Foreign words that came into the Russian language. Foreign words in Russian

All words of a language form its lexical composition, or vocabulary. The branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary is called lexicology. The science that studies the origin of a word is called etymology. All words in the Russian language can be divided into two parts by origin: native Russian and borrowed. Etymology studies them. And information about the origin of the word can be found in etymological dictionaries.

Original Russian words

Originally Russian are words that have appeared in the Russian language itself since its formation. So ancient man named objects and phenomena that he encountered and came into contact with. These include words that remained in the language from the ancestral languages, as well as those that were already formed in the Russian language itself.

Stone, earth, sky, mother, son, day, sun, etc.

Over time, the vocabulary increased. People moved, did not live in isolation and communicated with neighboring peoples. During this communication, they increased their vocabulary, borrowing some names and concepts from others. This is how borrowed words begin to appear in the vocabulary of the Russian language.

Original Russian words are usually divided into 4 main groups, or layers, which include vocabulary from different time periods:

1. The most ancient, having Indo-European roots and common to all languages ​​of the Indo-European family (examples - household items, names of animals and phenomena: wolf, goat, cat, sheep; moon, water; sew, bake).
2. Words from the common Slavic language, common to all Slavic tribes ( examples - names products, activities, animals and birds, etc.: door, table, spoon; live, walk, breathe, grow; horse, bear, swan, fish).
3. From about the 7th-10th centuries, an East Slavic group of words appears, which is common to the East Slavic (Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian) peoples ( examples - words, denoting characteristics of objects, actions, units of account, etc.: stupid, wise, white; one, two, three, seven, ten; wind, thunder, thunderstorm, rain).
4. Words of the Russian language that were formed after the division into 3 branches of the East Slavic peoples, approximately from the 14th century (examples - names of folk dishes, professions, etc.: flatbread, uproot, carter, rook, chicken)

All these words, despite their similarity today with the words of other peoples, are originally Russian. And acquired words from other languages ​​are considered borrowed.

It is important to note that if a word is formed from a foreign word using a suffix or prefix, it is considered actually Russian; Only the original, primary word will be borrowed.

For example:

highway is a foreign word, and highway is actually Russian, since it was formed according to the type of Russian words using the suffixal method (also: station - station, balcony - balcony, etc.).

Loan words

Borrowed words in the Russian language can be modified in accordance with the rules and laws of the Russian language. For example, their morphology, meaning or pronunciation may change.

Parliament in Russian is a masculine word, and in German, from where it was borrowed, it is neuter;

Painter is the name of a working profession, a person engaged in painting, and in German, from where it was borrowed, a painter.

Thus, in order to know the lexical meaning of a word, you need to know from which language it was borrowed.

There are many dictionaries that explain the meanings of borrowed words. They should not be confused with translator dictionaries, which contain the translation of a foreign word.

The first dictionary of foreign words was written back in early XVIII century. It was handwritten and explained the meaning, as well as where the word came from in the Russian language.

Reasons for borrowing

All borrowed words appear in our language for various reasons; they can be conventionally called internal and external.

Domestic

• Tendency to replace phrases with one word ( tutor– a children’s teacher invited to the family; aphorism- short saying);
• consolidation of borrowed words that have a certain morphological structure, thus making borrowing easier ( basketball, football, handball etc.);
• influence of fashion and foreign trends. Fashion for words that over time take root and become part of the language ( bowling, charisma, acceleration etc.).

• Borrowing a concept or thing, and with it the word denoting it. With the development of technology, science, art, there are more and more such words (broker, voucher, display, etc.);
• borrowing words that denote a certain type of object, and very often many of these words have Russian corresponding words, but it is the borrowed ones that have taken root and are used more (mounting - assembly, constant - constant value, present - gift, etc.).

Signs of borrowed words

There are certain signs by which we can immediately “identify” a borrowed word:

• initial letters A and E (aura, era);
• the presence of the letter F in the word (torch, philosopher);
• combination of vowels (nuance, voyage);
• double consonants (accompaniment, appetite);
• immutability of the word (hummingbird, flamingo, etc.).

Lesson notes for 6th grade

Note:

The topic is designed for 2 lessons; on the first we study native Russian words in more detail, on the second we study borrowed ones. The lessons are based on the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Lesson 1

The words are native Russian and borrowed.

• familiarity with the classification of vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of origin;
• development of skills in working with dictionaries;

Lesson type:

Combined.

Organizing time.

The teacher reads a fragment of a fairy tale in Ukrainian and asks students to translate it.

Conversation on questions:

- How did you guess what we were talking about?

— What words sound similar in Russian and Ukrainian?

- What does this have to do with?

(We come to the conclusion that Russian and Ukrainian are related languages, which means that they originated from the same language).

Heuristic conversation with an exit on the topic of the lesson:

—Where do words come from in a language?

