Treaty of Nystadt - history of signing and conditions

According to the results Northern War 1700-1721 Russia and Sweden signed the Nystadt Peace Treaty. The document is named after the city of Nystadt in Finland (the current port of Uusikaupunki), where the ceremony took place. The conditions of the Peace of Nystadt, which recorded the victory of the Russian Empire, contributed to the strengthening of the role of Peter the Great’s state in European politics.

The treaty meant the final transformation of the once provincial landlocked power into one of the main forces capable of deciding the destinies of the world. The territorial changes prescribed in the agreement affected the regions of modern Russia, Estonia and Latvia.

The Northern War (also called the Great Northern War) lasted 21 years, fighting demanded the mobilization of all forces of the Russian state.

Beginning with the defeat of Russia in the Battle of Narva and the subsequent defeat of its European allies - Denmark and Poland - military clashes from the Baltic lands moved to the territory of Ukraine, where the Battle of Poltava took place in 1708.

This was one of the most brilliant victories won by Russian weapons in terms of military consequences. Peter's opponent, King Charles XII, fled to Turkey and was able to leave it only in 1713. Military operations continued after the death of Charles in 1718 from a stray bullet during the siege of a fortress in Norway.

The conflict was accompanied by significant population losses:

• in Finland, which was subjected to plunder by the Russians and Swedes;
• in regions of Russia adjacent to the theaters of military operations (here, by 1710, the number of residents, according to census data, decreased by 40%).

The events that forced Sweden to sign and ratify the Treaty of Nystad were the occupation of all of Finland by Peter's troops and the raids of the Russian fleet along the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula proper. The kingdom's resources were exhausted, and the war ended with the signing of peace.

Background

When it was already clear that Sweden would not be able to reconquer the lands occupied by the Russians, the kingdom’s authorities began to look for ways to end the war. In May 1718, representatives of the warring powers met on the Åland Islands.

However, the congress did not lead to any results, since Queen Ulrika Eleonora, who had ascended the throne, was tempted by possible help from England and intended to continue the war against Russia.

The victories of Peter the Great's fleet at the islands of Ezel and Grengam led to the evacuation of British ships from the Baltic waters. The subsequent conclusion of peace took place on August 30, 1721. On the Russian side, the Nishtad peace treaty, the text of which was known to the tsar, was signed by his confidants Yakov Bruce and Andrei Osterman.

Nystadt Peace The contract, the terms of which were acceptable to both parties, contained a whole
row important issues. The world map was redrawn and new borders between countries were established.

List of provisions of the Treaty of Nystadt :

1. 1. Eternal peace between the Russian Tsar and the Swedish King, which should also be maintained by their successors.
   2. Complete amnesty for traitors on both sides, except for the Cossacks of Hetman Mazepa.
   3. Cessation of hostilities within 14 days.
   4. The Swedes pledged to transfer Livonia, the country of Estonia, Ingermanland and partly Karelia into Russia's possession.
   5. In return, Sweden regained Finland.
   6. Guarantee of freedom of religion in these territories.
   7. Russia pledged to pay the Swedes monetary compensation in the amount of 2 million rubles in silver.
   8. In total, the contract contained 24 clauses, which detailed the indicated main provisions, as well as a number of minor ones.

The Peace of Nystadt meant for Russia the return of the Baltic lands, which were first captured back in the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible during the Livonian Campaign. These were, predominantly, the former possessions of the Livonian Order, which went to Sweden, as well as the ancient Russian lands at the mouth of the Neva, on which Prince Rurik could have landed on his way to the Ilmen Slovenes. The lands of Izhora were part of Sweden for about a hundred years - from 1617, when the Treaty of Stolbovo was concluded.

The Nystadt Peace Treaty, in short, meant revenge for Russia and the return of lost positions, as well as the possibility of maritime trade with European countries. In addition, St. Petersburg, founded on occupied Swedish territory, was able to obtain full legal status as the new capital of Russia.

Take note! The results and significance of the Nystadt Peace Treaty were already appreciated by contemporaries.

On September 10, the day after the ratification of the document, when the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt was publicly announced, celebrations took place in Moscow to mark this event. And on October 22, the senators presented Peter I with a request that he accept the title of Emperor of All-Russia and Father of the Fatherland.

Historians' assessment

Recognizing the successes achieved by Russian troops and diplomacy in the Northern War, historian Vasily Klyuchevsky noted that the protracted hostilities could have ended much earlier.

The military campaign, devastating for the population, brought economic benefits only in the long term.

At the same time, there is no doubt that the protracted nature of the war was explained by the extreme intransigence of the Swedes. The presence at the head of the kingdom of a talented commander Charles XII, who was only removed sudden death, for many years it was not possible to say with certainty which side would win.

