What works did M Bulgakov write? The best works of Bulgakov: list and brief overview

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov, whose best works are presented in this article, occupied a separate position in the literary life of the USSR. Feeling like an heir literary tradition 19th century, it was equally alien to both socialist realism, propagated by the ideology of communism in the 1930s, and the spirit of avant-garde experimentation characteristic of Russian literature of the 1920s. The writer sharply satirically, contrary to the requirements of censorship, depicted negative attitude to the construction of a new society and revolution in the USSR.

Peculiarities of the author's worldview

Bulgakov's works reflected the worldview of the intelligentsia, which, during periods of historical disruption and totalitarian regime, remained committed to traditional moral and cultural values. This position cost the author a lot: his manuscripts were banned from publication. A significant part of this writer’s legacy came to us only decades after his death.

We bring to your attention the following list of the most famous works of Bulgakov:

Novels: " White Guard", "The Master and Margarita", "Notes of a Dead Man;

Stories: "Diaboliad", "Fatal Eggs", " dog's heart";

The play "Ivan Vasilyevich".

The novel "The White Guard" (years of creation - 1922-1924)

The list of “Bulgakov’s best works” opens with “The White Guard.” In his first novel, Mikhail Afanasyevich describes events dating back to the end of 1918, that is, to the period of the Civil War. The action of the work takes place in Kyiv, more precisely, in the house where the writer’s family lived at that time. Almost all characters have prototypes among the Bulgakovs' friends, relatives and acquaintances. The manuscripts of this work have not survived, but despite this, fans of the novel, having traced the fate of the prototype heroes, proved the reality and accuracy of the events described by Mikhail Afanasyevich.

The first part of the book "The White Guard" (Mikhail Bulgakov) was published in 1925 in a magazine called "Russia". The entire work was published in France two years later. The opinions of critics were not unanimous - the Soviet side could not accept the writer’s glorification of class enemies, and the emigrant side could not accept loyalty to government officials.

In 1923, Mikhail Afanasyevich wrote that such a work was being created that “the sky will become hot...”. The White Guard (Mikhail Bulgakov) later served as a source for famous play"Days of the Turbins". A number of film adaptations also appeared.

The story "Diaboliad" (1923)

We continue to describe the most famous works Bulgakov. The story "The Diaboliad" also belongs to them. In the story of how the twins ruined a clerk, the writer reveals eternal theme "little man"who became a victim of the bureaucratic machine Soviet power, in the imagination of Korotkov, a clerk, associated with devilish, destructive power. An employee fired from his job and unable to cope with bureaucratic demons ends up going crazy. The work was first published in 1924 in the almanac "Nedra".

The story "Fatal Eggs" (year of creation - 1924)

Bulgakov's works include the story "Fatal Eggs". Its events take place in 1928. Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov, a brilliant zoologist, discovers a unique phenomenon: the red part of the light spectrum has a stimulating effect on embryos - they begin to develop much faster and reach sizes much larger than their “originals”. There is only one drawback - these individuals are characterized by increased aggressiveness and the ability to reproduce quickly.

One state farm, headed by a man with the surname Rokk, decides to use Persikov’s invention to restore the number of chickens after a chicken pestilence sweeps across Russia. He takes the irradiation chambers from the professor, but as a result of a mistake, instead of chicken eggs, he gets crocodiles, snake and ostrich eggs. The reptiles hatched from them continually multiply - they move towards Moscow, sweeping away everything in their path.

The plot of this work has something in common with “Food of the Gods,” a novel by H. Wells, written by him in 1904. In it, scientists invent a powder that causes significant growth in plants and animals. As a result of experiments in England, rats appear, and later chickens, various plants, as well as giant people.

Prototypes and film adaptations of the story "Fatal Eggs"

According to famous philologist B. Sokolov, the prototypes of Persikov can be called Alexander Gurvich, the famous biologist, or Vladimir Lenin.

In 1995, Sergei Lomkin made a film of the same name based on this work, including such characters from “The Master and Margarita” as Woland (Mikhail Kozakov) and the cat Behemoth (Roman Madyanov). Oleg Yankovsky brilliantly played the role of Professor Persikov.

The story "Heart of a Dog" (1925)

The work written by Mikhail Bulgakov (“Heart of a Dog”) has the following plot. Events take place in 1924. Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky, an outstanding surgeon, reaches incredible results in the field of rejuvenation and conceives a unique experiment - to perform an operation to transplant a human pituitary gland into a dog. The homeless dog Sharik is used as a test animal, and the thief Klim Chugunkin, who died in a fight, becomes an organ donor.

Sharik's fur gradually begins to fall out, his limbs become elongated, and his human appearance and speech appear. soon, however, you will have to bitterly regret what you did.

During a search in Mikhail Afanasyevich’s apartment in 1926, the manuscripts of “Heart of a Dog” were confiscated and returned to him only after M. Gorky interceded on his behalf.

Prototypes and film adaptations of the work "Heart of a Dog"

Many researchers of Bulgakov’s work are of the opinion that the writer depicted Lenin (Preobrazhensky), Stalin (Sharikov), Zinoviev (assistant Zina) and Trotsky (Bormenthal) in this book. It is also believed that Bulgakov predicted the mass repressions that occurred in the 1930s.

Alberto Lattuada, an Italian director, made a film of the same name based on the book in 1976, in which Max von Sydow plays Professor Preobrazhensky. However, this film adaptation was not particularly popular, unlike the director’s cult film released in 1988.

