How to make an azimuth according to geography. Terrain orientation by azimuths. Magnetic azimuth. Determination of azimuths to local objects

Azimuth is the angle between two directions - northern (in the southern hemisphere - southern) and some object. The vertex of the corner is the point on the terrain where the calculation is carried out.


Azimuth is used for orientation on land, in the seas, in the air, where it is impossible to compare the map and the terrain and the exact direction of movement is necessary. Knowing the azimuth, you can reach the object without other landmarks, without knowing the territory at all.

Like any angle, azimuth is measured in degrees - from 0° to 360°. Azimuth can be magnetic (Am) and true (Az).

How is magnetic azimuth determined on the ground?

On a specific area of ​​land or water, the azimuth is measured from the magnetic meridian. To do this, you need to position it in such a way that 0° and the letter “C” are located in the north - the magnetic needle will point there.

As soon as the north is found, rotate the sighting device so that its front sight and the object specified for movement, whose azimuth you are determining, coincide. During rotation, you must strictly ensure that the magnetic needle does not move away from 0°. When all the actions are completed, they look at how many degrees the pointer is at - they will be the azimuth - angle - of the given object.

When the compass is not equipped with a sighting device, an ordinary thin stick is used instead. First, the compass is oriented in the same way as described above, and then a stick/straw/match is placed on it. It should cross the center of the dial, and one end of it should be strictly directed towards the object. At how many degrees the end of the stick lies, this is the azimuth.

How is true azimuth determined on a map?

In the previous section we described how magnetic azimuth is determined. It is called magnetic because the compass needle actually points not to north, but to the Earth's magnetic pole.

If you navigate not by the map, but by the azimuth measured in field conditions, then the measurement described above is quite sufficient. However, when using the card, another computational operation will be required.


The fact is that on the map, azimuth is measured as the angle between the meridian passing through the point (the vertex of the angle) and the object. But... the meridian is directed to the North Pole, which does not coincide with the magnetic one, therefore the azimuth on the map and the azimuth on the ground will not coincide by the amount by which the true and magnetic meridians do not coincide.

This difference is called magnetic declination. When the magnetic needle deviates to the east, the magnetic declination is eastern (indicated by “+”), to the west - western (indicated by “-”). There are no constant indicators for magnetic declination. So, in the Moscow region it is +7… +8°, ​​in the Irkutsk region it is close to zero, in other regions it can differ quite significantly.

To convert the true azimuth, determined from the map, into magnetic, determined on the ground, you need:

— determine the true azimuth from the map;

- find this azimuth on the ground;

— if the magnetic declination is eastern, then shift the direction line to the left of the one found by a number of degrees equal to the declination;

— if the magnetic declination is western, then shift the direction line to the right of the one found by a number of degrees equal to the declination.

The magnitude of magnetic declination is usually indicated on the map - outside the frame, at the bottom. If the magnetic declination is not indicated on your map, you must find it out before setting off, otherwise, in an unfamiliar area or at sea, a compass and maps will be useless.

In what situations is it necessary to be able to determine azimuth and convert true azimuth to magnetic?

If you have to determine the direction of movement to a point invisible on the ground, then first you will calculate the true azimuth from the map. Next, to accurately find out the direction, you need to convert true azimuth to magnetic. Having done everything correctly, you will definitely get to the desired “point” - to locality, to a lake, river, etc.

The need to navigate by compass and azimuth often arises in the forest, in the mountains, in fog or in a snow or sandstorm, or at night. Following the direction determined by azimuth is the only opportunity to move on ships in the sea and oceans, and on airplanes in the sky.


Such a simple but important skill is absolutely necessary for tourists and travelers who set off on their own, without guides.

In order to move using a compass, you need to determine the azimuth from the map. This is relevant for aircraft and ships making long flights and voyages. This is also true for hikers in conditions of poor visibility, at night, when there is no chance of moving along a landmark.

You will need

• – route map;
• – compass;
• – protractor;
• - ruler;
• - pencil.

