Unusual ways of drawing. Original techniques and drawing techniques

Exist different techniques drawings - some of them are traditional, others are non-traditional and even innovative. In general, the painting technique is characterized not so much by the materials used, but by the method of applying paints. The length and direction of the strokes, their brightness, and methods of mixing colors matter. All this is individual for each artist, and forms his style. But there are still main types of drawing techniques that are distinguished by the paints used. So the most famous and popular drawing techniques include: drawing with pencil, gouache, watercolor, oil and pastel.

The simplest technique is considered to be drawing with a pencil. Everyone starts with pencil drawings. Little children pick up a pencil and begin to create their masterpieces. The pencil drawing technique does not require any special skill. Besides, pencil drawings are preparatory stage for other techniques. However, the pencil technique also has its secrets of how to achieve accuracy and high quality in a drawing. For example, one of these secrets is the technique of shading.

Gouache paints are good for beginners. They are good for learning to draw. They are diluted with water, are opaque and can overlap one color with another. When painting with gouache, you can take any colors and paint with them in any order. Paints can be mixed on a palette and get different shades.

Gouache paints

The watercolor technique is more complex; it often remains incomprehensible and mysterious. The apparent ease here is deceptive. Watercolor from the Latin aqua water. It is the artist’s ability to control this water element mixed with paint that determines his skill and mastery of this technique. Watercolor is fluid and transparent, susceptible to brush movement. This is a favorite technique of many artists.

They paint with oil paints mainly in two ways: with and without underpainting. The first method requires quite complex preparation. None strict rules there are no oil strokes or layers of paint. Try different options. Sometimes the shade of a vertical stroke does not fit into the work, but if you put it horizontally, it will look good. In general, even a non-professional artist can paint an oil painting.

In order to work with soft pastel crayons, a rough, fleecy surface is required. You can both draw and write with pastels, that is, you can depict figures with lines and contours, and then paint over them, or you can create multi-color paintings with small strokes that are mixed, rubbed and shaded. Pastel looks very beautiful on a dark background, so tinted paper is often used in this technique.

IN Lately Another very popular and widespread drawing technique has appeared - drawing with a stylus on the tablet screen. This technique is suitable for both beginners and professionals. There are even programs that help both children and adults master the technique of drawing on the screen. For example, the “How to Draw” program offers you to master drawings of varying degrees of complexity and different styles.

Drawing on the tablet screen

But no matter what technique you decide to use, Creative skills, remember that training will help you realize your wildest ideas.

Each of us made our first sketches as children. During the drawing lessons, not everyone tried to do the work well and did not think about acquiring skills. In adulthood, many people feel the need to create something beautiful, but how to learn to draw with a pencil? After all, any drawing technique is based on the ability to hold the stylus correctly, make basic sketches, and create images. In this article you will find useful tips for learning to draw, as in art school, and independently.

Pencil Drawing Basics

Experts say that anyone, regardless of age, can learn how to draw correctly with a pencil. Learning to paint always begins with getting to know the materials that a beginning artist needs:

• a sheet of white paper, any format;
• eraser, also known as a rubber grater;
• simple pencils.

The first steps in drawing begin with a pencil sketch. With the help of meager lines, the general outlines of the object being copied, various poses, and moments of movement are conveyed. The sketch is the most quick way put on paper your first thoughts and impressions of what you are drawing. While sketching, you don’t need to pay attention to unnecessary details; it is recommended to draw it for no more than 10 minutes.

How to learn to draw from scratch

Scientific psychologists have proven that during the process of creating a drawing, both hemispheres of the brain are actively working in a person, and the imagination is activated. It’s not for nothing that there is a technique for calming nerves called art therapy - this is drawing for adults and children. Many people want to be able to, but do not know how to learn to draw with a pencil. Learning to draw from scratch is not at all difficult, because the technique of drawing with a pencil is accessible to children and adults.

