Impersonation

Impersonation

PERSONALIZATION (or personification) - an expression that gives an idea of ​​a concept or phenomenon by depicting it in the form of a living person endowed with properties of this concept(for example, the Greek and Roman image of happiness in the form of a capricious goddess of fortune, etc.). Very often O. is used when depicting nature, edges are endowed with certain human features, "revived", for example: "the sea laughed" (Gorky) or a description of the flood in " The Bronze Horseman"Pushkin:" ... The Neva all night / rushed to the sea against the storm, / did not overcome their violent foolishness ... / and she could not argue ... / The weather was more ferocious, / The Neva swelled and roared ... / and suddenly, like a furious animal, / rushed to the city ... / The siege! Attack! evil waves, / like thieves, climb through the windows ”, etc.
O. was especially popular in precision and pseudo-classical poetry, where it was carried out consistently and developed; in Russian literature, samples of such O. were given by Tredyakovsky: "Riding to the Island of Love", (St. Petersburg), 1730.
O. in essence is, therefore, a transfer to the concept or phenomenon of signs of animation and is so. arr. kind of metaphor (see). Trails.

Literary encyclopedia... - In 11 volumes; Moscow: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V.M. Fritsche, A.V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Impersonation

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A.P. Gorkina 2006 .

Impersonation

PERSONALIZATION also personification(lat. Persona and facio), prosopopeia(Greek Προσωποποια) is a stylistic term denoting the image of an inanimate or abstract object as animate. The question of how much the personification corresponds to the poet's actual view of things goes beyond stylistics and belongs to the field of the world outlook in general. Where the poet himself believes in the animate nature of the object he depicts, one should not even speak of personification as a phenomenon of style, because then it is connected not with the methods of depiction, but with a certain one, animistic outlook and attitude. The object is already perceived as animate and is depicted as such. In this very sense, it is necessary to interpret many personifications in folk poetry when they refer not to devices, not to the form of expression, but to the animated object itself, that is, to the content of the work. This is especially evident in any mythological work. On the contrary, personification, as a phenomenon of style, appears in those cases when it is applied as allegory, i.e., how such an image of an object that stylistically transforms his. Of course, it is far from always possible to establish with precision what order of personification we are dealing with, just as in a metaphor it is difficult to find objective signs of the degree of its real imagery. Therefore, stylistic research often cannot do without drawing on data and from the field of individual poetic perception of the world. So, very many personifications of natural phenomena in Goethe, Tyutchev, German romantics should be considered not at all as a stylistic device, but as essential features of their common view of the world. Such are, for example, Tyutchev's personifications of the wind - "What are you howling about, night wind, What are you madly complaining about?" thunderstorms, which "recklessly-madly will suddenly run into the oak grove"; lightning, which "like demons, deaf and dumb, conduct a conversation among themselves"; trees that “tremble joyfully, bathing in the blue sky” - for all this is consistent with the poet's attitude to nature, which he himself expressed in a special poem: “Not what you think, nature is Not a cast, not a soulless face. It has a soul, it has freedom, it has love, it has a language, "etc. On the contrary, in such works as fables, parables, and different types allegories (see), one should talk about impersonation, as about artistic reception... Compare, for example, Krylov's fables about inanimate objects ("The Cauldron and the Pot", "Cannons and Sails", etc.)

Especially in cases of the so-called. incomplete impersonation, it is common stylistic device, which is used not only by poetry, but also by everyday speech. Here we are dealing, strictly speaking, only with individual elements of personification, which are often so common in speech that their direct meaning is no longer felt. Compare, for example, such expressions as: "The sun rises, sets", "the train is going", "streams are running", "the moan of the wind", "the howl of a motel", etc. Most of these expressions are a type of metaphor , and about their meaning in the poetic style, the same should be said as about the metaphor (see). Examples of stylistic personifications: “The air does not want to overcome its slumber ... The stars of the night, Like accusatory eyes, They mockingly look behind it. And poplars, embarrassed in a row, Shaking their heads low, As the judges whisper among themselves ”(Pushkin); “Nozdryov had long since stopped twirling, but there was only one pipe in the barrel organ, very lively, not wanting to calm down, and for a long time after that she was whistling alone” (Gogol); "A bird will fly out - my melancholy, Will sit on a branch and begin to sing" (Akhmatova). The image of plants and animals in the image of people, as it is found in fairy tales, fables, animal epics, can also be considered as a type of personification.

