What is musical expressiveness. Expressive means of music: Melody. Additional means of musical expression include texture - a method of processing a certain material, strokes or methods of extracting sounds, dynamics - strength

Slide 17

Slide 18

• LEGATO
• STACCATO

Slide 19

FORM - CONSTRUCTION OF A MUSICAL WORK

Slide 20

The simplest forms of musical compositions:

• I - PRIVATE FORM
• II - PRIVATE FORM
• III - PRIVATE FORM
• RONDO
• VARIATION

Slide 22

II - private form

Most often, this form is called "song", because it is in this scheme that most of the songs are written (lead-chorus). Parts of the piece are pronounced and differ from each other.

Slide 23

III - private form

This form of works is most often used by composers in large pieces of music. It also has 2 themes, but they form a "puff" scheme

1 melody (A)

2 melody (B)

(A-B-A) or (A-B-C)

3 melody (C)

Slide 24

Rondo - translated from the Italian language "movement in a circle." This form of music arose a long time ago and was first used in poetry. Gradually, it began to be used in music as well. In rondo, the main melody can be repeated many times, but completely different melodies are inserted between its repetitions.

Main melody (refrain)

Additional tunes (episodes)

Slide 25

Variations

Variations - change. The most original and unusual form of music. In this form there is also only 1 melody, which is constantly changing.

View all slides

"Means of Musical Expression as a Reflection of the Character of a Musical Work"

Purpose of the lesson - the development of an active, conscious perception of music on the basis of identifying musical images in it, determining their nature, content and construction, broadcasting through performance.

Lesson objectives:

To consolidate the concepts of expressive means and their influence on the emotionally figurative tone of the work;

To form a steady listener's attention, mental concentration as the origins of the paths of the formation of artistic taste;

To develop the ability to analyze the content and means of expressiveness of a musical work.

Formation of universal educational activities:

1. Personal UUD

Formation: motivation for learning and cognition; adequate self-esteem; willingness to openly express their position in the classroom, an adequate understanding of the reasons for success (failure) in the educational process.

2. Regulatory ECDs

Formation: the ability to keep the goal of the activity until its result is obtained; the ability to see the error; the ability to evaluate the result of their activities, to argue their opinion and position, self-control of the process and results of activities.

3. Cognitive UUD

Formation:the ability to emotionally perform musical works,speak out about music;

Perceive a piece of music by ear.

4. Communicative UUD

Formation: the ability to listen and hear the teacher, members of the ensemble; the ability to cooperate in a group when solving educational problems.

Equipment:

Rebus, staff, prepared notes;

Notebook;

Markers;

Musical recordings of works: E. Grieg "In the cave of the mountain king" from the suite "Peer Gynt", Y. Giraud "Under the sky of Paris", M. P. Mussorgsky "Hopak" from the opera "Sorochinskaya fair", N. Rimsky-Korsakov " Flight of the Bumblebee"

Course of the lesson

Organizational moment (setting up tools, greeting, message of the topic of the lesson)

Conversation on the expressive means of music:

- listening to musical examples;

- analysis of the work of K. Gardel “ Por una caveza »

Control performance of the work by K. Gardel "Porunacaveza»

Reflection "Means of Musical Expression"

Teacher: Hello guys. The topic of the lesson is "Means of Musical Expression as a Reflection of the Character of a Musical Work." Each art has its own special language, its own means of expression. In painting, for example, drawing and paint are such means. Skillfully using them, the artist creates a picture. The poet, writing poetry, speaks to us in the language of words, he uses poetic speech, rhymes. The basis of the dance art is movement, the dramatic art is the play of actors. Music has its own special language, the language of sounds. And she also has her own expressive means.

Before we start talking about the means of musical expression, let us recall the background information from which we always begin the study of a new piece of music. This will help us in the analysis of musical material in order to reveal its artistic and figurative content and character.

The message “K. Jeer. Tango"

Teacher: So, what expressive means of music do you know?

Answer: Tempo, melody, dynamics, strokes, playing techniques, rhythm, etc.

Teacher: What is the main element of musical speech? What is the definition.

Answer: Melody (from Greek - "melody", "singing") - this is a developed and complete musical thought, expressed in one voice. It is the basis of any piece of music.

Teacher: Let's determine which instrument or instruments lead the melody to 2 digits?