Novel "The Master and Margarita" (1929-1940)

Farce, satire, mysticism, fantasy, parable, melodrama, myth... Sometimes it seems that the work created by Mikhail Bulgakov, “The Master and Margarita,” combines all these genres.

Satan, in the form of Woland, reigns throughout our world with goals known only to him, stopping from time to time in different villages and cities. One day, during the spring full moon, he finds himself in Moscow in the 1930s - that time and place where no one believes in either God or Satan, and the existence of Jesus Christ is denied.

All those who come into contact with Woland are subject to deserved punishment for the sins inherent in each of them: drunkenness, bribery, greed, selfishness, lies, indifference, rudeness, etc.

The author of the novel about the Master is in a madhouse, where he was driven by harsh criticism from fellow writers. Margarita, his mistress, dreams only of finding the Master and bringing him back to her. Azazello gives her hope that this dream will come true, but for this the girl must provide one service to Woland.

History of the work

The original edition of the novel contained detailed description Woland’s appearance, placed on fifteen handwritten pages created by Mikhail Bulgakov. "The Master and Margarita" thus has its own history. At first the Master's name was Astaroth. In the 1930s, in newspapers and Soviet journalism, following Maxim Gorky, the title “master” was established.

According to Elena Sergeevna, the writer’s widow, before his death Bulgakov said the following words about his novel “The Master and Margarita”: “So that they know... So that they know.”

The work was published only after the death of the writer. It first appeared only in 1966, that is, 26 years after the death of its creator, in an abbreviated version, with banknotes. The novel immediately gained popularity among representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia, to the point that it was officially published in 1973. Copies of the work were reprinted by hand and distributed in this way. Elena Sergeevna managed to preserve the manuscript throughout all these years.

Numerous performances based on the work, staged by Valery Belyakovich and Yuri Lyubimov, were very popular; films by Alexander Petrovich and television series by Vladimir Bortko and Yuri Kara were also made.

"Theatrical Novel", or "Notes of a Dead Man" (1936-1937)

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich wrote works until his death in 1940. Book " Theatrical novel"remained unfinished. It tells on behalf of Sergei Leontievich Maksudov, a certain writer, about the writing world and the theatrical backstage.

On November 26, 1936, work began on the book. Bulgakov indicated two titles on the first page of his manuscript: “Theatrical Novel” and “Notes of a Dead Man.” The latter was emphasized twice by him.

According to most researchers, this novel is the funniest creation of Mikhail Afanasyevich. It was created in one go, without sketches, drafts or corrections. The writer's wife recalled that while she was serving dinner, waiting for her husband to return in the evening from Bolshoi Theater, he sat down at desk and wrote a couple of pages of this work, after which, satisfied, rubbing his hands, he went out to her.

The play "Ivan Vasilyevich" (1936)

The most famous creations include not only novels and stories, but also Bulgakov’s plays. One of them, “Ivan Vasilyevich,” is offered to your attention. Its plot is as follows. engineer, makes a time machine in Moscow, in his apartment. When the building manager Bunsha comes to see him, he turns the key and the wall between the apartments disappears. A thief is discovered sitting in the apartment of Shpak, his neighbor. The engineer opens a portal leading to the times of 16th century Moscow. Ivan the Terrible, frightened, rushes into the present, and Miloslavsky and Bunsha find themselves in the past.

This story began in 1933, when Mikhail Afanasyevich agreed to write a “fun play” with a music hall. Initially, the text was called differently, “Bliss,” in which a time machine went into the communist future, and Ivan the Terrible appeared in only one episode.

This creation, like other plays by Bulgakov (the list goes on), was not published during the author’s lifetime and was not staged until 1965. in 1973, based on the work, he made his own famous movie entitled "Ivan Vasilyevich is changing his profession."

These are just the main creations that Mikhail Bulgakov created. The works of this writer are not limited to the above. You can continue studying the work of Mikhail Afanasyevich by including some others.

Creation

Stories and novels

Plays, librettos, film scripts

Stories

Journalism and feuilletons

Film adaptations of works

(May 3 (15), 1891, Kyiv - March 10, 1940, Moscow) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and theater director. Author of novels, novellas, short stories, feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, film scripts and opera librettos.

Biography

Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in Kyiv in the family of professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922). The family had seven children: Mikhail (1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolai (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena ( 1902-1954).

In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits, laws Russian Empire awarded this degree."

In 1913, M. Bulgakov entered into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).

After the outbreak of World War I, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the front-line zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.

During the Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor into the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, M. Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kyiv and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.

In the same year he managed to work as a doctor of the Red Cross, and then in the White Guard Armed Forces South of Russia. He spends some time with Cossack troops in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz.

At the end of September 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers (“Gudok”, “Rabochiy”) and magazines (“Gudok”, “Rabochy”) Medical worker", "Russia", "Renaissance"). At the same time he publishes individual works in the newspaper "Nakanune", published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov were published in Gudka.

In 1923, M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his new wife.

Since October 1926 at the Moscow Art Theater with great success The play “Days of the Turbins” is playing. Its production was allowed for a year, but was later extended several times because I. Stalin liked the play. However, in his speeches, I. Stalin agreed: “The Days of the Turbins” is “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, intense and extremely harsh criticism of M. Bulgakov’s work takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were such influential officials and writers as V. Mayakovsky, A. Bezymensky, L. Averbakh, V. Shklovsky, P. Kerzhentsev and many others.

At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play “Zoyka’s Apartment” is held with great success.

In 1928, M. Bulgakov travels with his wife to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Cape Verde, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. This year the premiere of the play “Crimson Island” is taking place in Moscow. M. Bulgakov conceives the idea of ​​a novel, later called “The Master and Margarita.” The writer also begins work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Saint”).