Art school

How can a child learn to draw with a pencil? The best solution is to send him to an art school. It is designed for teaching children school age from 6 to 17 years old. Upon admission to this institution, the level of knowledge and skills in fine arts. Depending on the child’s skills, they are assigned to the appropriate group of students.

Education at the art school is free and government funded. I visit this place after main school lessons three times a week. The course of study ranges from two to seven years. After graduating from school, the graduate receives a diploma, which opens the door to an artistic future: admission to a college or higher institution in his specialty.

Courses

How can adults learn to draw with a pencil? You can learn the art of drawing through art courses. They are paid. The course of study ranges from several weeks to four years. During this time, the art studio will teach you the following skills:

• How to draw correctly in step-by-step technique.
• Learn to use a pencil and brush. Teachers in the art studio teach not only the ability to hold instruments correctly, but also how to choose and distinguish high-quality from low-grade ones.
• Learn how to draw children with a pencil.
• Learn many drawing techniques.
• Learn how to learn to draw various items.
• Learn to draw from life, landscapes, still lifes, people, animals, etc.
• Learn coloristics - choosing and combining colors correctly.
• Learn how to draw a cat with a pencil and other animals.
• They will tell you how to learn to draw portraits.

Online lessons

If you don’t have free time and you don’t know how to learn to draw with a pencil, then take advantage of online courses. They are suitable for those who are unable to attend a stationary studio. An approximate plan for completing classes in this format for beginning artists:

• The teacher provides basic knowledge of drawing in the form of examples of work and pictures.
• The selected topic of the drawing lesson is discussed in detail.
• At the end of the lesson the teacher gives homework, which you complete and mail to your teacher for review.
• At the next lesson, the student, together with the teacher, analyzes the homework in detail, and together they correct errors in the drawing, if any.

Online lessons, as an option, in order to learn how to draw professionally, are not the only way out. If you do not have the financial and territorial capabilities, but have a great and irresistible desire to learn how to draw well, then you can do it yourself with the help of:

• textbooks and drawing aids;
• tutorials;
• drawing instructions;
• training videos.

Step-by-step drawing technique

A beginner needs to practice drawing by creating sketches. In order for the drawing to be meaningful, the sketch must be created according to the rules that form the plan:

1. First, choose an object that you will draw, such as a teapot or vase.
2. Examine it from all sides, determine its shape, its texture, how the shadows fall on this object.
3. Determine the composition of the drawing, i.e. how it will be placed on paper, in what format.
4. After the contours are drawn, draw the details and apply shadows.

Human

In order to draw a person, you need to decide on the composition. This means that you need to analyze the boundaries of the location from head to toe. Once you have a figure in your mind, start composing the body parts. You need to draw a person from a sketch of the contours of the head, going lower. In the image of a person, it is very important to immediately find the image; you should determine the number of details necessary for the finished drawing.

Face

When drawing a person, much attention is paid to the face. To draw it correctly, you need to follow the steps:

1. Decide how the face will be positioned on the paper. To do this, mentally draw an axis of symmetry; it should pass through the center of the sheet.
2. Draw with a pencil on paper the outline of the face in the form of an oval (shape chicken egg).
3. Build the shape of the face, starting from the jawline, moving to the most convex part - the cheekbone area, then to the narrowest - the temporal area.
4. Align the drawn lines with an eraser; this will noticeably “lighten” the outline of the oval.
5. Divide the resulting oval into three equal parts using light, barely noticeable lines. The very first line, located closer to the chin, marks the tip of the nose.
6. Draw the nose, starting from the tip. It always protrudes forward, so it has a round, square, or pointed shape. Then we draw the wings of the nose and the bridge of the nose.
7. We draw the mouth, starting from the upper bend of the lip, which is located in the middle of the nostrils of the nose.

Eyes

In a portrait of a person, the eyes occupy the most important place; they attract attention, so they need to be given special attention. To draw them using a step-by-step technique, you must adhere to the following plan:

1. Before drawing the eyes, it is necessary to outline the eyebrows, which are located at the level of the bridge of the nose. Their shape depends on the character that the artist wants to convey in the portrait.
2. Having outlined the approximate location of the eyes, we draw out their shape in the form of an oval.
3. Draw the pupil in the shape of a circle.
4. We line the eyelids and shape the eyelashes.

