Zinaida BLINOVA,
Vladimir region,
Yuryev-Polsky district,
With. Sima

Travel like literary genre

Lessons in theory and practice
school essay
in the 9th grade

Topic: The concept of travel as a literary genre.

1. Tell students about the history of the development and features of this literary genre.
2. Analyze the elements of travel in specific literary works.
3. Determine the requirements for school essay about the journey.

PLAN-CONSPECT

I. Reading the epigraph.

There are two categories of travel:
One - to start from a place into the distance,
Another is to sit still,
Flipping back the calendar.
A.T. Tvardovsky

II. Definition of the genre.

Travel is a literary genre based on description of the hero's wanderings... This can be information about the countries and peoples seen by the traveler in the form of travel diaries, notes, essays, and so on.

The main task of such works is primarily cognitive, but the author can set philosophical, journalistic, psychological and other tasks. It can also be stories about fictional, imaginary travels (utopia, fantasy).

III. The history of the genre.

1. The roots of the genre are in mythology and folklore, where the hero's journey becomes a test for him.
Myth (folklore) - totem (hero) - journey (test).
2. Historical development milestones - two plans.

a) External plan... Wandering hero actively moves in space like alien world observer about which he (later) tells to readers (listeners):
- Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant. "A book about the diversity of the world" ( 1298 ) - about a journey to the East, to China.
- Afanasy Nikitin, merchant from Tver. "Walking Beyond Three Seas", 15th century - about Indian impressions.
- Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian travel scientist. "Travel to Kon-Tiki", 1950s - about the culture of Fr. Easter.
b) Internal plan... As perceived by the reader literary journey his attention has shifted to feelings and experiences itinerant, external elements of movement in space were no longer decisive.
- Stern. "A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy", 18th century. In this work, the writer seems to be playing with space, rethinking the motive of a real journey to express his experiences and feelings; Karamzin. "Letters of a Russian Traveler"; Radishchev. "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
- Byron. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage; Lermontov. "Mtsyri". These are lyrical travels, in which the cult of the exotic, and "spiritual wanderings" romantic hero are shown as "escape" from captivity.
- Lermontov. "Hero of our time"; Ch.Aitmatov. "Scum". The journey embodies the idea of ​​spiritual search, the motive of the journey becomes one of the ways to reveal the character of the hero.

3. Literary travel as an object of parody. Almost every literary journey is parodied sooner or later.

- Cervantes. Don Quixote is a parody of a knight's journey.
- V. Erofeev in the poem "Moscow-Petushki" parodies Radishchev.

IV. Variety of genre forms.

1. The journey itself (travel diary).
- Homer. "Odyssey". "The Legend of Gilgamesh" (Sumerian-Akkadian epic).
2. A kind of poem, the plot and compositional basis of which is the journey.
- Virgil. "Aeneid"; Dante. "The Divine Comedy"; Nekrasov. "Who lives well in Russia."
3. Novel.
- M. Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
4. The main part of the work.
- "Onegin's Journey" in Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin".
5. Essay.
- Pushkin. "Journey to Arzrum".
6. Free storytelling.
It can include a letter and a diary, a story and an autobiography, a novel and a confession, the author's thoughts and the stream of consciousness of the hero.
The freedom of the genre practically knows no boundaries, which is why it is so attractive for authors and readers.

V. Basic elements of travel.

What is a necessary, obligatory attribute of movement in space and time?

- Route, vehicles, roads;
- landscape, architecture and sights of cities and villages, house interiors;
- people: ethnographic observations, dialogues, faces, stories, confessions;
- scenes;
- taste sensations.
How do you organize these elements?
- As the author's intention in the work requires.
What is the general law of using them?
- External impressions - a feeling, an assessment of what he saw - a universal (publicistic) conclusion.

Consequently, the literary journey belongs to the artistic and journalistic genres.

Vi. Reading excerpts from Pushkin's essay "Journey to Arzrum", analyzing it in order to identify the elements of travel.

From the 1st chapter: from the words “I went from Moscow ...” to “... because it’s unnatural”.
Route - a trip to Ermilov - the general's appearance as perceived by the author: from “To Yelets the roads are terrible” to “... the top of the Caucasian chain”
Road condition - landscape - ethnographic sketch of Kalmyk life - landscape.
From chapter 2: from "My man ..." to "... leaving no trace ..."

Landscape - meeting with those accompanying the body of the murdered Griboyedov - an assessment of this event.

Generalizing conversation.

What is Pushkin's goal in this essay?