In 1929, M. Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.

By 1930, M. Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” have been banned from production; the play “Days of the Turbins” has been removed from the repertoire. In 1930, M. Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. Then he writes a letter to the USSR Government with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Bulgakov receives a call from I. Stalin, who recommends that the playwright apply to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1930, M. Bulgakov worked as a director in Central Theater working youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, the play “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol, staged by M. Bulgakov, was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. The play “The Cabal of the Holy One” was released in 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. After seven performances, the production was banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play.

In January 1932, I. Stalin (formally A. Enukidze) again allowed the production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and before the war it was no longer prohibited. True, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1936, after an article in Pravda, M. Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto of “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Peter I”.

In 1939, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto “Rachel”, as well as on a play about I. Stalin (“Batum”). The play was approved by I. Stalin, but, contrary to the writer’s expectations, it was banned from publication and production. M. Bulgakov's health condition is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov continues to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, to relieve pain symptoms. During the same period, the writer begins to dictate to his wife the latest versions of the novel “The Master and Margarita.”

Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at M. Bulgakov’s bedside. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service took place in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers. Before the funeral service, Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removes the death mask from M. Bulgakov’s face.

M. Bulgakov is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha,” which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.

Creation

M. Bulgakov, in his own words, wrote his first story in 1919.

1922-1923 - publication of “Notes on Cuffs”.

In 1924, the novel “The White Guard” was published, about the tragic events of the struggle for power between various political forces in Ukraine in 1918.

A collection was published in 1925 satirical stories"Diaboliad" In 1925, the story “Fatal Eggs” and the story “Steel Throat” (the first in the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”) were also published. The writer is working on the story “Heart of a Dog”, the plays “Days of the Turbins” and “Zoyka’s Apartment”.

In 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1927, M. Bulgakov completed the drama “Running”.

From 1926 to 1929, M. Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment” was staged at the Evgeni Vakhtangov Theater-Studio; in 1928-1929, in the Moscow Chamber Theater The Crimson Island (1928) was staged.

In 1932, the production of “Days of the Turbins” was resumed at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1934, the first complete version of the novel “The Master and Margarita” was completed, including 37 chapters.

Works of Mikhail Bulgakov

Stories and novels

• The Adventures of Chichikov (satirical story, 1922)
• White Guard (novel, 1922-1924)
• Diaboliada (story, 1923)
• Notes on cuffs (story, 1923)
• Crimson Island. Roman Comrade Jules Verne. Translated from French into Aesopian by Mikhail A. Bulgakov (novel, published in Berlin in 1924)
• Fatal eggs (story, 1924)
• Heart of a Dog (story, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
• Great Chancellor. Prince of Darkness (part of the draft version of the novel “The Master and Margarita”, 1928-1929)
• The Engineer's Hoof (novel, 1928-1929)
• To a secret friend (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
• The Master and Margarita (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966)
• The Life of Monsieur de Molière (novel, 1933)
• Theatrical novel (Notes of a Dead Man) (unfinished novel, 1936-1937, published in the USSR in 1965)

Plays, librettos, film scripts

• Zoyka's Apartment (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
• Days of the Turbins (play based on the novel “The White Guard”, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
• Running (play, 1926-1928)
• Crimson Island (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
• Cabal of the Holy One (play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 the censor was allowed to be staged with a number of cuts called “Molière”, but even in this form the production was postponed)
• Adam and Eve (play, 1931)
• Crazy Jourdain (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
• Bliss (the dream of engineer Rhine) (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
• The Inspector General (film script, 1934)
• Last days(Alexander Pushkin) (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
• An Extraordinary Incident, or The Inspector General (play based on the comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
• Ivan Vasilievich (play, 1936)
• Minin and Pozharsky (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
• The Black Sea (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Rachel (opera libretto based on the story “Mademoiselle Fifi” by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Batum (play about the youth of J.V. Stalin, original title“Shepherd”, 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Don Quixote (opera libretto based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939)

Stories

• No. 13. — House of Elpit-Rabkommun (short story, 1922)
• Arithmetic (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• On the night of the 3rd (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• At the Zimin Theater (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• How he went crazy (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Kaenpe and Kape (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• The Red Crown (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Raid. IN magic lantern(story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• November 7th day (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Beware of fakes! (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Birds in the Attic (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Workers' Garden City (story from the collection "Notes and Miniatures", 1922)
• Soviet Inquisition (story from the collection “Notes and Miniatures”, 1922)
• Chinese history. 6 paintings instead of a story (story, 1923)
• Memories... (story, dedicated to death Lenin, 1924)
• Khan's Fire (short story, 1924)
• Towel with a Rooster (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Baptism by turning (a story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Steel Throat (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Blizzard (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Egyptian Darkness (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• The Missing Eye (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Star Rash (story from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”, 1925)
• Bohemia (short story, 1925)
• Holiday with syphilis ( humorous story, 1925)
• The Story of Diamonds (short story, 1926)
• I Killed (short story, 1926)
• Morphine (short story, 1926)
• Treatise on Housing (story from the collection “Treatise on Housing”, 1926)
• Psalm (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
• Four portraits (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)
• Moonshine Lake (story from the collection “Treatise on Dwelling”, 1926)

