Geographic coordinates of cities of millionaires. How to indicate your location to others if you don’t know the address (search by coordinates). How to find the right address in an unfamiliar city

Since the time of man's access to the seas, the need to determine longitude and latitude has been a vital human skill. Epochs changed, and man became able to determine the cardinal directions in any weather. New methods of determining one's position were required.

The captain of a Spanish galleon in the eighteenth century knew exactly where the ship was thanks to the position of the stars in the night sky. A 19th-century traveler could detect deviations from the established route in the forest by natural clues.

Now it’s the twenty-first century and many have lost the knowledge gained from geography lessons. Android or iPhone smartphones can serve as a tool, but they can never replace the knowledge and ability to determine your location.

What is latitude and longitude in geography

Determination of geographical coordinates

Apps that users install on iPhone read location coordinates to provide services or data based on where a person is located. After all, if a subscriber is in Russia, then there is no reason for him to read sites on English language. Everything happens in the background.

While the average user will never deal with GPS coordinates, knowing how to obtain and read them can be valuable. In some cases, they can save lives when there is no card nearby.

In any geographical system there are two indicators: latitude and longitude. Geodata from a smartphone shows exactly where the user is located relative to the equator.

How to determine the latitude and longitude of your location

Let's consider two options for determining geographic coordinates:

1. Via Android the simplest is the Google Maps application, perhaps the most complete collection geographic maps in one application. After launch Google apps maps will pinpoint the location on the road map so that the user can get the best possible understanding of the surrounding area. The app also offers an extensive list of features, including real-time GPS navigation, traffic status and transit information, as well as detailed information about nearby places, including popular food and recreation spots, photos and reviews.
2. Via iPhone You won't need any third party app to view latitude and longitude data. The location is determined only with the maps application. To find out the current coordinates, just launch “maps”. Tap the arrow in the upper right corner of the screen, then tap the blue dot - this indicates the location of the phone and the user. Next we move up the screen, and now the user can see GPS coordinates. Unfortunately, there is no way to copy these coordinates, but you can get similar data.

To copy them you will need another Compass application. It's already installed on your iPhone and you can use it right away.

To view latitude, longitude, and altitude coordinates in the Compass app, simply launch and find the data at the bottom.

Determining the geographical coordinates of Moscow

For this:

1. Open maps of the Yandex search engine.
2. In the address bar, enter the name of our capital “Moscow”.
3. The city center (Kremlin) opens and under the name of the country we find the numbers 55.753215, 37.622504 - these are the coordinates, that is, 55.753215 north latitude and 37.622504 east longitude.

Throughout the world, GPS coordinates are determined by latitude and longitude according to the wgs-84 coordinate system.

In all situations, the latitude coordinate is a point relative to the equator, and the longitude coordinate is a point relative to the meridian of the British Royal Observatory at Greenwich, in the UK. This determines two important parameters of online geography.

Finding the latitude and longitude of St. Petersburg

To consolidate the skill, we will repeat the same algorithm of actions, but for the Northern capital:

1. Open Yandex cards.
2. We write down the name northern capital"Saint Petersburg".
3. The result of the request will be a panorama Palace Square and the desired coordinates are 59.939095, 30.315868.

Coordinates of Russian cities and world capitals in the table

Reading GPS data or where negative numbers come from

The object's geographic positioning system has changed several times. Now, thanks to it, you can quite accurately determine the distance to the desired object and find out the coordinates.

The ability to show location is a vital necessity during search operations of rescue services. Different situations happen with travelers, tourists or extreme sports enthusiasts. It is then that high accuracy is important, when a person is on the verge of life, and minutes count.

Now, dear reader, having such knowledge, you may have questions. There are many of them, but even from the table one of the most interesting emerges - why is the number negative? Let's figure it out.

GPS when translated into Russian sounds like this - “global positioning system" We remember that the distance to the desired geographical object (city, village, village, etc.) is measured according to two landmarks on the globe: the equator and the observatory in London.

At school they talked about latitude and longitude, but in Yandex maps they are replaced with the left and right parts of the code. If the navigator shows positive values, then you are going in a northerly direction. Otherwise, the numbers become negative, indicating southern latitude.

