Internal and external factors influencing the evolution of the language. Language as a developing phenomenon. external and internal factors of language development

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29. Internal factors of language development.

It should be noted that the human body is by no means indifferent to how the linguistic mechanism works. He tries to react in a certain way to all those phenomena that arise in the linguistic mechanism that do not sufficiently correspond to certain physiological characteristics of the organism. Thus, a constantly acting tendency of the adaptation of the linguistic mechanism to the characteristics of the human body arises, which is practically expressed in tendencies of a more particular nature. Here are examples of intralingual changes:
1) In phonetics: the emergence of new sounds (for example, in the early Proto-Slavic language there were no sibilants: [f], [h], [w] - rather late sounds in all Slavic languages, resulting from the softening of sounds, respectively [g], [ k], [x |); loss of some sounds (for example, two previously different sounds cease to be distinguished: for example, the Old Russian sound, denoted by the old letter%, in Russian and Belarusian languages ​​coincided with the sound [e], and in Ukrainian - with the sound [I], compare others .-rus. a & r, rus, Belarusian, snow, ukr. sShg).
2) In grammar: the loss of some grammatical meanings and forms (for example, in the Proto-Slavic language, all names, pronouns and verbs, in addition to the singular and plural forms, also had dual forms, which were used when it was a question of two objects; later the category of dual numbers have been lost in all Slavic languages, except Slovenian); examples of the opposite process: the formation (already in the written history of the Slavic languages) of a special verb form - the gerunds; the division of the formerly single name into two parts of speech - nouns and adjectives; the formation of a relatively new part of speech in the Slavic languages ​​- the numeral. Sometimes the grammatical form changes without changing the meaning: before they spoke cities, snows, and now cities, snows.
3) In vocabulary: numerous and extremely varied changes in vocabulary, phraseology and lexical semantics. Suffice it to say that in the publication "New words and meanings: Dictionary-reference book on the materials of the press and literature of the 70s / Ed. By N. 3. Kotelova" SM., 1984. - VOB c), which included only the most noticeable innovations of ten years, about 5500 entries.

I. A tendency towards easier pronunciation.

The presence in languages ​​of a known tendency to facilitate pronunciation has been repeatedly noted by researchers. At the same time, there were skeptics who were inclined not to attach much importance to it. They motivated their skepticism by the fact that the very criteria of ease or difficulty of pronunciation are too subjective, since they are usually viewed through the prism of a particular language. What seems difficult to pronounce due to the action of the systemic "phonological synth" to a speaker of one language may not present any difficulties for a speaker of another language. Observations on the history of the development of the phonetic structure of various languages ​​of the world also testify with sufficient convincingness that in all languages ​​there are sounds and combinations of sounds that are relatively difficult to pronounce, from which each language seeks to free itself as much as possible or turn them into sounds easier to pronounce and combinations of sounds.

II. The tendency to express different meanings in different forms.

The tendency to express different meanings in different forms is sometimes called a rejection of homonymy.

The Arabic language in the more ancient era of its existence had only two verb tenses - perfect, for example, katabtu "I wrote" and imperfect aktubu "I wrote". These times originally had a specific meaning, but not a temporary one. As for their ability to express the attitude of an action to a certain time plan, in this respect, the above times were polysemantic. So, for example, an imperfect could have the meaning of the present, future and past tenses. This communication inconvenience required the creation of additional tools. So, for example, the attachment of the qad particle to the perfect forms contributed to a clearer delimitation of the perfect itself, for example, qad kataba "He (already) wrote". The addition of the sa- prefix to the imperfect forms, for example, sanaktubu "we will write" or "we will write" made it possible to more clearly express the future tense. Finally, the use of perfect forms from the auxiliary verb kāna "to be" in conjunction with the forms of imperfect, for example, kāna jaktubu "he wrote" made it possible to more clearly express the past long.

III. The tendency to express the same or similar values ​​in the same form.

This tendency is manifested in a number of phenomena widespread in various languages ​​of the world, which are usually called the alignment of forms by analogy. Two most typical cases of aligning forms by analogy can be noted: 1) alignment of forms that are absolutely identical in meaning, but different in appearance, and 2) alignment of forms that are different in appearance and exhibit only partial similarity of functions or meanings.