Instructions

1. Azimuth is the angle between the meridian of a location and the direction to an object. It is expressed in degrees from 0 to 360 and is counted clockwise. In order to determine the azimuth - the direction to an object - and, perhaps, the direction of your movement, you need to know your location. Mark it on the map using the surrounding landmarks marked on the map.

2. Find a goal in the direction in which you must move. Explicit azimuth movement is permissible in airspace and on the high seas. On land, this is applicable in the open steppe or in the desert. More often, each movement on land is carried out along a broken line, considering ordinary obstacles. Consequently, you will need to periodically adjust the azimuth while moving.

3. To determine the azimuth you will need a protractor, preferably transparent, a ruler and a pencil. Place the ruler on the map so that the point of your location and the goal are on the ruler, and draw a line with a pencil until it intersects with the nearest meridian. Now attach the protractor to the meridian line with its base. Bring the central mark to the intersection with the drawn line - the direction towards the target. On the arc of the protractor, at the intersection with the same line, take readings in degrees. This will be the azimuth.

4. In the absence of a protractor, you can use a compass using its graduated card.

5. But that is not all. Let's say your direction to the target (azimuth) was 30 degrees. This will be the true azimuth, the one that, as usual, differs from the magnetic one. Consequently, orienting your compass at 30 degrees and moving in this direction will be abnormal. Therefore, find on the map the note closest to the area of ​​your location with the value of the magnetic declination. It is expressed in degrees and can be either with a + or a minus sign. Enter the correction and move bravely, guided by the compass.

When navigating the terrain on a hiking trip, while fishing, or even easily when you are in an unknown area, you often have to use not so much the skill of locating the cardinal directions, but rather arbitrarily chosen landmarks. To move along given landmarks, we need the ability to understand what azimuth, and also how to find it.

You will need

• Compass, landmarks

Instructions

1. To begin, imagine that you are in the center of an imaginary circle, divided into 360 parts (degrees), marked with dashes, and located at zero north. If you see a possible high dome Orthodox church is located in this coordinate system opposite the mark with a count of 270, this means that the selected target is located in the direction determined by the specified count. The angle expressed in degrees between the direction north and the direction towards the selected target, measured clockwise, will be azimuth ohm

2. For determining azimuth and on the ground, stand facing the selected object (landmark). Take the compass, release the magnetic needle brake and position the device strictly horizontally.

3. When the needle calms down and stops oscillating, align the zero division of the compass dial with the direction to the north. You have just completed your compass orientation.

4. Now, without disturbing this orientation, turn the cover of the device so that the slot is directed towards you, and the front sight is facing correctly towards the landmark. To do this, simply look through the slot at the front sight, aligning the “aiming line” with the landmark. A reading near the front sight will show the value azimuth and to the selected object.

5. If you have to solve the inverse problem, that is, according to a predetermined magnetic azimuth to find the required direction on the ground (this has to be done when moving along azimuth am), set the pointer at the front sight to a count equal to the desired azimuth y and release the magnetic needle brake lever.

6. Set the compass horizontally and orient it in the same way as when determining azimuth but to the object. Look at the area through the front sight and look for any target. The direction from your location to this target will correspond to the specified azimuth u.

Video on the topic

Note!
A?zimut (denoted “Az” or “Az”) - in geodesy, the angle between the direction north (in Southern Hemisphere- to the south) and in the direction of some distant object. It is usually counted clockwise.

Helpful advice
Azimuth is the angle formed between the direction towards some terrain object and the direction to the north. In order to determine a given azimuth on the ground, you need to: set the pointer of the compass sighting device with a point above the division corresponding to the value of the given azimuth; turn the compass so that the sight pointer is in front

Azimuths are counted from 0 to 360° clockwise.

So, in Fig. 1 azimuths will be:

On deciduous tree 50°

To factory pipe 135°

To the road sign 210°

On coniferous wood 330°

Determination of azimuth by compass

To determine the azimuth on the ground, you need to:

stand facing in the direction of the object to which you want to determine the azimuth;
orient the compass, that is, place its zero division (or the letter C) under the darkened end of the compass needle;
by rotating the compass cover, aim the sighting device at the object;
Against the pointer of the sighting device facing the object, read the azimuth value.