- Perhaps more accurately describe what he saw.
Does the essay have a journalistic orientation and what is it?
- Yes, it has. The author, when describing any moment, be it Ermolov's appearance, Caucasian nature, Kalmyk tea with lamb fat or the murdered Griboyedov, necessarily expresses his attitude towards him, his immediate impression.

Vii. Short review books by Vl.Soloukhin "Vladimirskie pereseloki".

1. The writer made a trip to the Vladimir region in 1956.
2. Day eleven. Yuryev-Polsky district and the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
Landscape - reproduction of the chronicler's record - notes about St. George's Cathedral - a historical excursion about the village of Sima - an appeal to Kalachev's book about the village of Veska - a story about the Lipetsk battle.
3. Commentary on the review: the writer selects the most striking elements from his journey, those that are important to him and that are likely to interest the reader. At the same time, a wandering in his movement forward in space turns onto a historical path, into the past, or even stops altogether to admire something and reflect. It is these moments that become the most publicistic.

VIII. Generalization of the lesson.

How can one explain such a frequent appeal of various authors to the genre of literary travel?

- The versatility of this genre, the rich possibilities of the form;
- the ability to directly express their thoughts and feelings.

Homework. Write an essay about your journey.

Related Literature

1) Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1987.
2) encyclopedic Dictionary young literary critic. M., 1997.
3) Develop the gift of speech. An optional course in the theory and practice of writing in various genres. A student manual. M., 1977.

Speech development lesson
in the 9th grade

Theme. Analysis of the theme of an essay based on the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Collecting material for the composition.
Target. Make an attempt at practical application of knowledge about travel as a literary genre.

PLAN

I. Repetition.

1) What group of genres does the travel genre belong to?
- To a variety of artistic and journalistic genres.
2) Name the elements of the journey. Is it obligatory in fiction to use all these elements?
3) Why does the artist of the word resort to this genre?
- For different reasons. Most likely, to express your position in a brighter and more attractive form for the reader.

II. Discussion of the topic "Travel around Griboyedov Moscow".

A. Determination of the volume and content of the topic in accordance with the theses.

First thesis
A journey across Griboyedov Moscow is a journey into its history.
1) Moscow toponymy and routes of movement of heroes.

Kuznetsky Most, Pokrovka, English Club, the house of the Moscow rich man Pozdnyakov with a serf theater, Famusov's house.
Kuznetsky Most - a street in the center of Moscow, the place from where the greatest influence of the foreign on the Moscow noble youth came; from Pokrovka Khlestova an hour trudged to the house of Famusov in the center of the city; The English Club is a favorite meeting place for influential nobles; Pozdnyakov's serf theater had a glorious and unfortunate history.

2) Pictures of everyday life and customs.

Outfits, fashions, hairstyles, vehicles, balls, club meetings, entertainment, customs, career problems, heroes' habits, and so on.

3) Clues to prototypes.

Moscow aces, Skalozub's nephew, Chatsky, influential ladies, influential public opinion and its distributors.

Second thesis

Traveling around Moscow is possible thanks to the vivid pictures of the life of Moscow in Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", which became our guide.

1) Conditions of matchmaking in Griboyedov Moscow. Requirements for the groom on the part of the bride, parents, the practical purpose of courtship. Features of the love triangle, the perception of the husband as a page, the decisive power of female power.

2) "All Moscow" faces at balls and entertainment. Famusovs guests, their clothes, conversations.

Zagoretsky and his praises to the talents of the English club visitors, the interests of guests and hosts.

3) Gossip as a mirror of the Moscow bar's convictions.

Famusov's orders to Petrushka about entries in the calendar, the reasons for gossip, their dissemination, the behavior and speech of gossipers, the result of gossip.

Third thesis

Traveling around Griboyedov's Moscow is an opportunity to understand the author's intention in the comedy Woe From Wit.

1) Moscow sights through the eyes of Chatsky and the people of the Famus circle. The difference in this perception, different assessments of the influences of the Kuznetsky Most by Famusov and Chatsky, different attitudes towards the English Club by Chatsky and Zagoretsky.

2) "Visiting cards" of Moscow celebrities, compiled by Chatsky, Sofya Famusova, and other heroes.
Kuzma Petrovich, Nestor, ballet lover, guests of the Famusovs, ladies of the Moscow world.

3) Sketches of life and customs of Moscow.
The history of Chatsky's matchmaking and his evaluation as a groom.

B. Definition of introductory and concluding parts.

Conclusions.

To the first thesis:
The great cognitive value of traveling around Moscow with the "guide" Griboyedov.

To the second thesis:
Unforgettable impressions from Griboyedov Moscow.