Words like table, horse and son in the Old Russian language had specific endings of the dative instrumental and prepositional plurals.

D. stol konem syn'm

T. tables kony sy'mi

P. stolћkh konikh synkh
In modern Russian, they have one common ending: tables, tables, tables; horses, horses, horses; sons, sons, sons. These common endings arose as a result of the transfer by analogy of the corresponding case endings of nouns representing the old stems in -ā, -jā such as sister, earth, cf. Old Russian sisters, sisters, sisters; lands, lands, lands, etc. For alignment by analogy, the similarity of case functions turned out to be quite sufficient.

IV. The tendency to create clear boundaries between morphemes.

It may happen that the boundary between stem and suffixes becomes not clear enough due to the merging of the final vowel of the stem with the initial vowel of the suffix. So, for example, a characteristic feature of the types of declensions in the Indo-European language-base was the preservation in the paradigm of the declension of the base and its distinctive feature, that is, the final vowel base. As an example for comparison, we can cite the reconstructed declension paradigm of the Russian word wife, compared with the declension paradigm of this word in modern Russian. Only singular forms are given.
I. genā wife
P. genā-s wives
D. genā-i wife
V . genā-m wife
M. genā-i wife
It is easy to see that in the paradigm of conjugation of the word wife, the previous axis of the paradigm - the base on -ā - is no longer maintained due to its modification in indirect cases as a result<244>various phonetic changes, which in some cases led to the merging of the vowel stem a with the vowel of the newly formed case suffix, for example, genāi> gene> wife, genām> geno> wife, etc. In order to restore clear boundaries between the stem of the word and the case suffix in In the minds of the speakers, a re-decomposition of the stems took place, and the sound that used to act as the final vowel stem moved to the suffix.

V. The trend towards savings in language resources.

The tendency to economize on linguistic means is one of the most powerful internal tendencies manifested in various languages ​​of the world. It can be argued a priori that there is not a single language on the globe in which 150 phonemes, 50 verb tenses and 30 different plural endings are distinguished. A language of this kind, burdened with a detailed arsenal of expressive means, would not make it easier, but on the contrary, made it difficult for people to communicate. Therefore, each language has a natural resistance to over-detailing. In the process of using language as a means of communication, often spontaneously and independently of the will of the speakers themselves, the principle of the most rational and economical selection of linguistic means really necessary for communication purposes is implemented.
The results of this trend are manifested in the most diverse areas of the language. So, for example, one form of the instrumental case can contain the most different meanings: the instrumental agent, the instrumental adverbial, the instrumental objective, the instrumental limitations, the instrumental predicative, the instrumental adopted, the instrumental comparisons, etc. : genitive quantitative, genitive predicative, genitive affiliation, genitive weight, genitive object, etc. If each of these values ​​were expressed in a separate form, then this would lead to an incredible cumbersomeness of the case system.
The vocabulary of the language, numbering many tens of thousands of words, opens up ample opportunities for the implementation in the language of a huge number of sounds and their various shades. In reality, each language is content with a relatively small number of phonemes, endowed with a meaningful function. How the selection of these few functions occurs, no one has ever investigated. Modern phonologists are concerned with the study of the function of phonemes, but not the history of their origin. One can only assume a priori that some kind of spontaneous rational selection, subordinate to a certain principle, took place in this area. In each language, there has evidently been a selection of a complex of phonemes associated with a useful opposition, although the appearance of new sounds in the language is not explained only by these reasons. The principle of economy, apparently, is associated with the tendency to designate the same values ​​with the same form.

One of the striking manifestations of the tendency towards economy is the tendency to create a typical uniformity. Each language is constantly striving to create a typical uniformity.

Vi. The tendency to limit the complexity of speech messages.

The latest research indicates that in the process of generating speech, psychological factors act that limit the complexity of speech messages.