The King of Sweden, despite the final defeat, glorified his name not only in home country. In 2008, a monument was erected to Charles XII in the Ukrainian village of Degtyarevka (together with Hetman Mazepa).

For Sweden, the treaty signed in Nystadt meant the end of the period of the Swedish Great Power (from 1561 to 1721), when the country could dictate terms to other European states and pursued a policy based on the concept of Baltic dominance.

Note! Despite the bloodiness of the war and its historical meaning, most of Russia subsequently lost the lands captured by Peter.

Land loss occurred after 1917, when the separate republics of Estonia and Latvia were first created, and a second time when it dissolved in 1991.

Revision of the results of the Nystad Peace

The peace prescribed in the terms of the agreement did not become eternal and inextricable. Results of the Northern War
deeply hurt the national feelings of the Swedes, whose power had slipped to the level of a second-class state.

The ruling circles of the kingdom subsequently attempted to erase its results by revising the Peace of Nystad.

Peter’s daughter, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, had to face the Swedes again 20 years later. The revanchist “party of hats” came to power in the Scandinavian country.

This group, based in parliament on the nobility, industrialists and traders, openly spoke of dissatisfaction with the insignificant role that Sweden had received in Europe. They saw the path to the greatness of the country in a clash with Russia and the return of the southern coast of the Baltic.

The war lasted three years - from 1741 to 1743. During the battle, Russia again occupied the territory of Finland. The end of the war was the conclusion of the Peace of Abo, which added 226 square miles to Russian possessions in Finland, and the border of the Scandinavian kingdom was moved away from St. Petersburg.

Useful video

Conclusion

The Swedish king Gustav III attacked Russia again in 1788. The Russian army again occupied a large part of Finland, and in 1790 the war ended on status quo terms. In a unique way, the work of Peter the Great was completed by his descendant, Alexander I, who in 1809 completely annexed Russian Empire Grand Duchy of Finland.

The main conclusion of the Twenty Years' War was the signing of the Nystad Treaty, which was not only a successful result of a difficult and long war, but also recognition of the merits of Peter I, the great success of his transformative activities.

"1720 and 1721 - sent Russian corps to Sweden itself and thereby forced the Swedish government to resume peace negotiations. In 1721, a congress of Russian and Swedish diplomats took place in Nystadt (near Abo), and on August 30, 1721, peace was concluded. The conditions of the Nystadt Peace were as follows: Peter received Livonia, Estland, Ingria and Karelia, returned Finland, paid two million efimki (Dutch thalers) in four years and did not assume any obligations against his former allies. Peter was extremely pleased with this peace and solemnly celebrated its conclusion.

The significance of this world for the Moscow state is defined briefly: Russia became the main power in northern Europe, finally entered the circle of European states, bound itself with them by common political interests and received the opportunity to freely communicate with the entire West through the newly acquired borders. The strengthening of the political power of Rus' and the new conditions of political life created by the world were understood by both Peter and his collaborators. During the solemn celebration of peace on October 22, 1721, the Senate presented Peter with the title of Emperor, Father of the Fatherland and Great. Peter took the title of Emperor. The Moscow state thus became the All-Russian Empire, and this change served as an external sign of the turning point that had taken place in historical life Rus'."

Conclusion

The Northern War had a huge impact on the changes that took place in the country. Most of the reforms and transformations of Peter the Great were conceived and implemented precisely under the influence of this war. Many historians consider the actions of Peter I to be unnecessarily cruel and rash, however, he was able to take Russia to a new level. And although these changes mainly fell a heavy burden on the shoulders of the common people, and at first glance did not bring beneficial changes into their lives, and, as some historians note, they made this life very difficult, one cannot but agree that the country in the eyes of the world community has acquired a high position. And although it did not become such a European state as the great reformer imagined, nevertheless, positive changes happened to it.

Since then, similar experiments have been tried with our country more than once, the era of socialism, etc., each time we “catch up with Europe,” or they try to make changes inspired from Europe into the life of the country, and each time Russia, having difficulty accepting them, changes.

And in modern world Russia is trying to prove its “civilization”, to prove its right to be considered a European country. And just as Peter I failed to change the life of the country completely in the likeness of other European states - (Russia still remained an original country, with its own traditions and habits), so attempts to “catch up and overtake” at the end of the 20th century did not give the desired effect. Russia has always been different from its European neighbors, it is developing in its own way. I hope that by absorbing the culture of other countries, we will not forget our roots and will never become truly “European”.

Years

Concluded on August 30 (September 10) based on the results of the Russian-Swedish diplomatic congress.

Pod-pi-san in Ny-stadt (Swedish: Nyu-stad, Finnish: Uu-si-kau-pun-ki, now not in Finland) from the Russian side, General Feld -tseykh-mei-ste-rom gr. I'M IN. Bruce and A.I. Os-ter-man-nom; with Swedish - gr. J. Lil-li-en-sted-tom (Yu. Li-li-en-ste-tom) and Bar-ron O.R. Strom-feld-tom (Strem-fel-tom, Strom-fel-tom).