The same goes for longitude. Positive values ​​are eastern longitude, and negative values ​​are western longitude.

For example, the coordinates of the Lenin Library in Moscow: 55°45’08.1″N 37°36’36.9″E. It reads like this: “55 degrees 45 minutes and 08.1 seconds north latitude and 37 degrees 36 minutes and 36.9 seconds east longitude” (data from Google maps).

On globes and geographical maps there is a coordinate system. With its help, you can plot any object on a globe or map, as well as find it on the earth's surface. What is this system, and how to determine the coordinates of any object on the surface of the Earth with its participation? We will try to talk about this in this article.

Geographic latitude and longitude

Longitude and latitude are geographical concepts that are measured in angular units (degrees). They serve to indicate the position of any point (object) on the earth's surface.

Geographic latitude– the angle between a plumb line at a specific point and the plane of the equator (zero parallel). Latitude in the Southern Hemisphere is called southern, and in the Northern Hemisphere it is called northern. Can vary from 0∗ to 90∗.

Geographic longitude is the angle made by the meridian plane at a certain point to the plane of the prime meridian. If the longitude is counted east from the prime Greenwich meridian, then it will be east longitude, and if it is to the west, then it will be west longitude. Longitude values ​​can range from 0∗ to 180∗. Most often, on globes and maps, meridians (longitude) are indicated when they intersect with the equator.

How to determine your coordinates

If a person gets into emergency he must, first of all, be well versed in the terrain. In some cases, it is necessary to have certain skills in determining the geographic coordinates of your location, for example, in order to convey them to rescuers. There are several ways to do this using improvised methods. We present the simplest of them.

Determining longitude by gnomon

If you go traveling, it is best to set your watch to Greenwich time:

• It is necessary to determine when it will be noon GMT in a given area.
• Stick a stick (gnomon) to determine the shortest solar shadow at noon.
• Find the minimum shadow cast by the gnomon. This time will be local noon. In addition, this shadow will point strictly north at this time.
• Using this time, calculate the longitude of the place where you are.

Calculations are made based on the following:

• since the Earth makes a complete revolution in 24 hours, therefore, it will travel 15 ∗ (degrees) in 1 hour;
• 4 minutes of time will be equal to 1 geographical degree;
• 1 second of longitude will be equal to 4 seconds of time;
• if noon occurs before 12 o'clock GMT, this means that you are in the Eastern Hemisphere;
• If you spot the shortest shadow after 12 o'clock GMT, then you are in the Western Hemisphere.

An example of the simplest calculation of longitude: the shortest shadow was cast by the gnomon at 11 hours 36 minutes, that is, noon came 24 minutes earlier than at Greenwich. Based on the fact that 4 minutes of time are equal to 1 ∗ longitude, we calculate - 24 minutes / 4 minutes = 6 ∗. This means that you are in the Eastern Hemisphere at 6 ∗ longitude.

How to determine geographic latitude

The determination is made using a protractor and a plumb line. To do this, a protractor is made from 2 rectangular strips and fastened in the form of a compass so that the angle between them can be changed.

• A thread with a load is fixed in the central part of the protractor and plays the role of a plumb line.
• With its base, the protractor is aimed at the North Star.
• 90 ∗ is subtracted from the angle between the plumb line of the protractor and its base. The result is the angle between the horizon and North Star. Since this star is only 1 ∗ deviated from the axis of the world pole, the resulting angle will be equal to the latitude of the place where you are given time you are.

How to determine geographic coordinates

The simplest way to determine geographic coordinates, which does not require any calculations, is this:

• Google maps opens.
• Find the exact place there;
  • the map is moved with the mouse, moved away and zoomed in using its wheel
  • find a settlement by name using the search.
• Right-click on the desired location. Select the required item from the menu that opens. IN in this case“What is here?” Geographic coordinates will appear in the search line at the top of the window. For example: Sochi - 43.596306, 39.7229. They indicate the geographic latitude and longitude of the center of that city. This way you can determine the coordinates of your street or house.

Using the same coordinates you can see the place on the map. You just can’t swap these numbers. If you put longitude first and latitude second, you risk ending up in a different place. For example, instead of Moscow you will end up in Turkmenistan.