The process of generating speech occurs, in all likelihood, by sequential recoding of phonemes into morphemes, morphemes into words and words into sentences. At some of these levels, recoding is carried out not in the long-term, but in the person's operative memory, the volume of which is limited and is equal to 7 ± 2 message characters. Consequently, the maximum ratio of the number of units of the lower level of the language contained in one unit of the higher level, provided that the transition from the lower level to the higher is carried out in the RAM, cannot exceed 9: 1.

The capacity of the RAM imposes restrictions not only on the depth, but also on the length of words. As a result of a number of linguopsychological experiments, it was found that with an increase in the length of words in excess of seven syllables, a deterioration in the perception of the message is observed. For this reason, with an increase in the length of words, the likelihood of their appearance in texts sharply decreases. This limit of perception of word length was found in experiments with isolated words. Context facilitates perception to a certain extent. The upper limit for the perception of words in context is approximately 10 syllables.
If we take into account the favorable role of the context - intra-word and inter-word - in the recognition of words, one should expect that the excess of the critical word length of 9 syllables, determined by the volume of the operative memory, greatly complicates their perception. The data of linguopsychological experiments definitely indicate that the volume of perception of the length and depth of words is equal to the volume of a person's operative memory. And in those styles of natural languages ​​that are focused on the oral form of communication, the maximum length of words cannot exceed 9 syllables, and their maximum depth is 9 morphemes.

Vii. The tendency to change the phonetic appearance of a word when it loses its lexical meaning.

This tendency is most clearly expressed in the process of converting a significant word into a suffix. So, for example, in the Chuvash language there is an instrumental case, characterized by the suffix -pa, -pe, cf. Chuv pencilpa "pencil", văype "force". This ending developed from the postposition palan, shroud "c"

In English colloquial speech, the auxiliary verb have in the forms of perfect, having lost its lexical meaning, actually reduced to the sound "v, and the form had - to the sound" d, for example, I "v written" I wrote ", he" d written "he wrote " etc.

The phonetic appearance of a word changes in frequently used words due to a change in their original meaning. A striking example is the non-phonetic falling away of the final r in the Russian word thank you, which goes back to the phrase God save. The frequent use of this word and the associated change in the meaning God save> thank you - led to the destruction of its original phonetic appearance.

VIII. The tendency to create languages ​​with a simple morphological structure.

In the languages ​​of the world, a certain tendency is found towards the creation of a linguistic type, characterized by the simplest way of combining morphemes. It is curious that in the languages ​​of the world, the absolutely overwhelming majority are languages ​​of the agglutinative type. Languages ​​with internal inflection are relatively rare.

This fact has its own specific reasons. In agglutinating languages, morphemes, as a rule, are indicated, their boundaries in the word are defined. This creates a clear intraword context that allows the identification of morphemes in the longest sequences. This advantage of agglutinative languages ​​was pointed out in his time by I. N. Baudouin de Courtenay, who wrote the following about this: , Finnish-Ugric, etc.) are more sober and require much less mental energy than languages ​​in which morphological exponents are additions at the beginning of a word, and additions at the end of a word, and psychophonetic alternations within a word. "

We have characterized here some of the features of the development of the language, due to its belonging to the class of complex dynamic systems. The description of the properties of language associated with its systemic nature not in diachrony, but in synchrony is the subject of a separate study.

The role of internal and external factors of language development
and the question of their classification

A serious drawback of many works on historical linguistics, writes K. Togebu, was an attempt to explain the evolution of language as a result of the action of any one factor. Other linguists, such as E. Coceriu and M.I. But not all linguists agree with this point of view. If<217>leave aside those scholars who believe that the problem of causality has no right at all to be considered within the framework of our science, or those who believe that "the question of the causes of linguistic changes is not essential for the science of language", it can be noted that the opinions on this issue are represented by three different points of view.

The first of them is that all changes in the language are due to extralinguistic reasons, primarily the conditions of existence of the society in which the language exists. Criticizing the young grammarians for trying to discover the causes of transformations in the individual psychology of the speaker, A. Sommerfelt points out directly that all the various factors of change are ultimately social in nature. Sometimes such a straightforward concept is modified in the sense that its proponents, while recognizing the possibility of identifying a number of internal causes of evolution, believe at the same time that even behind these internal causes there are extra-linguistic factors. Often, a decisive role in the emergence and spread of linguistic transformations is attributed to such a factor as the needs of a communicative nature.

