Kazakh surname. Kazakh surnames The most common Kazakh surnames

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How often do you meet namesakes? Personally, I've met it a couple of times at most. I think that I would meet them more often in Russia. Why would I do this? The thing is that the other day the press service of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan reported that the most common surnames in the country were the surnames Akhmetov, Omarov and Kim..

The surname Akhmetov (Akhmetova) was in first place in popularity; there were 73,627 people with this surname. The second most common name was Omarov (Omarova) - 45,123 people. And finally, closing the top three among common surnames are people with the surname Kim, of whom there are 42,274. In fourth place are 41,068 Ospanovs, and in fifth place are 39,296 Ivanovs. The following list looks like this: Aliyevs - 36,084, Suleimenovs - 33,940, Iskakovs, Abrahmanovs, Kalievs, Sadykovs, the Ibraevs close the top ten, there are 26,531 of them. The list of the most common surnames also included the Kuznetsovs, Popovs, Nurgalievs, Sultanovs, Karimovs, Smagulovs, Yusupovs, Lee, Tsoi, Bolat, Bondarenko and Kusainovs.

Surprisingly, the most common surname in the world is Lee. There are more than 100 million of them on the planet. The majority of owners of this surname live in China, where they make up almost 8% of the total population. There are many Lee surnames in Vietnam.

Have you met namesakes?

Kazakh surname(Kaz. Kazakh tagi) - the first part of the modern Kazakh name.

The ancient Kazakhs had only a name, and after some time some word was added to it that characterized it. For example, Bogenbai was a hero, that means his name was Bogenbai-batyr, Bukhar was great zhyrau, means Bukhar-zhyrau, or Baluan-sholak, because he was sholak - without a hand, that is, their social status gave them full name .

Family names were abolished in Soviet time to fight tribalism and aristocracy, and instead of them there were last names entered. Currently, family names are in unofficial circulation and, as a rule, are reported only close people.

The generic name consists of ru (clan) and iz el (people). The exception is descendants Genghis Khan - Genghisids, called tore (ruler/tore-tөr ie: literally the one who is the owner of tora (tor - place of honor)), and the descendants of Central Asian Arabs, called hoja or leather(kozhaiyn is the owner, by the way, it passed into the Russian language from Turkic).

The full name in the Middle Ages sounded like Kara Kypshak Kobylandy Batyr.(Subgenus Genus Name Title)

Ate (people, read: spruce)- the name of a real people who once became part of the Kazakh Khanate, and who were mentioned in the chronicles as separate people, for example, Kipchaks, Uysunis, Naimans. At the same time, the word El/ru (people) should not be confused with the words halyk (population, people, inhabitants of the country), ult (nation) and Bukhara halyk (common people, ordinary people, Bukhara). One and the same el/ru can be part of several Turkic peoples, and some el/ru are also part of the Mongols, this circumstance is explained by the common origin of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples from the same tribes.

Ru (family or clan)- the name of the genus included in the tree. When naming a generic name briefly, ru is omitted and only el is called. When naming in full, ru is called first, for example Kara Kypshak, Sary Uysin or Shekty Alimuly.

KAZAKH FAMILIES IN ROYAL TIME

Kazakh surnames began to appear in the second half of the 18th century. Their final formation dates back only to the post-October period (after 1917).

Due to the fact that family names were not officially considered surnames, even in tsarist times, when Kazakhs were enrolled in educational establishments they were given surnames, usually derived from the name of their father, grandfather or great-grandfather. Thus, Chokan, who is a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, received the surname not Tore and not Genghis, but Ualikhanov, after the name of Uali Khan’s grandfather.

And his patronymic was assigned to him after his father, Chingizovich. Which also coincides with the name of the ancestor - Genghis Khan, which causes certain parallels with the surname Rurikovich - named after the founder of the Rurik dynasty.

Upon marriage maiden name usually preserved, by analogy with a generic name, which never changes.

KAZAKH SURNAMS IN SOVIET TIMES

After establishing Soviet power the mass assignment of Russian-style surnames with the endings -ov, -ev, -in to the name of the father or grandfather began.

Inheritance of surnames occurs through the paternal line. And the surnames themselves were formed from the name of the father (Bektai - Bektaev, Zhanbolat - Zhanbolatov).

During this period, many Turkic generic names appeared, which were formed according to the Russian model from traditional Arab-Muslim names.

KAZAKH SURNAMES CURRENTLY

Nowadays there are two options for assigning a surname to a child. The first is that the child inherits the surname from the father. Second, the child’s surname is formed from the name of the paternal grandfather.

For example, the son of Bakhyt Aslanovich Mustafin, named Dosken, may receive the full name Dosken Bakhytovich Mustafin or Dosken Bakhytovich Aslanov, depending on the choice of the parents. In Kazakh it sounds like this: Dosken Bakhytuly Mustafin - Dosken Bakhytuly Aslan(s).

Dosken Bakhytuly, or Dosken Bakhyt. Many Kazakhs in given time that’s what they write on their ID cards, mostly oralmans, and before joining Russian Empire Kazakhs called each other that way. Also, sometimes in documents in the “surname” column they write the patronymic as a surname, but the “patronymic” column remains empty.

In addition, there is now a tendency to replace the ending -ov and -ev on “tags”(Kazakh tags), this literally means "of the kind", but in modern Kazakh terminology it means a surname and therefore the Ministry of Justice banned this practice. There have also been unsuccessful attempts to replace -ov, -ev on the word “urpagy”(literally "descendant").