— Can we guess into what groups all the words of the Russian language are divided in terms of their origin and how many of these groups there will be?

Searching for information in the textbook (§17), a story based on the diagram of ex. 126 about native Russian and borrowed words.

Recording the topic of the lesson, setting goals, planning work.

— So, native Russian words arose in the Russian language or were inherited from ancestral languages. What ancestor languages ​​are we talking about? And which of these ancestors is the oldest?

Work in groups: talk about the pedigree of the Russian language, using materials from ex. 128 (“tree” of the Indo-European family of languages).

The class is united into 2 groups, which are given cards with the inscriptions “Russian language”, “Belarusian language”, “ Ukrainian language", "Old Russian language", "Common Slavic language", "Indo-European language", "Proto-Indo-European language".

One group builds its genealogy story from the Proto-Indo-European language, the second - from the Russian language to its ancestors. A creative approach is encouraged; groups not only tell stories, but also represent languages ​​(by attaching cards, “hero-languages” are lined up in a genealogy chain as the story progresses). In conclusion, all students write down the names of the languages ​​- the ancestors of the Russian language, arranging them “by age”: from oldest to subsequent.

(As a result, the entry should appear: Proto-Indo-European, Indo-European, Common Slavic, Old Russian, Russian).

Vocabulary work (You can involve heroes who played the roles of ancestral languages):

— What words are the most ancient in the Russian language? (Those that came from the Proto-Indo-European language). Pupils read words from exercise. 129, draw a conclusion about which thematic groups these words belong to.

— What words are common Slavic in origin? Reading aloud words from exercise. 130, recording the names of thematic groups and words (with an explanation of spelling).

Common Slavic words make up about a quarter of all words that we now use in everyday speech!

— Filling out the exercise table. 131.

Conclusion about the similarity of words and the relationship of languages; these words are from the Old Russian language, which was the common ancestor of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Working with dictionaries:

- acquaintance with marks that indicate the origin of the word (exercise 127, Etymological Dictionary);

- familiarity with marks that indicate which language it came from given word(dictionary of foreign words).

Working with a textbook: searching for an answer to the question of what words are called that already appeared in the Russian language itself, and at what time this process began. Pupils reading theoretical material on page 71 and answer that Russian words themselves began to form in the Russian language from the 14th century, that is, after the division of the Old Russian language into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

Analysis homework: ex. 132 (divide the words into two groups – older and younger; use the “Advice from an Assistant”).


Lesson summary; reflection (Which language was the great-great-grandfather of the Russian language? And what languages ​​are the siblings of the Russian language? What other languages Slavic languages You know? What facts were discussed in class today that were new to you? Which ones were you most interested in? What would you like to know more about? Etc.)

Lesson 2

Borrowed words.

• Further study of the vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of origin, study of borrowed words, their characteristics, reasons for borrowing words from other languages;
• development of skills in working with dictionaries; development of spelling and spelling skills;
• nurturing love for the Russian language and respect for other languages.

• Cognitive: searching for information, structuring information, constructing a statement, reflecting on activities;
• Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;
• Communication: planning cooperation; ability to express thoughts;
• Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.

Lesson type:

Combined.

Equipment:

Multimedia projector.

1. Organizing time.
2. Spelling warm-up (p. 74):

   original Russian words, loanwords, common...Slavic language, Roman languages, Roman languages.

3. Update background knowledge: explain the meaning of the written phrases, what theme unites them.
4. Working with video material: lesson “Borrowed words” of the Info lesson.

   a) viewing the material 0-1.15 min;

   Examples of borrowed words:

   
   
   
   

   b) heuristic conversation with an exit on the topic of the lesson:

   — What is the reason for the appearance of borrowed words in a language?

   —Can we determine by the “external appearance” of a word whether it is borrowed or not?

   — Is borrowing words good or bad?

   c) Formulation of the lesson topic, motivation. Recording the topic of the lesson, setting goals, planning work.
   

   
   

   d) Watch video lesson 1.40-2.53; recording examples; correction of errors in the video tutorial (Dutch).

   e) Watch video lesson 2.54-3.37; working with a dictionary of foreign words, students’ oral responses; writing words in alphabetical order; self-test.

   
   
   

   e) Watch video lesson 3.45-4.30, make a sentence with a word chauffeur, correction of an error in the video tutorial (give a lift).

   History of the word "chauffeur":

   
   
   
   

5. Working with the textbook:
   

   a) reading exercise 136, answering the question how the words in each pair differ and what unites them: Students come to the conclusion that pairs of native Russian and borrowed words are synonyms.

   b) Assignment: replace the original Russian word-synonym word chauffeur. (driver) Give your own examples of such pairs of words (orally).

   c) Conversation on issues:

   - Do you think the presence of such pairs of synonyms makes the language richer?

   - How do you understand the statement of V. G. Belinsky?