( play up to 2 digits)

Answer: Bayans, metallophone, domras

Teacher: Is it possible to say that the melody in the performed excerpt was unchanged? Is the button accordion theme different from the domra theme? What changed?

Answer: Changedharmony , therefore, the melodies are different: the first is quite joyful, enthusiastic, inspired; the second is tense, a little melancholic. The first sounds in major, the second in minor.

Teacher: If you pay attention, the entire text of the work is presented by alternating two main melodic lines (beginning, 2nd digit - 1,3,4 digits). This deviation is calledmodulation - transition from one key to another. This is the peculiarity of the work, its character. After all, tango is an emotional dance, a contrasting change of smooth, calm movements with impetuous, clear, sensual. Tell me guys, what means of musical expression is celebrated when it comes to dance music? Give it a definition.

Answer: itrhythm ... Translated from Greek, it means “dimensionality” - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.

Teacher: Everyone understands what rhythm they are talking about when they say: in the rhythm of a waltz, march, tango. Listen to music pieces, name a dance, and a piece of music.

Listen to musical excerpts:

Waltz - Y. Giraud "Under the sky of Paris"

UNT hopak - M. Mussorgsky "Hopak" from the opera "Sorochinskaya Yarmarka"

Tango - E. Petersburgsky "Burnt Sun"

Teacher: Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds, not a melody. It influences the character of the music. But not only music has a rhythm. Our heart has a rhythm - heart rate; there are brain rhythms, there is a circadian rhythm - morning, day, evening and night. The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet. In an ensemble performance, the accompaniment plays a very important role, which sets the rhythm of the dance. For example, the balalaika part is represented by a variety of rhythmic patterns in each part. I ask you to perform the 2nd digit off the beat.

( play 2 digit )

Teacher: What is the difficulty of the rhythmic pattern of the balalaika part?

Answer: Short durations.

Teacher: Now, listen to an example and answer what means of musical expression creates the character of the music.

An excerpt sounds: N. Rimsky - Korsakov "Flight of the Bumblebee"

Answer: Fast tempo plays an important role in this piece of music (allegro or presto ).

Teacher: And what is called tempo?

Answer: Pace is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is fast, slow and moderate. To indicate tempo, Italian words are used, which are understandable to all musicians in the world. For example, fast paced - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow - adagio.
Teacher: We are always guided by the composer's instructions on the meaning of the tempo, in particular tango, performed in a moderate, restrained tempo by Moderato.

Teacher: Timbre and register(puzzles)

Timbre is the coloration of a sound. Each human voice has its own color, its own timbre; Each musical instrument has its own timbre. Our instrumental ensemble is a multi-colored palette of all kinds of timbres (soft). The various timbre changes in the tango melody are like the emotional collisions of a dance. We play 3 numbers.

(play 3 numbers)

Teacher: What does the alternating sound of an instrument look like?

Answer: The alternation of domra and button accordion timbres is presented in the form of a dialogue.

Teacher: Please note that the theme of the first domra in the second sentence of 3 digits sounds in an octave. What's changing? What do you know about this expressive tool?(rebus register)

Answer: Register is the location of sounds. The register is low, medium, high.

Teacher: Listen to a musical example, where register is the most important element in creating an artistic and emotional image of a piece. Describe your impressions, ideas about what you heard. Name the piece of music.

An excerpt from the suite "Peer Gynt" by E. Grieg "In the Cave of the Mountain King"

Teacher: Another expressive means is strokes. What do you know about them? What strokes are used to reflect the character of "Tango"? How can you compare them in dance?

Answer: Bar - (from German line, line) the quality of sound production on a musical instrument, which has expressive meaning (legato, staccato, detache, marcato). In the work of K. Gardel "Tango" strokes of legato, marcato, detache are used.The variety of strokes and techniques of the game is comparable to the change of dance movements - sometimes soft, smooth, sometimes unexpectedly sharp, short.

Teacher: Guys, let's digress for a moment and imagine that we are in the forest. How far have we come! Seems lost? What do we do?

Answer: Shout, call for help. Shout "Ouch"

Teacher: And the "echo" will talk to you, because there is no one around. Let's play.

Echo game

I am reading a poem, and you listen carefully to the last words of each line and answer for the "echo".

I screamed loudly in the forest.

A resounding echo answered.

"Will it be cold soon?"

An echo answered: "Yes, yes, yes, yes!"