Journalism and feuilletons

Journalism and feuilletons

Film adaptations of works

• Pilate and others (The Master and Margarita) (Germany, TV film, 1972, 90 min.) - dir. Andrzej Wajda
• The Master and Margarita (Yugoslavia - Italy, Feature Film, 1972, 95 min.) - dir. Alexander Petrovich
• The Master and Margarita (Poland, television series, 1989, 4 episodes ~370 min.) - dir. Maciek Wojtyszko
• Incident in Judea (The Master and Margarita) (UK, TV film, 1991) - dir. Paul Briers
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, feature film, 1994, 240 min./125 min.) - dir. Yuri Kara
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV play, 1996, 142 min.) - dir. Sergey Desnitsky
• The Master and Margarita (Hungary, short film, 2005, 26 min.) - dir. Iboya Fekete
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, television series, 2005, 10 episodes, ~500 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
• The Master and Margarita, part one, chapter 1 (Israel, animated film, 2010, 33 min.) - dir. Terenty Oslyabya
• Heart of a Dog (Russia, feature film, 1988, 131 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
• Cuore di cane (Heart of a Dog) (Italy, feature film, 1975) - dir. Alberto Lattuada
• Running (based on the works: Running, White Guard, Black Sea) (USSR, feature film, 1970, 196 min.) - dir. Alexander Alov, Vladimir Naumov
• Days of the Turbins (USSR, feature film, 1976, 223 min.) - dir. Vladimir Basov
• Ivan Vasilyevich changes his profession (Ivan Vasilyevich) (USSR, feature film, 1973, 87 min.) - dir. Leonid Gaidai
• Fatal Eggs (Russia, feature film, 1995, 117 min.) - dir. Sergey Lomkin
• Morphine (based on the works: Notes of a Young Doctor, Morphine) (Russia, feature film, 2008, 112 min.) - dir. Alexey Balabanov
• Notes of a Young Doctor (based on the works: Notes of a Young Doctor) (Russia, feature film, 1991, 65 min.) - dir. Mikhail Yakzhen
• Case history (based on the works: “The Red Crown”) (Russia, feature film, 1990, 40 min.) - dir. Alexey Prazdnikov

Theater productions based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov

Museums

• State Museum M. A. Bulgakov in Moscow, “Bad Apartment.”
• Cultural Center“Bulgakov House” (Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya, no. 10)
• Turbin House, Literary and Memorial Museum named after. M. Bulgakov in Kyiv: Andreevsky Spusk, 13.
• One Street Museum (Museum of Andreevsky Descent) - part of the exhibition is dedicated to the life of Mikhail Bulgakov and his work.

Memory

120th anniversary

• On May 15, 2011, the 120th anniversary of the birth of M. Bulgakov was celebrated in Kyiv.
• On May 15 at 22:40 the feature film “Theatrical Romance” was shown on the “Culture” TV channel.
• In Moscow, three new exhibitions have been prepared in the apartment museum on Bolshaya Sadovaya:
• "New Arrivals";
• “In the desk drawer”;
• “Eight dreams. Run".
• In the park of the Bulgakov estate in Bucha, Kyiv region, the birthday of M. Bulgakov was celebrated. They unveiled a monument to the writer, laid out a garden and held an international theater festival.
• May 18, 2011 at major league The Cheerful and Resourceful Club played the 3rd quarter final of the season, the theme of which was “Bulgakov and his work.”

"Evening" invites you to remember the most famous works of the master of literature of the 20th century.

"The White Guard" (novel, 1922-1924)

In his first novel, Bulgakov describes the events of the Civil War at the end of 1918. The action of the book takes place in Kyiv, in particular, in the house in which the writer’s family lived at that time. Almost all characters have prototypes - relatives, friends and acquaintances of the Bulgakovs. Despite the fact that the manuscripts of the novel have not survived, fans of the novel have traced the fate of many prototype characters and proved the almost documentary accuracy and reality of the events described by the author.

Part of the book was first published in the magazine "Russia" in 1925. The entire novel was published two years later in France. The opinions of critics were divided - the Soviet side criticized the writer’s glorification of class enemies, the emigrant side criticized loyalty to the authorities.

In 1923 Bulgakov wrote: “I dare to assure you, this will be a novel that will make the sky feel hot...”. The book served as the source for the play "Days of the Turbins" and several film adaptations.

“Diaboliad” (story, 1923)

In the “story of how the twins killed the clerk,” Bulgakov reveals the problem of the “little man” who became a victim of the Soviet bureaucratic machine, which in the imagination of the clerk Korotkov is associated with devilish power. Unable to cope with the demons of bureaucracy, a fired employee goes crazy. The story was first published in the almanac “Nedra” in 1924.

“Fatal Eggs” (story, 1924)

1928 The brilliant zoologist Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov discovers amazing phenomenon the stimulating effect of light from the red part of the spectrum on embryos - organisms begin to develop much faster and reach larger sizes than the “originals”. There is only one drawback - such individuals are distinguished by aggressiveness and the ability to reproduce rapidly.

After a chicken pestilence spreads across the country, one state farm, led by a man named Rokk, decides to use Persikov’s discovery to restore the chicken population. Rokk takes the irradiation chambers from the professor, however, as a result of a mistake, instead of chicken eggs, he gets crocodiles, ostrich and snake eggs. The hatched reptiles continually multiply - sweeping away everything in their path, they move towards Moscow.

The plot of the book echoes the novel written in 1904 H.G. Wells"Food of the Gods", in which scientists invent a powder that causes significant growth in animals and plants. Experiments lead to the appearance in England of giant rats and wasps attacking people, later they are joined by giant plants, chickens and giant people.

According to philologist Boris Sokolov, the prototypes of Professor Persikov could be the famous biologist Alexander Gurvich and the leader of the world proletariat Vladimir Lenin.