According to the existing rules, those who wish to remove the ending -ov(s) from their last name are offered two options for changing the last name. The first option is to leave the root of the surname, but remove the ov(s), and the second is to add the words “kyzy” (daughter), “uly” (son) to the surname. It is also prohibited to use a shortened version of the grandfather's or father's name as a surname.

A rare form of the surname is with the Arabic ending -i: Akim Tarazi (Akim from Taraz).

List of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan according to the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2014.

On the pages of the Kazakhstanskaya Pravda newspaper a list of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan has been published, indicating the number of speakers for each of these surnames. This information was provided by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which has the most current and most reliable data both on the composition of the surnames of Kazakhstanis and on the frequency of each surname (

Akhmetov - 73 627
Lobster - 45 123
Kim - 42,274
Ospanov - 41,068
Ivanov - 39,296
Aliyev - 36,084
Suleimenov - 33 940
Iskakov - 31,988
Abdrakhmanov - 29,091
Ibragimov - 28,755
Kaliev - 28 219
Sadykov - 27 810
Ibraev - 26,531
Kuznetsov - 25,990
Popov - 24,956
Smagulov - 24 005
Abdullaev - 23,729
Isaev - 22 910
Sultanov - 22,808
Yusupov - 22,763
Ismailov - 21,392
Nurgaliev - 21 133
Karimov - 20,575
Serik - 19 550
Lee - 17,049
Tsoi - 12 088
Amangeldy - 15 125
Bolat - 11,234
Bondarenko - 10 648
Marat - 10,417
Serikbay - 10 193
Murat - 10,006
Kusainov - 10 103

As you can see, there are 33 names on the list. The total number of Kazakhstanis of both sexes with these surnames is 840,480.

As of January 1, 2014, 17,165,200 people lived in Kazakhstan. A simple calculation shows that 4.8% of the residents of Kazakhstan bear the indicated 33 surnames. That is, almost every twentieth citizen of Kazakhstan has one of these 33 surnames. The given composition of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan reflects the multi-ethnic composition of the country's population.

We see surnames characteristic of Kazakhs and some other Turkic peoples, Russians, Koreans, and Ukrainians. At the same time, there is no one-to-one correspondence between surnames and the ethnicity of the surname bearers. The same surnames can be found among different ethnic groups.

We can only say that one or another surname is more typical for one or another people. Why does this happen? One of the reasons that the same surnames are found among different nations – common paths formation of family name systems.

Thus, it is known that among the Turkic peoples Central Asia and Kazakhstan, who lived on the territory former USSR, the mass formation of surnames dates back to the late 20s - early 30s. last century. Moreover, in most cases, surnames were formed using Russian family suffixes -ov/-ev, -in from personal names (grandfather or father). And since the composition of personal names among the Muslim Turks of the region largely coincides, this led to the appearance of the same surnames among the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Uighurs, and Karakalpaks.

If we can say that in Kazakhstan, for example, the surnames Akhmetov, Smagulov, Nurgaliev are found predominantly among Kazakhs, then the structure national composition It is more difficult for bearers of the surnames Aliev, Ibragimov, Ismailov, Karimov, Yusupov. There are many not only Kazakhs with these surnames, but also Uzbeks, Uighurs, and Azerbaijanis. The surname Ivanov, traditionally considered typically Russian (along with the surnames Petrov and Sidorov), upon a detailed examination of its functioning turns out to be not so Russian.

Among its bearers one can find Mordovians, Chuvash, Yakuts, and other non-Russian Orthodox Christians, among whom it has been used for naming since ancient times. name Ivan, to which the basis of the Ivanov surname goes back. By the way, in Russia itself the surname Ivanov is not the leader everywhere. Researcher V.A. Nikonov identified regions where one of four surnames predominates - Ivanov, Popov, Kuznetsov, Smirnov. The surname Ivanov predominates in the northwest Russian Federation: regions Novgorod, Leningrad, Kalinin (except for the eastern part), partially Smolensk.

In northern Russia, the most common surname is Popov. Kuznetsov is the most common in a huge strip south and east of Moscow - from the Upper Oka to the Middle Volga. In Kazakhstan, as we see, Ivanov is the leader among the most common Russian surnames, far ahead of the surnames Kuznetsov and Popov (the number of bearers of these two surnames is not very different).

It can be assumed that behind the frequency characteristics of the surnames Ivanov, Kuznetsov and Popov are migration flows that occurred in the past. Obviously, more people moved with the territory where the surname Ivanov was in the lead. It is very difficult to say the nationality of a person named Isaev if we don’t know anything other than his last name.

Both Muslims and Orthodox Christians have the surname Isaev. In the first case, it goes back to the Muslim name Isa, which can be found among the Kazakhs and other Muslim peoples (not only among the Turks, but also among the Chechens and Ingush). Among Orthodox Christians (Russians and other peoples), the surname Isaev goes back to male name Isai (in Orthodox calendar stands in the form of Isaiah, it is noted by several Orthodox saints).

But here it is Muslim name Isa and the Orthodox Isai go back to the same Hebrew root, which in some cases is translated as “the salvation of (God) Yahweh,” in others as “the mercy of God.” Another reason for the coincidence of surnames among different peoples in Kazakhstan is interethnic marriages, which led to a certain mixing of family name systems. For example, in a family in which the father is Korean and the mother is Russian, the child can indicate either the nationality of the father or the mother when receiving a passport.