"How many Christmas trees, look!"

There was an echo ... Three-three-three-three!

"The old oak is completely dry!"

There was an echo ... Ooh-ooh-ooh-ooh!

"Well, goodbye, I'm going home!"

The echo got upset ... Oh-oh-oh-oh!

What means of musical expression are we talking about? Give a definition.

Answer: Dynamics is the power of sound. There are two main dynamic shades: forte, which means loud, and piano - quiet. Sometimes these shades intensify. For example, very loud (fortissimo) or very quiet (pianissimo). The dynamics of tango are distinguished by contrast: a calm theme sounds mezzo forte; the theme of unrest is forte.

Teacher: And what is called the culmination? Determine the climax in the piece being performed.

Answer: The culmination - the highest point of emotional, semantic tension, as a rule, is dynamically designated as the loudest place in a work. The climax is 3 digit.

Play 3 digit

Teacher: Today we remembered what the means of musical expression are, named the main ones, and using musical examples we found out their significance in creating the image of a musical work. And all for what? Everything in order to learn to understand and compose a picture, an image of a musical work from these inalienable musical elements and to embody this in your performance vividly, precisely, evoking sincere emotions in the listeners.K. Gardel "Tango" is played completely

And now I propose to once again remember the means of musical expression, write down one at a time on the notes and fill in the staff.

Educator : This concludes the lesson. I am very glad for your active participation. Well done! Thanks to all!

The world of music is rich and varied. To see the beauty of this world, you need to learn to understand music, study the musical language and understand means of musical expression.

When we listen to music that touches the strings of our soul, we do not analyze it, do not decompose it into separate components. We listen, empathize, rejoice or grieve. For us, music is a single whole. But in order to better understand the work, we need to have an understanding of the elements of music and the expressive means of music.

Musical sounds

Musical sounds, in contrast to noise sounds, have a certain pitch and duration, dynamics and timbre. The concepts of meter and rhythm, harmony and register, mode, tempo and meter are applicable to musical sounds. All these elements are means of musical expression.

Elements of musical expression

Melody

Sometimes we catch ourselves thinking that an obsessive motive sounds in our head, or we hum a song we like. In these cases, sounds melody- a musical thought expressed in one voice. A melody sounding without accompaniment can be an independent work, for example, folk songs. And the character of these songs is varied - from sad, mournful, sad to cheerful, daring. Melody is the basis of musical art, in it, as already mentioned, musical thought is expressed.

The melody has its own laws of structure. The melody is made up of separate sounds, but there is a relationship between these sounds. Sounds can be of different heights - low, medium, high. They can be long or short. If the melody is based on long, sustained sounds, then the melody sounds unhurried, narrative. If the melody is made up of short sounds, it will turn into a moving, impetuous and lacy fabric.

Lad

There are sounds that are steady and unstable. Stable sounds sound clear, they are basic, and unstable ones sound persistent. Stopping a melody on an unstable sound requires continuation and transition into stable sounds. Or as they say: unstable sounds tend to pass into stable sounds. The interrelation of unstable and stable sounds is the basis of musical speech. The ratio of unstable and stable sounds forms harmony... The fret defines the order, the system and turns a series of sounds into a meaningful melody.

There are a lot of frets in music, in the most common - major and minor modes. The character of the melody depends on the fret. If the melody is in major - it is cheerful and cheerful, if in minor - it sounds sad and sad. The melody can be melodic, or it can be declamatory, similar to human speech - recitative.

Registers

By the nature of the sound, sounds are divided into registers - top, middle, bottom.

Mid-range sounds are soft and full-bodied. Low sounds are gloomy, booming. High sounds are bright and sonorous. With the help of high sounds, you can depict the chirping of birds, drops, dawn. For example, in the song "Lark" in Glinka's song, a melody with short durations and small decorations sounds in the high register of the piano. This melody is reminiscent of a bird's play.

With the help of low sounds, we can depict a bear in a raspberry tree, thunder rolls. Mussorgsky, for example, very plausibly portrayed a heavy cart in the play "Cattle" from "Pictures at an Exhibition".

Rhythm

Melodies are inherent not only in pitch, but also in time. The ratio of sounds in duration is called rhythm... In the melody, we hear how long and short sounds alternate. Smooth sounds at a calm pace - the melody is smooth, unhurried. Various durations - alternation of long and short sounds - the melody is flexible, whimsical.