Anime and Manga

Many young artists begin learning to draw with anime and manga, because... portray people in style bright characters Japanese cartoons are much simpler than classic ones. The greatest emphasis in such cartoon characters falls on the head, eyes and hair. Let's sort it out step-by-step scheme drawing, with the help of which a novice artist will learn how to learn to draw anime:

1. We start drawing the anime with an oval, which will be the head.
2. Divide the circle in half lengthwise using straight line.
3. Divide the head crosswise into three parts using light lines.
4. Next, you need to note the location of the eyes, nose and mouth.
5. Drawing big eyes, starting from the arch of the upper eyelid. The distance between them should be equal to one eye. When drawing pupils, much attention is paid to applying highlights. The eyebrows of these characters are drawn in a classic style: two even arches.
6. The nose in anime and manga is drawn small, expressed with a tick.
7. Lips are drawn with two small lines.
8. Anime and manga hair should be drawn in flowing triangles that slightly cover the eyes.
9. Anime girls are depicted in bright clothes, mostly dresses.

3D drawings

Volumetric drawings They fascinate with their realism, thanks to the correct construction of the form, the application of shadows and highlights in the right places. You should learn to draw such pictures from simple geometric shapes: cylinder, rhombus, square. To recreate the 3D illusion of an object, you need to draw it in isometry, when the angles between the coordinate axes are 45 degrees. Volume is added to the drawing by auxiliary lines, which are drawn inside the figure with light pressure, and the outline is drawn in bold, more dark color.

Portraits

Portraits can be drawn both from life and from photographs. Before drawing up an image, carefully consider what message the future drawing will convey. Learn to draw a portrait of a person correctly, not only in terms of proportionality and symmetry, but also to display real emotions. Another task of drawing an image of a person is to convey the maximum similarity of the person being copied. To achieve this, before you start drawing, consider all the details, highlight those features, “highlights” that you will focus on.

Graffiti on paper

Nowadays, graffiti painting is a fashionable movement that is gaining momentum. Many buildings are full of incomprehensible voluminous inscriptions, but quite often there are beautiful, professional drawings on the walls. To ensure that your paintings do not disfigure city buildings, but expensive paints not wasted, you need to practice on paper for a long time. First, try drawing the letters of the alphabet using a pencil. To give them volume, use auxiliary lines.

House

The ability to draw buildings is useful not only for children, but also for people of all ages. age groups, to easily compose pictures, for example, a house with a landscape. Buildings are very easy to draw using lines. You should start with a rectangle, adding a triangle, you will get the image of a house, this is how children draw it. With the help of simple techniques and additional lines, the house becomes voluminous.

Cars

To draw a car with a pencil, you must adhere to step by step plan:

1. Mark the outer outline of the car, dividing it in half with a line.
2. We draw the body with thicker lines.
3. Then we draw the wheels.
4. We draw out the details of the front part of the car: headlights, Windshield, bumper
5. We draw windows, doors, mirrors.

Animals

It is much more difficult to draw animals than objects, especially from life, because they constantly change their pose and are in motion. To draw an animal, for example, a horse, you need to decide on its characteristic features: thick mane, elongated muzzle, slender muscular legs. Look detailed instructions, . You may not be able to correctly portray your favorite cat or dog on the first try, but after several practices you will definitely succeed.

Video tutorials on drawing with a simple pencil for beginners

Video lessons - great way learning to draw on your own. Below is a selection of educational videos in which experienced artists clearly show how to create easy pencil drawings for beginners. After watching the video, you will learn how to draw Japanese cartoon characters - anime girls, and learn how to draw flowers. If you like landscapes, then watch the third video to the end, in which the artist paints nature, focusing special attention on the trees.