   “All nations exchange words and borrow them from each other”

   — why do such exchanges occur, what are the borrowings associated with?

Watch video lesson 4.38-5.50;

distribution of words into thematic groups (orally);

self-examination, discussion of results (word museum difficult to attribute to any group, words household appliances can be attributed to both everyday life and technology, etc.).




6. Physical exercise.
7. 
   Spelling work: exercise 139, write down the words, inserting the missing letters (explanatory letter with interpretation of the meanings of unfamiliar words).
8. Is it possible to see a borrowed word among other words? Do borrowed words have any signs? Familiarization with the section “This is interesting” (signs of borrowed words).

   Sometimes borrowed words can be recognized by signs. For example, French words have stress on the last syllable ( metro, muffler, dispensary, blinds); English - combinations j, ing, men ( jeans, rally, bowling, businessman); German - combinations xt, pcs ( fine, plug).

   Almost all words starting with a, f, e are foreign languages ​​( lampshade, watermelon, agent, ellipse, lantern). Words with the combinations ke, ge, he, pyu, mu, vu, byu ( skittles, hectare, ditch, muesli), with the combination of two or more vowels in the root ( P oe t, n Yua ns, d uh l), with double consonants in the root ( A kk hord, and pp it's like NN A), and immutable nouns and adjectives ( coat, color Bordeaux).

Watch video lesson 6.53-8.19;

answering a question about the benefits or harms of borrowing, comparing pairs of words (with a recording), self-test.






8.20-9.05: Listening to sentences, finding borrowed words, self-test. We pay attention to the pronunciation of borrowed words.





9.10-9.31: replacing borrowed words with Russian synonyms (where possible), composing and writing sentences; self-test.




9.32-9.50: conclusion about the benefits of borrowed words and the need for their reasonable use so as not to clog up your native language.



9. Summing up the lesson, reflection.

Homework: §18;

Exercise 143 orally: pronounce the borrowed words correctly, remember their standard pronunciation.

Exercise 141 in writing: using the material in the paragraph, prove that all the words listed are foreign in origin. Write down the words and underline their foreign language features. For which words can you indicate the source language?

The number of foreign words in everyday speech increases from year to year geometric progression. The frustrating fact is that equivalent words still exist in the Russian language and are used less and less often. The situation is getting worse thanks to the means mass media, as well as the policies pursued by Russian ministries and departments in this direction. Increasingly, on TV screens we hear newly introduced words from the predominantly Germanic group of languages ​​(mainly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger" and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials set a bad example in the use of the above words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order. If you have any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is purposefully littered, and the common people forget that there are words with the same meaning in native language. Therefore, the question comes to mind: “Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?” We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did such richness come from in our language? Separate articles can be devoted to this and other similar issues.

In some countries, special institutions are created at the government level that protect the pristine nature of the native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to the language of their everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the residents of the country are primarily concerned not with the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but with the problem of the possible gradual simplification of French, and as a consequence, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing signed a law on the protection of French from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore of a foreign culture. Similar measures need to be taken in Russia.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have become embedded in our everyday use, as well as to highlight the misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches famous people at a time when there are original Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then anyone can add them to this list by first registering in Wikijournal.

A

• Authoritative - significant,
• Alphabet - (came from the Greek language - ἀλφάβητος). The original word " ABC", also has the meaning " Glagolitic".
• Accent - equivalent meaning emphasis.
• Emphasize - Pay attention.
• Analogy, Analogue, Similar - (in English and French "analogue"). Has equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " same".
• Abstract - (in English "annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
• Aristocracy (from Greek - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

• Legitimate - (from English "legitimate") - original Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

• Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
• Manager is the most commonly used word in English meaning " manager" / "manager" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - in English it means " secretary".
• Message - (from English "message") - this word is often used in the Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
• Method - (from ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian nothing more than " way".
• Moment - (from Latin momentum - means driving force, but has no independent meaning. In English, "moment" means a short period of time) - equivalent meaning in Russian " moment".
• Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as a verb "to monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

N

• Nick or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it is best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

ABOUT

• Okay - (from English "ok"). Frequently occurring word in Everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " Fine", "OK", in other cases you can also say " Great", "agree", "coming", many words can be chosen, but the use is probably due to the brevity of the English version.

P

• Person - (from Latin "persōna", in English "person") - equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
• Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". IN different variations may have other meanings.
• Prolong (from English "prolong"). No other way than " prolong" in Russian. Used in relation to the renewal of any contracts.

R

• Reception - (from English "reception" - reception, accept) equivalent word in Russian " reception" (most often in hotels).
• Real - (in English "real") means nothing more than " valid".