As a result, people with Russian (according to their passport) nationality may have typically Korean surnames Kim, Tsoi, Lee, etc. Another reason leading to the coincidence of surnames among different peoples is the borrowing in the past of words or names that underlie modern surnames. Thus, in the “Experience of a Dictionary of Russian Surnames” by V. A. Nikonov, among 2,400 surnames starting with the letter A, there are many that have a clearly non-Russian appearance. For example, Abasov, Abduvaliev, Abdujaparov, Abdukadyrov, Abdukarimov, Abdulaev, Aliev, Akhmatov, Akhmedzhanov, Akhmedov, Akhmetov, etc.

At the basis of these surnames, documented among Russian people, personal names brought by Islam are clearly discernible. The placement of the Kim surname in the table above needs some explanation. According to estimates at the beginning of 2014, Koreans in Kazakhstan are in eighth place in number (after Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uighurs, Tatars and Germans) - a total of 105,400 people.

But the Korean surname Kim in Kazakhstan ranks third among all residents! This may seem strange, but it is understandable. A feature of the Korean family name system is the small number of surnames, which also tends to decrease. Thus, according to the Korean encyclopedia “Munhon bigo”, at the beginning of the 20th century. There were 498 surnames in Korea. The Korean encyclopedia “Taebukwa sajeong” (Seoul, 1958–1959) lists about 200 Korean surnames.

For comparison: the number of different surnames among Russians is estimated by researchers to be at least 100 thousand. According to this feature of the Korean family name system, the number of bearers of the most common surnames is, in percentage terms, higher than the number of bearers of the most common surnames of those peoples who use a significantly larger number of different surnames. Under certain demographic conditions, the most common surname of Koreans may be higher than the most common surnames of other nationalities in the national ranking.

What we see in Kazakhstan on this moment. It is noteworthy that in the list of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan there are two other Korean surnames - Lee and Tsoi. Thus, the specific place of a surname in the national frequency ranking of surnames is also determined by the frequency structure of national surname systems. The frequency structure of the surname system is determined by the number of different surnames of an ethnic group and the number of representatives of this ethnic group. Koreans have one frequency structure of the surname system, while other peoples have a different one.

That is why among the most common surnames of Kazakhstanis there is not one German surname, although according to census data there are slightly more Germans in Kazakhstan than Koreans. It’s just that Germans have a much larger number of different surnames than Koreans. Accordingly, the frequency structure of the surname system is also different.

The frequency of the most common German surname is also lower compared to the most common Korean one. The most common Korean surnames in Korea are Kim, Lee, and Park. As you can see, among Kazakh Koreans, two of these three surnames are also in the lead. But the surname Tsoi is more common than Pak.

Obviously, this is one of the differences between the family names of Kazakh Koreans and the family names of Koreans from Korea. The ranking of the most common surnames of Kazakhstanis also includes the Ukrainian morphological type surname Bondarenko. In Ukraine itself, according to the State Database of adult Ukrainians (as of 2013), this surname is only in fifth place. Above it are the surnames Kovalenko, Boyko, Shevchenko, Melnik.

It follows from this that the frequency structure of the system of surnames of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan differs from the frequency structure of the system of surnames of Ukrainians in Ukraine. The frequency distribution of surnames in the ranking changes over time. Against the background of a number of demographic processes, these changes can be significant.

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, this rating, if it had been published then, would have been somewhat different. Over the past 23 years, as a result of migration processes, the demographic situation in Kazakhstan has changed significantly. There was a noticeable outflow of Russians and Germans. The share of Kazakhs has increased significantly (including due to the return of oralmans to the country).

Probably, 23 years ago in a similar rating there would have been more Russian surnames, and there would have been German ones too. The above ranking of surnames also shows changes in the system of Kazakh surnames that have occurred over the past 23 years. In Soviet times, almost all Kazakh surnames were suffixed with Russian surnames.

But after the Kazakhs were allowed to be named in accordance with national traditions, many have abandoned the use of Russian family suffixes. Accordingly, among the 33 most common surnames of Kazakhstanis we see the following Kazakh surnames, like Serik, Amangeldi, Bolat, Marat, Serikbai, Murat, which are not formally different from male personal names.

It must be assumed that over time the share of surnames of this morphological type in the ranking of the most private surnames in Kazakhstan will increase. Studying surnames, their history and current state deals with anthroponymy - a section of onomastics, which can be considered both part of linguistics and part of history, depending on the aspect of consideration of surnames. Usually surnames are considered in relation to a specific nationality - German surnames, Russian surnames, Kazakh surnames, etc.

Since surnames are regionally and socially determined, studies of surnames tied to a specific region or region are considered more scientifically valid. social group within the boundaries of the ethnic group.

Generalizing works on the names of ethnic groups are possible only after conducting research on regions and social groups. The above statistics of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan are interesting for ordinary people, but for scientific purposes they are practically useless, since they lump together heterogeneous elements (that is, family systems of different nations). For a researcher, more valuable are statistical data on the names of specific ethnic groups - Kazakhs, Russians, Koreans, Ukrainians, Germans, etc.

