Who owns the property in the neighborhood community. Begins with the transition to the neighboring community and continues until the beginning of the period. Neighborhood community among the Eastern Slavs

The specialization of people in certain occupations and the development of exchange led to the fact that in addition to relatives, people from other clans settled in the villages. The population of the villages increased.
In Asia Minor, scientists discovered ancient settlement Catal Guyuk, dating back to the 7th millennium BC. e. About six thousand people lived in it. All buildings were made of clay, brick and wood. They were located close to each other, so there were no streets. People entered the houses through holes in the flat roofs and climbed wooden ladders. In the event of an enemy attack, le-
_ the villages were removed, and the village was transformed
Settlement of Çatalhöyük. Reconstruction
to the fortress.
Tribal community Neighborhood community
How are the communities shown in the diagram different? What do they have in common?


\ \ Pastures
Arable land
pastures
The need for collective farming and collective property became less and less. Gradually, each family begins to cultivate their own plot of land and get their own harvest. They strive to pass on the land by inheritance to children, especially sons. The tribal community was replaced by a neighboring community.
In the neighboring community there lived people who were not necessarily related by blood ties. Families farmed separately, but united to joint work requiring the efforts of a large number of people. These included cutting forests, strengthening or creating a reservoir, and other work.
The advent of the metal age
The first people often found nuggets of gold and copper. They could be flattened and chopped with a stone axe. At first, only decorations, arrowheads, fishing hooks. People noticed that when heated, gold and copper melt. The soft metal could be shaped into any shape. About 7 thousand years ago, people began to use copper to make tools. Gradually copper began to conquer stone, and replaced stone age came copper age. There were few deposits of metals exposed on the surface of the earth, so people learned to mine ore - rock containing metals. When heated, pure metal was extracted from the ore, which was then forged and processed.
The next step in the use of metals was the invention of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Bronze is much harder than copper, and it is also beautiful. They began to make tools, weapons, dishes, and jewelry from it. Copper and tin became the most important items of exchange. The Bronze Age has arrived.
Emergence of a new society
In the neighboring community, where each family ran its own household, the situation of the people changed. The equality of all members of the community is replaced by inequality. Some thanks to hard work, ability to craft, successful trading began to live better than their fellow tribesmen. For others, wealth was associated with their position in the tribe.
Elders, leaders, and sorcerers, by right of their position, had more products and products. In addition, they were the guardians of the values ​​that belonged to the community. However, gradually they began to dispose of these values ​​as their own property. In a community, there are groups of people who occupy the highest positions in the community hierarchy. Their main occupation was to manage the affairs of the community. They enjoyed special honor. Nobility is inherited from parents to children.
The leaders, relying on their warriors, began to carry out raids to plunder neighboring tribes. A successful military campaign enriched all its participants and strengthened the position of the leaders, who became permanent military commanders. Often, as a result of such a campaign, the victors captured prisoners. They were turned into slaves, who were used for hard work in the household.
This is how a new society arose, where there were poor and rich, noble and simple community members, free and slaves.

• Primitive man moved from gathering and hunting to agriculture and cattle breeding. Having become a farmer, he began to lead a sedentary lifestyle.
• The tribal community was replaced by a neighboring community.
• A new society has emerged in which inequality has arisen between people.

Questions and tasks
1. How did agriculture and cattle breeding originate? 2. What changes occurred in people’s lives when ceramics and weaving appeared? 3. Why were copper and gold the first metals that primitive man began to process? 4. Why did the tribal community begin to collapse? 5. Who was called the nobility? 6*. Was it possible to avoid the emergence of inequality with the disappearance of the clan community? Give examples to support your point of view.