To the third thesis:
The inevitability of Chatsky's loneliness in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.

Introductions

To the first thesis:
A kind of guide to Moscow in the 10–20s of the XIX century.

To the second thesis:
The scene in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".

To the third thesis:
The idea of ​​Griboyedov in the comedy "Woe from Wit".

III. Making plans for essays.

First option

1. A kind of guide to Moscow in the 10–20s of the XIX century.

2. Traveling around Griboyedov Moscow is a fascinating journey into its history:

- Moscow toponymy and excursion routes;
- vivid pictures of the life and customs of lordly Moscow;
- intriguing riddles of prototypes.

3. Great cognitive value of traveling around Moscow with a guide Griboyedov.

Second option

1. The place of action in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".

2. Traveling around Moscow is possible thanks to the vivid pictures of the life of Moscow in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", a kind of guide to the capital:

- conditions of matchmaking in lordly Moscow;
- Moscow faces at balls and entertainment;
- gossip as a mirror of the customs of Moscow bars.

3. Unforgettable impressions of Moscow Griboyedov.

The third option

1. The idea of ​​Griboyedov in the comedy "Woe from Wit".

2. Traveling around Griboyedov's Moscow is an opportunity to understand the intention of the author of the comedy "Woe from Wit":

- Moscow sights through the eyes of Chatsky and the people of the Famus circle;
– “Business Cards”Moscow celebrities;
- sketches of life and customs of the city of Moscow.

3. The inevitability of Chatsky's loneliness in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.

IV. Dictionary work.

Selection of vocabulary, speech patterns, mandatory for essays of this type. Thinking about the transitions from part to part.

Homework ... Write an essay on any plan option.

Literature

1. V. Orlov. Griboyedov. L., 1967.
2. A. Lebedev. Where does the free mind take you. M., 1982.

Notes (edit)

In the lesson of thinking and analyzing the topic “Traveling around Griboyedov's Moscow”, due to lack of time, one should limit ourselves to working out one version of the thesis chosen by the students. The teacher can inform the class about others, can read out his suggestions for working them out.

Vocabulary work requires special attention before writing about a journey. These are words, names, phrases associated with the designation of travel items, travelers' actions. It is advisable to try to find as many synonyms as possible.

Speech development lesson in 10th grade

Theme. Development of the theme of the essay “Traveling in Russia with P.I. Chichikov ". Selection of material.
Target. Consolidate knowledge of travel as a literary genre and develop the ability to write this type of essay.

PLAN

I. Repetition.

1. What types of travel can you name?

- Real, in which a person really moves in space;
- book, literary, in which the reader travels with the author and his hero.

2. Name the elements of the trip and explain how the author selects them when describing the trip.

3. What type of literary genre is travel classified as and why?

- Artistic and journalistic: describing the journey, the author more freely and openly expresses his position than in ordinary works of art.

II. Thinking over the topic “Traveling in Russia with P.I. Chichikov ".

A. Determining the scope of the topic.
The topic should be disclosed on a large volume of material from almost the entire poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" - everything that is connected with the description of Chichikov's trips, his travel experiences and observations. This, of course, is Chichikov's arrival in the provincial town of NN, his walk around the city, reading a newspaper, perception of a hotel room, dinner at a tavern, his conversations and inquiries about the demographic characteristics of the region. The material for the essay will be the story of Chichikov's trips to the landowners and the adventures that happened to him: road transport, adventurous, comic, sentimental, culinary and so on.
All of these will become components of his journey.
It will not include, for example, "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin", a story about the biography of Chichikov, about the triumph of a Kherson landowner, author's digressions, that is, those parts of the text that do not tell about the hero's movements across the Russian expanses.

B. Determining the content of the topic.

Why N.V. Gogol used Chichikov's journey across Russia as the basis of the poem "Dead Souls"?
- It was the hero's journey that helped the writer to make the poem "Dead Souls" a poem - a survey of life Russia XIX century and broadly depict the life of all social strata in accordance with its plan.

Thesis

Travel with P.I. Chichikov in Russia is an excellent way of knowing (studying) the life of Russia in the 19th century (Nikolayev's Russia).

Arguments.

1. Road and transport adventures with Chichikov on Russian roads.
2. Rare, unique sights of the city NN.
3. Various interiors of living rooms.
4. Objects of observation of the hero from the window of his carriage.
5. “Speaking” menus are at the disposal of the guest of the province.
6. Worthy business partners of a clever purchaser.

Conclusion. Travel with Chichikov is of great educational value.