Drawing girls

How to draw flowers

Beautiful landscapes

How to Draw the Human Body

If you are starting from scratch - complete zero, like me, and wanted to learn how to draw with a pencil - read the chronicle of a lazy, mediocre artist. Last time I drew while still at school. I drew like everyone else, averagely.

How can you draw with a pencil after 50 hours of practice?, and how to learn it. I started drawing from scratch. I did not draw regularly, on average 15 minutes a day, for six months. And you can learn in a couple of months, drawing 60 minutes a day!

Drawing - copying skill

I started drawing the following drawings in the belief that I was mediocre at drawing. But since I know that almost everything I know about myself is not true. I decided to double-check myself: do I really have crooked hands or did I suffer that much at school?

Sphere

The main element of drawing. Draw the shadows and penumbras of the sphere.

The time indicated is based on reading the textbook. Drawing itself takes half as much time.

Cube

Basic building brick of any design.

Cube Modifications

Drawing texture with a pencil

Flags and rose

Drawing cubes - advanced level

Drawing spheres - advanced level

From this stage you obliged to buy shading - paper pencil. In previous tutorials I blended with my finger, then blended with #3.

All the magic of penumbra: volume, small shadows in the corners, when drawing an eye and a portrait - thanks to shading. It's like your drawing ability is multiplied by three! You'll be amazed when you compare your results.

Flags, scrolls

Cylinders: volcano, cup

Drawing a living tree

Room in perspective

Street in perspective

Drawing in central perspective: castle, city

Inscription in perspective

Learning to draw a portrait

Learn to draw a hand

Exam: first portrait!

Drawing people is much more difficult than roses or anime. The face cannot be distorted - every mistake is immediately noticeable. You need to learn to draw people when you feel confident that you can draw a recognizable outline and sketch of a face.

Portraits cannot be drawn quickly; diligence and care are required. This is the portrait I ended up with of my wife:

Learn to draw pictures from scratch

I painted eight paintings in a total of 24 hours, half the time. I also practiced with a pencil for one day. You can learn to draw to the same results, even if your hands are growing out of your ass, in 50–150 hours. In terms of TV series, this is 2-3 seasons of Dr. House.

Vasya Lozhkin took 6 hours to paint his first acrylic painting, “And I Like You.” I didn’t know what acrylic was and how to use it. I also held a brush for the first time since school.

Kneading the desired shade is not easy. To give up everything because it wasn’t working out – I wanted to do it every half hour. We need a person who will support. I went to study at an art studio and painted under the supervision of an artist. A year later, I took online drawing lessons a couple of times from the same teacher.

I learned to draw with a pencil, and the skill turned out to be complex. I picked up a brush for the first time since school and painted. 6 long hours, a little crooked, but how great! Now I can give an extraordinary gift - draw a picture for a friend, a bookmark in a notebook, a caricature for work. I even made a small cartoon.

First painting: pastel, acrylic, gouache and oil. All the equipment is made from scratch, and there’s no shame in hanging it on the wall.

How to learn to draw correctly - algorithm

Learning to draw with a pencil is the basis: demolish angles, line sizes, maintain proportions. Just learn not to be afraid to draw. Master the initial level, and then it will only get more fun and easier.

How to learn to draw

Let's draw with a simple pencil .

A fundamental drawing tool. Almost all illustrations, sketches and paintings are drawn first in pencil. Then it is rubbed down to barely visible lines, or we paint on top with paints. Errors are easily corrected. #1 for beginners.

Let's draw gel pens.

A simple tool for drawing in color. The drawing technique is similar to the technique of drawing with a pencil - after all, it is a pen, not a brush. You can correct errors only in Photoshop.





We draw with felt-tip pens. Analogues: markers and professional “copies”.

More variety of colors than gel pens. The set will cost less. After 1–2 years, the markers dry out and you need to buy a new set.





The felt-tip pens saturate the paper a little and it begins to become limp, which is why I don’t like drawing with them. You can draw 2-3 times and the line becomes more saturated, you can draw penumbra.

We paint with watercolors.

