From the given list of factors for the location of industrial enterprises. Production location factors

From the point of view of communication in the context of the external environment. For one enterprise, the environmental situation will be important, for another - accessibility to central transport routes, for a third - the possibility of local energy supply, etc. Therefore, even at the planning stage, one or another factor of production location is assessed, and most often - a whole complex of such factors. This approach allows us to initially create favorable conditions for the operation of the facility.

Determination of production location factor

The factors of production location are understood as a set of local conditions that, to varying degrees, can influence the development of economic activity. Technologies initially imply a positive impact that will contribute to the efficient operation of the enterprise. Another thing is that different sectors of industry and agriculture can develop successfully under diametrically opposed conditions. A region with high humidity coefficients may be favorable for a meat processing plant, but the same climatic factor will have a detrimental effect on lumber production.

Differentiation of approaches to assessing placement criteria from the point of view of specific industries is also determined by the different needs of enterprises. For high-tech industries that focus on modern material, technical and scientific bases, such a production location factor as primary raw materials is unlikely to be of interest. Rather, infrastructural and socio-economic conditions will be taken into account. On the contrary, in the case of traditional production the situation may be the opposite. To understand such differences, it is worth taking a closer look at the most significant factors for most enterprises.

Raw material factor

As mentioned above, raw materials are not of primary importance for all modern industries, but the main industrial complex is based on them. The raw material factor determines material consumption. This is an indicator that can be expressed by the consumption of raw materials per unit of manufactured product. How relevant it will be in relation to a specific production is shown by the material intensity index. The most demanding enterprises in this parameter are production cycles spend over 1.5 tons of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products. The following industries operate with such indicators:

• Full cycle metallurgy (non-ferrous and ferrous).
• Pulp and paper production.
• Hydrolysis enterprises.
• Wood chip plants.
• Cement production.
• Some branches of the food industry.

For various reasons, it is not always possible to place production facilities precisely in the areas where target resources are located. And in such cases, other factors related to infrastructure are taken into account, which will make it possible to organize transport supplies of materials necessary for production.

Energy supply factor

If there are factors that are optional for all productions without exception, then energy conditions will be their opposite in this sense. Even a production line that is small in scale and volume depends on energy supply. Another thing is that each plant or plant has its own needs. In some cases, power is required only for the mandatory needs of engineering and communal services, while in others it is necessary to maintain the operation of units and equipment as a whole. For example, highly energy-intensive facilities in the non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical industries consume fuel in volumes that exceed their weight finished products. As statistics show, for 1 ton of viscose, nickel or nylon there is an average of 8-10 tons of standard fuel. Of course, the energy factor for such enterprises will be of significant importance. This does not mean that a condition for locating an enterprise should be access to any source of energy supply, regardless of type. It must first of all be economical, since the costs of this item in the same highly energy-intensive industries often exceed the costs of raw materials.

Labor factor

Living labor is converted in the same way as the resource costs of manufacturing the product. He does not have it in all areas great importance, but when placing light industry or instrument making facilities it is taken into account. Although in such industries there is a transition to automated production lines, the maintenance of which is carried out by small groups of operators. As a result, modernization allows not only to improve the quality and accuracy of assembly of parts, but also to save on investments in labor costs. However, this factor of production location is supported in areas where manual labor as such is important. For example, in the furniture industry in the manufacture of decorative elements.

Socio-economic factors

Factors of this kind are already important for production in the scientific and research spheres. They also determine the concentration of potential employees of enterprises, but not as a provision of physical labor, but more as an intellectual resource. In this regard, the socio-economic factors of production location are a set of conditions due to which the facility can be supported by high-quality work services from the local population. This complex can be formed by educational level, income, cultural and historical aspects, population, etc.

Natural factor

The characteristics of the raw material base are partly related to it, but there is a significant difference. If raw materials are required directly for the manufacture of a material or finished product, then natural factors in this context are not associated with the consumption of resources in production. Among them are hydrogeological, climatic, orographic and other characteristics of the area. They can have an external impact on production efficiency or on adjacent infrastructure, so they are also taken into account. In some industries, the natural factor of production location in the form of a hydrological resource may also be associated with plans for engineering and economic support. For example, chemical, pulp and paper, textile and other enterprises are often located near water bodies for the purpose of carrying out water management activities.