To determine a given azimuth on the ground, you need to:

set the pointer of the compass sighting device with a point above the division corresponding to the value of the specified azimuth;
turn the compass so that the sight pointer is in front;
- turn yourself along with the compass until the zero point coincides with the northern end of the arrow; the direction of the viewfinder pointer will be the direction along the given azimuth.
The alignment of the sighting line with the direction towards the object (target) is achieved by repeatedly moving the gaze from the sighting line to the target and back. It is not recommended to raise the compass to eye level, as the measurement accuracy will decrease. The accuracy of measuring azimuths using Andrianov's compass is plus or minus 2-3°.

Azimuth movement

To move along a given azimuth you need to:

study on the map the area between the starting and final points of movement and outline a route that is easily recognizable by local objects;
draw the chosen route on the map and determine the azimuths of all route links;
determine on the map the length of each link of the route in steps (a pair of steps is on average 1.5 m);
write down all data for movement in the field book in the form of a table or schematic drawing

Having arrived at the starting point, you should:

navigate by compass;
set the pointer of the movable compass ring against a reference equal to the azimuth of the first link of the route (in our example - 335°);
smoothly turn the compass until the zero division coincides with the northern end of the arrow; then the sighting device will show the direction of movement in azimuth - 335°;
in this direction, select an object and go to it. Having approached the object, you need to check the orientation of the compass and continue the path to the first turning point;
At the first turning point, you need to set the compass azimuth to the next turning point and move to it in the same way as from the starting point.

Determining azimuths on a map with a protractor

First, the landmarks chosen along the route of movement are connected by a straight line, but so that this line intersects at least one of the vertical lines of the kilometer grid. No rice. 196, the direction "barn - ravine" crossed the kilometer line marked 61, and the direction "barn - bridge" crossed the line marked 60.

Then use a protractor to measure the angle from the north direction of the vertical line of the kilometer grid clockwise to the direction towards the object. In this case, the protractor is applied to the vertical line of the kilometer grid so that the mark (dash) on the protractor ruler coincides with the point where the drawn direction intersects the vertical line of the kilometer grid, and the extreme divisions of the protractor (0 and 180) align with the direction of this line.

In the figure, in the direction "barn - ravine" the azimuth is 65 °, in the direction "barn - bridge" 274 ° (180° + 94° = 274°).

Magnetic needle deviation or direction correction is the angle between the vertical line of the kilometer grid and the compass needle (magnetic meridian). Data on the declination value of the needle is always given under the southern (lower) side of the map frame in the form of a diagram and text.

Determination of magnetic azimuths

This is done in contrast to the above on an oriented map, taking into account magnetic declination. Magnetic declination is either eastern with a “+” sign or western with a “-” sign. Knowing the magnitude and sign of the deviation, it is not difficult to combine the direction of one of the sides of the frame of the map sheet (western or eastern) with the direction of the true meridian (Fig. 197). When the sides of the map frame are aligned with the direction of the true meridian, the map will be oriented accurately.

In practice they do it like this:

install a compass on one of the sides of the map so that the north-south line of the compass scale coincides with the direction of this side of the frame, and the zero (C) on the scale is directed to the north side of the map frame;
release the brake of the compass needle and, when the needle calms down, turn the map until the needle points to its northern end opposite the zero division (C) of the compass scale,
rotate the map without moving the compass so that north end the arrows stand opposite the division corresponding to the magnitude and sign of declination for a given map sheet (in the figure the map is oriented at declination - 10, western);
the map oriented in this way is fixed;
connect landmarks with straight lines: ravine - barn, barn - stone;
set the compass on the drawn straight line between the landmark so that the “north-south” line of the scale coincides with this direction, and the zero division (C) is directed in the direction of movement;
when the arrow calms down, count on the scale against the northern end of the arrow; subtract the resulting reading from 360°, this difference will be the magnetic azimuth.

Measuring the distance between landmarks

Measuring the distance between landmarks is done as follows:

determine the length of segments on the map with a compass or ruler;

using the map scale, they find out what distance the segments on the ground correspond to;
For example, on a map at a scale of 1:25,000, the measured distance between two landmarks is 6.4 cm. The scale value is 250 m in 1 cm.