How to determine coordinates on a map

To determine the geographic latitude of an object, you need to find the closest parallel to it from the equator. For example, Moscow is located between the 50th and 60th parallels. The closest parallel from the equator is the 50th. To this figure is added the number of degrees of the meridian arc, which is calculated from the 50th parallel to the desired object. This number is 6. Therefore, 50 + 6 = 56. Moscow lies on the 56th parallel.

To determine the geographic longitude of an object, find the meridian where it is located. For example, St. Petersburg lies east of Greenwich. Meridian, this one is 30 ∗ away from the prime meridian. This means that the city of St. Petersburg is located in the Eastern Hemisphere at a longitude of 30 ∗.

How to determine the coordinates of the geographic longitude of the desired object if it is located between two meridians? At the very beginning, the longitude of the meridian that is located closer to Greenwich is determined. Then to given value it is necessary to add the number of degrees that is on the parallel arc the distance between the object and the meridian closest to Greenwich.

Example, Moscow is located east of the 30 ∗ meridian. Between it and Moscow the arc of parallel is 8 ∗. This means that Moscow has an eastern longitude and it is equal to 38 ∗ (E).

How to determine your coordinates on topographic maps? Geodetic and astronomical coordinates of the same objects differ on average by 70 m. Parallels and meridians on topographic maps are the inner frames of the sheets. Their latitude and longitude are written in the corner of each sheet. Western Hemisphere map sheets are marked "West of Greenwich" in the northwest corner of the frame. Maps of the Eastern Hemisphere will accordingly be marked “East of Greenwich.”

Good day!

Almost all of us have found ourselves in a situation where we are wandering in an unfamiliar part of the city and trying to find the right address. Now, of course, technology has stepped forward and an ordinary smartphone allows you to navigate the area perfectly...

However, not everywhere and not everything is depicted on Google and Yandex maps. Not long ago I was in a new part of my city, and, as it turned out, some streets in this area were simply not shown on the map. How can you tell another person where you are and how to find you?

Actually, this short note is dedicated to coordinates and searching for a specific point on the map using map services from Yandex and Google. So...

How to determine your coordinates and how to find an address using coordinates

I'll start with Google maps, official website :

To accurately determine your coordinates, click on the “Location Determination” button; usually a small window immediately pops up in the browser asking whether to allow access (select “I allow”).

Important! By the way, in some cases different services may show you in “different places”. Therefore, double-check your coordinates using 2 maps at once.

If the street is long and there are no house numbers (or Google maps do not indicate houses in this area at all) - then left-click on the point next to the one identified by Google - a small tab should pop up at the bottom, in which your coordinates!

Coordinates represent consists of two numbers. For example, in the screenshot below these are: 54.989192 and 73.319559

Knowing these numbers, you can transmit your location to anyone (even if he does not use Google maps, which is very convenient).

To find the desired point in Google by coordinates, simply open maps and enter these two numbers in the search bar (top left): after 1-2 seconds. A red flag will light up on the maps indicating the desired point.

Note:

1. coordinates must be indicated using a dot, not a comma (correct: 54.989192 73.319559; incorrect: 54.989192 and 73.319559);
2. indicate the coordinates in the order in which the map gives them to you: i.e. first latitude, then longitude (if you break the order, you will get a completely wrong point, perhaps even 1000 km further than the one you are looking for...);
3. coordinates can be specified in degrees and minutes (example: 51°54" 73°31").

Yandex maps

By and large, the principle of operation with Yandex maps is similar. It is worth noting that if the address is not determined for one service, try using another. Sometimes, if a street or area is not drawn in Google maps, then in Yandex, on the contrary, it is displayed quite fully, all the streets are signed, and you can easily find your way where to go and what to do.

Yandex Maps also has special ones. a tool that allows you to find out your location online (click on the arrow in the white circle on the right, see screenshot below).

To determine the coordinates - just click on the desired point on the map - a small window will pop up with addresses and two numbers - this is what they are.

You can insert both a specific address and coordinates into the search line (don’t forget that they need to be specified correctly: do not confuse the sequence, specify through a dot, not a comma!).