Traditional approaches to factor assessment

Since the times of the USSR, four principles have been used to evaluate and distribute production. These are territorial, typological, historical and comprehensive approaches. In particular, the territorial principle assumed that the location of production facilities should be carried out rationally throughout the country. That is, it is not so much local conditions and not the specific needs of the enterprise that are taken into account, but the general infrastructure economic activity. The closest approach to modern principles of distribution of production is an integrated approach. It takes into account the main factors for the rational placement of industrial facilities, adjusted not only for the configuration of the general range of production at the federal level, but also for less global conditions favorable development.

Modern approach to the use of factors

The former integrated approach has today degenerated into a systematic one, but fundamentally it has not changed in its concept of taking into account many factors. However, a number of new conditions have been added, including those stipulating modern character labor activity. In particular, this concerns the behavioral factor, which takes into account the planning and organization of jobs, issues of motivating the population, the formation of new tasks, etc. Relatively new can be called the environmental factor of production location, which is taken into account in the interests of preserving the environment.

Conclusion

As the technological base develops, the views of logisticians on the future formation of production facilities also change. The once primary factors for assessing the favorable location of such enterprises are gradually fading into the background. This process is not widespread yet, but its manifestation can be seen in certain industries. A typical example is the replacement of working personnel with automated machines. Accordingly, the issue of searching for labor reserves is losing relevance. Other major factors, such as raw materials or energy, may also become a thing of the past amid the intensive development of communication infrastructure. New, more efficient transport today is completely and minimal costs provides many remote enterprises with both raw materials and fuel. Of course, new placement factors also appear, which to a lesser extent focused on technical nuances and, to a greater extent, on environmental issues and improving the quality of products.

Placement factors is a set of spatial unequal conditions and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures good results when locating enterprises and developing regional economies.

The whole variety of factors that have a huge impact on the location of production can be combined into related groups: natural factors, including the economic assessment of individual natural conditions and resources for the development of individual industries and regions; economic factors, including measures to protect nature and its rational use; demographic factors, which are understood as settlement systems, the provision of certain territories of the country with labor resources. These factors should include the condition social infrastructure. Economic-geographical and economic factors play a major role in the rational distribution of the country's productive forces.

Thus, they distinguish the following groups factors:

§ natural – quantitative reserves and high-quality composition natural resources, mining, geological and other conditions for their extraction and use, climatic, hydrogeological, orographic conditions, etc.

The natural basis for the development and location of Russian industry is formed by mineral resources and fuel, water, fish and other resources of animal and plant origin. Taking into account the raw material factor requires an in-depth study of the reserves, quality and economics of using raw materials, fuel and energy resources in each region. According to the nature of the influence of the raw material factor, all industries are divided into mining and manufacturing. The nature of occurrence of mineral resources, quantity and physicochemical characteristics and mining methods influence the size of mining enterprises, forms of organization of production and ultimately determine the economic efficiency of mining industries.

The volume of production of individual mining enterprises, labor productivity, specific capital investments and production costs in to a large extent depend on the depth of mineral deposits. For example, the average depth of development of coal deposits is: in the Donbass - 558 m, Kuzbass - 262 m, Karaganda basin - 384 m and Ekibazstuz - 90 m, etc. If the thickness of coal seams in the Donetsk basin, as a rule, does not exceed 2.5 m, then in the Kuznetsk basin it reaches 25 m, Kansk-Achinsk and Ekibastuz - 70-100 m. Compared with the mines of Donbass, in the open pits of the Ekibastuz basin, labor productivity is 18 times higher, and the cost of 1 ton of coal is 12 times lower.

In contrast to the mining industry, the influence of the raw material factor on the location of the manufacturing industry depends on the role of objects of labor in the economy of each industry, as well as on the consumer properties of the product.

For example, highly material-intensive industries, where the specific consumption of raw materials is much more than unity (in the sugar industry - 5-7 tons, in the hydrolysis industry - 5.3-7.6, when smelting copper from concentrates - 7.5, etc.) have pronounced raw materials orientation.

Highly energy-intensive industries focus on massive and efficient fuel and energy resources.

A significant adjustment to the influence of the raw material factor on the location of manufacturing industries is made by the properties of the manufactured products. They mainly determine its economic and technological transportability.