WITH

• Synchronously - (from the English word "synchronously" - means "simultaneously", "at the same time").
• Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "himself" or "oneself"). This word has become widely used to mean “taking a photograph of oneself (or a group of people with oneself).” They couldn’t figure out how to take this word from the English language, whereas how can one express “ selfie". Quite understandable and in Russian.
• Sketch - (from English "scatch" is translated as " sketch"). This term Widely used in the construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that in the Russian language there has long been an equivalent word " sketch", and in common people you can say " underpainting".
• Speechwriter - (from English "speech" - speech and "writer" - writer) - a person who writes a speech for someone. An equivalent meaning could be the word " author" or " author of the text". This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central television channels and magazines.
• Stagnation - (from Latin stagno - to make motionless) - equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" slowdown".
• Storedzh - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent meaning in Russian " storage".
• Soldier - (from Latin "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - the original Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howls".

T

• Tolerance - (from the Latin tolerantia) an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
• Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the transport situation on the roads - “heavy traffic” - when one can say nothing more than “ traffic congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler - " traffic jams". 2) In a technical sense, about the number of users who visited a particular site - “large/small traffic”, when equivalent definitions can be said " high/low attendance"(site).
• Tradition - (from the Latin language "traditio" - legend, in English "tradition"). Unambiguous meaning in Russian " custom".
• Trading - (from English "trade" - trade). This word is being used more and more often on the Internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
• Tour - (from English "tour"). The equivalent value is " journey".

U

• Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", no less than in Russian " weekend".
• Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unique".

F

• Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " fake".

X

• Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

Sh

• Shopping - (from English "shop" - store) - also means " purchase"or verb" do shopping". On the sign of one of the large stores in Moscow there was the inscription "pleasant shopping" - one might say "pleasant shopping."
• Show - (from English "show" - show) - equivalent meaning " show", also used in the phrases "TV show" - with the equivalent meaning " TV show" or " TV program".

E

• Equivalent - (comes from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian means nothing more than " equivalence".
• Experiment - (comes from the Latin "experīmentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - experience, trial.
• Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we see, is quite impressive and other words will gradually be added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on

IN modern Russia Unfortunately, we often have to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech...

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of a missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, the long phrase “trade in a certain place once a year” in Russian is successfully replaced by one that came from German language in a word, fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, we often have to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All kinds of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language, without at all decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In this article we bring to your attention, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

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Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of Russian language and literature. The word poetry has become so firmly entrenched in our language that we no longer even think about its meaning. Meanwhile, translated from Greek it means “creativity”. The word poem is translated as “creation”, and rhyme is “proportionality”, “coherence”; the word rhythm is the same root word for it. The stanza translated from Greek means “turn”, and the epithet means “figurative definition”.

WITH Ancient Greece Also associated are such terms as epic (“collection of tales”), myth (“word”, “speech”), drama (“action”), lyricism (from the word musical), elegy (“plaintive melody of a flute”), ode ( “song”), epithalamus (“wedding poem or song”), epic (“word”, “story”, “song”), tragedy (“goat song”), comedy (“bear holidays”). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these performances. Well, the stage is, of course, a “tent” where the actors performed. As for parody, this is “singing inside out.”

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If the Greeks took upon themselves the “responsibility” of giving names to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans took prose seriously. Latin experts will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian by the phrase “purposeful speech.” The Romans generally loved precise and short definitions. It is not for nothing that the word lapidary came to us from the Latin language, i.e. “carved in stone” (short, condensed). The word text means “connection”, “connection”, and illustration means “explanation” (to the text). A legend is “something that should be read,” a memorandum is “something that should be remembered,” and an opus is “work,” “work.” The word fabula translated from Latin means “story”, “legend”, but it came to the Russian language from German with the meaning “plot”. A manuscript is a document “written by hand,” but an editor is a person who must “put everything in order.” Madrigal is also a Latin word, it comes from the root “mother” and means a song in the native, “mother” language. To end with literary terms Let us say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant “all knowledge”, then “mystery” and only later began to be used in the meaning of “writing”, “letters”.

But let’s return to the Romans, who, as we know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“justice”, “legality”), alibi (“elsewhere”), verdict (“the truth has been spoken”), lawyer (from the Latin “I urge”), notary (“scribe”), protocol (“ first sheet"), visa ("viewed"), etc. The words version (“turn”) and intrigue (“to confuse”) are also of Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word lapse - “fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”. The majority is of Greek and Latin origin medical terms. Examples of borrowings from the Greek language include words such as anatomy (“dissection”), agony (“struggle”), hormone (“set in motion”), diagnosis (“definition”), diet (“lifestyle”, “mode”), paroxysm (“irritation”). The following terms are of Latin origin: hospital (“hospitable”), immunity (“liberation from something”), disabled (“powerless”, “weak”), invasion (“attack”), muscle (“little mouse”), obstruction (“blockage”), obliteration (“destruction”), pulse (“push”).