A. Petrovsky. Literary Encyclopedia: Dictionary literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M .; L .: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what "Impersonation" is in other dictionaries:

Churches. Statue of Strasbourg Cathedral Incarnation (personification, prosopopeia) tropes ... Wikipedia

Prosopoeia, embodiment, personification, anthropomorphism, animation, humanization, metaphor, presentation, epitome, expression Dictionary of Russian synonyms. personification 1.humanization, animation, personification 2.see embodiment ... Synonym dictionary

IMPERSONATION, impersonations, cf. (book). 1.units only. Action according to Ch. personalize personalize. The personification of the forces of nature among primitive peoples. 2. what. The embodiment of some kind of elemental force, a natural phenomenon in the form of a living being. The God… … Explanatory dictionary Ushakova

Impersonation- PERSONIZATION is also personification (lat. Persona and facio), prosopopeia (Greek Προσωποποια), a stylistic term denoting the image of an inanimate or abstract object as animate. The question of how impersonation is ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Personification, inherent in mythopoetic consciousness, the property of transferring to inanimate things and phenomena of the features of living beings: human (anthropomorphism, anthropopathism) or animals (zoomorphism), as well as endowing animals with human qualities. V … Encyclopedia of mythology

- (prosopopeia) a kind of metaphor, transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones (Her nurse is silence ..., A. A. Blok) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PERSONALIZATION, I, cf. 1. see personalize. 2. what. About a living being: the embodiment of what N. hell, properties. Plyushkin about. stinginess. O. kindness. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

impersonation- PERSONALIZATION1, embodiment PERSONALIZED, personified PERSONALIZED / PERSONALIZED, embody / embody PERSONALIZATION2, spiritualization, animation, humanization, personification, book. anthropomorphism ANNOUNCEMENT, ... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms for Russian speech

impersonation- impersonation Occurs when an object pretends to be someone or something. [Cryptographic Dictionary of Karen Isaguliev www.racal.ru] information Technology in general Synonyms impersonation EN impersonation ... Technical translator's guide

I AM; Wed 1. to Personalize (1 character). and Personalize. About the forces of nature. 2. The image of what l. elemental force, natural phenomena in the form of a living being. Dove about. the world. 3. what. The embodiment of an idea, a concept, what l. properties, qualities in a human ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Personalizing history. Issue 2. The Rich, Daria Prikhodko. To the collection “Incarnation of History. The rich ”included twelve biographical sketches, the heroes of which were: one of the richest residents of the United States ...

With the aim of aesthetic impact on readers through artistic images and the expression of their thoughts through symbols, feelings and emotions, writers use literary works multiple means artistic expression- tropes used in a figurative sense to enhance the imagery of the language and expressiveness of speech.

Such literary devices include personification, also called personification or prosopopeia. Often this trope helps to depict nature in lyrics, endowing it with human qualities and properties.

V antique times the animation of natural forces among ancient people was a way of understanding and perceiving the world, an attempt to interpret the structure of the world. Most readers perceive poetic works without thinking about what the personification technique is used for.

Impersonation is a literary and linguistic device based on transference. human characteristics and signs of inanimate things and phenomena of the surrounding world.

This literary technique is a special case of metaphor, it helps to create unique semantic models that add flavor and figurative expressiveness to the work.

With the help of this technique, objects in literary works are given:

• speechless;
• talent to think;
• the ability to feel;
• the ability to experience;
• ability to act.

Even the most common conversational phrases can represent elements of ancient paths, when in conversation people say that "the sun rises and sets", "the stream runs", "the snowstorm howls", "frost draws patterns", and "foliage whispers."