In 1995, director Sergei Lomkin made a film of the same name based on the story, in which he used characters from the novel "Master and Margarita"- the cat Behemoth (Roman Madyanov) and Woland himself (Mikhail Kozakov). Performed the role of Professor Persikov brilliantly Oleg Yankovsky.

“Heart of a Dog” (story, 1925)

1924 The outstanding surgeon Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky achieves fantastic results in the field of practical rejuvenation and conceives an unprecedented experiment - an operation to transplant a human pituitary gland into a dog. The professor uses the stray dog ​​Sharik as a test animal, and the thief Klim Chugunkin, who died in a fight, becomes the organ donor.

Gradually, Sharik's limbs stretch out, his hair falls out, speech and a human appearance appear. Soon Professor Preobrazhensky will have to bitterly regret what he did.

Many Bulgakov scholars are of the opinion that the writer depicted Stalin (Sharikov), Lenin (Preobrazhensky), Trotsky (Bormenthal) and Zinoviev (assistant Zina) in the book. In addition, it is believed that in this story Bulgakov predicted the mass repressions of the 1930s.

In 1926, during a search in Bulgakov’s apartment, manuscripts "Heart of a Dog" were confiscated and returned to the author only after the petition of Maxim Gorky.

In 1976, Italian director Alberto Lattuada made a film of the same name with Max von Sydow in the role of Professor Preobrazhensky, but it was not particularly popular. A completely different fate awaited.

"The Master and Margarita" (novel, 1929-1940)

Satire, farce, fantasy, mysticism, melodrama, parable, myth... sometimes it seems that this book combines all possible and impossible genres.

Satan, introducing himself as Woland, wanders around the world with goals known only to him, from time to time stopping in different cities and villages. During the spring full moon, his journey takes him to Moscow in the 1930s - a place and time where no one believes in Satan or God, denying the existence of Jesus Christ in history.

Everyone who comes into contact with Woland is punished for their inherent sins: bribery, drunkenness, selfishness, greed, indifference, lies, rudeness, etc.

The master who wrote a novel about Pontius Pilate is in a madhouse, where harsh criticism from his literary contemporaries brought him. His mistress Margarita dreams of only one thing - to find the Master and bring him back. Azazello gives hope for the fulfillment of this dream, but to make it come true, Margarita must provide Woland with one service.

The first edition of the novel contained a detailed description of the characteristics of the “stranger” (Woland), 15 handwritten pages long. In early editions of the novel, the character's name was Astaroth. In the 1930s, the title of “master” in Soviet journalism and newspapers was firmly assigned to Maxim Gorky.

According to the writer’s widow, Elena Sergeevna, last words Bulgakov about the novel “The Master and Margarita” before his death were: “So that they know... So that they know.”

The Master and Margarita was not published during the author's lifetime. It was first published only in 1966, 26 years after Bulgakov’s death, with banknotes, in an abbreviated magazine version. The novel gained noticeable popularity among the Soviet intelligentsia and, until its official publication (in 1973), was distributed in hand-typed copies. Elena Sergeevna managed to preserve the manuscript of the novel during all these years.

Performances based on the novel, staged by Valery Belyakovich, were extremely popular; films by Andrzej Wajda and Alexander Petrovich and television series by Yuri Kara and were also made.

“Theatrical novel” (“Notes of a Dead Man”) (1936-1937)

An unfinished novel, written on behalf of a certain writer Sergei Leontyevich Maksudov, talks about the theater behind the scenes and the world of writers.

Work on the book began on November 26, 1936. On the first page of the manuscript, Bulgakov indicated two titles: “Notes of a Dead Man” and “Theatrical Novel”, and the first was underlined twice by the author.

Most researchers consider the novel to be Bulgakov's funniest work. It was created with extraordinary ease: in one go, without drafts, outlines or any corrections. Elena Sergeevna recalled that while she was serving dinner upon Mikhail Afanasyevich’s return from the Bolshoi Theater in the evening, he sat down at his desk and wrote several pages, after which he came out to her unusually pleased, rubbing his hands with pleasure.

“Ivan Vasilyevich” (play, 1936)

Engineer Nikolai Timofeev makes a time machine in an apartment in Moscow. When the house manager Bunsha comes to see him, the engineer turns the key in the machine, and the wall between the apartments disappears, revealing the thief Georges Miloslavsky sitting in the apartment of Shpak's neighbor. Timofeev opens a portal to the times of Moscow in the 16th century. Frightened, Ivan the Terrible rushes into the present, and Bunsha and Miloslavsky find themselves in the past.

This story began in 1933, when Bulgakov agreed with the music hall to write a “fun play.” Her first text was called “Bliss” - in it the time machine went into the communist future, and Ivan the Terrible appeared only in an episode.

"Evening" invites you to remember the most famous works of the master of literature of the 20th century.

"The White Guard" (novel, 1922-1924)

In his first novel, Bulgakov describes the events of the Civil War at the end of 1918. The action of the book takes place in Kyiv, in particular, in the house in which the writer’s family lived at that time. Almost all characters have prototypes - relatives, friends and acquaintances of the Bulgakovs. Despite the fact that the manuscripts of the novel have not survived, fans of the novel have traced the fate of many prototype characters and proved the almost documentary accuracy and reality of the events described by the author.

Part of the book was first published in the magazine "Russia" in 1925. The entire novel was published two years later in France. The opinions of critics were divided - the Soviet side criticized the writer’s glorification of class enemies, the emigrant side criticized loyalty to the authorities.