1. Choose the right-handed answer.

1. Main difference primitive man from the monkey

a) the ability to make tools and weapons
b) long arms hanging down to the knees
B. The main methods of obtaining food by ancient people
a) gathering, hunting
b) agriculture
c) cattle breeding

1. The main material used by ancient people for making tools

a) bone b) stone
b) wood d) iron
D. The clan community is being replaced by
a) tribe c) neighboring community
b) human herd d) state

1. Continue the row.

Early and simple artificial structures of ancient people: wind barrier

1. What's missing in the row?

The simplest tools of labor of ancient people:
hand chopper, scraper, stone ax, sword, digging stick.

1. Match.

1. craft a) association of clans
2. myth b) actions and words supposedly possessing miracles

natural properties

1. genus c) manual production of various products
2. magic d) tales about gods, heroes, the origin of reality

laziness of nature

1. tribe d) a group of people descended from

one ancestor

5 Choose the correct answer.
Character traits tribal community

1. everyone works together
2. all property is common
3. presence of rich and poor families
4. each family has its own plot, processes it and receives a harvest
5. people come from the same ancestor
6. food obtained is distributed equally
7. settlements where neighbors lived

lgt;a.i;tlt;vi II
	The Ancient East

The Ancient East is a vast expanse of North Africa and Asia in the era of emergence and development there ancient states.
The warm climate, diverse flora and fauna contributed to the settlement of people on the banks of large rivers: the Nile (in Africa), the Euphrates and Tigris (in Western Asia), the Indus (in South Asia), the Yellow River (in East Asia). There were fertile soils here, allowing for abundant harvests. These rivers flooded periodically. Floods turned nearby areas into swamps and swamps. And those places where the water did not reach turned into a sun-scorched desert. People learned to drain and irrigate these lands. Agriculture became the main type of occupation, but along with it, cattle breeding and crafts developed. Small settlements turned into well-fortified cities, tribal leaders became rulers of cities and nations.

States in the valleys of the great rivers

The emergence of a neighboring territorial community and the beginning of the decomposition of primitive society. The strong sedentism of agricultural communities creates a certain limited access to rare resources (certain types of stone, plants, animals). This objectively leads to the need for exchange between communities. The regular surplus product made it possible to use part of it to exchange raw materials necessary for the community, but hard to obtain. But if there is the same economic and cultural type, the products are also similar, so it is not profitable to exchange a product that is already available for rare raw materials. This is only possible if there is a need to replenish the missing stock. In this regard, it arises prestigious economy. It appears on the basis of gift exchange relationships. the main objective prestigious economy - the creation of important social connections of various natures (inter-tribal, inter-tribal, marriage, friendly, etc.). To do this, a community in need of raw materials creates some new product that its neighbors do not have (a new variety of barley, wheat, a new breed of domestic animals, an unusual product, etc.). In this case, an exchange is possible rare things. The result is a prestigious product-item that few people possess, which sharply distinguishes the community from others. After this, they strive to be friends with the manufacturer of the product or its owner, that is, to create or maintain existing connections, since they may be useful in emergency situations. At the same time, a prestigious product can circulate in a limited (agreed) circle of communities.

Further improvement of agricultural skills and raising animals, and the subsequent emergence of more productive tools make it possible to create a significant surplus product. It continues to be community property. But for the needs of the community it is effectively used, mainly by the elders, formally, with general consent. This situation becomes an incentive for individual savings. This was easiest to accomplish in specialized hunting and gathering communities. The best hunters and gatherers were encouraged to leave some of the surplus produce with them. This gives birth to the labor nature of distribution. So the best workers got the opportunity to become richer than others.

In agricultural communities, the labor nature of distribution was possible when the communal field was divided into individual plots and the emergence of the household as an economic unit.

In communities where a prestigious economy is developing, men begin to monopolize this sphere of work, since it provides an opportunity to begin making individual savings through participation in prestigious exchange. In these societies, patrilocal settlements are even beginning to appear. Even in maternal families, male brothers played a large role.

Since the tribes were united a large number of childbirth, then when entering into marriage there was always a choice. Women were valued as an important labor force, so her departure to another clan led to the weakening of her clan. In this regard, for the loss work force compensation required: work in the public field or in other areas of labor. The development of a prestigious economy creates a form of marriage dowry. A tradition of premarital agreements between relatives appears (uterine agreement, lullaby or cradle agreement).