Our whole life obeys the rhythm: our heart beats rhythmically, our breathing rhythmically. The seasons alternate rhythmically, day and night alternate. Rhythmic steps and the sound of wheels. The hands of the clock move evenly and the frames of the film flicker.

The movement of the Earth determines the rhythm of our entire life: there are 24 hours in a day - during this time, the Earth rotates around its axis. And the Earth makes one revolution around the Sun per year.

There is rhythm in music too. Rhythm is an important musical element. It is by the rhythm that we can distinguish waltz, polka, march. The rhythm can be very diverse due to the alternation of durations - long or short.

Meter

With all the variety of rhythm, individual sounds in the melody are percussion, more ponderous and appear at regular intervals. In a waltz, for example, we hear alternation - one, two, three. And we visually feel the turn of the couple circling in the dance. And when we move to the sound of a march, we feel a uniform alternation - one, two, one, two.

The alternation of strong and weak beats (percussion and lighter unstressed) is called meter... In a waltz, we hear the alternation of three beats-steps - strong, weak, weak - one, two, three. Beat is the speed of counting, these are uniform beats-steps, expressed mainly in quarter durations.

At the beginning of the piece, the size of the piece is indicated, for example, two quarters, three quarters, four quarters. If the size is three-quarters, then this means that three beat-beats will be constantly repeated in the piece: the first - strong, shock, the second and third - weak, unstressed. And each beat-step will be equal to a quarter of the duration. And at what tempo the beats-steps will move - the composer indicates at the beginning of the piece - slowly, quickly, calmly, moderately.

Today we talked about the means of musical expression - melody, scale, registers, rhythm and meter. Let us examine the musical means of expression: tempo, harmony, nuances, strokes, timbre and form.

See you!

Best regards, Irina Anischenko

Music, according to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, gives life and joy to everything that exists in the world, is the embodiment of the beautiful and sublime that is on earth.

Like any other art form, music has its own specific features and expressive means... For example, music is not capable of depicting various phenomena, like painting, but it can very accurately and subtly convey a person's experiences, his emotional state. Its content lies in artistic and intonational images that have formed in the mind of a musician, be it a composer, performer or listener.

Each art form has a language characteristic only for it. In music, the language of sounds acts as such a language.

So, what are the main means of musical expression that reveal the secret of how music is born?

• The basis of any piece of music, its leading beginning is melody... A melody is a developed and complete musical thought expressed in a monophonic voice. It can be very different - both smooth and abrupt, calm and fun, etc.
• In music, melody is always inseparable from another means of expression - rhythm, without which it cannot exist. Translated from the Greek language, rhythm is "dimension", that is, a uniform, consistent alternation of short and long sounds. It is the rhythm that has the ability to influence the character of the music. For example, lyricism is given to a piece of music using a smooth rhythm, some emotion - an intermittent rhythm.
• Equally important harmony as a means of expression. There are two types of it: major and minor. Their differences from each other are that the major music evokes clear, joyful feelings in the listeners, and the minor one - a little sad and dreamy.
• Pace- expresses the speed with which this or that piece of music is performed. It can be fast (allegro), slow (adagio), or moderate (andante).
• A special means of musical expression is timbre. It represents the coloration of sound characteristic of any voice and instrument. It is thanks to the timbre that the human or "voice" of a musical instrument can be distinguished.

Additional means of musical expression include texture- the way a certain material is processed, strokes or ways to extract sounds, dynamics- the power of sound.

Thanks to the harmonious combination of all of the above expressive means or their part, music appears that accompanies us in life almost everywhere.

Each art has its own special language, its own means of expression. In painting it is drawing and paint. Skillfully using them, the artist creates a picture. The poet, writing poetry, speaks to us in the language of words, he uses poetic speech, rhymes. The poetic word is the expressive means of the art of poetry. The basis of dance art is dance, dramatic art is the play of actors.

Music has its own special language - the language of sounds. And she also has her own expressive means: register, melody, rhythm, time signature, tempo, harmony, dynamics, timbre, texture and meter.

Different elements of the musical language (height, longitude, loudness, color of sounds, etc.) help composers express different moods, create different musical images. These elements of the musical language are also called means of musical expression. Let's consider them in more detail.

Melody

This is the basis of any piece of music, its thought, its soul. Music is unthinkable without melody. The melody can be different - smooth and abrupt, funny and sad.