In 1923 Bulgakov wrote: “I dare to assure you, this will be a novel that will make the sky feel hot...”. The book served as the source for the play "Days of the Turbins" and several film adaptations.

“Diaboliad” (story, 1923)

In the “story of how the twins killed the clerk,” Bulgakov reveals the problem of the “little man” who became a victim of the Soviet bureaucratic machine, which in the imagination of the clerk Korotkov is associated with devilish power. Unable to cope with the demons of bureaucracy, a fired employee goes crazy. The story was first published in the almanac “Nedra” in 1924.

“Fatal Eggs” (story, 1924)

1928 The brilliant zoologist Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov discovers the amazing phenomenon of the stimulating effect of light from the red part of the spectrum on embryos - organisms begin to develop much faster and reach larger sizes than the “originals”. There is only one drawback - such individuals are distinguished by aggressiveness and the ability to reproduce rapidly.

After a chicken pestilence spreads across the country, one state farm, led by a man named Rokk, decides to use Persikov’s discovery to restore the chicken population. Rokk takes the irradiation chambers from the professor, however, as a result of a mistake, instead of chicken eggs, he gets crocodiles, ostrich and snake eggs. The hatched reptiles continually multiply - sweeping away everything in their path, they move towards Moscow.

The plot of the book echoes the novel written in 1904 H.G. Wells"Food of the Gods", in which scientists invent a powder that causes significant growth in animals and plants. Experiments lead to the appearance in England of giant rats and wasps attacking people, later they are joined by giant plants, chickens and giant people.

According to philologist Boris Sokolov, the prototypes of Professor Persikov could be the famous biologist Alexander Gurvich and the leader of the world proletariat Vladimir Lenin.

In 1995, director Sergei Lomkin made a film of the same name based on the story, in which he used characters from the novel "Master and Margarita"- the cat Behemoth (Roman Madyanov) and Woland himself (Mikhail Kozakov). Performed the role of Professor Persikov brilliantly Oleg Yankovsky.

“Heart of a Dog” (story, 1925)

1924 The outstanding surgeon Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky achieves fantastic results in the field of practical rejuvenation and conceives an unprecedented experiment - an operation to transplant a human pituitary gland into a dog. The professor uses the stray dog ​​Sharik as a test animal, and the thief Klim Chugunkin, who died in a fight, becomes the organ donor.

Gradually, Sharik's limbs stretch out, his hair falls out, speech and a human appearance appear. Soon Professor Preobrazhensky will have to bitterly regret what he did.

Many Bulgakov scholars are of the opinion that the writer depicted Stalin (Sharikov), Lenin (Preobrazhensky), Trotsky (Bormenthal) and Zinoviev (assistant Zina) in the book. In addition, it is believed that in this story Bulgakov predicted the mass repressions of the 1930s.

In 1926, during a search in Bulgakov’s apartment, manuscripts "Heart of a Dog" were confiscated and returned to the author only after the petition of Maxim Gorky.

In 1976, Italian director Alberto Lattuada made a film of the same name with Max von Sydow in the role of Professor Preobrazhensky, but it was not particularly popular. A completely different fate awaited.

"The Master and Margarita" (novel, 1929-1940)

Satire, farce, fantasy, mysticism, melodrama, parable, myth... sometimes it seems that this book combines all possible and impossible genres.

Satan, introducing himself as Woland, wanders around the world with goals known only to him, from time to time stopping in different cities and villages. During the spring full moon, his journey takes him to Moscow in the 1930s - a place and time where no one believes in Satan or God, denying the existence of Jesus Christ in history.

Everyone who comes into contact with Woland is punished for their inherent sins: bribery, drunkenness, selfishness, greed, indifference, lies, rudeness, etc.

The master who wrote a novel about Pontius Pilate is in a madhouse, where harsh criticism from his literary contemporaries brought him. His mistress Margarita dreams of only one thing - to find the Master and bring him back. Azazello gives hope for the fulfillment of this dream, but to make it come true, Margarita must provide Woland with one service.

The first edition of the novel contained a detailed description of the characteristics of the “stranger” (Woland), 15 handwritten pages long. In early editions of the novel, the character's name was Astaroth. In the 1930s, the title of “master” in Soviet journalism and newspapers was firmly assigned to Maxim Gorky.

According to the writer’s widow, Elena Sergeevna, Bulgakov’s last words about the novel “The Master and Margarita” before his death were: “So that they know... So that they know.”

The Master and Margarita was not published during the author's lifetime. It was first published only in 1966, 26 years after Bulgakov’s death, with banknotes, in an abbreviated magazine version. The novel gained noticeable popularity among the Soviet intelligentsia and, until its official publication (in 1973), was distributed in hand-typed copies. Elena Sergeevna managed to preserve the manuscript of the novel during all these years.

Performances based on the novel, staged by Valery Belyakovich, were extremely popular; films by Andrzej Wajda and Alexander Petrovich and television series by Yuri Kara and were also made.

“Theatrical novel” (“Notes of a Dead Man”) (1936-1937)

An unfinished novel, written on behalf of a certain writer Sergei Leontyevich Maksudov, talks about the theater behind the scenes and the world of writers.

Work on the book began on November 26, 1936. On the first page of the manuscript, Bulgakov indicated two titles: “Notes of a Dead Man” and “Theatrical Novel”, and the first was underlined twice by the author.

Most researchers consider the novel to be Bulgakov's funniest work. It was created with extraordinary ease: in one go, without drafts, outlines or any corrections. Elena Sergeevna recalled that while she was serving dinner upon Mikhail Afanasyevich’s return from the Bolshoi Theater in the evening, he sat down at his desk and wrote several pages, after which he came out to her unusually pleased, rubbing his hands with pleasure.

