Literary and historical notes of a young technician. Maxim Gorky: biography, personal life M bitter direction

Alexey Peshkov, known in the literary circle as Maxim Gorky, was born in Nizhny Novgorod. Alexei's father died in 1871, when the future writer was only 3 years old, his mother lived only a little longer, leaving her son an orphan at the age of 11. For further care, the boy was sent to the family of his maternal grandfather Vasily Kashirin.

Not a cloudless life in his grandfather's house made Alexei switch to his own bread from childhood. Finding food, Peshkov worked as a delivery boy, washed dishes, baked bread. Later, the future writer will talk about this in one of the parts of the autobiographical trilogy called "Childhood".

In 1884, young Peshkov aspires to pass the exams at Kazan University, but to no avail. Difficulties in life, the unexpected death of his own grandmother, who was a good friend of Alexei, lead him to despair and attempted suicide. The bullet did not touch the young man's heart, but this incident doomed him to lifelong respiratory weakness.

In a thirst for changes in the state structure, young Alexei contacts the Marxists. In 1888 he was arrested for anti-state propaganda. After his release, the future writer is engaged in wandering, calling this period of his life his "universities".

The first steps of creativity

Since 1892, having returned to his native place, Alexey Peshkov became a journalist. The first articles of the young author were published under the pseudonym Yehudiel Chlamyda (from the Greek cloak and dagger), but soon the writer invents a different name for himself - Maxim Gorky. With the word "bitter" the writer strives to show the "bitter" life of the people and the desire to describe the "bitter" truth.

The first work of the master of words was the story "Makar Chudra", published in 1892. After him, the world saw other stories "The Old Woman Izergil", "Chelkash", "Song of the Falcon", "Former People" and others (1895-1897).

Literary rise and popularity

In 1898, the collection "Essays and Stories" was published, which brought fame to Maxim Gorky among the masses. The main characters of the stories were the lower classes of society, enduring the unprecedented hardships of life. The author portrayed the suffering of the "tramps" in the most exaggerated form, with the aim of creating a feigned pathos of "humanity". In his works, Gorky nurtured the idea of ​​the unity of the working class, protecting the social, political and cultural heritage of Russia.

Another revolutionary impulse, openly hostile to tsarism, was the "Song of the Petrel". As punishment for calling to fight the autocracy, Maxim Gorky was expelled from Nizhny Novgorod and recalled from the members of the Imperial Academy. Remaining in close ties with Lenin and other revolutionaries, Gorky wrote the play At the Bottom and a number of other plays that received recognition in Russia, Europe and the United States. At this time (1904-1921), the writer connects his life with the actress and admirer of Bolshevism Maria Andreeva, breaking the connection with his first wife Ekaterina Peshkova.

Abroad

In 1905, after the December armed mutiny, fearing arrest, Maxim Gorky went abroad. Collecting the support of the Bolshevik Party, the writer visits Finland, Great Britain, the USA, meets famous writers Mark Twain, Theodore Roosevelt and others. ...

Not daring to go to Russia, from 1906 to 1913 the revolutionary lived on the island of Capri, where he created a new philosophical system, which was vividly reflected in the novel Confession (1908).

Return to the fatherland

The amnesty for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty allowed the writer to return to Russia in 1913. Continuing his active creative and civic activities, Gorky publishes key parts of his autobiographical trilogy: 1914 - Childhood, 1915-1916 - In People.

During the First World War and the October Revolution, Gorky's St. Petersburg apartment became the site of regular Bolshevik meetings. But the situation changed dramatically a few weeks after the revolution, when the writer clearly accused the Bolsheviks, in particular Lenin and Trotsky, of a thirst for power and the falsity of the intentions to create democracy. The newspaper "Novaya Zhizn", which was published by Gorky, became an object of persecution by censorship.

Together with the prosperity of communism, criticism of Gorky diminished and soon the writer personally met with Lenin, admitting his mistakes.

Staying from 1921 to 1932 in Germany and Italy, Maxim Gorky wrote the final part of a trilogy entitled "My Universities" (1923), and also received treatment for tuberculosis.

The last years of the writer's life

In 1934, Gorky was appointed head of the Union of Soviet Writers. As a token of gratitude from the government, he receives a luxurious mansion in Moscow.

In the last years of his work, the writer was closely associated with Stalin, in every possible way supporting the policy of the dictator in his literary works. In this regard, Maxim Gorky is called the founder of a new trend in literature - socialist realism, which is more connected with communist propaganda than with artistic talent. The writer died on June 18, 1936.