Currently, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy is “another action” (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as we know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Together with new religion Many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes calques - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm (“divine inspiration”) in Old Slavonic language was translated as “possession” (!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. Much more often, new terms were accepted without modification. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that an angel is a “messenger”, an apostle is a “messenger”, a clergy is a “lot”, an icon case is a “box”, a liturgy is a “duty”, a deacon is a “servant” , the bishop is “the one looking from above”, and the sexton is the “watchman”. The word hero is also Greek and means “holy” – no more, no less! But the word filthy, which has become abusive, came to us from the Latin language and simply means “rural” (resident). The fact is that pagan cults held a particularly tenacious hold in rural areas, as a result of which this word became synonymous with pagan. Words used to name representatives of the other world are also foreign in origin. The word demon translated from Greek means “deity”, “spirit”. It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means “soul” and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions overwhelming it, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to its doubts neither on earth nor in heaven - this is how he explained his position.” What do the words devil and devil mean? Devil is not a name, but an epithet (“horned”). The devil is a “seducer”, “slanderer” (Greek). Other names for the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan - “contradictory”, “adversary”, Belial - from the phrase “without benefit”. The name Mephistopheles was invented by Goethe, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - “liar” and “destroyer”. But the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used it in his famous novel “The Master and Margarita” and is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant “deceiver”, “rogue”. In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

The word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies came from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they came from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old dominance of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them “good people” and “peaceful neighbors.”

The word gnome was coined by Paracelsus. Translated from Greek, it means “inhabitant of the earth.” In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called “dark alves” or “miniatures”. In Germany, a brownie is called a “kobold.” Later, this name was given to the metal, which had a “harmful character” - it made copper smelting difficult. Nickel was the name of an elf who lived near the water and was a big joker. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

The word dragon translated from Greek means “sharply seeing.” Interestingly, in China this mythological creature traditionally depicted without eyes. Tradition tells that one artist of the Tang era (9th century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, thunder was heard, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracan. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name refers to the color of the stone. For example, ruby ​​– “red” (Latin), peridot – “golden” (Greek), olevine – “green” (Greek), lapis lazuli – “sky blue” (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties, which were attributed to these stones in ancient times. Thus, amethyst is translated from Greek as “not drunk”: according to legend, this stone is able to “bridle passions”, so Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments and insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - “bishop’s stone”. And the word agate translated from Greek means “good,” which it was supposed to bring to its owner.

There have been cases when the same word came to our country from different languages ​​and at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, the words colossus, machination and machine are the same root. Two of them come to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means “something huge”, the other means “a trick”. But the third came through Western European languages ​​and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed by combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: the word abracadabra contains a Greek root meaning “deity” and a Hebrew root meaning “word.” That is, “the word of God” is an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob is interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England late XVIII century. It came from Latin expression sine nobilitas ("without nobility"), which was shortened to s. nob.: this is how passengers who did not have the right to dine with the captain began to be called on English ships. Later in English houses this word was placed on guest lists opposite persons who were to be announced without a title.

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What about other languages? Did they contribute to Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly affirmative. There are many examples.

Thus, the Arabic phrase “lord of the sea” became the Russian word admiral.

The name of the fabric is satin translated from Arabic means “beautiful”, “smooth”. Bondage is a “receipt”, “obligation”, shackles are “fetters”, “shackles”, etc. The words karakuli (“black or bad hand”) and karapuz (“like a watermelon”) have long been perceived as Russian Turkic words. The antiquity of the word iron is evidenced by its Sanskrit origin (“metal”, “ore”). Kettlebell means “heavy” (Persian), bandstand means “platform” (Spanish), coat of arms means “inheritance” (Polish). The words heel (from “to lay a ship on its side”) and yacht (from “to drive”) are of Dutch origin. The words avral (“over all”), bluff (“deception”), corduroy (“velvet”) came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting because it is the “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in corduroy suits and dresses. From the German language came the words cabin (“boy”), tie (“scarf”), weather vane (“wing”), flask (“bottle”), workbench (“workshop”). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline ("blow"), quarry ("run"), feint ("pretense", "invention"), stamp ("seal"), relay race ("stirrup") - Italian. Scam (“business”), gauze (“muslin”), balance (“scales”), compliment (“hello”), negligee (“negligence”) are French.

Italian and French gave birth to many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. The Italian word conservatory (“shelter”) recalls the decision of the Venetian authorities to turn 4 convents V music schools(XVIII century). Virtuoso means “valor”, the word cantata is derived from the Italian cantara – “to sing”, capriccio – from the word “goat” (a work with jumping, “like a goat’s”, changing themes and moods), opera – “composition”, tutti – “ performance by the entire cast."

Now it’s France’s turn: arrangement – ​​“putting in order”, overture from the word “open”, benefit performance – “profit”, “benefit”, repertoire – “list”, scenery – “decoration”, pointe shoes (solid socks ballet shoes) - “edge”, “tip”, divertissement - “entertainment”, foyer - “hearth”. And in modern pop music, the word veneer, which comes from the German “overlay” (a voice on already recorded music), is very popular.