B. Introduction.

a) The idea of ​​N.V. Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls".
b) The peculiarity of Gogol's poem.

D. Drawing up and writing down an essay plan.

1. Genre feature poems by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls".
2. Travel with P.I. Chichikov in Russia is a wonderful way of knowing the life of Nikolaev Russia:

a) Chichikov's road and transport adventures in the Russian open spaces;
b) rare sights of the city of NN;
c) a variety of living room interiors;
d) objects of observation of the hero from his carriage;
e) “talking” menus at the disposal of the guest of the province;
f) worthy business partners of a clever purchaser.

3. Great cognitive value of traveling with Chichikov.

III. Collecting material for the composition.

Selection of quotes. The nature of the comments. Transitions between parts of the text. Oral version of a passage of text for any of the arguments.

Homework ... Write an essay.

Speech development lesson in 10th grade

Theme. Discussion of the topic “In search of the happy. Traveling in Russia with Nekrasov's Truth Seekers ".
Target. To generalize the knowledge of students about the literary journey as a genre, to control their ability to analyze such topics and write essays on them.

PLAN

I. Repetition.

1. What does travel mean as a literary genre?

- The literary journey belongs to the artistic and journalistic genres and has rich opportunities for a deep, vivid and accurate expression of the author's intention, for a greater artistic, reader's appeal of the work.

2. Are the multiple travel elements required for the author?

II. Questions for conversation.

1) Reread the wording of the topic and explain what it requires of you.

- “In search of the happy. Traveling in Russia with Nekrasov's Truth Seekers ".

The theme requires:

a) show search;
b) how this search went;
c) where and among whom they were looking for the happy one;
d) how the “happiness” of the applicants was assessed;
e) how they (the applicants) themselves understood happiness.

- The theme names the genre of the composition - this is a journey, which means that you will need to select its most striking elements from Nekrasov's poem.
- The theme reminds us that it was the men who were truth-seekers who walked around and were looking for the happy from their positions, therefore, all the material of the poem will have to be examined through their eyes.
- The topic indicates that both the search and the movement of men were organized by the author - Nekrasov, which means that his position should be identified.

2) What conclusion is needed from the analysis of the wording of the topic?

- There is not a single superfluous word in the wording of the topic. Each of them means a capacious concept that must be interpreted and taken into account in accordance with other concepts.

3) Does the wording contain a ready-made thesis for the essay? And how do we proceed further?

- Not. This means that it is necessary to carry out logical operations to identify it: to pose a question, answer it, formulate a thesis from the answer.

4) What questions do you think are contained in the wording?

- Why is Nekrasov “organizing” the search for the happy by the men who seek the truth?
- How do readers feel about such a search-walking?
- Did the peasants find Nekrasov happy?

5) Which of these questions can give us the most interesting thesis, which means the most successful turn in the disclosure of the topic, a full-fledged essay?

- For example, the second.

6) Let's try to answer it.

- Readers are interested in reading about this search-walking;
- we like...;
- the description of this walking produces a strong ( bright, unforgettable, unusual, strange) impression, because the author managed to sort of to lead us across Russia.

7) We will try to formulate the thesis from the answers, using the most suitable formulations, and harmonize them with the rest of the words of the topic.

This option is possible first thesis :

- vivid impressions of readers from walking together with Nekrasov truth seekers in search of a happy one in Russia in the sixties of the XIX century.

8) How would you answer the first question?

- It is more convenient for Nekrasov, it is easier to show broadly the life of Russia after the reform.
- A poet can effortlessly and without straining “organize” a meeting of pedestrians with people of all social strata of Russia and get acquainted with the widespread opinion about happiness.

9) So, for a poet, travel is a convenient form, a great opportunity for something?

- Yes, to express his own thoughts, personal opinions, intentions.

10) Let us formulate from the answers to the first question second thesis .

- The walking of peasants-truth-seekers in Russia in search of the happy is an opportunity to show broadly the life of Russia after the reforms and to solve the problem of happiness.

11) So, two theses, it means, two different compositions, since, using the same material, we will consider it from different positions.
In relation to the first thesis, we take the following position: our task is to show vivid impressions of ...
To the second: our task is to show the author's embodiment of his ideas.

12) Will there be common points in these different compositions? Which?

- Yes, they will; these are the elements of the journey: the road, the geography of walks, sights, people, meetings with the “happy ones” and so on.

13) Let's select the arguments for the first thesis.

1. Figurative exact toponymy of "happy towns" in Russia.
2. Natural and weather calendar of walking.
3. Picturesque sights of Russian villages.
4. Unforgettable meetings with the "happy":

a) general people's “happiness” at the “fair”;
b) confession of a happy “governor”;
c) the landowner's complaints about the loss of happiness.