Here are the most obvious examples of the live impersonation technique. oral speech... The ancient Greeks figuratively portrayed happiness in the form of the capricious goddess of Fortune.

The term "personification" has a Latin synonym - "personification" (face + I do), in the ancient Greeks it sounds like "prosopopeia".

Wikipedia interprets personification as a term used in psychology when the qualities of one person are mistakenly attributed to them to another.

V ancient greek mythology the relationship of the gods Uranus and Gaia was interpreted as a marriage bond connecting heaven and earth, as a result of which mountains, vegetation, and fauna appeared.

Our ancient ancestors correlated Perun with thundering and sparkling natural phenomena, other gods were responsible in mythology for wind, water, sun.

It is in mythology that speaking representatives of the animal world initially appear, and things perform actions that are completely uncharacteristic for them.

Important! In myths on specific example it was much easier to interpret and illustrate the essence of things, the motives for the emergence of phenomena and the emergence of mankind.

Many gods, embodied in objects deprived of a soul, were endowed with living characters. Moreover, the myths were perceived quite realistically, and the listeners believed that this was actually happening.

Often, the literary technique of personalization sounds in fairy tales, where objects can move independently, animals are able to speak in human voices and think like people. Fairy tales are not intended to explain incomprehensible phenomena, in them all characters are fictional.

Appointment in art

The artistic technique is often used in literary works of prose and lyric genres to solve various problems. Impersonations give emotional shades to the text, riveting the reader's attention to the content of the work and serving to better its perception.

In a poem by A.A. Blok there are examples of personification: "nurse silence" in one, in the other - " White dress sang in the beam "," the winter storms were crying "," the starry dreams were flying, "" the strings were crying. "

A literary device is also presented in the works of B.L. Pasternak: "the forest ... drops sweat in drops", "July carrying dandelion fluff."

Note! The literary technique is often used not only in works of fiction, but also in popular science literature, and also as one of the marketing principles.

A literary technique is able to stimulate the reader's imagination, to give him the opportunity to feel the content of the work in a more picturesque and expressive way.

Quite often they are used in play methods of teaching children.

For example, when studying fables saturated with these paths, animals are endowed with various human properties, as in I.A. Krylov's "Quartet".

As a result, children more vividly perceive the plot of the work and understand morality. It is not always possible to determine what the impersonation technique is used for.

Experts note the increasing degrees of difference between the trope by their action in a literary work and in conversation:

The conceptual content of the tropes can have many nuances.

In The Lay of Igor's Host, imagery and expressiveness are achieved thanks to literary techniques that personify natural phenomena. Plants and animals are endowed with emotions, the ability to empathize with the author and characters, and they, in turn, turn to the forces of nature for help and receive it.

In Pushkin's "Tale of dead princess"The prince directly questions the animate forces of nature. In the fables of I.A. Krylov's trail means something else, it is used as an allegory: the wolf personifies cruelty, the monkey - stupidity.

In Plyushkin, he is a symbol of the extreme degree of stinginess, Manilov - unreasonable dreaminess.

And A.S. Pushkin expressive means gets social and political meaning.

The subtext of ancient personifications is moralizing and interesting to our contemporaries.

The word "zodiac" is translated from Greek as "animals in a circle", and the twelve zodiac signs symbolize the key features of human nature.

Such words usually correctly establish the qualities of people, and using them in ordinary conversation makes speech brighter and more attractive.

Everyday speech of people whom everyone is interested in listening to or reading is also usually full of tropes, but people are so used to hearing them that they do not even perceive these phrases as a literary device.

This began with the use in conversation of quotations from works of literature, which have become an inseparable part of speech, turning into everyday expressions. The typical path is the turnover “the clock is in a hurry,” but it is no longer perceived as a figurative means.

Impersonation examples

It is from literary works that new personifications appear, which serve for greater expressiveness, and it is not at all difficult to find them.