Speaking about borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore culinary theme. Thus, the word garnish comes from the French “to supply”, “to equip”. Glyase means “frozen”, “icy”. Cutlet - “rib”. Consommé means broth. Langet – “tongue”. Marinade - “put in salt water" Roll – from the word “rolling”. The word vinaigrette is an exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre - “vinegar”), it appeared in Russia. All over the world this dish is called “Russian salad”.

I wonder what foreign origin have many popular dog names in our country. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. Landowners, on the contrary, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “greyhound puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Since Russian nobles knew French (and later English) better than their native language, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them have spread widely among the people. What familiar word could a peasant who doesn’t know French hear, nicknamed Cheri (“Cutie”)? Of course, Sharik! Trezor translated into Russian means “treasure” (French), the nickname Barbos comes from the French word “bearded”, and Rex is “king” (Latin). A number of nicknames originated from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik are variants of Russian adaptation English name Bobby, Zhuchka and Zhulka descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack don’t even try to hide their foreign origin.

Well, what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he make his contribution to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that it has entered many languages ​​of the world Russian word man. The word granny in English is used to mean “a woman’s headscarf”, and pancakes in Britain are small round sandwiches. The word vulgarity entered the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, despairing of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

The words sputnik and comrade are known all over the world, but for a foreigner Kalashnikov is not a surname, but the name of a Russian assault rifle. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms perestroika and glasnost made a triumphal march around the world. The words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and inappropriately by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages ​​in 1903, is frankly a shame. The words intelligentsia (author – P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian “in origin”, but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their “native”, they moved into many foreign ones and became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. Thus, we owe the appearance of the words acid, refraction, equilibrium to M.V. Lomonosov. N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with the words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, focused. Radishchev introduced the word citizen in its modern meaning into the Russian language. Ivan Panaev was the first to use the word khlyshch, and Igor Severyanin was the first to use the word mediocrity. V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh claim to be the author of the word zaum.

Of course, in a short article it is impossible to adequately and completely talk about the meaning of words borrowed from foreign languages. We hope that we managed to interest readers who will be able to continue an amusing trip on Russian vocabulary.

Http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_rus/rus.1september.ru/2005/16/9.htm
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200 foreign words that have a replacement in Russian

Absolute - perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - agricultural
Adequate - appropriate
Active - active
Current - topical
Immoral - immoral
Analysis - parsing
Entourage - surroundings
Argument - argument
Business is business
Boyfriend - buddy
Briefing - flyer
Option - variety
Dimensions - dimensions
Sealed - impenetrable
Hypothetical - conjectural
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diver
Digest - review
Debate - debate
Devaluation - depreciation
Demonstration - display
Destructive - destructive
Detailed - detailed
Dialogue - conversation
Director - Managing Director
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, argument
Differentiation - separation
Dominate - dominate, dominate
Duel - duel
Ignore - neglect
Identical - identical
Image - image
Import - import
Individual - sole
Indifferent - indifferent
Industry - industry
Inert - indifferent
Intervention - invasion
International - international
Infected - infected
Information - information
Camouflage - cover
Merchant - trader
Compensation - compensation
Comfort - convenience
Comfortable - comfortable, well-appointed
Specific - specific
Competitor - rival
Competition - competition
Ascertain - establish
Design - arrange, build
Constructive - creative
Continent - mainland
Contract - agreement
Confrontation - confrontation
Concentration - concentration
Corrections - amendments
Correspondence - correspondence; message
Creditor - lender
Criminal - criminal
Legitimate - legal
Mite - contribution
Liquidation - destruction
Linguist - linguist
Lifting - skin tightening
Maximum - greatest, ultimate
Mask - guise
Mentality - mindset
Method - reception
Minimum - smallest
Mobility - mobility
Model - sample
Modernization - update
Moment - moment
Instant - instant
Monologue - speech
Monument - monument
Monumental - majestic
Natural - natural
Negative - negative
Level - equalize
Objective - impartial
Original - original
Hotel - hotel
Parameter - value
Parking - parking
Passive - inactive
Personal - personal
Pluralism - plurality
Positive - positive
Controversy - dispute
Potential - possible
Prevail - prevail
Claim - claim
Precise - exquisite
Private - private
Primitive - mediocrity
Forecast - prediction
Progress - promotion
Propaganda - distribution
Publication (action) - promulgation, publication
Radical - indigenous
Reaction - response
Implement - bring to life
Revision - verification
Revolution - coup
Regression - decline
Resolution - decision
Resonance - echo
Result - consequence, consequence
Reconstruction - perestroika
Relief - outline
Renaissance - rebirth
Respectable - venerable
Restoration - restoration
Reform - transformation
Secret - secret
Service - maintenance
Symposium - meeting
Symptom - sign
Synthesis - collection, generalization
Synchronously - at the same time
Situation - position, setting
Social - public
Sociology - social science
Sponsor - benefactor (philanthropist)
Stability - sustainability
Stagnation - stagnation
Stress - tension, shock
Structure - device
Subjective - personal, biased
Sphere - area
Topic - subject
Tolerance - tolerance
Tomatoes - tomatoes
Transformation - transformation
Actual - valid
Forum - meeting
Fundamental - foundational
Hobby - passion
Chief - head
Shopping - purchases
The show is a spectacle
Exclusive - exceptional
Experiment - experience
Exposition - display
Export - export
Embryo - fetus
Era - chronology