14) Can we use these arguments to prove the second thesis?

- Of course. Only, probably, the wording should be corrected.

1. Reflection of the life of the people in the geographical names of the "happy towns" of Russia.
2. Observation of natural and weather conditions through the eyes of peasant travelers.
3. The depiction of the living conditions of the people through the outline of the sights of the villages.
4. Organization of meetings of travelers with a very wide circle of residents of Russia:

a) scenes of general people's “happiness” at the “fair”;
b) acquaintance with the happy “governor” and her confession;
c) listening to the landowner's complaints about the loss of happiness and folk legends;
d) observation of the village of Wahlaki.

5. The negative result of the walking of men (possibly in the conclusion).

Conclusion. Therefore, you get two different texts.

15) Think over the most logically accurate concluding and introductory parts.

Conclusions.

To the first thesis:
Nekrasov's artistic talent.

To the second thesis:
Nekrasov's opinion on the state of Russia after the reforms and on human happiness.

Introductions

To the first thesis:
Nekrasov's close attention to the form of his poem.

III. Materials for the composition.

Attempts to compose oral versions of texts on one of the arguments - similar - two different theses.

IV. Generalization.

Homework. Write an essay.

Literary genre Journey It comes in two varieties.

1. These are various descriptions by an eyewitness-traveler of the geographical, ethnographic and social appearance of the countries and peoples he saw, that is, documentary travels. They have, as a rule, cognitive and aesthetic value, especially those written in an era when prose had not yet been divided into artistic and scientific, for example, "Walking the Three Seas" by A. Nikitin, created in the Middle Ages.

2. Travel is also a genre of works, the plot and composition of which are presented and constructed as documentary travels.

Art genre Journey It was formed under the influence of travel stories and records of the travelers themselves. Significant role in its development, the legends that arose on the basis of these stories and records played.

In world and Russian literature, the methods of describing documentary travel in the form of a travel diary and an essay are widely used. The motive of wandering has always been widespread in many genres of fiction and prose.

Fascinating travel descriptions from the era of the Great Ones geographical discoveries XV-XVI centuries, expeditions of the XVII-XVIII centuries made travel the most popular in fiction. At this time, pirate and socio-utopian novels were created in the form of travel diaries, notes or memories of wonderful countries. A genre of educational travel novel has developed. This made it possible to widely introduce into the image modern society his contradictions ("" by N. A. Radishchev).

genre Journey Attracted many literary directions... Sentimentalists mainly used the form of a diary, which most fully conveys the mood and feelings of a "sentimental" traveler, for example, "Letters of a Russian Traveler" by NM Karamzin.

Romantic writers often turned to the topic of travel. They developed a genre of lyric travel sketch, in which the romantic, disappointed in his contemporary society, goes to distant countries.

The journey reflects the various aspects of the material and spiritual life of people, lyrical reflections the author about the history, culture of the country, sketches of manners and customs, typical everyday scenes.

All this also attracts realist writers, in whose work all varieties of this genre are used. In the 19th century, numerous adventure travel novels were written. They also include scientific information. In the XX century, it is firmly included in the content of the works, new variants of the travel essay genre appear: a travel report, a guidebook, social themes are intensified.

Examples of the travel genre in Russian literature are "Journey to Arzrum" by A. Pushkin, "Frigate" Pallada "by I. A. Goncharov," From the voyage around the world "by K. M. Stanyukovich, foreign essays by F. M. Dostoevsky," Island Sakhalin ”by A. Chekhov,“ In the Land of Unafraid Birds ”,“ Behind the Magic Kolobok ”by M. M. Prishvin,“ My Discovery of America ”by V. Mayakovsky,“ Lessons from Armenia ”by A. Bitov,“ The Sakura Branch ”by V. Ovchinnikov , "Dersu Uzala" V. Arsenyev and others.

Among the documentary scientific and geographical travels of the 19th century, the travels of N. Przhevalsky and N. Miklukho-Maclay deserve special attention.

A school essay can be written in the genres of a travel sketch or travel notes... can be journalistic or related to literary local history.

Sample memo for essay writer in the genre Journey:

The theme of the essay is formulated;

The goal is determined (to give the reader information, to evoke certain feelings in him: joy, pride in the homeland; to form high moral qualities, the desire to overcome negative phenomena, etc.);

What he saw is described, facts and events are presented;

They express their attitude to the stated, you can present other points of view;

The style of presentation is chosen (journalistic, artistic or their combination, depending on the content).