“Ivan Vasilyevich” (play, 1936)

Engineer Nikolai Timofeev makes a time machine in an apartment in Moscow. When the house manager Bunsha comes to see him, the engineer turns the key in the machine, and the wall between the apartments disappears, revealing the thief Georges Miloslavsky sitting in the apartment of Shpak's neighbor. Timofeev opens a portal to the times of Moscow in the 16th century. Frightened, Ivan the Terrible rushes into the present, and Bunsha and Miloslavsky find themselves in the past.

This story began in 1933, when Bulgakov agreed with the music hall to write a “fun play.” Her first text was called “Bliss” - in it the time machine went into the communist future, and Ivan the Terrible appeared only in an episode.

Before the talent of this wonderful Russian and Soviet writer You can bow your head low. Almost all of Bulgakov's most famous works have been disassembled into quotes. Mikhail Afanasyevich considered Gogol to be his teacher, he imitated him and also became a mystic. Until now, writers have no consensus whether Bulgakov was an occultist. But he was a great playwright and theater director, the author of many feuilletons, stories, plays, film scripts, dramatizations and opera librettos. Bulgakov's works were staged in theaters and filmed. When his first dramatic experiments appeared, he wrote to his relative that he was four years late with what he should have started long ago - writing.

Mikhail Bulgakov, whose books are almost always heard, has become a true classic, whom descendants will never forget. He predicted the fate of his works with one brilliant phrase: “Manuscripts don’t burn!”

Biography

Bulgakov was born on May 3, 1891 in Kyiv in the family of professor of the Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov and Varvara Mikhailovna, nee Pokrovskaya. Future writer, after graduating from high school, he entered medical school hometown, wanting to follow in the footsteps of his famous uncle N.M. Pokrovsky. In 1916, after graduating, he practiced for several months in the front-line zone. Then he worked as a venereologist, and during the period civil war managed to work for both the whites and the reds and survive.

Works of Bulgakov

Saturated literary life it began after moving to Moscow. there in famous publishing houses he publishes his feuilletons. Then he writes the books “Fatal Eggs” and “Diaboliad” (1925). Behind them he creates the play “Days of the Turbins”. Bulgakov's works provoked sharp criticism from many, but be that as it may, with each masterpiece he wrote, there were more and more admirers. As a writer he enjoyed enormous success. Then, in 1928, he had the idea of ​​writing the novel The Master and Margarita.

In 1939, the writer was working on a play about Stalin, “Batum,” and when it was ready for production and Bulgakov went with his wife and colleagues to Georgia, a telegram soon arrived saying that Stalin considered it inappropriate to stage a play about himself. This greatly undermined the writer’s health, he began to lose his vision, and then doctors diagnosed him with kidney disease. For pain, Bulgakov again began to use morphine, which he had taken back in 1924. At the same time, the writer was dictating the last pages of the “Master and Margarita” manuscript to his wife. A quarter of a century later, traces of the drug were found on the pages.

He died at 48 on March 10, 1940. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. Mikhail Bulgakov, whose books over time became real bestsellers, if we say modern language, and still stirs the minds of people who are trying to unravel his codes and messages, was truly great. It is a fact. Bulgakov's works are still relevant, they have not lost their meaning and fascination.

Master

“The Master and Margarita” is a novel that has become a reference book for millions of readers, and not only Bulgakov’s compatriots, but throughout the whole world. Several decades have passed, and the plot still excites minds, attracts with mysticism and riddles that prompt various philosophical and religious thoughts. “The Master and Margarita” is a novel studied in schools, and this is even though not every literature-savvy person can understand the intent of this masterpiece. Bulgakov began writing the novel in the 20s, then with all the amendments to the plot and title, the work was finally formalized in 1937. But in the USSR complete book came out only in 1973.

Woland

The creation of the novel was influenced by M. A. Bulgakov’s passion for various mystical literature, German mythology of the 19th century, Holy Scripture, Goethe’s Faust, as well as many other demonological works.

Many are impressed by one of the main characters of the novel - Woland. To not particularly thoughtful and trusting readers, this Prince of Darkness may seem like an ardent fighter for justice and goodness, opposing the vices of people. There are also opinions that Bulgakov portrayed Stalin in this image. But Woland is not so easy to understand, this is a very multifaceted and difficult character, this is the image that defines the real Tempter. This is the real prototype of the Antichrist, whom people should perceive as the new Messiah.

Tale

"Fatal Eggs" - another one fantastic story Bulgakov, published in 1925. He moves his heroes to 1928. Main character- a brilliant inventor, professor of zoology Persikov, one day makes a unique discovery - he discovers a certain phenomenal stimulant, a red ray of life, which, acting on living embryos (embryos), makes them develop faster and they become larger than their usual counterparts. They are also aggressive and reproduce incredibly quickly.

Well, further in the work “Fatal Eggs” everything develops exactly as in Bismarck’s words that the revolution is prepared by geniuses, carried out by romantic fanatics, but the fruits are enjoyed by scoundrels. And so it happened: Persikov became the very genius who created revolutionary idea in biology, Ivanov is a fanatic who brought the professor's ideas to life by building cameras. And the rogue is Rokk, who appeared from nowhere and just as suddenly disappeared.

According to philologists, the prototype of Persikov could be the Russian biologist A. G. Gurvich, who discovered mitogenetic radiation, and, in fact, the leader of the proletariat V. I. Lenin.