Cheap materials, and familiar from school. They are diluted with water, so the new layer of paint blurs the previous one. It is difficult to master how she will behave. From scratch, on your own, it’s not easy to learn how to draw details. The advantage is accessibility.

• We draw with gouache.

  Matte color, thicker than watercolor, is also diluted with water. Great for beginners: it's easier to correct inaccuracies than watercolor. Cheap material.

  
  

• Let's draw acrylic paints .

  The most affordable professional material. Acrylic dries quickly, 5-15 minutes. It is easy for them to apply a second layer and correct flaws. If it is of high quality, it is resistant to water.

  Acrylic paint on canvas. You can also draw anything: a wall, a stool, a cup, a helmet, an ashtray, a T-shirt, photo frames. I recommend then opening the work with varnish from a can.

  

• Let's draw pastel – dry and oil.

  The technique of drawing with pastels is unusual - you need to draw with crayons, rubbing them on paper.

  
  

  Drawing technique oil pastels similar to drawing with pencils, but has its own characteristics.

  
  

• Painting with oils.

  Complex professional paints. Durable, but you can’t buy cheap ones - they crack.

  It takes a long time to dry, about 2–10 days. This is a plus - you can always remove a layer, finish drawing, shade. But there is also a minus, you need to very carefully apply a layer on top so as not to spoil what you have. I do not recommend using them for beginners.

  

Can you learn to draw with a pencil? . Find “Why?”, buy a textbook and draw for fun. In a month, you will be surprised at your abilities.

Today we will talk about various techniques drawing with colored pencils.

WITH colored pencils are incredibly enjoyable to work with, partly because they are easy to manipulate and control. How you sharpen your pencil, how you hold it and how hard you press it determines what effect you will achieve when drawing. By using colored pencils you can create both soft combinations and dazzlingly bright realistic textures. Once you have grasped the basics described below, you will be able to decide which technique will give the object unique properties. Technician in drawing with colored pencils there are a lot, as many effects as can be achieved with their help. So the more you practice and experiment, the more potential you'll see in the images that inspire you.

Pressure

Drawing with colored pencils different from painting with paints, you can't just put more color on the tip to make it darker. Therefore, your main tool is pressure when you apply color. It is best to start with a light color, this will preserve the texture of the paper much longer. Over time, you will develop the mechanical skill to vary the pressure on the pencil to achieve the desired effect.

Light pressure

In this area (in the picture on the left) the color was applied just barely touching the surface of the paper with a pencil. With light pressure the color is still transparent.

Moderate pressure

Moderate pressure on the pencil creates a good base for the layers (center). This is also the click you might want to sign your drawings with.

Strong pressure

Very strong pressure on the pencil flattens the surface of the paper, making the color truly solid (right).

Strokes

Every line you make colored pencil very important - the direction, thickness and texture of the line will help create a particular effect. Practice different types of shading. You will notice that you have a tendency towards one or two types of hatching, but strokes help convey the texture and emotion of your work.

You can imitate different textures by creating dot and dash patterns on paper. You can even create a dense, thick texture using dots.

While a group of straight lines gives direction (in the picture on the left), a group of slightly curved lines conveys a sense of movement (on the right). Try combinations of different shading options and to create a more exuberant, rich design. Such exercises show you how lines and strokes can be not only expressive, but also informative.

Lines of varying thickness help create texture. These lines create a sense of volume in the drawing.

Types of hatching

Make circular movements with a pencil or in a random order, as in the picture, or in identical rows. For a thicker coverage, like the one on the right side of the example, apply multiple layers, layering circles on top of each other. You can also experiment with varying degrees of pressure for a more random feel.

You may be more comfortable working in a straight-line style: vertical, diagonal, or horizontal, depending on your preference. Your strokes can be short and choppy or long, depending on the texture you want.

This effect is created by scribbling a pencil across the surface of the paper in a random manner, creating an organic mass of color. By changing the pressure and the amount of time you spend drawing a line in one area, you can increase or decrease the color saturation.