Register

Register is a part of a range, a specific pitch of a voice or musical instrument.

Distinguish:

- high register (light, airy, transparent sound),
- middle register (associations with a human voice),
- low register (serious, dark or humorous sounding).

Rhythm

In any music, in any song, except for the melody, the rhythm is very important. Everything in the world has a rhythm. Our heart is heart rate; there are brain rhythms, there is a circadian rhythm - morning, day, evening and night. The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet.

Rhythm in translation from Greek means "dimension" - it is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds. The rhythm in different dances is well understood. Everyone understands what rhythm they are talking about when they say: in the rhythm of a waltz, march, tango.

Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds, not a melody. It influences one or another character of the music. A smooth rhythm gives a piece of music lyricism. An intermittent rhythm creates a feeling of anxiety, excitement.

Thus, a rhythm is a sequence of sounds of the same or different duration.

Sounds of different duration are combined into rhythmic groups, from which the rhythmic pattern of the work is formed.

Types of rhythmic patterns

Repetition of equal lengths in pieces of slow or moderate tempo creates a calm, balanced image.

In works of a fast tempo - etudes, toccata, preludes - the repetition of the same durations (sixteenth durations are often found) gives the music an energetic, active character.

Rhythmic groups, united by notes of different lengths, are more common. They form a variety of rhythmic patterns.

The following rhythmic figures are less common:

• Dotted rhythm (typical for march, dance) - sharpens, activates movement.
• Syncope - shifting the emphasis from a strong beat to a weak beat. Syncope creates the effect of surprise.
• Triplet - dividing the duration into three equal parts. Triplets add lightness to movement.
• Ostinato is a multiple repetition of one rhythmic figure.

The size

To record the rhythm on paper, a so-called time signature is used. With its help, musicians understand with what rhythm and tempo it is necessary to play music. Musical sizes are different and are written in fractions: two quarters, three quarters, etc. To keep the rhythm exactly, a musician, when learning a new melody, must count: one and, two and ... And so on, depending on the size.

Pace

This is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is fast, slow and moderate. To indicate tempo, Italian words are used, which are understandable to all musicians in the world. For example, fast paced - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow - adagio.

Some musical genres have their own constant, definite sizes, and therefore they are easily recognizable by ear: for a waltz - three quarters, for a fast march - two quarters.

Lad

There are two contrasting modes in music - major and minor. Major music is perceived by listeners as light, clear, joyful, and minor music is perceived as sad and dreamy.

Timbre

1. High - soprano, tenor.
2. Middle - mezzo-soprano, baritone.
3. Low - alto, bass.

The choir is a large group of singers (no less than 12 people), similar to an orchestra in instrumental music.

Choir types:

• masculine (dense, bright tone),
• feminine (warm, transparent tone),
• mixed (full-bodied, rich, bright timbre),
• children's choir (light, light timbre).

Symphony orchestra instrument groups

The instruments in the orchestra are distributed among their families - the musicians call them orchestral bands. There are four of them in the orchestra:
- Stringed instruments
- Woodwind instruments
- Brass instruments
- Percussion instruments

Dynamics

Dynamics is the degree to which a piece of music is played.

Muffled dynamics is associated with calm, light, or nagging sad moods. Strong dynamics expresses energetic, active or tense images.

Basic symbols for dynamic shades:

• Piano pianissimo - ppp - extremely quiet
• Pianissimo - pp - very quiet
• Piano - p - quiet
• Mezzo piano - mp - not very quiet
• Mecco forte - mf - not very loud
• Forte - f - loud
• Fortissimo - ff - very loud
• Forte fortissimo - fff - extremely loud

Signs for changing the strength of the sound:

Crescendo - cresc. - enhancing
Sforzando - sforc., Sfc., Sf.- suddenly increasing
Subito forte - sub.f. - suddenly loud
Diminuendo - dim. - decreasing, attenuating the sound
Decrescendo -decresc. - weakening
Smorzando - smorc. - freezing
Morendo - morendo - freezing

The increase in dynamics is associated with increased tension, preparation of the climax. The dynamic climax is the peak of the growth of dynamics, the highest point of tension in the work. The weakening of the dynamics gives rise to a feeling of relaxation, calming.

Meter

Meter is a uniform alternation of strong and weak beats of a beat (pulsation).