The desire for prestige could be satisfied through enrichment. Therefore, at the stage of transition from matrilocality and matrilineality to patrilocality and patrilineality, land plots are distributed between families, which turn into an economic unit - a household. This, in turn, shapes the neighboring community, as relationships within the clan change. Labor efforts within the household become the main ones. Even if the representatives of a given household do not belong to the main clan and therefore cannot lay claim to high status in a tribe, having accumulated significant wealth, through gift-exchange relationships they can create a significant group of friends and influence decision-making. A person's property status in the community began to determine his social status.

In the conditions of a producing economy, it was possible to “plan” reserves for the agricultural cycle. Each individual family could provide for itself based on the yield and cultivated area. The need to exchange ready-made identical products within the collective disappeared, and the produced product began to become not the property of the collective, but remained with the manufacturer. This is how it arose separate property. This is the main one hallmark neighboring community.

The literature often states that the formation of a neighborhood community creates private property. The most general difference between separate and private property lies in the fact that with the help of the former, a regular surplus product continues to be created, used for consumption and accumulation; it is used sporadically in exchange; second (private) form of ownership creates surplus product used purposefully for exchange and accumulation of wealth through it. We can say that the prerequisites for the formation private property appeared in the sphere of prestigious economics. Separate property is private ownership within a community property. Since an important feature of private property is the right to complete disposal of a land plot up to its sale, then private ownership of land in pure form was absent even at the stage ancient civilizations. The main manager of the land remained the neighboring community, which was supposed to guarantee a stable existence for its members.

The emergence of a neighboring community led to a change in relations within it. Under conditions of separate ownership, cooperation is transferred from the sphere of exchange to the sphere of production. The household unit (also known as the consumption unit) becomes the economic cell. The community performs the functions of an economic organism and regulates economic relations between households. The tribe becomes a social organism that regulates relations between communities.

The main forms of relations in the neighboring community:

A) help exchange– mutual assistance in developing the site, during sowing and harvesting work (labor assistance); it is stipulated that the one who received help, according to the principle of gift exchange, must at some point respond with help. Thus, the relationship becomes circular, communal;

b) help loan- help in emergency situations (disaster) by borrowing a product (namely a loan, not a handout), sometimes at interest (or assistance-return relationships). IN in this case the period for the return of assistance was stipulated;

V) service-exchange– is formed in the conditions of separation of crafts from agriculture, when artisans receive agricultural and livestock products in exchange for providing their products.

The stable functioning of these relationships and the entire community is possible if approximate economic equality of households. But private land ownership, when combined with a number of other factors (the number of households; the ratio of male and female, adult and children's composition; different natural abilities; hard work; random factors (crop failure, fire, etc.) create conditions for the formation of economic inequality (poor - rich).

There are some mechanisms in the community that can temporarily smooth out inequality. When existing reserve fund additional plots are provided to those in need. Rich households take on part of the community expenses (festivities) or undertake to periodically share part of the property according to the principle of primitive equality (public distributions, meals). Among the Indian tribes North America this custom was called potlatch The growing up of a new generation creates a need for land. The absence of a reserve fund requires external activity of the community. This is either the seizure of land from neighbors, or the resettlement of part of the community (the young landless generation) to free lands (colonization).

Nevertheless, sooner or later in a community, as a result of property inequality (economic inequality of households), relations of intracommunity dependence and exploitation begin to form. Help exchange relations with economic inequality develop into patronage (patronage), when the stronger court acts as a patron (patron), the weaker one acts as a client (under protection). This form of dependence implies maintaining the client’s economic independence, but otherwise he is forced to support the interests of the patron.

Help loans relations, with economic inequality give rise to bonded (debt). Obviously, while some traditions of primitive equality were preserved, bondage was less common in the original period. Probably, in this case, too, the allotment was retained by the enslaver, but he worked off his debts on the enslaver’s farm.