Impersonations in the works of S.A. Yesenin: “the forest is churning with coniferous gilding”, “the hubbub of mowers is dreaming of spruce trees”, “they hear the windmills whistling”, “the golden grove dissuaded”, “pours bird cherry with snow”, “in the evening whispered feather grass to the traveler”, “hemp is dreaming”.

In a poem by N.A. Zabolotsky: "the brook, gasping, sings", "the heart does not hear the correct accords", "the sad nature lies around, sighing heavily." These examples show what impersonation is in literature.

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Let's summarize

Impersonation is considered a wonderful tool that allows, through successful use, to enhance the expressiveness and emotionality of a literary work or everyday speech.

The technique can be used in many cases - from myths and folklore to popular science texts. Many of them have entered our speech so firmly that they do not even feel like means of expression, have become everyday and habitual.

Writers and poets regularly create new memorable vivid and imaginative personifications, captivating readers picturesque paintings and conveying the mood to them.

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons - all these are means of artistic expression that are actively used in the Russian literary language. There is a huge variety of them. They are necessary in order to make the language bright and expressive, to strengthen artistic images, draw the reader's attention to the idea that the author wants to convey.

What are the means of artistic expression?

Epithets, metaphors, impersonations, comparisons refer to different groups means of artistic expression.

Linguistic scholars distinguish sound or phonetic pictorial means... Lexical are those that are associated with a specific word, that is, a token. If the expressive means covers a phrase or a whole sentence, then it is syntactic.

Separately, phraseological means are also considered (they are based on phraseological units), tropes (special turns of speech used in a figurative meaning).

Where are the means of artistic expression used?

It should be noted that the means of artistic expression are used not only in literature, but also in different areas communication.

Most often, epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons can be found, of course, in artistic and publicistic speech. They are also present in colloquial and even scientific styles. They play a huge role, as they help the author to realize his artistic idea, his image. They are also useful for the reader. With their help, he can penetrate the secret world of the creator of the work, better understand and delve into the author's intention.

Epithet

Epithets in poetry are one of the most common literary devices. It is surprising that an epithet can be not only an adjective, but also an adverb, a noun, and even a numeral (a common example is second Life).

Most literary scholars regard the epithet as one of the main techniques in poetry that adorns poetic speech.

If we turn to the origins of this word, then it came from ancient greek concept, meaning in the literal translation "attached". That is, it is an addition to the main word, main function which to make the main idea clearer and more expressive. Most often, the epithet comes before the main word or expression.

Like all means of artistic expression, epithets developed from one literary era to another. So, in folklore, that is, in folk art, the role of epithets in the text is very large. They describe the properties of objects or phenomena. They highlight their key features, while extremely rarely refer to the emotional component.

Later, the role of epithets in literature changes. It is expanding significantly. This means of artistic expression is given new properties and filled with functions that were not inherent in it before. This is especially noticeable among the poets of the Silver Age.

Nowadays, especially in postmodern literary works, the structure of the epithet has become even more complicated. Increased and semantic content this trail, leading to surprisingly expressive techniques. For example: the diapers were gold.

Function of epithets

Definitions of epithet, metaphor, impersonation, comparison boil down to one thing - all this artistic means, giving convexity and expressiveness to our speech. Both literary and colloquial. A special function of the epithet is also strong emotionality.

These means of artistic expression, and especially epithets, help readers or listeners to imagine with their own eyes what the author is talking or writing about, to understand how he relates to this subject.

Epithets serve for realistic recreation historical era defined social group or people. With their help, we can imagine how these people spoke, what words colored their speech.

What is a metaphor?

Translated from the ancient Greek language, a metaphor is "transfer of meaning". This is the best way to characterize this concept.

A metaphor can be either a single word or a whole expression, which is used by the author in a figurative sense. This means of artistic expression is based on the comparison of an object that has not yet been named with some other on the basis of their common feature.

Unlike most other literary terms, metaphor has a specific author. it famous philosopher Ancient Greece- Aristotle. The initial birth of this term is associated with Aristotle's ideas about art as a method of imitating life.