Language is a level system.

Internal factors of language development:

1) the law of differentiation and separation of elements of the linguistic structure. The initially undifferentiated units break down into smaller ones. Inarticulate speech became divided. Then words, sentences and so on appeared.

2) The law of abstraction of elements: from more concrete elements of the language, more abstract ones began to appear.

3) The law of differentiation and abstraction work together. The abstr. Law, in contrast to differentiation, reduces. The law of uneven development of individual structural elements of the language.

2. Private

External factors:

Affect changes: the processes of dismemberment and unification of languages; their evolution; change of socio-economic.

1. The law of differentiation is the process of the formation of new languages ​​as a result of the disintegration of an ethno-linguistic community. Especially often these processes took place in pre-class society.

Engels told that the Iroquois tribe united several tribes. As a result of the law of differentiation, families of languages ​​have arisen.

Question: what happened in the territory occupied by the Eastern Slavs in the 9-10th centuries. Then in the 12th century. Finally, something happened in the 13th century.

Borrowing languages:

1. Learning a foreign language. This type can be achieved as a result of long-term contacts, when, along with the native language, they begin to use another language.

2. Relocation of entire population groups to another territory - emigration. Language acquisition becomes a necessity.

3. Conquest of one people to another. The local population is most often enslaved, and sometimes it is exterminated.

Lecture

Dean 2nd year students

Faculty of World Politics Faculty of World Politics

Academician of the RAS Pankratova Ya. I.

Kokoshin A. A

STATEMENT

Signature (decryption)

Cat -> cat (Russian, Belarusian)

kishka (Ukrainian)

Milk -> Milk

Bilingualism occurs when:

1. Studying in. language

2. Emigration

3. Conquest of one people by another

In the initial stage of bilingualism, there is such a process - interference. It is very often observed in the speech of Belarusians. In closely related languages, interference is more stable than in non-closely related languages. Interference is errors.

Why bilingualism can be replaced by monolingualism.

The question is: why is interference in closely related languages ​​more persistent than in non-closely related languages?

Lecture

The language of the nationality and the language of the nation

In the era of the clan structure, the clan was the main form of the community of people. Further, these clans were united into tribes. In the era of the tribal system, there were languages ​​of tribes and tribal unions.

In a later period in the history of a clan society, classes began to emerge, the first slave-owning states appeared, different tribes and clan communities began to mix. Accordingly, languages ​​began to mix. It became necessary to create a common language understandable to all tribes.

Question: name the first states

1. Based on tribal alliances

2. By subordinating one tribe to others

3. Through the growth of individual tribes

Nationality is a historically developed linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community of people preceding the nation.

Question: what is the difference between a nationality and a nation?

The second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries - there were a number of dialects: Novgorod, Pskov, Rostov-Suzdal, the dialect of the upper and lower Poochye, between the Oka and the Seim. They had lexical differences.

In addition to local dialects, there were international languages ​​that made it possible to communicate outside of a specific territory: Latin, Arabic, Old Slavonic among the southern and eastern Slavs.

Question: What international language did the Western Slavs have? Latin

As a result of the unification of the eastern tribes and Kievan Rus, the ancient Russian nationality was formed: Slovenes, Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners, Vyatichi, White Croats, etc.

The basis for the formation of the folk - spoken language was the Central Russian dialects (Moscow, Vladimir).

In literary, non-written and written - three groups of the language of the nationality.

Literary: languages ​​of large and medium nationalities. These nationalities serve important spheres of the economy and spiritual spheres of life.

Written: Nanai, Poles, Nenets. in these languages ​​- some literature, local newspapers, private correspondence

Non-written: spoken languages ​​of small nations (Aleuts, Selkups).

An important place is given to the linguistic feature. Language is an important ethnic indicator, but there is also ethnic self-determination.

Lecture

National languages

14-16 centuries. - the stage of feudal relations ended. Since that time, the process of struggle for the nationalization of the language and culture begins. In this era, national languages ​​became the main means of communication, both oral and written. The historical trend in the development of a nationality is their transformation into a nation. Not all nationalities become nations.