Kazakh surnames (list)

A
Abdirov
Abdrakhmanov
Abdrashev
Abdulin
Abilev
Abilov
Abildaev
Abishev
Abutalipov
Aitkhozhin
Alibekov
Aliyev
Alimzhanov
Altynbaev
Amanzholov
Asanbaev
Aubakirov
Akhmadiev
Akhmetov
Ashimov
Ashirbekov
Ashirov

B
Babaev
Bazarbaev
Baizhanbaev
Baizhanov
Baimuratov
Baysultanov
Baliev
Bekzhanov (from Bekzat - descendant of an aristocrat)
Bekturov
Burkitbaev

IN
Valikhanov

G
Gabdullin
Galiakberov
Galiev

D
Dzhandosov
Dzhumaliev

E
Ertaev
Yesimov

AND
Zhubanov
Zhumabaev
Zhumagulov
Zhumadilov
Zhunusov

AND
Ibraev
Idrisov
Iksanov
Imashev
Isabaev
Isabekov
Iskakov
Iskaliev

TO
Kabaev
Kaliev
Kamalov
Karashev
Karibzhanov
Karimov
Kasymov
Kerimov
Ketebaev
Kosanov
Kulibaev
Kunaev
Kurmangaliev
Kurmanov
Kusainov
Kushekov

M
Maykeyev
Mambetov
Mukanov
Mukashev
Musabaev
Musataev
Mustafin
Mukhamedzhanov
Mukhtarov
Myrzakhmetov

N
Nabiev
Nazarbayev
Nazarov
Narymbaev
Niyazov
Niyazymbetov
Nogaev
Nugmanov
Nurbaev
Nurgaliev
Nurmagambetov
Nurmukhamedov
Nurpeisov

ABOUT
Orazalin
Ospanov

R
Rakhimov
Rymbaev
Ryskulov

WITH
Sagatov
Sadvakasov
Sadykov
Sakiev
Saparov
Sarsenov
Satpayev
Sattarov
Segizbaev
Seifullin
Serikov
Serkebaev
Smagulov
Smakov
Suleimenov
Sultanov

T
Tazhibaev
Taimanov
Tashenev
Temirbulatov
Tyuryakulov

U
Undasynov
Urazaev
Urazalin (from the personal name Urazali)
Urazov
Uteshev

X
Khakimov

Sh
Shakenov
Shakirov
Sharipov
Shayakhmetov

YU
Yusupov

And many others that are not listed.

Kazakh names include names not only of Turkic origin, but also borrowed names that are used on a par with native names. According to their type of origin, Kazakh names are divided into several groups.

Turkic names

Turkic names have a close connection with the outside world, therefore most of names has to do with the Turkic way of life, nature, but also, of course, with wishing the best for your children. Thus, when naming their children, girls were often given names containing part of the name “gul” - “flower”, “zhan” (“dan”) - “soul”, “dil” - “beautiful”, “nur” - light, etc. .d. At the same time, the Kazakhs considered the Moon to be the most beautiful luminary, therefore there are a lot of female names containing part of the name “ay”, which means “moon”, “lunar”, “month” (Ainur, Aigul, Aidana, Aisulu, Aiza, Aina, Aigerim and etc.).

Names of wishes are widespread among the Kazakhs and other Turkic peoples. By naming a child with a similar name, parents want to mark his destiny (Bulat - “mighty”, “indestructible”, Tamerlane (Timur) - “iron”, “unshakable”, “strong”, Ilgiz - “traveler”, Mergen - “skilled hunter” , Ural - “joy, pleasure”, Hadiya - “gift”).

Single-component Turkic names most often have a direct translation (Koyash - “sun”, Arman - “dream”, Chulpan - planet Venus, Kanat - “wing”). Also, both a girl and a boy can have the same name. Some Turkic names have a temporary meaning, indicating the time of birth or date (Silker - “born in May”, Aitugan - “born at the beginning of the month”, Idolai - “born on the full moon”, Kutken - “long-awaited”, Zamam - “time” , era”, Buran – “born during a snowstorm, blizzard”). But, like most names in the world, the most ancient names are associated with the surrounding world - animals and plants (Khulun - “foal”, Ortek - “duck”, Milyausha - “violet”, Nymyrt - “cherry bird”). According to the Kazakhs, these names were supposed to reflect distinctive features of these animals - their cunning, speed, courage, intelligence, etc.

The next part of Turkic names denotes various decorations, most often these are female names, but there are also male ones (Almaz - “diamond”, Yzyrga - “earring”, Ainagul - “mirror flower”). Often two-part male Kazakh names of Turkic origin end in “-bek” (“-bik”), “-bai”, “-khan” (Arabic equivalent). This part of the name has the meaning of “lord”, “bek”, “khan”, “ruler” (Bikbulat - “iron bek”, Bikbai - “very rich”, Alikhan - “great khan”).

Currently from Turkic language educated a large number of names in the Caucasus, which have become part of the language of many peoples (Tatar, Uzbek, Ossetian, Kyrgyz, Altai, Khakass and many others). Many names became the basis of surnames.

Religious borrowings

Also, some Kazakh names are borrowed from religions with which Kazakhs have historically been in contact. These are names from Islam, Christianity, Judaism, which have been slightly changed in pronunciation. Mariam, Mariam - Mary, Isa - Jesus Christ, Musa - Moses, Israel - Israel, Zhusup - Yusuf (Joseph), Jakup - Yakub (Jacob), Sarah (Zara, Shara) - Sarah, Yahya - John, Ilyas - Elijah, Khaua - Eve, Suleiman - Solomon, Dauyt (Davut) - David, Yskak - Isaac, Zhabrail - Gabriel, Ibrahim (Ibrahim) - Abraham. These are just the most basic names borrowed from the Abrahamic religions.