For placement industrial production the presence of water resources. This is explained by an increase in the capacity of enterprises and a general increase in the water intensity of production associated with the development of the metallurgical, pulp and paper and, especially, chemical industries, where water serves not only as an auxiliary material, but also as one of the important species raw materials.

The geographical environment has a significant influence on the location of industry, i.e. climatic conditions, hydrological regime of rivers, terrain. Climatic conditions influence the location of industrial enterprises due to the unequal working and living conditions of people in different areas. In areas with unfavorable climatic conditions Reproduction costs will be higher work force, capital investments in the construction of enterprises and the costs of their operation.

§ environmental – the degree of careful use of natural resources and provision of healthy living and working conditions for the population;

§ socio-demographic – availability of labor resources, state of social infrastructure, etc.

The location of industry is greatly influenced by the distribution of labor resources throughout the country and the density of consumption. The labor factor is important for literally all industries, but its influence decreases as the labor intensity of production decreases. The greater the labor intensity of production and the share wages in the cost of production, the stronger the dependence of production location on the geography of labor resources and vice versa. In this case, the structure and qualification composition of labor resources in individual regions of the country should be taken into account.

Consumption density, which is characterized by the size of the population’s demand for a particular product, acts in the direction opposite to the raw materials and fuel and energy factors. Those industries that are engaged in servicing the population or produce low-transport and perishable products usually gravitate towards regions and consumption centers. The role of the consumer factor is often enhanced by the factor of labor resources, since places of population concentration are simultaneously not only sources of labor, but also consumers of a significant amount of industrial products.

§ technical – achieved and possible level techniques and technologies;

§ technical and economic – labor intensity, material intensity, energy intensity, water intensity, transportability of products, etc.;

§ economic - economic-geographical and transport location, cost of capital and current costs, construction time, production efficiency, purpose and quality of products, territorial economic ties, etc.

Transport has a certain influence on the location of various industries. For example, in the industries of ferrous metallurgy, cement, brick and others, where the share of transport costs is 35-50% of the cost of their products to the consumer, transport is of critical importance. The ability to reduce transportation costs plays a big role in increasing the economic efficiency of the territorial organization of these industries.

In superphosphate, meat, pulp and paper and some other industries, the share of transport costs is 10-25%. Here this factor plays a significant but not decisive role. In the mechanical engineering textile, leather and footwear industries, etc. industries, the share of transport costs is 3-5%, and here this factor does not play a significant role. However, even for these industries, reducing transport costs, which reach significant levels, is of considerable importance.

Of the variety of economic location factors, some of them are characteristic of many of its sectors, for example, attraction to the consumer (both in sectors of the production complex and in non-productive sectors). production sector), others are inherent only in one industry or group of industries (gravity towards recreational resources).

However, each sector of the economy has its own set of factors for its location. Moreover, even factors common to other industries in each specific case manifest themselves with different strengths, and if for some industries a factor has a decisive impact on the geography of the industry, then in another industry it has secondary importance. Thus:

§ each sector of the economy is characterized by its own set and combination of factors for its location;

§ the combination and role of individual factors of economic location in a particular country depend on the sectoral structure of the economy of the country or region.

Since the industrial structure of most countries of the world is evolving along the path of increasing the share of industries non-production sphere and a decrease in the share of industrial sectors, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy is a global trend. This is especially typical for economically developed countries, where today this factor has already become decisive in the location of their economic potential.

At the same time, for developing countries and, unfortunately, to a large extent for Russia, the role of resource, fuel, energy and natural-climatic factors in the distribution of economic potential is extremely important, because the sectoral structure of their economy is characterized by:

§ the predominance of the production sphere over the non-production sphere;

§ the predominance in the sectoral structure of the industry of its lower floors (fuel, energy, and raw material-intensive);

§ as a rule, a larger share in GDP compared to economically developed countries of agricultural production.

Since each industry is characterized by its own set and combination of factors for its location, it makes sense to consider these factors from the perspective of their industry differentiation. The most complex set of location factors and their combination are characteristic of industry.

The entire set of factors plays a great role in the distribution of productive forces. An economically sound deployment of productive forces, taking into account a combination of factors in a market economy, will contribute to more efficient use of natural resource potential and integrated development of regions.

Factors of production location are a set of spatially unequal conditions and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures the best results in the placement of production facilities and the development of the regional economy. Factors in the distribution of productive forces mediate the action of the principles of distribution of productive forces.