Since the surplus product can not only be accumulated, but also withdrawn, this gave rise to the era of enslavement and wars of “all against all” (predatory wars), that is, as soon as a person began to produce more than he needed for everyday existence, those who wanted to live appeared , without producing. Intertribal wars were often accompanied by the destruction of settlements, extermination and capture of residents. The prisoners were killed or adopted to replenish the loss in their own clans. Moreover, the cleared territory was not immediately populated, since it was believed that it was still under the protection of enemy spirits for some time.

Thus, the period of decomposition of the primitive communal system and the formation of civilization (classes, estates, state) begins.

A neighboring community is several clan communities (families) living in the same area. Each of these families has its own head. And each family runs its own farm and uses the produced product at its own discretion. Sometimes a neighboring community is also called rural or territorial. The fact is that its members usually lived in the same village.

The tribal community and the neighboring community are two successive stages in the formation of society. The transition from a tribal community to a neighboring one became an inevitable and natural stage in the life of ancient peoples. And there were reasons for this:

• The nomadic lifestyle began to change to a sedentary one.
• Agriculture became arable rather than slash-and-burn.
• The tools for cultivating the land became more advanced, and this, in turn, sharply increased labor productivity.
• The emergence of social stratification and inequality among the population.

Thus, there was a gradual disintegration of tribal relations, which was replaced by family ones. Common property began to fade into the background, and the private one moved to the fore. However for a long time they continued to exist in parallel: forests and reservoirs were common, and livestock, housing, tools, and plots of land were individual benefits. Now every person began to strive to do his own business, earning a living from it. This undoubtedly required the maximum unification of people so that the neighboring community continued to exist.

Differences between a neighborhood community and a tribal community

How does a tribal community differ from a neighboring one?

• Firstly, the fact that in the first a prerequisite was the presence of family (blood) ties between people. This was not the case in the neighboring community.
• Secondly, the neighboring community consisted of several families. Moreover, each family owned its own property.
• Thirdly, the joint labor that existed in the clan community was forgotten. Now each family worked on their own plot.
• Fourthly, so-called social stratification appeared in the neighboring community. More influential people stood out and classes were formed.

A person in a neighboring community has become more free and independent. But, on the other hand, he lost the powerful support that he had in his tribal community.

When we talk about how a neighboring community differs from a tribal community, it is necessary to note one very important fact. The neighboring community had a great advantage over the clan: it became a type of not just social, but socio-economic organization. It gave a powerful impetus to the development of private property and economic relations.

Neighborhood community among the Eastern Slavs

Among the Eastern Slavs, the final transition to a neighboring community occurred in the seventh century (in some sources it is called “rope”). Moreover, this type of social organization existed for quite a long time. The neighboring community did not allow the peasants to go bankrupt; mutual responsibility: The richer helped out the poor. Also, in such a community, rich peasants always had to focus on their neighbors. That is, it was still somehow restrained social inequality, although it naturally progressed. Characteristic feature for the neighboring Slavic community there was mutual responsibility for the committed misdeeds and crimes. This also applied to military service.

Finally

Neighborhood community and clan community are types of social structure that existed at one time in every nation. Over time, there was a gradual transition to a class system, to private property, and to social stratification. These phenomena were inevitable. Therefore, the communities have become a thing of history and today are found only in some remote regions.

Neighborhood community and tribal community.

33. Socio-economic relations in the neighboring community.

Primitive neighborhood community.

By primitive neighborhood community we mean a socio-economic structure consisting of individual families leading independent households, united with each other by territorial-neighborhood ties and joint ownership of the main means of production (land, pastures, fishing grounds). The combination of private property of individual families with collective property constitutes the inherent dualism of the neighboring community.