Arabic loanwords

From the Arabs, the Kazakhs borrowed names related to faith, stories reflecting moral values and personality traits. This is how the names Zhangali - “brave like Ali”, Amanzhol - “path of salvation”, Kamil - “perfect”, Mansur - “winner”, Omar - “long-liver”, Hakim - “wise”, Kadir - “venerable” - appeared.

The name of the prophet of Muslims - Muhammad - in Kazakh language has different interpretations - Mahmed, Muhamed, Mambet, Makhambet, etc. Arabic female names are widespread (Aisha, Alfiya, Dinara, Fatima, Saida, Nabat, Zakiya, Zarina and others).

From many long Arabic names in the Kazakh language appeared short names- Abish, Kulyash, Saken.

Soviet and Russian borrowing

Names that have Russian and European origin, are also present in the Kazakh language. They have generally not undergone any obvious changes in either spelling or pronunciation. Examples of such names can be the names Valentina, Raisa, Svetlana, Marat, Eduard, Sergey, Rimma, Arthur, Boris, Maxim, Clara, Albina, Nikolai, Elvira, Indira, Sabina, Tamara, Tamila and others.

In Soviet times, neologisms appeared among Kazakh names, which later either disappeared from the language or changed their meaning. So among the Kazakhs the names Kim, Kima, May, Damir, October, Oktyabrina, Mira, Dina, Zarema, Karina, Lenura, Lina, Rema, Renata, Ural, Chara, Emil, Berlin, Washington, Marlene, Mels, Council and many appeared other.

The traditional pronunciation and spelling of some female Kazakh names is also possible with the addition of the vowels “-a” and “-ya” at the end of the name. So, for example, the traditionally sounding name Gulnar without a softening vowel began to be pronounced both as Gulnara, and also with the addition of a softening of the first part of the word - Gulnar, Gulnara. The names Asel and Aigul - Asel and Aigul and also many other names.

The most popular Kazakh names

In 2013 the most popular name The name that parents gave to their girls was Aizere, and the boys’ parents named Alikhan. Among other popular names were also the names Ersultan, Artem, Amir, Miras, Sanzhar, Nurasyl, Dias, Arsen - male names, and Ayana, Inzhu, Aisha, Kausar, Amina, Aruzhan, Diana, Milana - female names.

For comparison, in 2012, some of the most popular male names among Kazakhs were Erasyl, Sanzhar and Artem, and the most popular female names became Aizere, Ayaru and Sofia. Also in the top 20 most common names are Islam, Maxim, Damir, Aldiyar, Kirill, Azamat, Alexander, Ilya, as well as some names that became popular in 2013. The top twenty female names included Sezim, Nuray, Diana, Victoria, Madina, Inker, Alina, Zhansaya, Anastasia, Arailym, Zhaniya, as well as names that became one of the most popular names in 2013.

List of Kazakh names

One of my friends has four people in his family, and they all have different surnames. Father was Dzhanbulatov, but now he is Zhanbulat, his wife remains Dzhanbulatova. The eldest son is Zhanbulatov, younger son already recorded as Zhanbolat. And many of us can give such examples.

Such onomastic problems arose a long time ago, experts disagree on strategic approaches to solve this problem on a national scale. Leaders of the creative intelligentsia and some influential politicians also introduce inconsistency by changing the spelling of their first and last names to please their deeply personal considerations about image or something else.

In Almaty at the end of November, they discussed exactly this problem, or more precisely, “Instructions for the Russian transfer of Kazakh and Kazakh transfer of Russian anthroponyms (names, patronymics and surnames).” Linguists, lawyers, archivists, and public figures gathered at the round table.
A 16-page document was submitted for discussion.

This instruction has already been approved by the State Onomastic Commission under the Government of Kazakhstan. She was prepared by four doctors philological sciences– Telkhozha Zhanuzakov, Sherubay Kurmanbayuly, Kyzdarhan Rysbergen, Saule Imanberdieva.

ORDER IS NECESSARY IN NAMES

The instructions go beyond their title. These are not just rules for the Russian transfer of Kazakh surnames, names and patronymics (anthroponyms) and the Kazakh transfer of Russians, but also for the writing of anthroponyms of persons of Kazakh nationality in official documents. The drafters designated the instructions as a normative legal act.

The first of the three principles, which forms the basis of the instructions, states: “When transferring Kazakh anthroponyms into Russian, the pronunciation of the original source name should be strictly taken into account.”

But the rules that follow show that taking into account the pronunciation of the original name is actually not so strict. Thus, several Kazakh sounds should be expressed using the same Russian letters. For example: A, Ә – through A; O, Ө – through O; U, Ү, Ұ – through U. Combinations of sounds YY, YІ should be represented by one letter I (Asayyn - Asain, Meyiz - Meiz). For the consonant sounds K, Қ, transmission is provided through the letter K, for Н, Ң – through Н, for Г, Ғ – through Г.

You should not take into account the pronunciation of the combination SS in Kazakh names as Ш, Ш, but convey it in Russian as it is written, that is, not Koshshybay and Koshchybay, but Kosshibay.

It turns out that it is not necessary to take into account the pronunciation of the letter combinations NB, NP as MB, MP in Kazakh names, but to write in Russian the way it is written in Kazakh, that is, say, not Daurembek, but Daurenbek. There is also a risk that names like Muhammad, Farid will appear in documents in Russian in the wrong form - after all, we pronounce: Mukhamet, Farit. Or take such a phenomenon as the deafening of voiced consonants under the influence of neighboring voiceless consonants. It is spelled Esbai, Zhenisbek, but pronounced Espai, Zhenispek. In the Russian program, such pronunciation, according to the instructions, should not be taken into account.