The question is: what does the transformation of a nationality into a nation depend on?

Nation- a historically formed type of ethnos, which is a socio-economic integrity that arose on the basis of a common economic ties, territory, language, characteristics of culture and life, psychological makeup and self-awareness.

In the period of the formation and consolidation of a nation, the unity of the language of the entire nation is required. This language can only be national, which absorbs all the richness of the language.

Neologisms. The contribution was made by Rabelais.

English is the national language dating back to the 14-15th centuries. The dialects were very energetic. The influence of the Fran language was strong. The middle and small feudal lords and peasants were German-speaking. From the end of the 16th, the New England period associated with Shakespeare began. The influence of the Fran is also noticeable in modern English. Germany took the path of nationalization later.

The Russian national language emerged in the 17th century: the basis is the Moscow dialect, the northern and southern dialects were imposed on it. The commonality of language was and remains the most important feature of all historical communities. Undeniable versatility.

Peculiarities:

1) the language arises and is formed earlier than other signs of the nation

2) it is more durable and less changeable

3) is the main means of communication for this group of people in all spheres

Some scholars say that there are nations that have no common language.

The question is: which nations?

D / z: what do you think, should nationality be indicated in the passport and why?

The question is: does the scope of the spread of this or that language coincide with the territorial boundaries? Not

Lecture

Binding of tongues

Two types of external factors (reinforcing, bringing together) can be divided into two stages:

Reinforcing: the breakdown of a language into multiple languages. Divergence - languages ​​finally disintegrate.

Convergence: the process of convergence of languages ​​as a result of language contacts. Integration is a complete fusion of languages.

Long-term bilingualism can be replaced by monolingualism.

Substrate(lat. sub-strat) - under the layer. These are phonemes, grammatical categories.

Examples: traces of indigenous languages ​​as a result of crossing Latin with them. The substrate is a local phenomenon. Fran. yaz - more than 50 Gaulish roots.

Superstrat- elements of the language of the aliens (the victorious) penetrate the language of the defeated people. Examples: the influence that the Norman language had on the English language. Another example: the Türkic dialect of the Volga-Kama Bulgars.

The ethnonym of the South Slavic people is the Bulgarians of superstrate origin.

The French are also of superstrate origin.

The Franks conquered Galia and formed the Frankish state.

The question is: who are the Normans and when did they conquer England?

Adstratum: phenomena most often occur in border areas. Adstrats can form dialects.

Example: Belarusian-Polish and Belarusian-Lithuanian adstrats.

Finnish-Finnish in northern Russian dialects.

Russian language

Peoples of the world and languages

A people or ethnos is a community that speaks the same language. One language is what the people speak, this is what unites them and distinguishes them from other peoples.

Ethnos is a generic concept in relation to such communities as clan, tribe, people, nation.

Ethnic and linguistic characteristics are opposed to racial ones.

Question: what is the ancient language or race? When approximately did the formation of humanity and language take place (Simultaneously)? and where did the exodus of races begin?

The genealogical grouping of languages ​​is also not associated with division into races, although certain correspondences in some cases take place.

The mother tongue is independent of racial division. A child born to a Chinese family in France can start speaking French. language.

Often one people uses several languages: Switzerland, Mordva (on the territory of the Russian Federation), Canada.

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As shown in the previous paragraph, language develops mainly under the influence of the needs of the linguistic community that speaks it. However, there are also internal reasons for language changes, i.e.

E. such developmental factors that are embedded in the language system itself.

The internal causes of linguistic changes are associated with the presence of contradictions organically inherent in the structure of the language and its functioning, the struggle between which is capable of causing changes in the language. In linguistics, such contradictions are usually called antinomies (from the Greek antinomia ‘contradiction in the law’). The most important of the antinomies that can cause linguistic changes are the antinomy of the speaker and the listener, the antinomy of the system and the norm, the antinomy of the code and text, and the antinomy of regularity and expressiveness.