Moreover, the metaphors used by Aristotle are almost impossible to distinguish from literary exaggeration(hyperbole), the usual comparison or impersonation. He understood metaphor much broader than contemporary literary scholars.

Examples of the use of metaphor in literary speech

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons are actively used in works of art. Moreover, for many authors it is the metaphor that becomes an aesthetic end in itself, sometimes completely displacing the original meaning of the word.

As an example, literary researchers cite the example of the famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare. For him, it is often not the everyday initial meaning of a specific statement that is important, but the metaphorical meaning it acquires, a new unexpected meaning.

For those readers and researchers who were brought up on the Aristotelian understanding of the principles of literature, this was unusual and even incomprehensible. So, on this basis, Leo Tolstoy did not recognize Shakespeare's poetry. His points of view in Russia XIX century adhered to many readers of the English playwright.

At the same time, with the development of literature, the metaphor begins not only to reflect, but also to create the life around us. A striking example from classical Russian literature - the story "The Nose" by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. The nose of the collegiate assessor Kovalev, who set off on his own trip to St. Petersburg, is not only hyperbole, personification and comparison, but also a metaphor that gives this image a new unexpected meaning.

An illustrative example is the futurist poets who worked in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Their main goal was to distance the metaphor as much as possible from its original meaning. Such techniques were often used by Vladimir Mayakovsky. For example, the title of his poem is "A Cloud in Pants".

Moreover, after October revolution the use of the metaphor has become much less common. Soviet poets and writers strove for clarity and straightforwardness, so the need to use words and expressions in a figurative sense disappeared.

Although completely without metaphor to imagine work of fiction, even Soviet authors, is impossible. Almost everyone has metaphor words. In Arkady Gaidar's "The Drummer's Fate" one can find the following phrase - "So we parted. The stomp stopped, and the field is empty."

In Soviet poetry of the 70s, Konstantin Kedrov introduces the concept of "metametaphor" or, as it is also called, "metaphor in a square". The metaphor has a new one distinctive feature- she is constantly involved in development literary language... As well as speech and culture itself in general.

For this, metaphors are constantly used, talking about the latest sources of knowledge and information, they are used to describe the modern achievements of mankind in science and technology.

Impersonation

In order to understand what is personification in literature, let us turn to the origin of this concept. Like most literary terms, it is rooted in the ancient Greek language. Literally translated, it means "face" and "do". With the help of this literary reception natural forces and phenomena, inanimate objects acquire properties and signs, human... As if animated by the author. For example, they can be given the properties of the human psyche.

Such techniques are often used not only in modern fiction, but also in mythology and religion, in magic and cults. Impersonation was a key means of artistic expression in legends and parables, in which ancient man explained how the world works, what is behind natural phenomena. They were animated, endowed with human qualities, associated with gods or supermen. So it was easier for the ancient man to accept and understand the surrounding reality.

Examples of impersonations

To understand what is personification in literature, examples of specific texts will help us. So, in Russian folk song the author claims that "the bast girded with grief".

With the help of personification, a special worldview appears. He is characterized by an unscientific idea of natural phenomena... When, for example, thunder grumbles like an old man, or the sun is perceived not as an inanimate space object, but as a specific god named Helios.

Comparison

In order to understand the main modern means artistic expressiveness, it is important to understand what comparison is in literature. Examples will help us with this. At Zabolotsky we meet: "He used to be sonorous, like a bird"or Pushkin: "He ran faster than a horse.".

Comparisons are often used in Russian folk art. So we clearly see that this is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another on the basis of some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to find in the described object new and important properties for the subject of artistic expression.

Metaphor, epithets, comparisons, personifications serve a similar purpose. The table in which all these concepts are presented helps to clearly understand how they differ from each other.

Types of comparisons

Consider for a detailed understanding of what comparison is in the literature, examples and varieties of this path.

It can be used as a comparative turnover: the man is as stupid as a pig.

There are non-union comparisons: My home is my castle.

Comparisons are often formed at the expense of the noun in the instrumental case. Classic example: he walks gogol.