The travel genre - along with the chronicle - was one of the forms of presentation scientific literature(mainly until the middle of the 19th century), a form of presentation of geographical and ethnographic information.

In this understanding, travel goes beyond study. fiction and is involved in historical and literary analysis. Thus, travels of ancient writers or "pilgrimages" are subject to study. early middle ages... However, the travel genre as a form of presentation has at all times exerted a tremendous influence on the development of fiction, serving as one of the most common ways of composition in narrative and descriptive genres.

Already in antique literature two typical forms of artistic travel are attested. Travel as the main plot core of an adventurous epic ("Odyssey") and a novel, both adventurous and moral, satirical ("Satyricon" Petronius), which seeks to create a fiction of the reality of the depicted. Along with this, the parodic journey (Lucian) is built precisely on convincing the reader of the unreality of the message.

As a pivot, the journey takes place in all kinds of adventurous epics and novels - from the pilgrim sagas of the Middle Ages (Brandan's journey) through the courtly romance (the search for the Holy Grail) and the gallant-knightly novel (the journey of Amadis and other itinerant knights, parodically - the journey of Don Quixote) ... Also through a roguish novel (the "wanderings" of Lazarillo, Gilles-Blaz, etc.) and Robinsonade (the journey of Robinson Crusoe). Through the novel of everyday morality (travel as the main plot core of the novels of Fielding, Smollet, Dickens, Thackeray, Gogol) and adventure (travel in the novels of Marriet, parodically - travels of Munchausen) up to the popular science novel (travel in the novels of Jules Verne) and exotic ( travel in the novels of Stevenson, J. London, Conrad and others).

Of course, along with the changes creative method, genre and style change and all the moments of the travel picture. The motivation for travel is changing - such forms as pilgrimage, trade trip, hike appear. Travels are complemented by motives: research, educational, in search of work. The route of travel changes with the specification of geographical information - extraordinary adventures are transferred from the "Sticky Sea" and "Swirling Islands" of the Middle Ages to the "blank spots" of the maps of America, Africa, Asia. The nature of the image changes - in the center of interest is the unusual, exotic adventure (for example, travel in an adventurous, adventure, exotic novel), or, on the contrary, ordinary, typical (for example, travel in a moral-descriptive and satirical novel). In the latter case, the travel motive takes on a purely external factor because it gives the author the ability to transfer action from one environment to another.

V XVIII-XX centuries the transfer of attention from the external environment to the experiences of the hero creates types of literary journey that are not characteristic of early eras: for example, a sentimental journey (the travels of Stern, Karamzin), growing into a publicistic form ("A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by Radishchev), or a lyrical journey (the journey of Childe-Harold Byron).

Travel as a form of "educational novel" ("Wilhelm Meister" by Goethe, "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" by Novalis) is closely related to these genres. In all these types of novels, the travel impressions interest the author not in themselves, but only in those experiences that they awaken "in the hero's soul."

Another line of literary use of travel - "fictional travel" (voyage imaginaire) - creates one of the widespread forms of the utopian and satirical novel, from Cyrano de Bergerac and Voltaire to H. Wells. And here the only common thing is external circuit travel, its concrete content is endlessly changing.

As well as narrative genres travel is widely used in descriptive genres - from the favorite "walks" of pseudo-classical and sentimental poetry (Broques, Delisle, cemetery poetry).

Thus, we see that literary travel emerges as a genre in the 18th century on the basis of the evolution of "visits" to travel notes; the further development of the genre is influenced by European models of literary travel. Subsequently, in the 19th century, the genre continues to develop in the form of diary epistolary and memoir travel notes of an artistic or artistic-journalistic nature (depending on the functional significance of the text and on the characteristics of the subject of presentation).

Travel descriptions have been known since time immemorial. These were stories about unknown lands and peoples, about the adventures and dangers that befell the traveler. So, for example, the son of the Venetian merchant Marco Polo in his "Book" (1298) told the Europeans about his travels to the East, about his life in China, and the Russian merchant from Tver Afanasy Nikitin in his "Voyage across the Three Seas" - about the outlandish India of the 15th century ... Today, T. Heyerdahl's “Journey to Kon-Tiki” has opened up to modern mankind ancient culture Easter Island, and "The Road to Space" by Yu. A. Gagarin made it possible to see Earth from the orbit of a spaceship.

The roots of many literary travels are to be found in mythology and folklore, where the hero's journey becomes the most important test for him.