The conditions for placement include the natural environment, the population (producer of the product and its consumer), the material, technical and scientific base, the system of production communications (for the organization, operation and management of production), the socio-historical conditions for the development of production.

Conditions and factors are interrelated and have a direct or indirect impact on the development and location of individual enterprises, industries, and the territorial organization of the economy of individual regions.

The following groups of factors are distinguished:

Natural, quantitative reserves and qualitative composition of natural resources, mining-geological and other conditions of their extraction and use, climatic, hydrogeological, orographic characteristics of the territory. It is worth noting that they play a decisive role in the location of the mining industry and fuel, energy, raw materials, and water-intensive industries.

Socio-economic, which, first of all, features the distribution of the population, the territorial concentration of labor resources and their qualitative characteristics.

Material-technical and market-infrastructural conditions and factors include material, technical and scientific-technical bases, as well as market infrastructure.

Note that technical and economic factors determine the costs of production and sales of raw materials, materials and finished products.

To them??????t:

Energy factor

The energy factor is important due to the shortage of energy resources and the implementation of energy-saving policies in the European regions of the country. In highly energy-intensive industries of the chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy (nylon and viscose silk, aluminum, nickel), fuel consumption significantly exceeds the weight of the finished product, reaching 7-10 tons or more for each ton. The total energy costs for the production of such products are greater than for raw materials. The share of the energy component will be largest, in addition to electricity, in metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries.

In the ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, production of copper, lead, hydrolytic yeast, caustic soda and some others, the specific energy intensity of production is 1-3 tons of standard fuel, but the total need for energy resources due to large production volumes is very significant. By???mu further development energy-intensive industries are most effective in the eastern regions, primarily in Siberia, based on the rich and cheap energy resources available there.

Water factor

The water factor plays a significant, and in some cases, a decisive role in the location of enterprises in the chemical, pulp and paper, textile industries, ferrous metallurgy, and electric power industries. The costs of the entire complex of water management activities (water supply, disposal and wastewater treatment) range from 1-2% to 15-25% of the cost of an enterprise under construction in water-intensive industries. As a result, they should be located in Siberia, on Far East, European North, where the cost of 1 m3 of fresh water is 3-4 times less than in the regions of the Center and South of the European part.

Labor factor

The labor factor (the cost of living labor for the manufacture of products) remains important when locating mechanical engineering (in particular instrument making), light industry, as well as the largest enterprises in other industries. Since labor costs per 1 ton of products and the share of wages in the cost do not give a correct idea of ​​the labor intensity of products, when organizing the placement of productive forces taking into account the labor factor, it is advisable to focus on the absolute need of each enterprise for labor.

Land factor

The land factor becomes especially acute when sites are allocated for industrial construction(their size for large enterprises reaches hundreds of hectares), in areas of intensive agriculture and cities in conditions of limited urban communications and engineering structures. The most rational option in this case would be the group placement of enterprises in the form of industrial hubs.

Raw material factor

The raw material factor determines material intensity, i.e. the consumption of raw materials and basic materials per unit of finished product. The industries with the highest material intensity indices (more than 1.5 tons of raw materials and materials per 1 ton of products) include ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy full cycle, pulp and paper, hydrolysis, plywood, cement, sugar industries.

In this case, enterprises remote from sources of supply of raw materials and enterprises with multi-ton products (metallurgical, chemical, pulp and paper mills) require special attention. When placing them, it is extremely important to correctly determine the areas of consumption of finished products and the costs of their transportation.

Transport factor

The transport factor is of particular importance for Russia with its large continental spaces. Despite the systematic reduction in the share of transport costs in the cost of industrial products, in a number of industries it remains very high - from 20% for ferrous metal ores to 40% for mineral construction materials. The transportability of raw materials and finished products depends on the material intensity of production, the transport intensity of transported goods, the quality of raw materials and finished products from the standpoint of the possibility of their transportation and storage. When the material intensity index is more than 1.0, production gravitates towards raw material bases, less than 1.0 - towards regions and places of consumption of finished products.

Agroclimatic conditions

Agroclimatic conditions play a decisive role in the distribution of agricultural activities of the population. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy is directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and water regime of the territory. Agricultural climate assessment is based on a comparison of the agroclimatic conditions of the territory with the requirements of various cultivated plants to their life factors and has significant regional differences.