The meaning of the word OPCATING in the Literary Encyclopedia

PERSONALIZATION

[or personification] - an expression that gives an idea of ​​a concept or phenomenon by depicting it in the form of a living face, endowed with the properties of this concept (for example, the image of the Greeks and Romans of happiness in the form of a capricious goddess-fortune, etc.). Very often O. is used when depicting nature, edges endowed with certain human features, "revives", for example: "the sea laughed" (Gorky) or the description of the flood in Pushkin's "Bronze Horseman": "... Neva all night / rushed to the sea against the storm, / without defeating their violent foolishness ... / and argue

284 it became impossible for her ... / The weather was more ferocious, / The Neva swelled and roared ... / and suddenly, like a furious animal, / rushed to the city ... / The siege! Attack! evil waves, / like thieves, climb through the windows ”, etc. O. was especially in vogue in precision and pseudo-classical poetry, where it was carried out consistently and unfolded; In Russian literature, examples of such O. were given by Tredyakovsky: "Riding to the Island of Love", [St. Petersburg], 1730. O. in essence, therefore, is a transfer to the concept or phenomenon of signs of animation and is so. arr. kind of metaphor (see). See Trails. L. T.

Literary encyclopedia. 2012

See also the interpretation, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is PERSONALIZATION in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• PERSONALIZATION in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
  - type of path: the image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings (the gift of speech, the ability to think, feel, experience, act), ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (prosopopeia) a kind of metaphor, transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones ("Her nurse is silence ...", A. A. ...
• PERSONALIZATION in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
  prosopopeia (from the Greek prosopon - face and poieo - I do), personification (from the Latin persona - face, personality and facio - ...
• PERSONALIZATION v Encyclopedic dictionary:
  , -I, cf. 1. see personalize. 2. what. About a living being: the embodiment of some. hell, properties. Plyushkin - Fr. stinginess. O. …
• PERSONALIZATION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  PERSONALIZATION (prosopopeia), a kind of metaphor, transfer of properties animate objects to the inanimate ("Her nurse is silence ...", A.A. ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, impersonation, ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  (Greek prosopopoieia, from prosopon - face + poieo - I do). A trail consisting in attributing signs and properties to inanimate objects ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  
• PERSONALIZATION in the Thesaurus of the Russian language:
  ‘The expression in a concrete object of any abstract qualities’ Syn: ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  expression in a concrete object of any abstract qualities Syn: ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  Wed 1) The process of action by value. verb .: to personify, to personify. 2) a) The embodiment of some. elemental force, natural phenomena in the form of a living ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
  impersonation, ...
• PERSONALIZATION full spelling dictionary Russian language:
  impersonation, ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Spelling Dictionary:
  impersonation, ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
  <= олицетворить олицетворение (о живом существе) воплощение каких-нибудь черт свойств Плюшкин - о. скупости. О. …
• PERSONALIZATION in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  (prosopopeia), a kind of metaphor, transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones ("Her nurse is silence ...", A. A. ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
  impersonations, cf. (book). 1.units only. Action by verb. personify-personify. The personification of the forces of nature among primitive peoples. 2. what. The incarnation of some n. ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  avatar cf. 1) The process of action by value. verb .: to personify, to personify. 2) a) The embodiment of some. elemental force, natural phenomena in the image ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  Wed 1. the process of action according to ch. to personify, to personify 2. The embodiment of any elemental force, a natural phenomenon in the form of a living being. Ott. ...
• PERSONALIZATION in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Wed 1. the process of action according to ch. to personify, to personify 2. The result of such an action; embodiment, concrete, real expression of something. Ott. Incarnation ...
• FEMINISM in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary.
• TRIMURTI in the Dictionary of the Index of Theosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, Theosophical Dictionary:
  (Skt.) Lit., "three faces", or "triple form" - Trinity. In the modern Pantheon, these three are Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the keeper; and …

Impersonation is one of the types of metaphor, but nevertheless, it is an independent trope that should not be called a metaphor.