Real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (1868), prose writer, playwright, publicist.

Born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a cabinet-maker, after the death of his father he lived in the family of V. Kashirin's grandfather, the owner of a dyeing establishment.

At the age of eleven, becoming an orphan, he begins to work, replacing many "owners": a bellboy at a shoe store, a vessel holder on steamers, a draftsman, etc. Only reading books saved a hopeless life from despair.

In 1884 he came to Kazan to fulfill his dream - to study at the university, but very soon he realized the whole unreality of such a plan. Started to work. Later, Gorky would write: "I did not expect outside help and did not hope for a lucky break ... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance to the environment." At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality, determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among the workers and peasants (with the populist M. Romas in the village of Krasnovidovo). Since 1888, Gorky began his wanderings around Russia with the aim of getting to know her better and getting to know the life of the people better.

Gorky walked through the Don steppes, across Ukraine, to the Danube, from there - through the Crimea and the North Caucasus - to Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammer, then as a clerk in railway workshops, communicating with revolutionary leaders and participating in illegal circles. At this time he wrote his first story - "Makar Chudra", published in the Tiflis newspaper, and the poem "The Girl and Death" (published in 1917).

In 1892, returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he took up literary work, publishing in the Volga newspapers. Since 1895, Gorky's stories have appeared in the capital's magazines, and in the Samarskaya Gazeta he became known as a feuilletonist, speaking under the pseudonym Yehudil Chlamida. In 1898, Gorky's Essays and Stories were published, which made him widely known in Russia. He works hard, quickly growing into a great artist, an innovator, able to lead. His romantic stories called for struggle, brought up heroic optimism ("The Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon", "Song of the Petrel").

In 1899, the novel Foma Gordeev was published, which nominated Gorky to a number of world-class writers. In the autumn of this year, he came to St. Petersburg, where he met Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, with Repin; later in Moscow - S.L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers. He agrees with revolutionary circles and was sent to Arzamas for writing a proclamation calling for the overthrow of the tsarist government in connection with the dispersal of a student demonstration.

In 1901 - 1902 he wrote his first plays "Bourgeois" and "At the bottom", staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. In 1904 - the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians".

In the revolutionary events of 1905, Gorky took an active part, was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-Tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forced the government to release the writer. For helping with money and weapons during the Moscow December armed uprising, Gorky was threatened with reprisals by the official authorities, so it was decided to send him abroad. At the beginning of 1906 he arrived in America, where he stayed until the fall. Here were written pamphlets "My interviews" and essays "In America".

Upon his return to Russia, he created the play "Enemies" and the novel "Mother" (1906). In the same year, Gorky went to Italy, to Capri, where he lived until 1913, devoting all his strength to literary creativity. During these years, the plays "The Last" (1908), "Vassa Zheleznova" (1910), the stories "Summer", "Okurov Town" (1909), the novel "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" (1910 - 11) were written.

Using the amnesty, in 1913 the writer returned to St. Petersburg, collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the Letopis magazine, headed the literary department of the magazine, rallying around it such writers as Shishkov, Prishvin, Trenev, Gladkoe and others.

After the February Revolution, Gorky participated in the publication of the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which was the organ of the Social Democrats, where he published articles under the general title Untimely Thoughts. He expressed fears about the unpreparedness of the October Revolution, was afraid that "the dictatorship of the proletariat would lead to the death of politically educated Bolshevik workers ..."

Soon Gorky began to actively participate in the construction of a new culture: he helped organize the First Workers 'and Peasants' University, the Bolshoi Drama Theater in St. Petersburg, and created the World Literature publishing house. During the civil war, famine and devastation, he showed concern for the Russian intelligentsia, and many scientists, writers and artists were saved by him from starvation.

In 1921, at the insistence of Lenin, Gorky went abroad for treatment (tuberculosis resumed). At first he lived in the resorts of Germany and Czechoslovakia, then moved to Italy in Sorrento. He continues to work a lot: he finished the trilogy - "My Universities" ("Childhood" and "In People" were published in 1913 - 16), wrote the novel "The Artamonovs Case" (1925). He began work on the book "The Life of Klim Samgin", which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931, Gorky returned to his homeland. In the 1930s, he again turned to drama: "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).

Summing up the acquaintance and communication with the great people of his time. Gorky created literary portraits of L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, the essay "V. I. Lenin" (new edition 1930). In 1934, through the efforts of M. Gorky, the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers was prepared and held. June 18, 1936 M. Gorky died in Gorki and was buried in Red Square.