In general, there is nothing fundamentally new in the rules for transmitting Kazakh anthroponyms into Russian in this instruction. Almost all of these rules were applied back in Soviet times. Among the innovations of the post-Soviet period is the transmission of names like Shynybek through Sh (and not through Ch, as before), and Zholdas through Zh (and not through DZh, as before). But the instructions contain an exception to the last rule.

First and last names historical figures in Russian texts they are preserved in traditional Russian spelling - Chokan Valikhanov, Alibi Dzhangeldin, Uraz Dzhandosov and the like.

Often in Kazakh documents, parts of complex names are written with a hyphen, for example Ali-Sultan. The instructions state that such names should be written together - Alisultan, Bekali, Kurmankhan and so on. Names must also be written together Arab origin type Alfarabi, Alhamit.

The approach to the transmission of Russian anthroponyms in the Kazakh language has not undergone any changes compared to many years of previous practice. This can be seen from the second main provision of the instructions: “Russian anthroponyms in the Kazakh language are written on the basis of the spelling of the Russian language without distortion, the traditional norm of the literary Russian language is strictly preserved.”

In the mid-1990s, the author of this article saw in the vital records of some rural settlements Almaty region patronymics of children from Russian families with the ending uly. For example, Alexandruly instead of Alexandrovich. Since this has happened, it would probably make sense in the instructions to indicate the inadmissibility of such transformations.

The most interesting is the third main provision of the instructions under discussion: “Incorrect, erroneous transcription of anthroponyms Kazakh people, previously included in onomastic dictionaries, textbooks, teaching aids, various historical and geographical sources, as well as passports and other documents of citizens, are subject to mandatory correction based on the rules of this instruction.”

If “subject to mandatory correction” is understood as a guide to action, then one can imagine what a mountain of paper publications will have to be written off and republished. You can also imagine the queues of citizens who will urgently have to change all their personal documents with incorrect names, patronymics, and surnames. Until now, everyone decided for themselves whether to correct or not correct the wrongs.

IN SEARCH FOR FAMILY ENDINGS

Among the problems that particularly concern Kazakh onomasts are the excessive number of variations of surnames (with endings -ov, -ev, -in, -uly, -kyzy, -tegi, -i and others) and the inability of most of these endings to clearly indicate nationality .

The Chairman of the Languages ​​Committee of the Ministry of Culture, Sherubai Kurmanbayuly, uses Georgians and Armenians as an example, who have specific endings in their surnames -dze, -shvili, -yan, which immediately shows that a person is Georgian or Armenian.

Therefore, the instructions pay attention to surnames. More about this in the section “Samples of writing Kazakh surnames, first names and patronymics.” The State Onomastic Commission decided that surnames, first names and patronymics of persons of Kazakh nationality are written and used according to a three-member scheme. Surnames can be formed either from the name of the father or from the name of the grandfather.

The following naming formulas are allowed: first name – patronymic – last name (Zhakan Ospanuly Aidarbek, Aisha Omarkyzy Asan), first name – patronymic with the addition to last words Uly, kyzy (Azamat Bektayuly, Alma Akzhankyzy), first name - patronymic without using the words uly (son of so-and-so), kyzy (daughter of so-and-so).

The instructions stipulate the right of Kazakhs to use the name of their father or grandfather as a surname.

But the fate of surnames with Russian endings is not considered at all in the document, which will definitely raise a question among people: can they be left or will they have to be changed?

The instruction also establishes the order of naming components. In especially solemn occasions, documents, lists, and identity documents, as a rule, the surname comes first, the first name comes second, and the middle name comes third.

The instructions do not provide a clear explanation of what a “surname” is so that one can clearly distinguish a surname from a patronymic and given name. In many countries, linguists agree that a surname is an inherited official name, indicating a person’s belonging to a particular family, repeated in at least two or three generations.

“WE DO NOT HAVE A SINGLE... BASE YET”

A correspondent for our radio Azattyk had the opportunity to talk with the participants of the round table. Co-author of the instructions, Kyzdarhan Rysbergen, noted with annoyance that linguists and lawyers, scientists and practitioners initially worked separately. She is convinced that, following the example of a number of countries, for example the Baltic countries, it is necessary to adopt a law on names.

Moreover, such a law should also put an end to the terrible bureaucracy that a person faces when he needs to make some corrections to personal documents.

The head of the Civil Registry Office of the Turksib district of Almaty, Zhanna Dyusembayeva, believes that the legislation has not been fully developed, since many people want to have a surname after their great-grandfather. In her opinion, it is also unclear what surname a woman should have if she takes her husband’s surname, formed from the name of his father from Uly.

Registry offices at this time in such cases simply discard this ending. Zhanna Dyusembayeva also objects to what was proposed at round table using the ending kelіn (“daughter-in-law”) when forming a surname – “so-and-so’s daughter-in-law.”

Zhanna Dyusembayeva emphasized that they have many questions about spelling names. The only thing they can now refer to is the dictionaries of Telkhozha Zhanuzakov, which are used by the registry offices of Kazakhstan.