Addition!

I have another article of a similar nature on my blog - about determining distances between cities, choosing the optimal road and estimating travel time. It will be useful to anyone who is planning to travel to another city, I recommend:

Additions are welcome...

Counted from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. The geographic latitude of points lying in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is usually considered positive, the latitude of points in southern hemisphere- negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and about those close to the equator - as about low.

Due to the difference in the shape of the Earth from a sphere, the geographic latitude of points differs somewhat from their geocentric latitude, that is, from the angle between the direction to a given point from the center of the Earth and the plane of the equator.

Longitude

Longitude- angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the initial prime meridian from which longitude is measured. Longitudes from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern, and to the west - western. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western longitudes are considered negative.

Height

To completely determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space, a third coordinate is needed - height. The distance to the center of the planet is not used in geography: it is convenient only when describing very deep regions of the planet or, on the contrary, when calculating orbits in space.

Within the geographic envelope, the “height above sea level” is usually used, measured from the level of the “smoothed” surface - the geoid. Such system of three coordinates turns out to be orthogonal, which simplifies a number of calculations. Altitude above sea level is also convenient because it is related to atmospheric pressure.

Distance from the earth's surface (up or down) is often used to describe a place, however Not serves coordinate

Geographic coordinate system

The main disadvantage in the practical use of GSK in navigation is the large values angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing to infinity at the pole. Therefore, instead of the GSK, a semi-free CS in azimuth is used.

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

The azimuth-semi-free CS differs from the GSK in only one equation, which has the form:

Accordingly, the system also has the initial position that the GCS and their orientation also coincide with the only difference that its axes and are deviated from the corresponding axes of the GCS by an angle for which the equation is valid

The conversion between the GSK and the semi-free CS in azimuth is carried out according to the formula

In reality, all calculations are carried out in this system, and then, to produce output information, the coordinates are converted into the GSK.

Geographic coordinate recording formats

The WGS84 system is used to record geographic coordinates.

Coordinates (latitude from -90° to +90°, longitude from -180° to +180°) can be written:

• in ° degrees as a decimal (modern version)
• in ° degrees and "minutes s decimal
• in ° degrees, "minutes and" seconds with decimal fraction (historical form of notation)

The decimal separator is always a dot. Positive signs coordinates are represented (in most cases omitted) by the “+” sign, or by the letters: “N” - northern latitude and “E” - eastern longitude. Negative signs coordinates are represented either by the sign “-” or by the letters: “S” - southern latitude and “W” - western longitude. Letters can be placed either in front or behind.

There are no uniform rules for recording coordinates.

On the maps search engines By default, coordinates are shown in degrees with decimal fractions, with “-” signs for negative longitude. On Google maps and Yandex maps, latitude comes first, then longitude (until October 2012, the reverse order was adopted on Yandex maps: first longitude, then latitude). These coordinates are visible, for example, when plotting routes from arbitrary points. Other formats are also recognized when searching.

By default, navigators often display degrees and minutes with decimal fractions. letter designation, for example, in Navitel, in iGO. You can enter coordinates in accordance with other formats. The degrees and minutes format is also recommended for maritime radio communications.

At the same time, the original method of recording with degrees, minutes and seconds is often used. Currently, coordinates can be written in one of many ways or duplicated in two main ways (with degrees and with degrees, minutes and seconds). As an example, options for recording the coordinates of the sign “Zero kilometer of highways of the Russian Federation” - 55.755831 , 37.617673 55°45′20.99″ n. w. 37°37′03.62″ E. d. /  55.755831 , 37.617673 (G) (O) (I):

• 55.755831°, 37.617673° -- degrees
• N55.755831°, E37.617673° -- degrees (+ additional letters)
• 55°45.35"N, 37°37.06"E -- degrees and minutes (+ additional letters)
• 55°45"20.9916"N, 37°37"3.6228"E -- degrees, minutes and seconds (+ additional letters)