Alexey Peshkov, better known by his pseudonym Maxim Gorky, is one of the most influential and famous writers of the USSR.

Childhood and adolescence

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 at. His father's name was Maxim Peshkov. He worked as a simple carpenter, and later was the head of a shipping company.

Maksim Gorky

The writer's mother, Varvara Vasilievna, died quite early of consumption. In this regard, his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, took up the upbringing of little Alyosha.

The life of Alexei Peshkov was not easy, so at the age of 11 he had to go to work. He was a bellboy at a grocery store, then a barman on a ship, and then an assistant to a baker and icon painter.

In such works of Gorky as Childhood, My Universities and In People, you can find a lot of details of his biography.

From childhood, Maxim Gorky was drawn to knowledge and dreamed of getting a good education.

However, attempts to enter Kazan University were unsuccessful.

Soon, due to the fact that Gorky was in a Marxist circle, he was arrested, but then still released.

In October 1888, Aleksey Maksimovich begins to work as a watchman on the railway. When the future writer turns 23, he decides to drop everything and go on a journey across.

He managed to walk all the way to the Caucasus. During his travels, Gorky received a lot of impressions that in the future will be reflected in his biography in general, and in his work in particular.

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov

The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. The pseudonym “Maxim Gorky”, by which most readers know him, first appeared on September 12, 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Kavkaz” in the signature to the story “Makar Chudra”.

An interesting fact is that Gorky had another pseudonym with which he sometimes signed his works: Yehudiel Chlamida.

Special signs of Maxim Gorky

Abroad

Having received a certain fame, Gorky went to America, and after that - to Italy. His moves have nothing to do with politics, but are dictated exclusively by family circumstances.

In fairness, it must be said that Gorky's entire biography is permeated with constant trips abroad.

Only at the end of his life did he stop being in continuous travel.

Traveling, Gorky actively writes books of a revolutionary nature. In 1913 he returned to the Russian Empire and settled in St. Petersburg, working for various publishing houses.

It is interesting that although the writer himself had Marxist views, he was rather skeptical about the Great October Revolution.

After the end of the civil war, Peshkov again went abroad due to disagreements with the new government. Only in 1932 did he finally and irrevocably return to his homeland.

Creation

In 1892 Maxim Gorky published his famous story "Makar Chudra". However, the two-volume collection "Essays and Stories" brought him true fame.

It is curious that the circulation of his works was three times higher than the circulation of other writers. From under his pen, one after another, the stories "Old Woman Izergil", "Twenty-six and One", "Former People", as well as the poems "Song of the Petrel" and "Song of the Falcon" are published.

In addition to serious stories, Maxim Gorky also wrote works for children. He owns many fairy tales. The most famous among them are "Samovar", "Tales of Italy", "Vorobishko" and many others.

Gorky and Tolstoy, 1900

As a result, Maria lived with him for 16 years, although their marriage was not officially registered. The busy schedule of the in-demand actress forced Gorky to leave for Italy and the United States of America several times.

Interestingly, before meeting with Gorky, Andreeva already had children: a son and a daughter. Their upbringing, as a rule, was the responsibility of the writer.

Immediately after the revolution, Maria Andreeva was seriously carried away by party activities. Because of this, she practically stopped paying attention to her husband and children.

As a result, in 1919, the relationship between them suffered a crushing fiasco.

Gorky openly told Andreeva that he was leaving for his secretary, Maria Budberg, with whom he would live for 13 years, and also in a "civil marriage."

Friends and relatives of the writer were aware that this secretary had a stormy romance on the side. In principle, this is understandable, because she was 24 years younger than her husband.

So, one of her lovers was the famous English writer -. After the death of Gorky, Andreeva immediately moved to Wells.

There is an opinion that Maria Budberg, who had a reputation as an adventurer and collaborated with the NKVD, could well have been a double agent (as), working for both Soviet and British intelligence.

Death of Gorky

The last years of his life, Maxim Gorky worked in various publishing houses. Everyone considered it an honor to publish such a famous and popular writer, whose authority was indisputable.

In 1934, Gorky holds the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, and speaks at it with the main report. His biography and literary activities are considered the benchmark for young talents.

In the same year, Gorky acts as a co-editor of the book "The Stalin White Sea-Baltic Canal". This work (see) described as "the first book in Russian literature, praising slave labor."

When Gorky's beloved son died unexpectedly, the writer's health deteriorated sharply. At the next visit to the grave of the deceased, he caught a serious cold.