The antinomy of the speaker and the listener lies in the fact that the interests of the speaker meet the maximum economy of effort in speaking, which is manifested in all kinds of abbreviated and incomplete methods of transmitting information. At the same time, the interests of the listener correspond, on the contrary, to a sufficient completeness of expression, which guarantees that everything he hears will be understood correctly by him.

Changes in language can be either in the interests of the speaker or the interests of the hearer. In the first case, there are simplifications in the pronunciation of words and the construction of sentences, as well as the formation of abbreviated names (such as the words military commander 'war correspondent', the commander-in-chief 'supreme commander', the land department 'land department', characteristic of the Russian language of the first decades of the XX century), during in the second case, on the contrary, the proliferation of full forms of words and sentences, and in particular the formation of descriptive names such as safety engineer, deputy director of human resources or the department for combating organized crime.

The antinomy of a system and a norm is due to the fact that the potentialities of a linguistic system are always richer than the set of linguistic signs and rules for their connection, which is adopted by a given linguistic community. So, the system of the Russian language allows the formation of future participles (such as * writing, * constructing) "or such forms of gerunds as * rub, * mogya, * burning, while such forms are not accepted by the norm of the Russian language.

In some cases, the antinomy of the system and the norm can be resolved in favor of the system, and then the prohibitions on the use of some potentially possible units are lifted in the language. It is precisely this lifting of prohibitions that can explain the increasing prevalence in modern Russian of the nominative plural forms of nouns in a (z): at present, not only the original forms of the words bakers, workshops, locksmiths, sectors, searchlights, but also new ones have become widespread: baker , workshop, locksmith, sector, searchlight. In other cases

1 Asterisk (*), or the so-called asterisk (from the Greek.

Aster ‘star’) ”, which is placed before the beginning of a word or linguistic expression, denotes hypothetical units in linguistics that are not really fixed in speech communication.

In other words, the antinomy in question is resolved in favor of the norm, and then some linguistic units that are allowed by the system, but do not correspond to the norm, go out of use. It was as a result of the resolution of the considered antinomy in favor of the norm in the Russian language of the XX century. declined forms of surnames of Ukrainian origin in -ko, -enko fell out of use. If in the fiction of the XIX century. one could find forms like Shevchenko, Danilenka, Nikitenka, but now the norm has won the system and requires the use of forms by Shevchenko, Danilenko, Nikitenko.

The antinomy of code and text consists in the contradiction between the set of linguistic units and the rules for their connection (code) and the text that is built from these units. The more units in the code, the shorter the text, and vice versa.

In cases where the antinomy is resolved in favor of simplifying the text, the code becomes more complex due to new units, but the text becomes shorter. So, the appearance in the Russian language at the end of the XX century. a number of new borrowings complicate the code and at the same time is a means of shortening the text. For example, the word barter is much shorter than the descriptive term for the same concept - direct exchange of goods or services, the word grant is shorter than the descriptive term, additional research funding provided on a competitive basis, and the word impeachment is shorter than the expression dismissal of senior officials due to their admission gross violations of the law. On the contrary, if the antinomy of code and text is allowed in favor of simplifying the code, the text becomes longer. Precisely because of the simplification of the code, before our very eyes, such terms of kinship as brother-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, daughter-in-law are leaving the Russian language, being replaced by more cumbersome descriptive designations - wife's brother, husband's brother, husband's sister or son's wife.

Finally, the antinomy of regularity and expressiveness is manifested in the contradiction between the informational and emotive functions of language. The information function requires the use of regular, standard language tools that make speech unambiguous and accurate. At the same time, such speech is only minimally capable of conveying emotions. The emotive function of the language, on the contrary, is based on the use of non-standard language means that are unusual for the addressee.

It is the emotive function of the language that is the reason for the enrichment of the language with such figurative expressions as golden autumn, the sound of waves, a hail of bullets, or phraseological units (hold a stone in your bosom, bring it to white heat, throw a fishing rod, etc.).

Introduction to work

The traditional comparative historical paradigm of linguistics, which turned the study of language into an independent science, had the goal of reconstructing the proto-language by methods of internal and external comparison of linguistic data. A logical continuation of these methods is the potential for reconstructing the stages of language evolution and their consideration in a contrastive aspect to identify general patterns of development.