The distance will be 250 x 6.4 = 1600 m.

The movement begins by finding the desired azimuth of the direction of movement. In the direction of movement, it is advisable to select and remember the most distant landmark possible. While moving, the distance traveled is counted (usually in pairs of steps).

If the landmark is not at this point, a sign or one or two fighters are left at the exit point, and the landmark is searched within a radius equal to 0.1 of the distance traveled from the previous landmark.

When moving, additional landmarks are used: power lines, rivers, roads, etc.

Avoiding obstacles, depending on the conditions, can be done in one of the following ways:

If there is visibility through an obstacle:

notice a landmark in the direction of movement on the opposite side of the obstacle;
bypass the obstacle and continue moving from the noticed landmark, determine the width of the obstacle in any way and add it to the distance traveled;
In the absence of visibility through an obstacle, for example, when going around a forest blockage, as well as in conditions of limited visibility: fog, rain, etc.

Let us assume that the movement was made at an azimuth of 65 ° and 340 pairs of steps were taken before stopping in front of the obstacle (in Fig. 198 this is point 1.) After studying the area, it was decided to make a detour on the right side. Using a compass, determine the azimuth of the direction along the obstacle (from point 1 to point 2), continue moving in this direction, counting the pairs of steps to the right edge of the obstacle. In the figure, the azimuth is 145° and the distance traveled is 180 pairs of steps. Having made a stop at point 2, determine by compass the direction corresponding to the initial azimuth along which the movement was made to the obstacle (65 °) and continue to move until leaving the obstacle. Counting in pairs of steps is carried out from point 2 to the stopping point behind the obstacle (point 3). In the figure, the distance traveled is 270 pairs of steps. From point 3, movement is made to the left along the reverse azimuth of the direction from point 1 to point 2.

Bypassing obstacles in azimuths

in the figure, the back azimuth is 325 °) until a distance of 180 pairs of steps is covered (in the figure to point 4). At point 4, determine the direction according to the original azimuth (65 °) and adding to the distance traveled to the obstacle the distance from point 2 to point 3 (Fig. 198 this is 340 pairs of steps + 270 pairs of steps) they continue moving to a new landmark.

Soldiers need to remember that reverse azimuth differs from direct azimuth by 180 degrees. For example, Am = 330, the return azimuth will be 330 - 180 = 150. am= 30, the return will be 180 + 30 = 210.

Converting the length of each section between landmarks into pairs of steps: from landmark 1 to landmark 2 will be 1200 m. 1200: 1.5 = 800 p.s. (1.5 m - average length 2 pairs of steps).

Drawing a detected object on a map

This is one of the most important moments in the work of a scout. The accuracy of determining its coordinates depends on how accurately the object (target) is plotted on the map. A mistake will cause fire from weapons in an empty area.

Having discovered an object (target), the reconnaissance officer must first accurately determine by various signs what has been discovered. Then, without stopping observing the object and without detecting yourself, put the object on the map.

There are several ways to plot an object on a map.

Visually: an object is plotted on the map if it is located near a known landmark.

By direction and distance: orient the map, find your standing point on it, indicate on the map the direction to the detected object and draw a line, determine the distance to the object, plot this distance on the map from the standing point. The resulting point will be the position of the object on the map. If it is graphically impossible to solve the problem in this way (the enemy is in the way, poor visibility, etc.), then you need to accurately measure the azimuth to the object, then translate it into a directional angle and draw on the map from the standing point the direction at which to plot the distance to the object. To obtain a directional angle, you need to add the magnetic declination of a given map to the magnetic azimuth (direction correction).

Drawing an object on a map using a straight line

Straight serif. In this way, an object is placed on a map of 2-3 points from which it can be observed. To do this, from each selected point the direction to the object is drawn on an oriented map, then the intersection of the lines determines the location of the object (Fig. 199).

Active recreation in nature has been very popular lately, everyone more people They prefer various activities to the banal consumption of cholesterol and alcohol. Moreover, most of these entertainments or competitions (hiking, quests, competitions in hiking techniques) require the participants’ ability to navigate the terrain. In addition, this knowledge can help preserve life and health in an extreme situation.