But today he himself admitted that these dictionaries of his are outdated:

– The purpose of today’s event is to develop a unified methodology. Meanwhile, the linguists sitting at the table are now arguing among themselves over the correct spelling of names. That is, we do not yet have a unified developed base.

The head of the Civil Registry Office of Almaty, Zauresh Kusainova, spoke about the need for dictionaries or computer databases, from which a citizen could choose when contacting the Civil Registry Office correct writing from several options. The Chairman of the Languages ​​Committee of the Ministry of Culture, Sherubai Kurmanbayuly, says that the instructions will be approved very soon and communicated to official institutions.

What would you add to this instruction, dear reader? How to write compound names, for example Kasymzhomart or Kassym-Zhomart, Alfarabi or Al-Farabi? Should Kazakh surnames have a single ending with a national, so to speak, flavor, and without dividing into masculine and feminine?

A list of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan has been published, indicating the number of speakers for each of these surnames. This information was provided by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which has the most current and most reliable data both on the composition of the surnames of Kazakhstanis and on the frequency of each surname.

Surname	Number of media
Akhmetov(a)	73 627
Omarov(s)	45 123
Kim	42 274
Ospanov(a)	41 068
Ivanov(a)	39 296
Aliyev(a)	36 084
Suleimenov(a)	33 940
Iskakov	31 988
Abdrakhmanov(a)	29 091
Ibragimov(a)	28 755
Kaliev(a)	28 219
Sadykov(a)	27 810
Ibraev(a)	26 531
Kuznetsov(a)	25 990
Popov	24 956
Smagulov(a)	24 005
Abdullaev(a)	23 729
Isaev(a)	22 910
Sultanov(a)	22 808
Yusupov(a)	22 763
Ismailov(a)	21 392
Nurgaliev(a)	21 133
Karimov(a)	20 575
Serik	19 550
Lee	17 049
Tsoi	12 088
Amangeldi	15 125
Bolat	11 234
Bondarenko	10 648
Marat	10 417
Serikbay	10 193
Murat	10 006
Kusainov(a)	10 103
33 names	Total: 840,480

As you can see, there are 33 names on the list. The total number of Kazakhstanis of both sexes with these surnames is 840,480. As of January 1, 2014, 17,165,200 people lived in Kazakhstan. A simple calculation shows that 4.8% of the residents of Kazakhstan bear the indicated 33 surnames. That is, almost every twentieth citizen of Kazakhstan has one of these 33 surnames.

The given composition of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan reflects the multi-ethnic composition of the country's population. We see surnames characteristic of Kazakhs and some other Turkic peoples, Russians, Koreans, and Ukrainians. At the same time, there is no one-to-one correspondence between surnames and the ethnicity of the surname bearers. The same surnames can be found among different ethnic groups. We can only say that one or another surname is more typical for one or another people. Why does this happen?

One of the reasons that the same surnames are found among different peoples is the common ways of forming family name systems. Thus, it is known that among the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, who lived on the territory of the former USSR, the mass formation of surnames dates back to the late 20s - early 30s. last century. Moreover, in most cases, surnames were formed using Russian family suffixes -ov/-ev, -in from personal names (grandfather or father). And since the composition of personal names among the Muslim Turks of the region largely coincides, this led to the appearance of the same surnames among the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Uighurs, and Karakalpaks.

If we can say that in Kazakhstan, for example, surnames Akhmetov, Smagulov, Nurgaliev are found predominantly among Kazakhs, then the structure of the national composition of bearers of surnames Aliev, Ibragimov, Ismailov, Karimov, Yusupov more difficult. There are many not only Kazakhs with these surnames, but also Uzbeks, Uighurs, and Azerbaijanis.

Surname Ivanov, traditionally considered typically Russian (along with surnames Petrov And Sidorov), upon closer examination of its functioning, it turns out to be not so Russian. Among its bearers one can find Mordovians, Chuvash, Yakuts, and other non-Russian Orthodox Christians, among whom the name has been used since ancient times for naming Ivan, to which the basis of the surname goes back Ivanov.

By the way, in Russia itself the surname Ivanov is not leading everywhere. Researcher V. A. Nikonov identified regions where one of four surnames predominates - Ivanov, Popov, Kuznetsov, Smirnov. Surname Ivanov predominates in the north-west of the Russian Federation: the regions of Novgorod, Leningrad, Kalinin (except for the eastern part), partially Smolensk. In the north of Russia, the most common surname is Popov. Kuznetsov- the most common in a huge strip south and east of Moscow - from the Upper Oka to the Middle Volga.

In Kazakhstan, as we see, the leader among the most common Russian surnames is Ivanov, far ahead of the names Kuznetsov And Popov(the number of bearers of these two surnames is not much different). It can be assumed that the frequency characteristics of surnames Ivanov, Kuznetsov And Popov there are migration flows that were in the past. Obviously, more people moved with the territory where the surname was in the lead Ivanov.

It is very difficult to tell what nationality a person is by his last name Isaev, if we don’t know anything other than his last name. Surname Isaev Both Muslims and Orthodox Christians have it. In the first case, it goes back to the Muslim name Isa, which can be found among the Kazakhs and other Muslim peoples (not only among the Turks, but also among the Chechens and Ingush). Orthodox Christians (Russians and other peoples) have a surname Isaev goes back to a man's name Isaiah(in the Orthodox calendar it is in the form Isaiah, it is noted among several Orthodox saints). But here is a Muslim name Isa, and Orthodox Isaiah go back to the same Hebrew root, which in some cases is translated as “the salvation of (God) Yahweh,” in others as “the mercy of God).”