The progenitor of impersonation is animism. In ancient times, people endowed the surrounding objects and phenomena with human characteristics. For example, the earth was called mother, and the rain was compared to tears. Over time, the desire to humanize inanimate objects disappeared, but in literature and in conversation we still meet these turns of speech. This figurative means of language is called personification.

PERSONALIZATION is a literary technique in which inanimate objects are endowed with properties that are inherent in living beings. Sometimes this turn of speech is called personification.

Impersonation is used by many prose writers and poets. For example, in Yesenin's work you can find the following lines: "Winter sings, aukets, a shaggy forest lulls." It is clear that winter, as a season of the year, cannot make sounds, and the forest only makes noise because of the wind.

Impersonation allows you to create a vivid image for the reader, convey the mood of the hero, emphasize some kind of action.

This turn of speech, in contrast to a more complex and refined metaphor more suitable for poetry, we use even in colloquial speech. The familiar phrases “milk ran away”, “heart junk” are also personifications. It makes our everyday speech more expressive. We are so used to many impersonations that they do not surprise us. For example, "it is raining" (although the rain clearly has no legs) or "the clouds are frowning" (it is clear that the clouds cannot feel any emotion).

In general, we can say that personification is such a trope of language, in which the inanimate is endowed with the signs and qualities of the living. Impersonation is often confused with metaphor. But a metaphor is just a figurative meaning of a word, a figurative comparison. For example, "And you laugh with a wondrous laugh, LAUGH IN A GOLD CUP." There is no animation of nature here. Therefore, it is not difficult to distinguish personification from metaphors.

Examples of impersonations:

And woe, woe, woe!
And with the bast of the mountain it was GIRLED,
With sponges, LEGS ARE CONTRACTED.
(Folk song)

The gray-haired sorceress is coming,
Shaggy MASHES WITH A SLEEVE;
And snow, and filth, and frost SPLIT,
And transforms water into ice.
From her cold BREATH
Nature's VZOR is crazy ...
(G. Derzhavin)

After all, it's autumn already
LOOKS through the spindle.
Winter followed her
GOES IN A WARM FUR COAT,
The path is powdery with snow,
Crunches under the sleigh ...
(M. Koltsov)

Description of the flood in Pushkin's "Bronze Horseman":

“... The Neva all night / rushed to the sea against the storm, / did not overcome their violent foolishness ... / and she became unable to argue ... / The weather was more ferocious, / The Neva swelled and roared ... / and suddenly , like a furious beast, / rushed to the city ... / Siege! Attack! evil waves, / like thieves, climb through the windows ”, etc.

"A golden cloud spent the night ...". (M. Lermontov)

"Through the azure darkness of the night
Snowy Alps LOOK
Dead their OCHI
Icy horror FUCKED "
(F. Tyutchev)
"A warm wind blows quietly,
Steppe BREATHES with fresh life "
(A. Fet)

"White birch
Under my window
COVERED WITH snow
Like silver.
On fluffy branches
With a snowy border
Brushes blossomed
White fringe.
And there is a birch
In the sleepy silence
And the snowflakes are burning
In a golden fire.
And the dawn is LAZY
Walking around
SPARKS branches
New silver. "
(S. Yesenin "Birch"):

Among the personifications of true poetry, there are no simple, philistine, primitive personifications that we are used to using in everyday life.

Each personification is an image. This is the point of using impersonation. The poet uses it not as a "thing in itself", in his poetry personification rises above the "worldly level" and goes to the level of imagery. With the help of personifications, Yesenin creates a special picture. The nature in the poem is alive - but not just alive, but endowed with character and emotions. Nature is the main character of his poem.

How sad it looks against this background the attempts of many poets to create a beautiful poem about nature, where “the wind blows,” “the moon is shining,” “the stars are shining,” and so on. All these impersonations are hackneyed and worn out, they do not generate any imagery and, therefore, are boring. But this does not mean that they should not be used. And the worn out personification can be raised to the level of the image.