Links

• Geographic coordinates of all cities on Earth (English)
• Geographic coordinates of populated areas on Earth (1) (English)
• Geographic coordinates of populated areas on Earth (2) (English)
• Converting coordinates from degrees to degrees/minutes, to degrees/minutes/seconds and back
• Converting coordinates from degrees to degrees/minutes/seconds and back

see also

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Geographic coordinates” are in other dictionaries:

See Coordinates. Mountain encyclopedia. M.: Soviet encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984 1991 … Geological encyclopedia

- (latitude and longitude), determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface. Geographic latitude j is the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 latitude on both sides of the equator. Geographical longitude l angle… … Modern encyclopedia

Latitude and longitude determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Geographic latitude? the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90. in both directions from the equator. Geographic longitude? angle between... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Angular values ​​that determine the position of a point on the Earth’s surface: latitude – the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the earth’s equator, measured from 0 to 90° (north of the equator is northern latitude and south of southern latitude); longitude... ...Nautical Dictionary

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Lesson questions:

1. Coordinate systems used in topography: geographic, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates, their essence and use.

Coordinates are called angular and linear quantities (numbers) that determine the position of a point on any surface or in space.
In topography, coordinate systems are used that make it possible to most simply and unambiguously determine the position of points on the earth's surface, both from the results of direct measurements on the ground and using maps. Such systems include geographic, flat rectangular, polar and bipolar coordinates.
Geographical coordinates(Fig. 1) – angular values: latitude (j) and longitude (L), which determine the position of an object on the earth’s surface relative to the origin of coordinates – the point of intersection of the prime (Greenwich) meridian with the equator. On a map, the geographic grid is indicated by a scale on all sides of the map frame. The western and eastern sides of the frame are meridians, and the northern and southern sides are parallels. In the corners of the map sheet, the geographical coordinates of the intersection points of the sides of the frame are written.

In the geographic coordinate system, the position of any point on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates is determined in angular measure. In our country and in most other countries, the point of intersection of the prime (Greenwich) meridian with the equator is taken as the beginning. Being thus uniform for our entire planet, the system of geographic coordinates is convenient for solving problems of determining the relative position of objects located at significant distances from each other. Therefore, in military affairs, this system is used mainly for conducting calculations related to the use of long-range combat weapons, for example, ballistic missiles, aviation, etc.
Plane rectangular coordinates(Fig. 2) - linear quantities that determine the position of an object on a plane relative to the accepted origin of coordinates - the intersection of two mutually perpendicular lines (coordinate axes X and Y).
In topography, each 6-degree zone has its own system of rectangular coordinates. The X axis is the axial meridian of the zone, the Y axis is the equator, and the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator is the origin of coordinates.

The plane rectangular coordinate system is zonal; it is established for each six-degree zone into which the Earth’s surface is divided when depicting it on maps in the Gaussian projection, and is intended to indicate the position of images of points of the earth’s surface on a plane (map) in this projection.
The origin of coordinates in a zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator, relative to which the position of all other points in the zone is determined in a linear measure. The origin of the zone and its coordinate axes occupy a strictly defined position on the earth's surface. Therefore, the system of flat rectangular coordinates of each zone is connected both with the coordinate systems of all other zones, and with the system of geographical coordinates.
The use of linear quantities to determine the position of points makes the system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for carrying out calculations both when working on the ground and on a map. Therefore, this system is most widely used among the troops. Rectangular coordinates indicate the position of terrain points, their battle formations and targets, and with their help determine the relative position of objects within one coordinate zone or in adjacent areas of two zones.
Polar and bipolar coordinate systems are local systems. In military practice, they are used to determine the position of some points relative to others in relatively small areas of the terrain, for example, when designating targets, marking landmarks and targets, drawing up terrain diagrams, etc. These systems can be associated with systems of rectangular and geographic coordinates.

2. Determining geographic coordinates and plotting objects on a map using known coordinates.

The geographic coordinates of a point located on the map are determined from the nearest parallel and meridian, the latitude and longitude of which are known.
Frame topographic map divided into minutes, which are separated by dots into divisions of 10 seconds each. Latitudes are indicated on the sides of the frame, and longitudes are indicated on the northern and southern sides.