The literary journey is multifaceted. It acts both as a special genre (for example, Homer's "Odyssey", Old Russian "walks"), and as a kind of poem, essay, novel ("Who Lives Well in Russia" by N. A. Nekrasov, "Journey to Arzrum" by A. S . Pushkin, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" M. Twain), and how component works ("Onegin's Travel" in Pushkin's novel). More often than not, travel becomes a compositional basis. literary work since it gives the author complete freedom to deploy and link events.

One of the oldest mythological and folklore stories is a trip to kingdom of the dead: Orpheus is looking for the deceased Eurydice there, Ivan Tsarevich - the kidnapped Vasilisa the Wise, in the Babylonian epic Gilgamesh goes to underworld in search of human immortality, the hero of "Kalevala" Väinämäinen kidnaps the mill of happiness and abundance Sampo in another world. In antique and medieval literature such a journey becomes the plot and compositional basis of great works - Virgil's Aeneid (1st century BC) and Divine Comedy"Dante (1307-1321). The folklore tradition of a merry carnival journey through the underworld, which is given in the fourth book of the famous French novel of the Renaissance "Gargantua and Pantagruel" by F. Rabelais, also proved fruitful for literature.

An important role in the history of literary travel was played by the transfer of the reader's attention from the external to the internal - to the feelings and experiences of the traveling hero. A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy is at the origin of this turn. English writer XVIII century L. Stern, who gave rise to a whole literature of sentimental travel, for which the route of travel was no longer significant: it was possible to wander without leaving your room, by the will of the imagination and with the help of geographic map... Sentimental travel at the end of the XVIII - early XIX v. become the object of parody, which testifies to the flourishing and popularity of the genre: for example, the unnamed Journey of My Cousin Into Pockets (1803) describes the contents of the pockets. One witty person counted 506 reasons for wandering at this time.

In Russian literature late XVIII v. the experience of a sentimental journey entered in a transformed form in the "Letters of a Russian Traveler" NM Karamzin with their deep reflections on the place of Russia in European history and culture. It was reflected in outstanding monument Russian artistic journalism - "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by the revolutionary writer A.N. Radishchev, who painted scary pictures Russian reality and openly opposed autocracy and serfdom.

Romantic writers of the 19th century cultivate a form of lyrical travel, the theme of "spiritual wanderings" of a romantic hero (a typical example is "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" by J. Byron). Travel for romantics with their cult of freedom is a manifestation of the simplest of human rights - the right to travel as opposed to confinement. It is no coincidence that a favorite motive romantic poem there is an escape from captivity ("Brothers robbers" by A. Pushkin, "Mtsyri" by M. Yu. Lermontov).

It is difficult to overestimate the place of travel in the history of the formation and development of the novel genre. The motive of the wandering becomes the organizing idea of ​​the novel, one of the leading methods of testing and revealing the character of the hero (from Apuleius' Golden Donkey to Plakhi by Ch. Aitmatov).

V psychological romance the journey embodies the idea of ​​spiritual search, which is especially important for the so-called novel of education ("The Wanderings of Wilhelm Meister" by JV Goethe). The hero's journey in the novel has another metaphorical meaning - it acts as a school of life. The wanderings and trials of the novel hero usually embody the essence of his life path, his fate ("The Story of Tom Jones, Foundling" by G. Fielding, the movement of the hero from the province to the capital in the novels of Stendhal and O. de Balzac). It is also possible to replace travel in space with travel in time. This type of literary travel is most actively developed by science fiction writers ("The Time Machine" by H. J. Wells, "And Thunder Came" by R. Bradbury, etc.).

The journey is always alive, never freezing literary phenomenon... Almost every famous literary journey sooner or later becomes the object of a parody. Rabelais parodies Dante, Cervantes - the journey of chivalry, Stern - the travels of the writers-educators, and AF Veltman's The Wanderer - sentimental travel. The literary traveler is free to choose any mode of travel - from an old raft (Huck Finn) to a cannonball (Baron Munchausen).

A characteristic metaphor has developed: reading is a journey. The reader, as it were, wanders along with the hero, goes through the school of life with him.

Travel is a genre that allows you to include in the narrative a letter and a diary, a sentimental story and an autobiography, a love story and a moralizing sermon, freely alternating between them, as if imitating the natural, disorganized course of life itself. In this freedom of the genre, which practically does not know boundaries, lies its appeal for ancient and modern literature.

