemously covers up his amazing immorality and sinfulness with ostentatious prayerful piety, quotations from Holy Scripture, etc. P. (the character has become a household name and even famous). In the depiction of the crisis experienced by Judas during Holy Week and leading him to repentance and death, it is shown that Judas also has a conscience; in the words of Saltykov-Shchedrin, it can only be temporarily "driven and, as it were, forgotten." This novel rightfully introduces Saltykov-Shchedrin into the ranks of real Russian writers.

So in the fairy tale “Conscience Lost” - the conscience, which everyone is burdened with as a burden and from which they are trying to get rid of, she says to her last owner: “Find me a little Russian child, dissolve his pure heart in front of me and bury me in it: maybe he, an innocent baby, will shelter and nurse me, perhaps he will make me to the extent of his age, and then he will go out to the people with me - he does not disdain ... By this word of her, it happened. The petty-bourgeois found a little Russian child, and conscience grows with him. And the little child will be a great man, and there will be a great conscience in him. And then all unrighteousness, deceit and violence will disappear, because the conscience will not be timid and will want to manage everything itself.

Often Saltykov-Shchedrin in his works transposes the gospel commandments in his own words, however, sometimes too freely and boldly.

In 1875–1876 he was treated abroad, visited the countries of Western Europe in different years of his life. In Paris, he met with Flaubert, Zola.

Among the most significant works of Saltykov are: "Well-intentioned speeches" (1872-76), "History of a city" (1870), "Lords of Tashkent" (1869-1872), "Lords of the Golovlevs" (1880), "Tales" (1869 -1886), "Little Things in Life" (1886-1887), "Poshekhonskaya Old" (1887-1889).

From “The Tale of the Zealous Boss”

“... The head of the Jews gathered and said to them: “Tell me, scoundrels, what, in your opinion, is the real harm?” And the Jews answered him unanimously: “Until then, in our opinion, no real harm will come about until our entire program, in all parts, is fulfilled. And our program is this. , bastards, undertakings and proposals were accepted immediately, and other desires to be left without consideration. So that we, bastards, live habitually, and for everyone else so that there is not a bottom or a tire. So that we, bastards, are kept in the hall and in tenderness, and the rest of all - in shackles. So that we scoundrels, the harm done is considered as benefit, and if the benefit was brought by everyone else, then such a benefit would be considered as harm. So that no one dares to say a word about us scoundrels, but we , bastards, about whom we think of what we want, then we bark! Now, if all this is strictly carried out, then the real harm will happen. "(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, M., "Fiction", 1965. PSS, t 15, book 1, pp. 292 - 296).

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