Using the minute frame of the map you can:
1 . Determine the geographic coordinates of any point on the map.
For example, the coordinates of point A (Fig. 3). To do this, you need to use a measuring compass to measure the shortest distance from point A to the southern frame of the map, then attach the meter to the western frame and determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment, add the resulting (measured) value of minutes and seconds (0"27") with the latitude of the southwest corner of the frame - 54°30".
Latitude points on the map will be equal to: 54°30"+0"27" = 54°30"27".
Longitude is defined similarly.
Using a measuring compass, measure the shortest distance from point A to the western frame of the map, apply the measuring compass to the southern frame, determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment (2"35"), add the resulting (measured) value to the longitude of the southwestern corner frames - 45°00".
Longitude points on the map will be equal to: 45°00"+2"35" = 45°02"35"
2. Plot any point on the map according to the given geographical coordinates.
For example, point B latitude: 54°31 "08", longitude 45°01 "41".
To plot a point in longitude on a map, it is necessary to draw the true meridian through this point, for which you connect the same number of minutes along the northern and southern frames; To plot a point in latitude on a map, it is necessary to draw a parallel through this point, for which you connect the same number of minutes along the western and eastern frames. The intersection of two lines will determine the location of point B.

3. Rectangular coordinate grid on topographic maps and its digitization. Additional grid at the junction of coordinate zones.

The coordinate grid on the map is a grid of squares formed by lines parallel to the coordinate axes of the zone. Grid lines are drawn through an integer number of kilometers. Therefore, the coordinate grid is also called the kilometer grid, and its lines are kilometer.
On a 1:25000 map, the lines forming the coordinate grid are drawn through 4 cm, that is, through 1 km on the ground, and on maps 1:50000-1:200000 through 2 cm (1.2 and 4 km on the ground, respectively). On a 1:500000 map, only the outputs of the coordinate grid lines are plotted on the inner frame of each sheet every 2 cm (10 km on the ground). If necessary, coordinate lines can be drawn on the map along these outputs.
On topographic maps, the values ​​of the abscissa and ordinate of coordinate lines (Fig. 2) are signed at the exits of the lines outside the inner frame of the sheet and in nine places on each sheet of the map. Full values The abscissa and ordinate in kilometers are signed near the coordinate lines closest to the corners of the map frame and near the intersection of the coordinate lines closest to the northwestern corner. The remaining coordinate lines are abbreviated with two numbers (tens and units of kilometers). The labels near the horizontal grid lines correspond to the distances from the ordinate axis in kilometers.
Labels near the vertical lines indicate the zone number (one or two first digits) and the distance in kilometers (always three digits) from the origin of coordinates, conventionally moved west of the zone’s axial meridian by 500 km. For example, the signature 6740 means: 6 - zone number, 740 - distance from the conventional origin in kilometers.
On the outer frame there are outputs of coordinate lines ( additional mesh) coordinate system of the adjacent zone.

4. Determination of rectangular coordinates of points. Drawing points on a map according to their coordinates.

Using a coordinate grid using a compass (ruler), you can:
1. Determine the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map.
For example, points B (Fig. 2).
To do this you need:

• write X - digitization of the bottom kilometer line of the square in which point B is located, i.e. 6657 km;
• measure the perpendicular distance from the bottom kilometer line of the square to point B and, using the linear scale of the map, determine the size of this segment in meters;
• add the measured value of 575 m with the digitization value of the lower kilometer line of the square: X=6657000+575=6657575 m.

The Y ordinate is determined in the same way:

• write down the Y value - digitization of the left vertical line of the square, i.e. 7363;
• measure the perpendicular distance from this line to point B, i.e. 335 m;
• add the measured distance to the Y digitization value of the left vertical line of the square: Y=7363000+335=7363335 m.

2. Place the target on the map at the given coordinates.
For example, point G at coordinates: X=6658725 Y=7362360.
To do this you need:

• find the square in which point G is located according to the value of whole kilometers, i.e. 5862;
• set aside from the lower left corner of the square a segment on the map scale equal to the difference between the abscissa of the target and the bottom side of the square - 725 m;
• - from the obtained point, along the perpendicular to the right, plot a segment equal to the difference between the ordinates of the target and the left side of the square, i.e. 360 m.