Another reason for the coincidence of surnames among different peoples in Kazakhstan is interethnic marriages, which led to a certain mixing of family name systems. For example, in a family in which the father is Korean and the mother is Russian, the child can indicate either the nationality of the father or the mother when receiving a passport. As a result, people with Russian (according to their passport) nationality may have typically Korean surnames Kim, Tsoi, Lee, etc.

Another reason leading to the coincidence of surnames among different peoples is the borrowing in the past of words or names that underlie modern surnames. Thus, in the “Experience of a Dictionary of Russian Surnames” by V. A. Nikonov, among 2,400 surnames starting with the letter A, there are many that have a clearly non-Russian appearance. For example, Abasov, Abduvaliev, Abdujaparov, Abdukadyrov, Abdukarimov, Abdulaev, Aliev, Akhmatov, Akhmedzhanov, Akhmedov, Akhmetov etc. At the basis of these surnames, documented among Russian people, personal names brought by Islam are clearly discernible.

Place of surname Kim The table above needs some explanation. According to estimates at the beginning of 2014, Koreans in Kazakhstan are in eighth place in number (after Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uighurs, Tatars and Germans) - a total of 105,400 people. But that's a Korean surname Kim in Kazakhstan it ranks third among all residents! This may seem strange, but it is understandable.

A feature of the Korean family name system is the small number of surnames, which also tends to decrease. Thus, according to the Korean encyclopedia “Munhon bigo”, at the beginning of the 20th century. There were 498 surnames in Korea. The Korean encyclopedia “Taebukwa sajeong” (Seoul, 1958–1959) lists about 200 Korean surnames. For comparison: the number of different surnames among Russians, according to researchers, is at least 100 thousand.

According to this feature of the Korean family name system, the number of bearers of the most common surnames is, in percentage terms, higher than the number of bearers of the most common surnames of those peoples who use a significantly larger number of different surnames. Under certain demographic conditions, the most common surname of Koreans may be higher than the most common surnames of other nationalities in the national ranking. This is what we see in Kazakhstan at the moment. It is noteworthy that in the list of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan there are two other Korean surnames - Lee And Tsoi.

Thus, the specific place of a surname in the national frequency ranking of surnames is also determined by the frequency structure of national surname systems. The frequency structure of the surname system is determined by the number of different surnames of an ethnic group and the number of representatives of this ethnic group. Koreans have one frequency structure of the surname system, while other peoples have a different one. That is why among the most common surnames of Kazakhstanis there is not a single German surname, although according to census data there are slightly more Germans in Kazakhstan than Koreans. It’s just that Germans have a much larger number of different surnames than Koreans. Accordingly, the frequency structure of the surname system is also different. The frequency of the most common German surname is also lower compared to the most common Korean one.

The most common Korean surnames in Korea are Kim, Lee, Park. As you can see, among Kazakh Koreans, two of these three surnames are also in the lead. And here is the last name Tsoi more common than Pack. Obviously, this is one of the differences between the family names of Kazakh Koreans and the family names of Koreans from Korea.

In the ranking of the most common surnames of Kazakhstanis there is also a Ukrainian surname of morphological type Bondarenko. In Ukraine itself, according to the State Database of adult Ukrainians (as of 2013), this surname is only in fifth place. Above her are the surnames Kovalenko, Boyko, Shevchenko, Melnik. It follows from this that the frequency structure of the system of surnames of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan differs from the frequency structure of the system of surnames of Ukrainians in Ukraine.

The frequency distribution of surnames in the ranking changes over time. Against the background of a number of demographic processes, these changes can be significant. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, this rating, if it had been published then, would have been somewhat different. Over the past 23 years, as a result of migration processes, the demographic situation in Kazakhstan has changed significantly. There was a noticeable outflow of Russians and Germans. The share of Kazakhs has increased significantly (including due to the return of oralmans to the country). Probably, 23 years ago in a similar rating there would have been more Russian surnames, and there would have been German ones too.

The above ranking of surnames also shows changes in the system of Kazakh surnames that have occurred over the past 23 years. In Soviet times, almost all Kazakh surnames were suffixed with Russian surnames. But after Kazakhs were allowed to be named in accordance with national traditions, many abandoned the use of Russian family suffixes. Accordingly, among the 33 most common surnames of Kazakhstanis we see such Kazakh surnames as Serik, Amangeldi, Bolat, Marat, Serikbai, Murat, formally no different from male personal names. It must be assumed that over time the share of surnames of this morphological type in the ranking of the most private surnames in Kazakhstan will increase.

The study of surnames, their history and current state is dealt with by anthroponymy - a section of onomastics, which can be considered both part of linguistics and part of history, depending on the aspect of consideration of surnames.

Typically, surnames are considered in relation to a specific nationality - German surnames, Russian surnames, Kazakh surnames, etc. Since surnames are regionally and socially determined, studies of surnames associated with a specific region or social group within the boundaries of residence are considered more scientifically valid ethnicity. Generalizing works on the names of ethnic groups are possible only after conducting research on regions and social groups.

The above statistics of the most common surnames in Kazakhstan are interesting for ordinary people, but for scientific purposes they are practically useless, since they lump together heterogeneous elements (that is, family systems of different nations). For a researcher, more valuable are statistical data on the names of specific ethnic groups - Kazakhs, Russians, Koreans, Ukrainians, Germans, etc.

© Alois Nazarov

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