For 3 weeks he was tormented by a fever, due to which he died on June 18, 1936. It was decided to cremate the body of the great proletarian writer, and place the ashes in the Kremlin wall on. An interesting fact is that before cremation, Gorky's brain was removed for scientific research.

Death Riddle

In later years, the question of the fact that Gorky was deliberately poisoned began to be raised more and more often. Among the suspects was People's Commissar Genrikh Yagoda, who was in love and had a relationship with Gorky's wife.

They were also suspected. During the period of repression and the sensational "Doctors' case", three doctors were accused of Gorky's death.

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The name of Maxim Gorky is familiar, perhaps, to any Russian person. In honor of this writer, cities and streets were named in Soviet times. The outstanding revolutionary prose writer was a native of the common people, self-taught, but the talent he possessed made him world famous. Such nuggets appear every hundred years. The life story of this man is very instructive, as it clearly shows what a person from the bottom can achieve without any support from the outside.

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (that was the real name of Maxim Gorky) was born in Nizhny Novgorod. This city was renamed in his honor, and only in the 90s of the last century it was returned to its former name.

The biography of the future writer began on March 28, 1868. The most important thing that he remembered from childhood, Alexey Maksimovich described in his work "Childhood". Alyosha's father, whom he hardly remembered, worked as a carpenter.

He died of cholera when the boy was very young. Alyosha's mother was then pregnant, she gave birth to another son, who died in infancy.

The Peshkov family lived at that time in Astrakhan, because my father had to work in the last years of his life in a steamship company. However, literary critics are arguing about who the father of Maxim Gorky was.

Taking two children, the mother decided to return to her homeland, to Nizhny Novgorod. There her father, Vasily Kashirin, kept a dye shop. Alexey spent his childhood in his house (now there is a museum there). Alyosha's grandfather was a rather domineering person, had a stern character, he often punished the boy over trifles, using rods. Once Alyosha was whipped so badly that he went to bed for a long time. After that, the grandfather repented and asked the boy for forgiveness, treating him with candy.

The autobiography described in the story "Childhood" suggests that the grandfather's house was always full of people. Numerous relatives lived in it, everyone was busy with business.

Important! Little Alyosha also had his own obedience, the boy helped to dye fabrics. But grandfather punished severely for poorly performed work.

My mother learned to read Alexei, then my grandfather taught his grandson the Church Slavonic language. Despite his harsh nature, Kashirin was a very religious person, he often went to church. He forced Alyosha to go to church almost by force, but the child did not like this occupation. The atheistic views that Alyosha manifested in childhood, he carried through his entire life. Therefore, his work was revolutionary, the writer Maxim Gorky in his works often said that "God is invented."

As a child, Alyosha attended a parish school, but then fell seriously ill and left school. Then his mother married a second time and took her son to her new home in Kanavino. There, the boy went to primary school, but the relationship with the teacher and the priest did not work out.

Once, having come home, Alyosha saw a terrible picture: his stepfather kicked his mother. Then the boy grabbed a knife to intercede. She calmed her son, who was about to stab his stepfather. After this incident, Alexei decided to return to his grandfather's house. By that time, the old man was completely ruined. Alexey attended a school for poor children for some time, but was kicked out because the young man looked unkempt and smelled badly. Alyosha spent most of his time on the street, stealing to feed himself, finding clothes for himself in the dump. Therefore, the teenager contacted a bad company, where he received the nickname "Bashlyk".

Alexey Peshkov never studied anywhere else, never having received a secondary education. Despite this, he had a strong desire for self-education, independently reading and briefly memorizing the works of many philosophers, such as:

• Nietzsche;
• Hartmann;
• Selly;
• Caro;
• Schopenhauer.

Important! All his life, Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky wrote with spelling and grammatical errors, which were corrected by his wife, a proofreader by education.

First independent steps

When Alyosha was 11 years old, his mother died of consumption. Grandfather, completely impoverished, was forced to let his grandson go in peace. The old man could not feed the young man and told him to go "to the people." Alexei found himself alone in this big world. The young man decided to go to Kazan to enter the university, but was refused.

Firstly, because in that year the recruitment of applicants from the lower strata of society was limited, and secondly, because Alexei did not have a certificate of secondary education.

Then the young man went to work at the pier. It was then that a meeting took place in Gorky's life, which influenced his further worldview and creativity. He met with a revolutionary group, which briefly explained what the essence of this progressive teaching. Alexei began to attend revolutionary meetings, was engaged in propaganda. Then the young man got a job in a bakery, the owner of which sent the proceeds to support the revolutionary development in the city.