There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Dictionary of loanwords

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements speech, where they enter, make people closer friend to a friend, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the required word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, become part of speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And from their side came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?

Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process when two different languages ​​and cultures interact.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with just an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
7. Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
8. Double consonants in the root.
9. The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
10. Words, starting with letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third feature is word formation:

1. Prefixes of foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.

Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List foreign words In russian language we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is “ School dictionary foreign words" by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.

FOREIGN WORDS IN MODERN SPEECH: PROS AND CONS

Dolgorukov Alexander Igorevich

3rd year student, Department of ISE, Perm State Technical University, Russian Federation, Yoshkar-Ola

Email: djinka08@ mail. ru

Bogdanov Anton Igorevich

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. f. Sciences, Art. teacher. Perm State Technical University, Russian Federation, Yoshkar-Ola

Nowadays, it is very common to hear some foreign words in people's conversations. This fact can be seen especially clearly in the communication of young people. At the same time, many people probably have a question: is it possible to say the same word, only in Russian? In most cases, this question can be answered positively. Then it becomes interesting, why use other words, since there are native ones that have long been used in the Russian language? It turns out that the topic is very relevant for modern society and we need to determine exactly whether such borrowings bring benefit, or perhaps harm, to our language.

The purpose of this work is to study the arguments for and against words borrowed from other languages ​​in our modern speech.

Among the objectives of our research, we highlight the following: processing various sources of information on this issue, familiarizing ourselves with the history of the emergence of borrowings in the modern language and analyzing what was done and drawing conclusions about the research.

According to many researchers, the lexicon of our language has undergone a long journey of development. Our vocabulary consists not only of ancient Russian words, but also words that appeared as a result of borrowing from other languages. All nations live among others and in most cases have some kind of connections with them: for example, trade, industrial and economic. The result is the mutual influence of peoples on each other. Moreover, the more stable and lasting the connections, the stronger the influence. Foreign words replenished our language all the way historical development. But some borrowings were made back in ancient times, while others are relatively recent. Our research will help us find out how things stand now.

The languages ​​of contacting peoples have mutual influence, since they are the main means of contact, the means through which international relations are carried out. The main form of linguistic influence of one people on another is the borrowing of new words from other peoples. Borrowing enriches any language, makes it more stable and usually does not infringe on its independence, since it preserves the basic vocabulary of the language, characteristic of a given language. grammatical structure, the internal laws of language development are not infringed.

Russians throughout their history have had various connections with other peoples around the world. The result of these connections was a large number of foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages.

In linguistics, a borrowed word is understood as a word that came into the Russian language from another source, even if the morphemes of this word do not differ at all from the original Russian words.

The process of borrowing new words is a completely adequate phenomenon, and in certain historical periods even inevitable and necessary for the development of the people as a whole. In principle, learning a foreign vocabulary enriches the vocabulary of the current language. One can recall the great role played by Greek and Latin languages in Europe, Old Church Slavonic in the Slavic world, Arabic in the Muslim East. Borrowing words from non-native languages ​​has been, is happening and will continue at all times, regardless of the language of the people. If you count borrowed words, you can get very interesting results. For example, among Germans, borrowings range in the region of tens of thousands of words, and in the English lexicon they make up more than half.

Thus, borrowing words from a foreign language into one’s native language is quite understandable, since the development of a people cannot occur without this borrowing. In addition, there is probably not a single language in the world that does not have any borrowings at all. We will consider the reasons contributing to the arrival of foreign words in the current language in the next subheading.

The reasons for borrowing are divided into two groups: extralinguistic and intralingual.

The main reason for external borrowing is close political, trade, economic, industrial and cultural connections between representatives and native speakers. The most common form of influence explained by such connections is the borrowing of a word together with the borrowing of its definition or subject. For example, with the advent of such inventions in our lives as the car, conveyor belt, radio, cinema, television, laser and many others, their names, which were not originally originally Russian, also entered the Russian language.