The modern period of development of diachronic research in the field of Germanic languages ​​is marked by the appearance of a number of works in which the historical development of the language is presented in the form of a statement of changes at different levels of its system (Baugh, Cable 2002; Blake 2006; Gelderen 2006; Hogg, Denison 2006; Horobin, Smith 2002 ; Moser 1985; Polenz 2000; Romaine 2007; Singh 2005; Schmidt 2000; Sonderegger 1979; Wolf 1981; Wolman 2008, etc.) These works are adjoined by classical studies carried out by Russian linguists (Admoni 1963; Arakin 1985, 2000; Abramov 2001; Afanasyeva 2000; Berkov 1996, 2006; Blokh 2003; Gurevich 2003; Gukhman 1983; Zinder 1965, 1968; Ilyish 1968; Zhirmunsky 1965; Zelenetsky 2004; Ivanova 2001; Rastorgueva 2003; Steblin-Kamensky 1953, 1955; Filicheva 1959; Zimmerling 1996, 2002; Yartseva 1969.) Meanwhile, the general issues of the evolution of the Germanic languages ​​and the reconstruction of its individual stages remain insufficiently studied.

Research object is the language of the literary monuments of the English and German languages ​​in three diachronic sections (ancient, middle and new) and in two parallels: prose and poetry.

The subject of research is the behavior of the language systems of the two Germanic languages ​​in diachrony in order to clarify the main, typologically significant phenomena and trends.

Research material made up a total of 19 texts in English and German.

The relevance of research due to a new approach to the theoretical rethinking of the problem of general patterns of evolution of language systems, an appeal to the issue of reconstruction of the main stages of language development, clarification of scientific ideas about a single universal path of evolution of language systems in diachrony. The comprehension of the linguistic stratification of the actualized state of linguistic systems and the isomorphism of the diachronic behavior of level elements is proposed.

Hypothesis This work consists in the fact that a comparative analysis of the behavior of the language system of the English and German languages ​​reveals the general patterns of language development, and creates the basis for identifying the stages of language evolution. The direction of evolution for these languages ​​is the same, but the rate of linguistic changes is not the same, due to the influence of internal and external factors.

Purpose of the study is to identify the influence of external and internal factors on the formation of typologically significant stages in the evolution of the morphology of the language system of the English and German languages.

Achieving this goal involves solving a set of the following tasks:

select a limited number of the most significant typological factors that affect systemic changes in the language in diachrony;

to find out the taxonomy of structural levels according to the degree of their activity / passivity, their compensatory, limiting or parity properties in order to clarify the isomorphism of their constitutional, syntagmatic and paradigmatic characteristics;

to clarify the role and significance of units of individual levels in the process of self-regulation of the language system;

to identify the main stages and tendencies in the development of systems of the English and German languages ​​in a certain period of linguistic time, sufficient for the actualization of innovative tendencies;

analyze the mechanisms and conditions for the development of the language system of the English and German languages;

to show the typological universality of the processes of self-regulation of the morphology of language systems in diachrony.

Research methods of the above object are quite diverse due to the different nature of the tasks being solved. The work is comprehensively used: descriptive analytical method, which provides for the analysis of the studied language material with the subsequent generalization of the results obtained; system research method, aimed at learning the language as a level system; contrast analysis method in combination with descriptive-analytical method allowed to demonstrate the dynamics of the process of the formation of morphology in English and German; quantitative method research is complemented by benchmarking quantitative indicators of the Greenberg Indices.

Methodological base of the research made up:

The works of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay on general problems of linguistics;

Monographs by E.A. Makaeva and G.P. Melnikov in the field of studying diachronic language changes;

Works on particular issues of Indo-European linguistics: K.G. Krasukhina, G.A. Menovshchikova, B.A. Serebrennikov;

Research in the field of Germanic languages: B.A. Abramova, V.D. Arakina, V.P. Berkova, M. Ya. Blokh, V.V. Gurevich, M.M. Gukhman, B.A. Ilyish, V.M. Zhirmunsky, A.L. Zelenetsky, L.R. Zinder, E.S. Kubryakova, E.A. Makaeva, T.A. Rastorgueva, A.I. Smirnitsky, M.I. Steblin-Kamensky, N.I. Filicheva, A.V. Zimmerling, V.N. Yartseva.