Alexey has always been a mentally unstable person. Upon learning of the death of his beloved grandmother, the young man fell into a serious depression. Once, near the monastery, Alexei tried to commit suicide by shooting a lung through a gun. A watchman who witnessed this called the police. The young man was taken urgently to the hospital and managed to save his life. However, in the hospital, Alexei made a second attempt at suicide by swallowing poison from a medical vessel. The young man was rescued again by gastric lavage. The psychiatrist found many mental disorders in Alexey.

Wanderings

Further, the life of the writer Maxim Gorky was no less difficult, briefly we can say that various misfortunes befell him. At the age of 20, for the first time, Alexei was imprisoned for revolutionary activities. After that, the police conducted constant surveillance of the dysfunctional citizen. Then M. Gorky went to the Caspian Sea, where he worked as a fisherman.

Then he went to Borisoglebsk, where he became a weigher. There he first fell in love with a girl, the daughter of a boss, and even asked for her hand in marriage. Having received a refusal, Alexey, however, remembered his first love all his life. Gorky tried to organize a Tolstoy movement among the peasants, for this he even went to a meeting with Tolstoy himself, but the writer's wife did not let the poor young man go to the living classic.

In the early 90s, Alexei met the writer Korolenko in Nizhny Novgorod. By that time, Peshkov had already written his first works, one of which he showed to a famous writer. It is interesting that Korolenko criticized the work of a novice writer, but this could not in any way affect the firm desire to write.

Then Peshkov was again imprisoned for revolutionary activities. After leaving prison, he decided to go wandering around Russia, visited different cities, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, in the Ukraine. In Tiflis, he met a revolutionary, who advised him to write down all his adventures. This is how the story “Makar Chudra” appeared, which was published in 1892 in the newspaper “Kavkaz”.

Gorky's creativity

The flowering of creativity

It was then that the writer took the pseudonym Maxim Gorky, hiding his real name. Then several more stories were published in the Nizhny Novgorod newspapers. By that time, Alexei decided to settle in his homeland. All interesting facts from the life of Gorky were taken as the basis of his works. He wrote down the most important things that happened to him, and interesting and truthful stories were obtained.

Again, Korolenko became the mentor of the aspiring writer. Gradually, Maxim Gorky gained popularity among readers. The talented and original author has been talked about in literary circles. The writer met Tolstoy and.

In a short period of time, Gorky wrote the most talented works:

• The Old Woman Izergil (1895);
• Essays and Stories (1898);
• Three, novel (1901);
• "Bourgeois" (1901);
• (1902).

Interesting! Soon, Maxim Gorky was awarded the title of a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, but Emperor Nicholas II personally overturned this decision.

Useful video: Maxim Gorky - biography, life

Moving abroad

In 1906, Maxim Gorky decided to go abroad. He first settled in the United States. Then for health reasons (he was diagnosed with tuberculosis) he moved to Italy. Here he wrote a lot in defense of the revolution. Then the writer returned to Russia for a short time, but in 1921 he went abroad again due to conflicts with the authorities and an aggravated illness. He returned to Russia only ten years later.

In 1936, at the age of 68, the writer Maxim Gorky finished his earthly journey. In his death, some saw the poisoning of ill-wishers, although this version was not confirmed. The life of the writer was not easy, but filled with varied adventures. On sites where biographies of various writers are published, you can see a table of chronological life events.

Personal life

M. Gorky had a rather interesting appearance, which can be seen looking at his photo. He was tall, expressive eyes, thin hands with long fingers, which he waved when talking. He enjoyed success with women, and knowing this, he knew how to show his attractiveness in the photo.

Alexei Maksimovich had many fans, many of those with whom he was close. For the first time, Maxim Gorky married in 1896 to Ekaterina Volgina. Two children were born from her: son Maxim and daughter Katya (she died at the age of five). In 1903, Gorky became friends with actress Ekaterina Andreeva. Without formalizing a divorce from their first wife, they began to live as husband and wife. With her, he spent many years abroad.

In 1920, the writer met Maria Budberg, a baroness with whom he had an intimate relationship, they were together until 1933. It was rumored that she was working for British intelligence.

Gorky had two adopted children: Ekaterina and Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky, the latter became a famous Soviet director and cameraman.

Useful video: interesting facts from the life of M. Gorky

Output

The work of Alexei Maksimovich Gorky made an invaluable contribution to Russian and Soviet literature. It is peculiar, original, surprising in its beauty of words and power, all the more considering that the writer was illiterate and uneducated. Until now, his works are admired by descendants, they are studied in high school. The work of this outstanding writer is also known and respected abroad.