The accuracy of determining geographic coordinates using 1:25000-1:200000 maps is about 2 and 10"" respectively.
The accuracy of determining the rectangular coordinates of points from a map is limited not only by its scale, but also by the magnitude of errors allowed when shooting or drawing up a map and plotting various points and terrain objects on it
Most accurately (with an error not exceeding 0.2 mm) geodetic points and are plotted on the map. objects that stand out most sharply in the area and are visible from a distance, having the significance of landmarks (individual bell towers, factory chimneys, tower-type buildings). Therefore, the coordinates of such points can be determined with approximately the same accuracy with which they are plotted on the map, i.e. for a map of scale 1:25000 - with an accuracy of 5-7 m, for a map of scale 1:50000 - with an accuracy of 10-15 m, for a map of scale 1:100000 - with an accuracy of 20-30 m.
The remaining landmarks and contour points are plotted on the map, and, therefore, determined from it with an error of up to 0.5 mm, and points related to contours that are not clearly defined on the ground (for example, the contour of a swamp), with an error of up to 1 mm.

6. Determining the position of objects (points) in polar and bipolar coordinate systems, plotting objects on a map by direction and distance, by two angles or by two distances.

System flat polar coordinates(Fig. 3, a) consists of point O - the origin, or poles, and the initial direction of the OR, called polar axis.

System flat bipolar (two-pole) coordinates(Fig. 3, b) consists of two poles A and B and a common axis AB, called the basis or base of the notch. The position of any point M relative to two data on the map (terrain) of points A and B is determined by the coordinates that are measured on the map or on the terrain.
These coordinates can be either two position angles that determine the directions from points A and B to the desired point M, or the distances D1=AM and D2=BM to it. The position angles in this case, as shown in Fig. 1, b, are measured at points A and B or from the direction of the basis (i.e. angle A = BAM and angle B = ABM) or from any other directions passing through points A and B and taken as the initial ones. For example, in the second case, the location of point M is determined by the position angles θ1 and θ2, measured from the direction of the magnetic meridians.

Drawing a detected object on a map
This is one of the most important moments in object detection. The accuracy of determining its coordinates depends on how accurately the object (target) is plotted on the map.
Having discovered an object (target), you must first accurately determine by various signs what has been detected. Then, without stopping observing the object and without detecting yourself, put the object on the map. There are several ways to plot an object on a map.
Visually: A feature is plotted on the map if it is near a known landmark.
By direction and distance: to do this, you need to orient the map, find the point of your standing on it, indicate on the map the direction to the detected object and draw a line to the object from the point of your standing, then determine the distance to the object by measuring this distance on the map and comparing it with the scale of the map.

Rice. 4. Drawing the target on the map using a straight line from two points.

If it is graphically impossible to solve the problem in this way (the enemy is in the way, poor visibility, etc.), then you need to accurately measure the azimuth to the object, then translate it into a directional angle and draw on the map from the standing point the direction at which to plot the distance to the object. To obtain the directional angle, you need to magnetic azimuth add the magnetic declination of a given map (direction correction). Straight serif. In this way, an object is placed on a map of 2-3 points from which it can be observed. To do this, from each selected point, the direction to the object is drawn on an oriented map, then the intersection of straight lines determines the location of the object.

7. Methods of target designation on the map: in graphic coordinates, flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by kilometer grid squares (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 square), from a landmark, from a conventional line, in azimuth and target range, in a bipolar coordinate system.