Environmental factors for the placement of productive forces on modern stage economic development play special role, since they are directly related to the careful use of natural resources and provision of necessary living conditions for the population. Significant economic losses from anthropogenic pollution natural environment, increasing Negative consequences for public health have led to an urgent need for constant recording environmental factor in the location of production.

Of the variety of economic location factors, some of them are common to many sectors of the production complex (for example, attraction to the consumer) and the non-production sphere, while others are inherent exclusively in one industry or group of industries (gravitation to recreational resources).

Moreover, each sector of the economy has a specific set of factors for its location. Moreover, even factors common to other industries in each specific case will have different strengths, and if for some industries a factor has a decisive influence on the location of the industry, then in another industry it is of secondary importance.

Thus:

· each sector of the economy is characterized by a set and combination of factors for its location;

· the combination and role of individual factors of economic location in a certain territory depends on the sectoral structure of the economy of the country or region.

At the same time, for most non-production industries, consumer orientation will be the most important factor in their location. And the higher the share of non-production sectors in the economic complex of a country or region, the greater the role in the location of the economy plays by the attraction to the consumer. Since the industrial structure of most countries of the world is evolving along the path of increasing the share of non-production sectors and decreasing the production sector, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy will be a global trend.

Thus, the entire set of factors plays a great role in the distribution of productive forces. An economically sound placement of productive forces, taking into account a combination of factors in a market economy, will contribute to more efficient use of natural resource potential and integrated development of regions.

Placement factors production

Akhmanaeva N.V.

MKOU secondary school No. 11 of Pervouralsk

Factors of distribution of productive forces (production) - a set of spatially unequal conditions and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures the best results in the placement of production facilities and the development of the regional economy.

Conditions and factors are interrelated and have a direct or indirect impact on the development and location of individual enterprises, industries, and the territorial organization of the economy of individual regions.

• Raw material
• Fuel
• Labor
• Energy
• Water
• Transport
• Consumer
• Ecological

Raw material factor

The raw material factor determines material intensity, i.e. the consumption of raw materials and basic materials per unit of finished product.

The industries with the highest material intensity indices (more than 1.5 tons of raw materials and materials per 1 ton of products) include

• full cycle ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy,
• pulp and paper,
• hydrolytic,
• plywood,
• cement,
• sugar industry.

Fuel factor

Productions that require large quantity fuel:

• metallurgy
• thermal energy

Energy factor

The total energy costs for the production of such products are greater than for raw materials.

It is important due to the shortage of energy resources in highly energy-intensive industries:

• chemical industry,
• non-ferrous metallurgy (nylon and viscose silk, aluminum, nickel).

Therefore, further development of energy-intensive industries is most effective in the eastern regions, primarily in Siberia, based on the rich and cheap energy resources available there.

Water factor

The water factor plays a significant, and in some cases,

decisive role in the location of enterprises chemical , pulp and paper, textile industry, ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry. The costs of the entire complex of water management activities (water supply, disposal and wastewater treatment) range from 1–2% to 15–25% of the cost of an enterprise under construction in water-intensive industries.

As a result, they should be located in Siberia, the Far East, the European North, where the cost of 1 m3 of fresh

water is 3–4 times less than in the regions of the Center and South

European part.

Labor factor

mechanical engineering light industry

Environmental factor

“Dirty industries” are targeted:

• Metallurgy
• Chemical industry

Land factor

The land factor becomes especially acute when allocating

sites for industrial construction (their size for large enterprises reaches hundreds of hectares), in the regions

intensive agriculture and cities in conditions of limited urban communications and engineering structures. The most rational option in this case is

group placement of enterprises in the form of industrial

CONCLUSION: 1. each sector of the economy is characterized by its own set and combination of factors for its location; 2. the combination and role of individual factors in the location of an economy in a certain territory depends on the sectoral structure of the economy of a country or region.

However, for most industries non-production sphere consumer orientation is the most important factor in their placement. And the higher the share of non-production sectors in the economic complex of a country or region, the greater the role in the location of the economy plays by the attraction to the consumer. Since the industrial structure of most countries of the world is evolving along the path of increasing the share of non-production sectors and decreasing the production sector, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy is a global trend.