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Biography

The famous Russian writer Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov is familiar to everyone under his literary pseudonym “Maxim Gorky”. He has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 5 times.

The life story of Gorky originates from Nizhny Novgorod from Kashirin's grandfather, who was a very cruel officer, for which he was demoted. Exiled into exile, and then acquired his own dye shop. Little Alyosha was born in Nizhny Novgorod, where Kashirin's daughter went. The boy somewhere caught cholera at the age of 4, his father, caring for him, became infected and died, and little Alyosha managed to recover.

The mother gave birth to her second child and decided to return to her parents' house. On the way, the baby died. Returning to their hometown, the significantly thinned Peshkov family began to live in the Kashirin house. The boy was taught at home: the mother - to read, and the grandfather - to read and write. Old Kashirin often went to church, forced his grandson to pray, which subsequently caused an extremely negative attitude towards religion in him.

Maxim began his studies at a parish school, but illness prevented him from receiving primary education. Later, the young man studied at the school of the settlement for two years. The future writer lacked education; mistakes were encountered in his manuscripts. The mother remarried and left with her son to her husband. The relationship did not work out, the new husband often beat his wife, and Alyosha saw this. After beating his stepfather hard, he fled to his grandfather. The teenager had a difficult life, he often stole firewood and food, collected abandoned clothes, he always smelled bad. The school had to quit, which ended the education of the writer.

Gorky's biography is full of sad moments. Alyosha was soon left without a mother, who died of consumption, his grandfather went bankrupt, and the orphan had to go to work as people. Since the age of 11, Alyosha has been working in a shop as an auxiliary worker, washing dishes on a steamer, working as an apprentice in an icon painting workshop. At the age of 16, the young man could not enter the University of Kazan due to the lack of a certificate and money.

Alexey works at the pier, makes acquaintance with young revolutionary-minded people. The grandmother and grandfather died, the young man, in a fit of depression, tried to kill himself with a gun. Help arrived quickly in the face of the watchman, an operation was performed in the hospital, but the lungs were still hurt.

Writer, books

Alexei begins to be spied on for communication with the revolutionaries, he is subjected to a short-term arrest. He works as a laborer, looks after the station and works as a fisherman. At one of the stations, he fell in love, but he was refused, then he embarks on a trip to Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana. But the meeting did not take place. Maxim decides to show one of his manuscripts to Korolenko, who harshly criticized the creation of the novice writer.

The life story of the writer often refers to prison dungeons, where he again and again ends up behind bars for his views, and after leaving prison, he takes a trip around Russia on passing carts, on freight trains. These trips gave birth to the idea of ​​"Makar Chudra", which is being published under the name of Maxim Gorky. (Maxim is like a father, Gorky because of a complex biography).

But the writer felt the real glory after the story "Chelkash". Not everyone accepted the creativity of the new talent, and the authorities even placed him in one of the castles of Georgia. Alexey Maksimovich moved to St. Petersburg after he was released, and in the northern capital he writes the famous plays "At the Bottom" and "Bourgeoisie".

Even the emperor recognized the boldness and straightforwardness of Gorky's statements. He did not even notice the negative literary attitude towards the autocratic system in Russia. Alexey Maksimovich does not pay attention to the police bans and continues to distribute revolutionary literature. Leo Tolstoy and Gorky became great friends. Many famous people, contemporaries of the owner of the house, always gathered in an apartment in the center of Nizhny Novgorod. Writers, directors, artists and musicians held conversations, talked about their works.

Gorky joined the Bolshevik Party in 1904, met the leader of the proletariat, Lenin. This acquaintance was the reason for another arrest and a cell in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The public demanded the release of the writer, after which he left the country for America. He was tormented by tuberculosis for a long time, and he is making an attempt to move to Italy.

Because of his revolutionary activities, he was disliked by the authorities. Gorky settled for seven years on the island of Capri. In 1913, Alexey Maksimovich returned to his homeland, lived in the northern capital for 5 years, then went abroad again, and only in 1933 finally moved to Russia. When he visited his sick grandchildren living in Moscow, he caught a cold and could no longer recover, he fell ill and died.

Personal life

Chronic illness of Gorky did not prevent him from being full of strength and energy. The first marriage of the writer was an informal relationship with Olga Kamenskaya, an ordinary woman midwife. Their union did not last long. For the second time, the writer decided to marry his second chosen one.