Scientific novelty thesis is determined by the description of the mechanism of evolution of the language system. In the work, its stages are highlighted and substantiated, and a scheme of the indicated stages is proposed. The general laws of the development of the language system in time have been established. The concept of "level model of the language system" has been expanded, to which a functional component has been added. The factors of internal and external plans and their influence on the diachronic development of the language are analyzed.

The main provisions for the defense:

The course of linguistic evolution is influenced by factors of external and internal plans. At different diachronic sections, the impact of these factors on language development is not the same. Before the Great Migration, the ancient Germanic languages ​​were located in Europe and were characterized by general diachronic tendencies.

The formation of the Old English and Old High German language system proceeded in accordance with the influence of the environment and the course of internal self-development. The direction of the internal processes in these languages ​​was the same, but the external conditions were different. English was transferred to the Isle of Britain, while High German remained one of the languages ​​of Europe.

The ability of different language systems to self-development is different, due to the influence of external factors. Linguistic contact can have an inhibitory or accelerating effect on the evolution of a language.

Self-regulation of the language system is one of the important internal factors influencing the development of the language. Different levels have different capacities to perceive, accumulate and assimilate innovations. The phonological level is comparatively open. The phonological system was the first to actively accumulate innovations. The fixation of the stress on the root morpheme and the subsequent relaxation of the flexion were among the most important innovations.

Phonological changes led to the restructuring of morphological paradigms in the systems of the English and German languages. External factors have had a stronger impact on the diachronic development of the English language system than on the German language system. The insular position and further contact with the language of the Scandinavian Vikings and Normans led to an accelerated pace of language change.

Recognizing the fact of the self-sufficiency of the language system, it is possible to trace the causes of systemic development and highlight its stages. Establishing the typology of the indicated stages, when tendencies of the same type are detected, it is possible to determine the universal stages of evolution for a certain group of languages.

When reconstructing the evolutionary processes of the two Germanic languages, common tendencies are revealed, but the speed of actualization of linguistic changes is not the same, due to the interaction of external and internal factors.

The theoretical significance of the study. The study of evolutionary trends reveals new facets of the existence of the language system, both at the synchronous and diachronic levels, which is of interest for the further development of diachronic linguistics. The inclusion of the stages of the evolution of the linguistic system in the circle of typological research will make a certain contribution to the theoretical rethinking of the issues of diachrony of the language. The development of the ideas contained in the dissertation can be continued on the material of other areas of linguistic knowledge and confirmed by various linguistic material. The results obtained in the course of linguistic analysis can be used to correct diachronic concepts. The collected and quantitatively systematized material is important for the linguo-predictive characteristics of the evolution of the language system in general.

The practical significance of the study. New general theoretical and applied conclusions can be used as basic or problematic ones for further diachronic studies of ancient and modern languages, reconstruction of their retrospective and prospective state. The work is also of applied importance in terms of correcting university teaching of courses in the theory and history of language. The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research can be applied in lecture courses and during seminars on general linguistics, diachronic linguistics, comparative studies and the history of Germanic languages. Specific results of the work can be recommended to students, graduate students in order to improve the level of science in science, and also used in writing works on Germanic studies, language theory and comparative historical linguistics.

Research approbation was conducted in the form of reports at international and Russian scientific conferences at the universities of Belgorod (1996 - 2011), Zaporozhye (2002; 2003), Kharkov (2003), Voronezh (2004), Moscow (2004; 2005), Severodvinsk (2004), Rostov ( 2005), Kursk (2005), Armavir (2005), Volgograd (2005), Rostov-on-Don (2006). The results of the dissertation research were discussed at the annual scientific conferences and meetings of the Department of the Second Foreign Language of Belgorod State University.

The dissertation materials are reflected in 47 publications with a total volume of about 80 pp, including two monographs, two dictionaries, 43 articles, including twelve articles in scientific publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.

The volume and structure of the work. The structure, content and volume of the thesis are determined by the main goal and the tasks set. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and Appendices.