In two epic poems written in the 4060s. XIX century, " Dead Souls"N.V. Gogol and" Who Lives Well in Russia? "By N.A.Nekrasov, the theme of travel plays an important role. real life Russia in all its diversity. "What a huge, original plot! .. All Russia will appear in it", - wrote Gogol at the beginning of work on " Dead souls". The subject of the image of Nekrasov's work is characterized by the statement of the critic NK Mikhailovsky:" Russia knows itself. "

The authors portray the plot of the journey in different ways in their poems. For the heroes of Nekrasov - seven temporarily liable men - the goal of the journey is disinterested. They are called on their way by the desire to get to know the country in which they live, and to find out "who lives happily, at ease in Russia." They even sacrifice themselves in order to resolve their dispute, condemning themselves to separation from their wives and children and all the troubles associated with the trip. This ability of the peasants to "get off" from their place, to leave their families and households is very indicative. Its appearance is associated with the liberation of the peasants from the oppression of the landowners as a result of the reform in 1861. Nekrasov's travelers saw the "yarmonka" with all its variegation and polyphony, and haymaking, and a feast "for the whole world", visited other villages, in one of which the peasants, for example, almost voluntarily submit to the whims of the landowner who has survived from the mind, in the other, lost in the woods, on the contrary, refuse to serve the master.

Compositional integrity of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia?" is achieved by the development of the plot of the journey. It makes it possible to meet a large number of people: landowners and loyal servants, traitorous peasants (such as the elder Gleb), honest working people (Yermila Girin and Vlas), people's defenders (Grisha Dobrosklonov) and rebels (Savely). But not all of them are met personally by travelers. So, for example, peasants learn about Savely, the governor's wife, Demushka from the story of Matryona Timofeevna, about Yermil Girin and Grigory Dobrosklonov from other storytellers they encounter on their way.

If we turn to the work of Gogol, then in his poem the hero Chichikov is not looking for either the happy or the truth. The goal that makes him travel around the outskirts of the city of NN is petty and cynical, but he turns a gigantic scam to get rich: he buys up the souls of dead peasants that have not yet been taken into account in the "revision tales". To do this, he travels from landlord to landowner in his chaise. The road chosen by Chichikov is winding and dark, just like his goal. This talented person in his own way wastes his strength and abilities in vain, he is driven by greed and the desire to get rich. Perhaps that is why the chaise often delivers it to the wrong address. The situation is symbolic when he gets to Korobochka because of the bad weather and the frivolity of his coachman Selifan. Likewise, the life of the hero of the poem resembles the path of a lost traveler. At the same time, one should not forget that in subsequent volumes Gogol wanted to show the moral and spiritual correction of his hero.

Just like Gogol's poem, in Nekrasov's poem the image of the road plays the role of a symbol of the path of life, when the author talks about the people's patron Grisha Dobrosklonov. Grisha is faced with the question of choosing a further path. "One is a spacious, torny road, the passions of a slave; along it a huge, greedy crowd goes to temptations", "the other is a narrow one - an honest road, only strong, loving souls go along it, to battle, to work." Further, Nekrasov writes that "a narrow, winding path lured Grisha." He chose the path on which "fate prophesied a glorious path for him, a loud name people's defender, consumption and Siberia ".

The song about two roads echoes in its theme with a lyrical digression from the poem "Dead Souls" about the choice of the path by the writer. Gogol, like Nekrasov, admires people who have chosen the second, more difficult path. There is one more thing connected with the plot of the trip. lyrical digression in the poem "Dead Souls", when the author himself appears as a traveler and reflects on the transience of life, on the change of ideals: "Before, long ago, in the years of my youth ... it was fun for me to drive up for the first time to an unfamiliar place ... Now I indifferently drive up to any unfamiliar village and I look indifferently at its vulgar appearance; it is unpleasant to my chilled gaze, it is not funny to me ... and my motionless lips keep indifferent silence. Oh my youth! Oh my freshness! " As for the philosophical plot in the work of Nekrasov, it is formed by the image by the author ordinary people prone to staging philosophical question, the search for an answer to which is the reason for their journey. The more answers travelers receive, the deeper the essence and content of these answers becomes. Thus, a complicated idea of ​​happiness arises, which also determines the philosophical plot.

In the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia?" there are also elements of folklore, which both blesses her heroes on a journey. A talking warbler acts as a "magic donor", and a self-assembled tablecloth presented to the men by these fairytale character... The self-assembled tablecloth feeds and drinks travelers throughout their journey.

The poems "Dead Souls" and "Who Lives Well in Russia?" remained unfinished, so in both works the development of the travel plot did not find its logical conclusion. But, despite this, the authors still managed to show many aspects of life in Russia, although main question remained unanswered: "Russia, where are you rushing? Give the answer: does not give an answer."