This term refers to the creation of a series of nearly parallel lines. The closer the lines are to each other, the denser and darker the color. Cross hatching is created by superimposing one parallel line on another, but at a different angle. You can use shading to fill areas with solid color or to create texture.

No matter what your favorite type of shading is, you should strive to be able to control the pencil and apply smooth, even color. I used small circles in this example. Note: when the color is even, you cannot tell with what lines it was applied.

This is the most mechanical view application of color, but it creates a very strong texture. Simply sharpen your pencil and create small dots all over the surface. Place the points closer friend to each other for denser coverage.

Layers and shading

Anyone who paints can first mix colors on a palette and then transfer them to canvas. Working with colored pencils, all mixing and shading of colors occurs directly on the surface of the paper. With the help of layers, you can either get a new color or a new shade. To intensify the color, apply more layers on top, and to tone it down, use a complementary (contrasting) color. You can also blend the colors using a white pencil or a colorless blender.

The easiest way to mix colors is to apply a second coat of color directly on top of the first coat. You can do this with as many colors as you need to achieve the desired color or saturation. The key to this technique is to use light pressure, work with a sharpened pencil, and apply each layer evenly.

To refresh your memory, let me remind you that polishing is a technique that requires pressing firmly to fuse two or more colors together and give them an even, glossy look. A colorless blender tends to make colors darker (as shown in the picture), while using a white or light pencil (next example) brightens the colors and gives them a bold look.

You can also mix colors using lighter or white pencil. To create an orange tint, apply a layer of red and then layer yellow on top. remember, that dark color should always be under light. If you apply a dark color over a light color, blending will not occur. Also try not to press too hard on the bottom layers in the polishing area, as if you flatten the surface of the paper too quickly, the blending result will not be as effective.

This method is usually used when working with pastels, the viewer sees two colors next to each other, as if they were mixed. Use scribbles, strokes, dots, or rounded scribbles to apply color, allowing each pencil to look like a small piece of string. When you look at it as a whole, the lines different colors merge and look like one mass. This is a very lively and new mixing method that will captivate your audience.

Laws of chiaroscuro

Every person who has started drawing asks the question of how to convey the volume and shape of objects on paper. And this issue often comes to a dead end. Meanwhile, visual perception shape and volume directly depend on the laws of such a thing as chiaroscuro. In principle, these patterns can be traced simply by observing objects around us illuminated with artificial or natural colors. This is especially clearly seen on objects of simple geometric shapes - balls, cylinders, pyramids, etc. In order to seriously master tonal drawing, you need to know these laws of chiaroscuro well.

Chiaroscuro— the distribution of illumination observed on the surface of an object, creating a brightness scale.

Light is one of the main visual arts: the transfer of the shape, volume, texture of an object and the depth of space depends on the lighting conditions.

An object is visually perceived only when it is illuminated, that is, when chiaroscuro is formed on its surface due to different illumination.

Depending on the position of the object in relation to the light source, the type (texture) and color of its surface and a number of other factors, chiaroscuro will have one or another brightness. Chiaroscuro can be divided into several “parts”. To make it clearer, consider a simple cylinder.

If you light it artificially, the gradation of light and shade will be visible very clearly. So. The gradation is as follows: highlight, light, penumbra, own shadow, reflex, falling shadow.

light - surfaces brightly illuminated by a light source;
glare - a spot of light on a brightly lit convex or flat glossy surface, when it also contains mirror reflection;
shadow - unlit or dimly lit areas of an object. Shadows on the unlit side of an object are called intrinsic, and shadows cast by the object on other surfaces are called cast;
penumbra is a weak shadow that occurs when an object is illuminated by several light sources. It also forms on a surface facing the light source at a slight angle;
reflex - a weak light spot in the shadow area, formed by rays reflected from nearby objects.