In musical notation, a meter is expressed in size (the upper number of the size indicates how many beats in a measure, and the lower one - how long the fraction of a meter is expressed in a given measure), and measures (so t is the period of time from one strong beat to the next beat of equal strength), separated from each other by bar lines.

Basic meter types

• Strict meter - strong and weak beats of the measure alternate evenly
• Free meter - accents are distributed unevenly, in modern music the time signature may not be indicated or division into measures may be absent.
• Two-beat meter - one strong and one weak beat (/ -) eg polka or march.
• Three-beat meter - one strong and two weak beats (/ -), eg waltz.
• Polymetry is a simultaneous combination of two-beat and three-beat meters.
• Variable meter - varies throughout the piece.

Depending on the number of strong beats, meters are:

• Simple - having only one strong beat (two-beat, eg 24 or triple, eg 34 or 38).
• Complex - a combination of simple identical meters (only two-beat, eg 44 = 24 + 24 or only three-beat, eg 68 = 38 + 38).
• Mixed - a combination of meters of different (two-beat and three-beat) type (for example, 54 = 24 + 34, or 34 + 24, or 74 = 24 + 24 +34, etc.).

Typical metro-rhythmic features of some dances:

• Polka - 24, 16-note rhythm groups.
• Waltz - 34, accompaniment with emphasis on the first beat.
• March - 44, dotted rhythm.

Harmony

Translated from the Greek harmonia means consonance.

Harmony- this is the unification of sounds in various consonances (chords) and their sequences.

The main element of harmony is a chord - a simultaneous combination of three or more sounds of different heights.

Chord types:

By the number of sounds:
- Triads - chords of three sounds. Types of triads: major, minor, decreased, increased.
- Seventh chords - chords of four sounds, etc.

By interval structure:
- chords of the second structure (clusters)
- chords of tertz structure (triad, seventh chord)
- chords of a quarter structure (quarter chords)
- chords of a fifth structure (fifth chords).

In classical music, harmony is euphonic (based on consonances), chords of the tertz structure are mainly used.

In modern music, harmony can sound harsh (such sharp consonances are called dissonances), it can be very complex, unusual consonances are widely used - a simultaneous combination of seconds, quarts, fifths and other intervals.

Texture

Faktura is a warehouse, a type of presentation of a musical work (lat. Fakturo - processing).
The main elements of the texture: melody, accompaniment (accompaniment), bass (lower voice), middle voices.
The texture is transparent (two-, three-part), causing a feeling of lightness, transparency. Dense (polyphonic, chordal) texture creates the impression of strength, power.

A polyphonic music warehouse, in which one voice is the main one (melody), and the rest (accompaniment) accompany it. A kind of homophonic texture is the chord store of music, in which the melody is rhythmically combined with the accompaniment.
Polyphony (Greek poly-a lot, phone-sound) is a simultaneous combination of several independent voices (melodies).

The main types of polyphony

• Imitation item - (Latin Imitatio - imitation) repetition in another voice or another instrument of a melody (theme) just sounded. E.g. canon, fugue or invention
• Contrast p. - simultaneous sounding of different types of melodies. For example, in the Middle Ages three different melodies with different lyrics were combined. The main types of texture:
  Simulation polyphony forms:
• Canon is a musical form in which all voices perform the same melody, entering in turn.
• Invention is a two- or three-part instrumental work of a small volume, written in imitation technique.
• Fugue is a polyphonic polyphonic composition based on the imitating repetition of the theme in all voices. The highest, most complex form of imitation polyphony. The greatest master of fugue was J.S.Bach.
• Fughetta (Italian fughetta - small fugue) is a simple, smaller fugue for organ or piano.

Strokes

A very important means of musical expression is strokes. They indicate the manner of sound science and depend on the nature of the work.

• Legato - (legato) assumes a coherent, smooth sound production.
• Staccato - (staccato) - abrupt extraction of sounds. The staccato is indicated by a dot above or below the notes. The sounds when played in staccato are short, with little jolts, light accents and caesuraes between sounds.
• Non legato - (non legato) - incoherent, non-smooth performance. Sound science with a slight emphasis on each sound of the melody. In this case, the sounds should be filled as when performing legato, the caesura between the sounds should be shortened. Sounds are emphasized, but not as sharp as in staccato. Every sound sounds distinct.