In contact with

The most simple thing which he can do Compass app on iPhone- this is to determine the direction to the north. Many people who have not encountered the problem of orientation naively believe that, if necessary, they can easily recognize the cardinal directions by moss on trees or the flat side of an anthill, but in practice this is extremely difficult to do. As for the compass on your smartphone, it will easily point you in the right direction if, before going out into an unfamiliar forest or mountain range, you at least glanced at the map.

The second important function of a compass is determining azimuth. In theory, azimuth is the angle between the directions north and the target object; in practice, it is a specific indicator of movement. Below we will figure out how to determine the azimuth using a map and how to subsequently move along it using an iPhone.

Let's look at the following situation - you need to coordinate the actions of a group that must move from checkpoint A to checkpoint B at a distance of 1.5 km. You have a map of the area on which the objects you are looking for are marked, as well as an iPhone with the standard Compass application (works even in Airplane mode). We perform the following algorithm of actions:

1 . We place the iPhone on the map so that the right side of the smartphone connects the necessary control points;

2 . Expand the map so that the north arrow on the compass and the north-south line on the map are parallel;

3 . The desired azimuth (in our case 150º) will be displayed in numbers at the bottom of the screen.

How to Navigate Using iPhone Compass Knowing Bearing and Distance

Now that you have azimuth (150º) and distance (1.5 km) data, you can start moving, for this:

1 . In the Compass app on iPhone, combine the zero value of the angular scale (vertical line at the top) and the north arrow;

2 . Tap (touch) the compass dial and rotate the iPhone to the angle of the specified azimuth (the deviation angle will be highlighted in red).

3 . Follow the direction of the line above (in our case 150º) for a given distance (in our case 1.5 km)

In this simple way, knowing the distance to the checkpoint (in our case 1.5 km) and determining the direction, the group can easily get to the desired point.

Terrain orientation by azimuths. Magnetic azimuth. Determination of azimuths to local objects

Terrain orientation by azimuths

Direction azimuth from the standing point to a local object called direct magnetic azimuth. In some cases, for example, to find the return path, a reverse magnetic azimuth is used, which differs from the direct one by 180°. To determine the reverse azimuth, you need to add 180° to the forward azimuth if it is less than 180°, or subtract 180° if it is greater than 180°. In Fig. the return azimuth is 150°.

To determine the direction on the ground according to a given magnetic azimuth, it is necessary to set a reading on the compass scale opposite the front sight, different meaning given magnetic azimuth. Then, releasing the brake of the magnetic needle, turn the compass in a horizontal plane so that the northern end of the needle is positioned opposite the zero division of the scale.

Determination of magnetic azimuth by compass

After this, without changing the position of the compass, notice some distant landmark on the ground along the line of sight through the rear sight and front sight. The direction to the landmark will be the determined direction corresponding to the given azimuth.

The alignment of the sighting line with the direction towards the object (target) is achieved by repeatedly moving the gaze from the sighting line to the target and back. It is not recommended to raise the compass to eye level, as this reduces the accuracy of the measurement. The accuracy of measuring azimuths using Andrianov's compass is plus or minus 2-3°.

Magnetic azimuth. Determination of azimuths to local objects

The direction to the object (target) is determined and indicated by the magnitude of the horizontal angle between the initial direction and the direction to the object (target) or magnetic azimuth. In this case, the direction to one of the sides of the horizon or to a clearly visible distant local object (landmark) can be taken as the initial direction.

Magnetic azimuth this is the angle from the north direction of the magnetic compass needle to the direction of the object (subject). Counted strictly clockwise.

Its values ​​can be from 0° to 360°.

Magnetic direction azimuth is determined using a compass.

At the same time, the brake of the magnetic needle is released and the compass is turned in a horizontal plane until the northern end of the needle is positioned against the zero division of the scale. Then, without changing the position of the compass, install the sighting device so that the line of sight through the rear sight and front sight coincides with the direction of the object. The scale reading against the front sight corresponds to the value of the determined magnetic azimuth of the direction to the local object.