Light- this is the most illuminated surface; the rays of light fall on it at a more right angle. There will always be the brightest small spot in the light - a highlight (this is the place where rays of light, reflected from the surface of an object, fall directly into our eye). Of course, the highlight does not have to be perfectly white. It all depends on the overall tone of the picture. If you paint a black matte ball, there will never be a white highlight on it. A highlight is the brightest spot relative to your drawing, here and now, so to speak. Then the shape of the object is rotated, the rays of light fall at a different angle, and a penumbra is obtained. The transition from light to penumbra, and then to shadow on round objects is very smooth, without clear boundaries. So, next is the shadow itself. This is the place on the surface of an object where light rays do not reach at all. This is the darkest place on the surface of an object. It must be remembered that the shadow goes along the surface of the object and will take its shape. If we draw a ball (or other round, spherical objects), then we need to remember that the border of the shadow cannot be the same throughout its entire length. The convex surface of the shadow border closest to us will be darker than the edges.

Then a reflex. It is very important. Many people miss reflexes and don’t draw them, but without this it is impossible to fully convey the shape of an object. Rays of light, which fall not only on the object, but also illuminate everything around, are reflected from the surrounding object space (for example, from the surface of the table on which the object lies, or from surrounding objects) and cast a reflection on the object that we are actually drawing . This is a reflex. It is lighter than the shadow, but in no case can the reflex be the same tone as the light. It should be darker than light, partial shade, but lighter than shadow. Of course, there is no exact recipe here; how much darker or lighter it is - you need to look at each individual case.

In addition to its own shadow, an object has another one - a falling one. I think everything is clear - the object, with its mass, blocks the path of light rays, and they do not reach the surface on which the object stands. This is how a falling shadow is created. It also has its own gradations of tone. At the base of the object, the shadow is usually darker and more saturated. And the further away from the object, the paler and blurrier it becomes.

In general, regardless of the shape of the object, whether it is simple or complex, the law of distribution of light and shadow is always the same.

But there are more additions. We are not drawing flat spots, but three-dimensional objects are illuminated unevenly. The degree of illumination depends on the position of the object in space relative to the light source, on the nature of the light source, the distance from the surface of the object to the light source, and also on the incidence of the light beam on the surface.
Also, the degree of illumination of an object depends on how close the object is to the light source. As an object approaches the light, its illumination will increase, and vice versa, as it moves away, it will weaken.

The eye distinguishes a significant number of tones. The wider the scale of tones, the less they differ in brightness from each other, the less contrast the object is perceived; The narrower it is, the greater the differences in brightness between tones will be, the more contrast the object will appear.

And another one important detail- background. Drawing, unless of course quick sketch or the very first sketch for a future painting, will not live on paper without a background. A dark background looks very impressive for light objects, which thanks to it come to the fore.

A lot depends on the background in the drawing!

As a result, we can say: to give volume to an object, you can divide it into many planes (this can be done mentally, not necessarily on paper), find the brightest and darkest of them, and then finish the drawing, filling it with penumbra and highlighting reflexes . And of course, we must not forget about the shadow and the background, even if we are drawing a sketch. For an example of the distribution of tones of different saturations, here is a clear example from the book. Note that glare is White paper, which is visible in some places.

In this section we will try to give general information about the stroke and reveal the essence of the shading method.
At first glance, it seems easy to repeat the same thing as in the figure. But for beginners this is very difficult, especially when the hand does not obey and you just want to put your hand against the paper and “make” circumferential lines from short lines, as many people usually do.

Here are a few techniques inherent in shading:.
So, try quickly drawing several oblique parallel lines at the same distance. It is important to maintain equal (or proportional) distances between lines. It is better to hold a pencil (pen, felt-tip pen, etc.) lightly, and draw lines without pressing hard on the paper. Many educational publications recommend training shoulder movements. To do this, you need to hold your hand without touching the paper.

Lines can be drawn with great pressure at the beginning of the stroke, and almost without touching at the end

Read about this topic on the website:

Pencil drawing. Materials and tools. Storing drawings Demonstration charcoal drawing: head of a woman Charcoal drawing: forest island Stage 5-7