Play

“Days of the Turbins” is a play by Bulgakov, created by him in 1925 (at the Moscow Art Theater they wanted to stage a play based on his novel “The White Guard”). The plot was based on the writer's memoirs during the civil war about the fall of the regime of Ukrainian hetman Pavel Skoropadsky, then about Petliura's rise to power and his expulsion from the city by Bolshevik revolutionaries. Against the backdrop of constant struggle and change of power, the family tragedy of the Turbin couple appears in parallel, in which the foundations of the old world are broken. Bulgakov then lived in Kyiv (1918-1919). A year later the play was staged, then it was repeatedly edited and the name was changed.

“Days of the Turbins” is a play that today’s critics consider the pinnacle of the writer’s theatrical success. However, at the very beginning stage fate was complex and unpredictable. The play was a huge success, but received devastating critical reviews. In 1929, it was removed from the repertoire, Bulgakov began to be accused of philistinism and propaganda white movement. But on the instructions of Stalin, who loved this play, the performance was restored. For the writer, who did odd jobs, the production at the Moscow Art Theater was practically the only source of income.

About myself and the bureaucracy

“Notes on Cuffs” is a story that is somewhat autobiographical. Bulgakov wrote it between 1922 and 1923. It was not published during his lifetime; today part of the text is lost. The main motive of the work “Notes on Cuffs” was the writer’s problematic relationship with the authorities. He described in great detail his life in the Caucasus, the debate about A.S. Pushkin, the first months in Moscow and the desire to emigrate. Bulgakov really intended to flee abroad in 1921, but he did not have the money to pay the captain of the shipping machine going to Constantinople.

“Diaboliada” is a story that was created in 1925. Bulgakov called himself a mystic, but, despite the declared mysticism, the content of this work consisted of pictures of ordinary everyday life, where, following Gogol, he showed the unreasonableness and illogicality of social existence. It is from this foundation that Bulgakov’s satire consists.

“Diaboliada” is a story in which the plot takes place in a mystical whirlwind of bureaucratic whirlwind with the rustling of papers on tables and in endless bustle. The main character - the little official Korotkov - is chasing along long corridors and floors after a certain mythical manager, Long John, who either appears, then disappears, or even splits into two. In this relentless pursuit, Korotkov loses both himself and his name. And then he turns into a pitiful and defenseless little man. As a result, Korotkov, in order to escape from this enchanted cycle, has only one thing left to do - throw himself from the roof of a skyscraper.

Moliere

"The Life of Monsieur de Molière" is a novelized biography, which, like many other works, was not published during the author's lifetime. Only in 1962 did the Young Guard publishing house publish it in the ZhZL book series. In 1932, Bulgakov entered into an agreement with a magazine and newspaper publishing house and wrote about Moliere for the ZhZL series. A year later he finished the work and passed it. Editor A. N. Tikhonov wrote a review in which he recognized Bulgakov’s talent, but in general the review was negative. Mainly he did not like the non-Marxist position and the fact that the story has a narrator (“a cheeky young man”). Bulgakov was offered to remake the novel in the classical spirit of historical storytelling, but the writer categorically refused. Gorky also read the manuscript and also spoke negatively about it. Bulgakov wanted to meet with him several times, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. For obvious reasons, the Soviet leadership often did not like Bulgakov's works.

The illusion of freedom

In his book, Bulgakov raises a very important topic for him using the example of Moliere: power and art, how free an artist can be. When Moliere's patience ran out, he exclaimed that he hated royal tyranny. In the same way, Bulgakov hated Stalin's tyranny. And in order to somehow persuade himself, he writes that, it turns out, evil lies not in the supreme power, but in those around the leader, in officials and newspaper Pharisees. In the 30s, there really was a large part of the intelligentsia who believed in Stalin’s innocence and innocence, so Bulgakov fed himself with similar illusions. Mikhail Afanasyevich tried to understand one of the characteristics of the artist - fatal loneliness among people.

Satire on power

Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog” became another of Bulgakov’s masterpieces, which he wrote in 1925. The most common political interpretation boils down to the idea of ​​the “Russian revolution” and the “awakening” of the social consciousness of the proletariat. One of the main characters is Sharikov, who received a large number of rights and freedoms. And then he quickly reveals selfish interests, he betrays and destroys both those who are like him and those who endowed him with all these rights. The end of this work shows that the fate of Sharikov’s creators is predetermined. In his story, Bulgakov seems to predict massive Stalin's repressions 1930s.

Many literary scholars consider Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog” to be a political satire on the government of that time. And here are their main roles: Sharikov-Chugunkin is none other than Stalin himself (as evidenced by the “iron surname”), Preobrazhensky is Lenin (the one who transformed the country), Doctor Bormental (who is constantly in conflict with Sharikov) is Trotsky ( Bronstein), Shvonder - Kamenev, Zina - Zinoviev, Daria - Dzerzhinsky, etc.

Pamphlet

At a meeting of writers in Gazetny Lane, where the manuscript was read, an OGPU agent was present, who noted that such things read in a brilliant metropolitan literary circle could be much more dangerous than speeches by 101st grade writers at meetings of the All-Russian Union of Poets.

Bulgakov hoped to the last that the work would be published in the almanac "Nedra", but it was not even allowed into Glavlit for reading, but the manuscript was somehow handed over to L. Kamenev, who noted that this work should under no circumstances be published, since it is a poignant pamphlet on modern times. Then in 1926 there was a search of Bulgakov, the manuscripts of the book and the diary were confiscated, they were returned to the author only three years after the petition of Maxim Gorky.