The ability to quickly and correctly indicate targets, landmarks and other objects on the ground is important for controlling units and fire in battle or for organizing battle.
Targeting in geographical coordinates used very rarely and only in cases where targets are located at a considerable distance from a given point on the map, expressed in tens or hundreds of kilometers. In this case, geographic coordinates are determined from the map, as described in question No. 2 of this lesson.
The location of the target (object) is indicated by latitude and longitude, for example, height 245.2 (40° 8" 40" N, 65° 31" 00" E). On the eastern (western), northern (southern) sides of the topographic frame, marks of the target position in latitude and longitude are applied with a compass. From these marks, perpendiculars are lowered into the depth of the topographic map sheet until they intersect (commander’s rulers and standard sheets of paper are applied). The point of intersection of the perpendiculars is the position of the target on the map.
For approximate target designation by rectangular coordinates It is enough to indicate on the map the grid square in which the object is located. The square is always indicated by the numbers of the kilometer lines, the intersection of which forms the southwest (lower left) corner. When indicating the square of the map, the following rule is followed: first they call two numbers signed at the horizontal line (on the western side), that is, the “X” coordinate, and then two numbers at the vertical line (the southern side of the sheet), that is, the “Y” coordinate. In this case, “X” and “Y” are not said. For example, enemy tanks were detected. When transmitting a report by radiotelephone, the square number is pronounced: "eighty eight zero two."
If the position of a point (object) needs to be determined more accurately, then full or abbreviated coordinates are used.
Work with full coordinates. For example, you need to determine the coordinates of a road sign in square 8803 on a map at a scale of 1:50000. First, determine the distance from the bottom horizontal side of the square to the road sign (for example, 600 m on the ground). In the same way, measure the distance from the left vertical side of the square (for example, 500 m). Now, by digitizing kilometer lines, we determine the full coordinates of the object. The horizontal line has the signature 5988 (X), adding the distance from this line to the road sign, we get: X = 5988600. We define the vertical line in the same way and get 2403500. The full coordinates of the road sign are as follows: X=5988600 m, Y=2403500 m.
Abbreviated coordinates respectively will be equal: X=88600 m, Y=03500 m.
If it is necessary to clarify the position of a target in a square, then target designation is used in an alphabetic or digital way inside the square of a kilometer grid.
During target designation literal way inside the square of the kilometer grid, the square is conditionally divided into 4 parts, each part is assigned capital letter Russian alphabet.
Second way - digital way target designation inside the square kilometer grid (target designation by snail ). This method got its name from the arrangement of conventional digital squares inside the square of the kilometer grid. They are arranged as if in a spiral, with the square divided into 9 parts.
When designating targets in these cases, they name the square in which the target is located, and add a letter or number that specifies the position of the target inside the square. For example, height 51.8 (5863-A) or high-voltage support (5762-2) (see Fig. 2).
Target designation from a landmark is the simplest and most common method of target designation. With this method of target designation, the landmark closest to the target is first named, then the angle between the direction to the landmark and the direction to the target in protractor divisions (measured with binoculars) and the distance to the target in meters. For example: “Landmark two, forty to the right, further two hundred, near a separate bush there is a machine gun.”
Target designation from the conditional line usually used in motion on combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line, relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is denoted by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero. This construction is done on the maps of both transmitting and receiving target designation.
Target designation from a conventional line is usually used in movement on combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line (Fig. 5), relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is denoted by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero.

Rice. 5. Target designation from the conditional line

This construction is done on the maps of both transmitting and receiving target designation. The position of the target relative to the conditional line is determined by two coordinates: a segment from the starting point to the base of the perpendicular lowered from the target location point to the conditional line, and a perpendicular segment from the conditional line to the target. When designating targets, the conventional name of the line is called, then the number of centimeters and millimeters contained in the first segment, and, finally, the direction (left or right) and the length of the second segment. For example: “Straight AC, five, seven; to the right zero, six - NP.”

Target designation from a conventional line can be given by indicating the direction to the target at an angle from the conventional line and the distance to the target, for example: “Straight AC, right 3-40, one thousand two hundred – machine gun.”
Target designation in azimuth and range to the target. The azimuth of the direction to the target is determined using a compass in degrees, and the distance to it is determined using an observation device or by eye in meters. For example: “Azimuth thirty-five, range six hundred—a tank in a trench.” This method is most often used in areas where there are few landmarks.

8. Problem solving.

Determining the coordinates of terrain points (objects) and target designation on the map is practically practiced educational maps at previously prepared points (marked objects).
Each student determines geographic and rectangular coordinates (maps objects according to known coordinates).
Methods of target designation on the map are worked out: in flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by squares of a kilometer grid (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 of a square), from a landmark, along the azimuth and range of the target.

Notes

Military topography

Military ecology

Military medical training

Engineering training

Fire training