Another reason for such borrowing is giving meaning, with the help of a foreign word, to some special kind of objects or concepts that were previously called just one Russian word (or a word borrowed before this new word). For example, for the designation that distinguishes jam from the Russian variety (in the form of a thick, homogeneous mass), the English word “jam” has been fixed. The need for a narrow meaning of things and definitions leads to the borrowing of most scientific and technical terms, for example, “relevant” - “essential”, “local” - “local”, “transformer” - “converter”, etc.

Another intralingual reason for borrowing, inherent in all languages, including Russian, is the replacement of a descriptive name consisting of several words with one-word ones. Because of this, a borrowed word is often preferred to an existing multi-word descriptive phrase if both serve to define the same concept, for example, "sniper" - instead accurate shooter, etc.

It happens that the tendency to replace native descriptive phrases with borrowed words is opposed by another, only on the contrary restraining the action of the first. And it consists of the following: groups of names appear in the language that have the meaning of correlative concepts, and usually the names that form these groups are similar in structure: either they all consist of one word (the most common), or they consist of two words (white bread - black bread, etc.). If the names forming a group consist of two words, then replacing one of the names with a borrowed word occurs very rarely.

Thus, with the advent of “silent” films with sound, the German word “film” appeared in our language. But it could not become part of the language due to the fact that there already existed a formed group of names consisting of two words: “silent film” - “sound film”.

One more reason can be named that contributes to the emergence of foreign words. If borrowed words are strengthened in our language, which contribute to the emergence of a series united by the similarity of meaning and morphological structure, then borrowing a new word similar to the words inherent in this series becomes much easier. Thus, in the 19th century, the words gentleman and policeman were borrowed from English. Already at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, an athlete, a record holder, and a yachtsman were added here. As a result, a number of words appeared that had the meaning of person and a common element - men. New borrowings began to join this small series, which these days are already quite significant and frequently used: bartender, businessman, showman, etc.

Among the reasons and conditions for borrowing, a certain role is given to the public assessment of a “foreign” word as more prestigious than a native one with a similar lexical meaning: “presentation” instead of “presentation”, “exclusive” instead of “exceptional”, etc.

Thus, all the reasons for the appearance of borrowed words in the current language are divided into two categories, each of which is explained in the text described above. These reasons once again confirm borrowing as a factor in the development of any language as a whole.

But what about the borrowed words (in relation to quantity) in the Russian language now?

Foreign words V vocabulary of a modern literary language may be quite numerous in the vocabulary, but still do not exceed 10% of the total vocabulary. IN common system only a small part of the language is common vocabulary for all styles; most of them have a stylistically fixed use in speech and therefore are used in a narrow field of application (terms, professionalisms, specific book words, etc.) /

There is no doubt that even with borrowing, our vocabulary still remains Indo-European-Slavic-Russian at its core. And this is an indicator of the preservation of the originality of the Russian language.

In fact, it is not so easy to establish the difference between the concepts. Borrowing can develop in two ways: oral and written (through books). When borrowing in writing, the word practically does not change; when borrowing orally, it often changes more.

Borrowings can be direct (from one language to another) and indirect (through intermediaries): “painter”, “fair” - from German through Polish.

It is definitely clear that as part of the general literary language, special foreign vocabulary does not lose its terminological character.

The normal process of borrowing is a creative and active act. It assumes a high degree of independence, a high degree of language development. The effectiveness and meaning of language contacts lie not so much in the number of borrowings, but in those processes of creative excitement, creative activity and strength that arise in the language’s own means as a result of these contacts.

Thus, with regard to the admissibility of this or that borrowing, it is necessary to take into account that it is not the borrowed words themselves that are bad, but their incorrect use, unnecessary use without the need and taking into account the genres and styles of speech to which these words relate.

Having analyzed different opinions experts, we can sum up the results of our work.

It is worth emphasizing that I do not see anything critical in the presence of new words from other languages ​​in my native language; they are borrowed as a result of communication between different peoples. In addition, borrowings are an indicator of the normal development of a language and its integration into international society /

In addition to the above, it is necessary to clearly understand and distinguish the meaning of the foreign words used, since in this case they can harm our speech and language as a whole, being used in erroneous or inaccurate meanings. However, very often new foreign words that have come into the language make it possible to replace entire phrases with one new word, which cannot be assessed negatively. If the wrong meaning of words is used, the meaning of their appearance in the language as a whole is lost.

As a result of the study, it must be said that borrowed words play a positive role in modern speech if used in correct values and do not use them to “dominate” your own speech. In our information society, the influence of different languages ​​on each other is inevitable, so you should perceive this fact positively, but not allow a foreign language to completely replace your native one.

I hope that in the current situation political situation The Russian language will not die under the influence of external factors, but will continue to develop without violating its originality.

Bibliography:

1. Drovnikova L.N. Priority and alternative // ​​Russian speech. 1998. No. 5.
2. Morozova L.A. Reflections on new terms // Russian literature. 1993.No. 1.