For example, in the poem "The Snow Is Falling" by Boris Pasternak:

It's snowing, it's snowing.
To the white stars in the blizzard
Geranium flowers stretch
For the window coverings.
It is snowing and everything is in confusion
Everything starts flying, -
Black staircase steps,
Crossroads turn.
It's snowing, it's snowing
As if not flakes are falling,
And in a patched cloak
The firmament is coming down.
As if with the look of an eccentric
From the top of the staircase
SLEEPING, PLAYING CLEANING,
The sky comes down from the attic.
Because life DOESN'T WAIT.
Do not look back - and Christmas time.
Only a short interval
You see, there is a new year.
The snow is falling, thick, thick.
Keeping pace with him, those STEPS
At the same pace, WITH LAZY TOY
Or just as quickly
Maybe TIME PASSES?
Maybe year after year
Follow as it snows
Or like the words in a poem?
It's snowing, it's snowing
It's snowing and everything is in disarray:
Whitened pedestrian
SURPRISED PLANTS,
Crossroads turn. "

Notice how many impersonations there are. "The sky is coming down from the attic", the steps and the intersection, which are launched into flight! Some "surprised plants" are worth something! And the refrain (constant repetition) "it is snowing" transfers a simple personification to the level of semantic repetition - and this is already a symbol. The personification "Snow is Falling" is a symbol of the passing time.

Therefore, in your poems, you should try to USE PERSONALIZATION NOT JUST BY YOURSELF, BUT TO PLAY A DEFINED ROLE.

Impersonations are also used in fiction. For example, there is a great example of personification in the novel by Andrey Bitov "Pushkin House". The prologue describes the wind circling over Petersburg, and the whole city is shown from the point of view of this wind. The wind is the main character of the prologue. No less remarkable is the image of the title character in Nikolai Gogol's story "The Nose". The nose is not only personified and personified (i.e. endowed with the traits of a human personality), but also becomes a symbol of the protagonist's duality.

A few more examples of personification in prosaic speech that come to mind:

The first rays of the morning sun SLEEPED through the meadow.
Snow COVERED the earth like a mother of a baby.
The moon BLINKED through the heights of the clouds.
Exactly at 6:30 am, my alarm WAS LIFE.
The ocean DANCED in the moonlight.
I heard the island CALLING for me.
The thunder GRANLED like an old man.

There are enough examples. I'm sure you are already ready for the next round of the Trails series.

Warmly, your Alcora

Reviews

Alla, these are the two points of the article:

1. "PERSONALIZATION is a literary technique in which inanimate objects are endowed with properties that are inherent in living beings. Sometimes this turn of speech is called personification."
2 ... In general, we can say that personification is such a trope of language, in which the inanimate is endowed with the signs and qualities of the living ...-

Made me misunderstand impersonation. It speaks of endowing inanimate objects with the properties of a living thing, i.e. it turns out both animals and plants, and not just humans.
I think I'm not the only one. It is necessary to eliminate the duality of understanding.
With gratitude for the article, Vladimir.

In part 2 of the article on Impersonations, I have already answered this question (to quote myself):

"Can it be considered the personification" purrs "? Or" wanders on the roofs "? We do not liken darkness to a person, but to an animal? I would not make a problem out of this - whatever you call a trope, the main thing is to feel and use each of them adequately, to be able to be accurate and convincing with their help in conveying your thoughts and feelings. "

So, once again: Philologists have many (contradictory) opinions, I am not a philologist, I am a practitioner. If I participated in the competition - I would choose for the tour those my poems where there are TYPICAL personifications (or I would write new poems - for the competition) and would highlight the given paths - as tools for my victory in the competition. Likewise, judges - they must first of all consider the work on the example of typical (not subject to doubt or discrepancy) given tropes, and everything else is an addition to the garnish ... This is an educational competition where you need to show both poetry and mastery of theory , and not just offer to the competition what the author has on the farm and that once, somewhere, was a success.

If we evaluate poetry at all, then it does not matter what this trope is called, it is important that it works on a theme, creates an image that is understandable and accurate.