The characteristic features of a primitive neighborhood community are: the presence of a common territory, public property and communal land ownership in private land use, the presence of community governing bodies, various forms of cooperation and mutual assistance between community members, their joint participation in wars and matters related to intercommunal relations, the presence of a certain ideological (religious) unity of community members, the interweaving of territorial connections with disintegrating blood relatives, in public sphere- coexistence of the community with postnatal institutions.

Like any neighboring community, the primitive one is characterized by the interweaving and struggle of collective and private property.

The stage of formation of a neighboring community is characterized by replacement of ties based on kinship with neighborly-territorial ones, which at first are intricately intertwined with them or even clothed in a consanguineous shell. Examples include the preservation of the totemic name of an ancient tribal community by a neighboring community, the spread of terms of consanguinity to fellow villagers, especially in-laws, the use of ancestral sanctuaries for rituals of community significance among the Cheyenne, Crow, Tlingit, Iroquois, Hopi, Comanche and other tribes of North American Indians, or the institution of doha among the peoples of the Lower Amur (extension of exogamous prohibitions to a group of unrelated clans connected by neighborly relations).

This interweaving of family and neighborhood ties, extremely diverse in specific societies, forces us to raise the question of criteria that allow us to distinguish tribal community at the later stage of its development from the neighboring one and about the nature of the transitional forms between them.

The main features that characterize any neighboring community are the presence of separate family groups that independently manage the economy and dispose of the produced product, so that each one cultivates the fields allocated to him with his own efforts and the harvest is assigned to them individually, and collective ownership of the main means of production. Families represented in a community can be related or unrelated - as long as they are economically isolated, this is not of fundamental importance.

We cannot agree with researchers who strongly oppose patronymy to the neighboring community and believe that the latter can only exist as a territorial association of unrelated families. The facts suggest otherwise. In the mountainous regions of Northern Albania, at the beginning of the last century, all members of the neighboring community considered themselves descendants of one ancestor and avoided marrying each other. Neighborhood communities consisting of patronymically related families were not uncommon in the Caucasus back in the 19th century; they are also known in Southeast Asia and other places.

On initial stages In the formation of a neighboring community, communal ownership of land coexists with tribal ownership, sometimes even occupying a subordinate position. On some islands of the New Hebrides archipelago, villages, although they consist of subdivisions of several clans, do not yet form communities and do not have land ownership. On the Trobriand Islands, Shortland, Florida, San Cristobal, Santa Anna, Vao, Fate and others, a neighboring community has already emerged and communal ownership of land coexists with tribal and individual borrowing land use, and on the island of Amrim the land belongs to the entire community as a whole, but distributed among different clan groups.

In terms of stages, such a community is transitional from tribal to purely neighborly. It can be considered an early stage of the neighborhood community or a transitional type; We do not see much difference between these two points of view. The main criterion that makes it possible to distinguish it is not so much the coexistence of communal property with private property (this is of course for any neighboring community), but rather the intertwining of tribal ties with neighboring ones. The transition from such a community to a neighborhood community itself largely depends on the fate of the later clan, on the time when it finally ceases to exist. Since the clan most often survives into class society, it is obvious that it is precisely this early stage of the neighboring community that is most characteristic of its existence in a decaying primitive society, and the term “primitive neighboring community” seems quite acceptable to designate it.

Such a community is neighborly because it has its main feature - a combination of private property and collective property. The fact that it is inherent in the era of decomposition of primitive society is also evidenced by archaeological material. In Denmark already in settlements Bronze Age within each village the boundaries of individual plots and communal pasture are clearly visible. Something similar was observed even earlier in Neolithic Cyprus.

However, such a community is not just a neighborly one, but a primitive neighborly one, since collective property in it is represented in two forms: communal and tribal. Such a combination of two forms of collective property can persist for a very long time, and not only in decaying primitive societies, but even in the early class, as can be seen in numerous African examples.

At present, the universal nature of not only the neighboring community as a whole can be considered proven, but also its early stage - the primitive neighboring community, which can be traced both in patriarchal and in late-maternal and clanless societies. Thus, the later forms of clan organization during the era of the decomposition of primitive society are basically simultaneous with the primitive neighboring community. They coexist, differing not only in their functions, but also in their structures: while the clan is based on the principle of consanguinity, the community rests on territorial-neighborhood ties.

Although the clan and community, as forms of social organization, complement each other, creating a double line of defense for the individual, there is a certain struggle between them for the sphere of influence. The final victory of the neighboring community over the clan is determined by the fact that it is not only social organization, which the late genus practically became, but socio-economic organization, in which social connections are intertwined and determined by production ones.

The neighboring community perishes when collective property becomes an obstacle to the further development of private property. By general rule this already occurs in class societies, although exceptions are known, usually associated with a shortage of land (for example, in Micronesia and Polynesia). The main means of production are gradually becoming private property. The emergence of allod in agricultural societies is well traced in the example of early medieval Western Europe. However, even having lost its production functions, a community can survive as a social organization as an administrative-fiscal or territorial self-governing unit.

The neighborhood community can also survive for a long time in class societies based on subsistence farming. Sometimes it is deliberately preserved by the ruling classes. However, such a community, despite the similarities in internal structures, differs from the primitive one. In a primitive neighboring community, exploitation is just beginning, in a class community it prevails. The community is either exploited as a whole, or is singled out from its midst as exploiters. and exploited.

This interweaving of clan and neighborly ties, extremely diverse in specific societies, forces us to raise the question of the criteria that make it possible to distinguish a clan community at a later stage of its development from a neighboring one and about the nature of the transitional forms between them.

The main features that characterize any neighboring community are the presence of separate family groups that independently manage the economy and dispose of the produced product, so that each one cultivates the fields allocated to him with his own efforts and the harvest is assigned to them individually, and collective ownership of the main means of production. Families represented in a community can be related or unrelated - as long as they are economically isolated, this is not of fundamental importance.

At the initial stages of the formation of a neighboring community, communal ownership of land coexists with tribal ownership, sometimes even occupying a subordinate position. On some islands of the New Hebrides archipelago, villages, although they consist of subdivisions of several clans, do not yet form communities and do not have land ownership. On the Trobriand Islands, Shortland, Florida, San Cristobal, Santa Anna, Vao, Fate and others, a neighboring community has already emerged and communal ownership of land coexists with tribal and individual borrowing land use, and on the island of Amrim the land belongs to the entire community as a whole, but distributed among different clan groups.

In terms of stages, such a community is transitional from tribal to purely neighborly. It can be considered an early stage of the neighborhood community or a transitional type; We do not see much difference between these two points of view. The main criterion that makes it possible to distinguish it is not so much the coexistence of communal property with private property (this is of course for any neighboring community), but rather the intertwining of tribal ties with neighboring ones.

The transition from such a community to a neighborhood community itself largely depends on the fate of the later clan, on the time when it finally ceases to exist. Since the clan most often survives into class society, it is obvious that it is precisely this early stage of the neighboring community that is most characteristic of its existence in a decaying primitive society, and the term “primitive neighboring community” seems quite acceptable to designate it.

Such a community is neighborly because it has its main feature - a combination of private property and collective property. The fact that it is inherent in the era of decomposition of primitive society is also evidenced by archaeological material. In Denmark, already in Bronze Age settlements, the boundaries of individual plots and communal pasture are clearly visible within each village. Something similar was observed even earlier in Neolithic Cyprus.

However, such a community is not just a neighborly one, but a primitive neighborly one, since collective property in it is represented in two forms: communal and tribal. Such a combination of two forms of collective property can persist for a very long time, and not only in decaying primitive societies, but even in early class societies, as can be seen in numerous African examples.

Although the clan and community, as forms of social organization, complement each other, creating a double line of defense for the individual, there is a certain struggle between them for the sphere of influence. The final victory of the neighboring community over the clan is determined by the fact that it is not only a social organization, which the later clan practically became, but a socio-economic organization in which social ties are intertwined and determined by production ones.

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