Compiled from the preamble, 24 articles and the next (additional) article. Us-ta-nav-li-val-val-eternal peace between both-and-mi go-su-dar-st-va-mi, forbade them to enter into alliances, on -right-line each other against each other. Both sides are obliged to stop military operations in the Grand Duchy of Finland (VKF) within two weeks (in other territories) ri-yah - up to three weeks), Russia - you will move your troops from most of the territory of the VKF within 28 days after about-me-na ra-ti-fi-kats. gram-mo-ta-mi [with-stood on September 19 (30) in Nystad]. Do-ku-men-you, from-to-Finnish is-to-ria, which during the war found themselves in the same -NII Russian troops, returned to Sweden.

According to the Treaty of Nystadt, Russia was transferred “to a completely un-precious eternal dominion” for 2 million efim -kov (you-pla-che-ny in 1722-1724) Swedish provinces In-ger-man-land (see article In-ger-man-land-dia), Lif-lan- Diya, Es-t-lyan-diya and part of Ka-re-liya with the cities of Vy-borg, Kex-golm (now not the city of Pri-ozersk), etc. (there are all of them) le-nie re-ho-di-lo in the Russian sub-data, ar-hi-you re-da-va-lis of Russia), which is oz-na-cha-lo fact -tich. from the Table of the World of 1617; the remaining part of the VKF under the Treaty of Nystadt returned to Sweden. Co-maintained the Russian gar-ran-tii co-storage in Sweden “taught the new form of the government” - established by -after the death of King Charles XII (1718), an aristocratic image of government with weak royal power.

About the “eternal oblivion” of all hostile actions that took place during the war with both their sides, and the all-general am-nity (didn’t spread out on the Za-Rozh-Kaz-Cossacks who moved to a hundred -ro-nu Sweden); pre-dos-ta-vil the Russian and Swedish military-but-captive free-bo-du you-bo-ra - return to ro-di-nu after ure-gu-li- re-establishment of debt obligations or staying in a new place of residence (the Swedes who took over -we should have lived in Russia).

Ga-ran-ti-ro-val on-se-le-niu Lif-lyan-dia and Es-t-lyan-dia preservation of their rights and privileges, in cha- st-no-sti is-po-ve-da-nie pro-tes-tan-tiz-ma, and to the local nobility - return of the land, seizure -that he had royal power during the years of pro-ve-de-reduction in the second half of the 17th century, and thereafter do-va-nie property, but under the condition of not-se-gi-gi to the Russian mo-nar-hu (in pro- In this case, they would have been obligated to sell the land in the meantime three years and one year so-from-vet-st-ven-but). Introduced Russian-Swedish trade; Sweden has the right to travel every year from Ri-ga, Re-ve-la (now not the city of Tal-lin) and Arens-burg (now not the city of Ku-re-saare, Es-to-niya) grain for 50 thousand rubles, except for those years when there will be children in Russia impose a ban on the ex-port of bread.

It was established for both countries the obligation to provide assistance to the slaves who suffered a shipwreck among the Russians. and Swedish be-re-gov, and ensure the protection of our own-st-ve-no-sti after suffering. Us-ta-but-vill-equal-rule of both of their powers on the seas (Swedish military na-slavs should have sal-lu-to-vat the Russian cre- -by shooting the Swedish “slogan”, the Russians near the Swedish fortresses - the Russian “slogan”).

Confirmed the non-ob-ho-di-most (for-fi-si-ro-va-na in the previous Russian-Swedish do-go-vo-rah) according to the requirement of ka -to expel from the parties all per-re-be-chi-kovs, including persons accused of state crimes and criminals pre-stu-p-le-ni-yah. Op-re-de-lil in a row of considerations of disputes between Russian and Swedish under-given special ny-mi ko-mis-sa-ra-mi.

He re-led the words and the salt of both countries on the territory at his own discretion. I obliged Sweden at the request of the Polish king Av-gu-st II to immediately begin peaceful negotiations with Speech Possibly under the Russian medium with the condition that the future Polish-Swedish treaty will not -children will speak to the Nystadt Peace (in connection with this, the Speech Po-spo-li-ta could not lay claim to Lif-land). Included the proposal to King Vel-li-ko-bri-ta-nii George I and other mo-nar-hams to join the Peace of Nystadt in the paragraph about joining the anti-Russian and anti-Swedish unions (Holy Roman Empire with went to the do-go-vo-ru, concluding the Av-st-ro-Russian Vienna Tract of 1726).

In the wake of the Peace of Nystad on October 22 (November 2), 1721 in the Church of the Holy Trinity in St. Petersburg I accepted the title “Father of the Father, Im-per-ra-to-ra of the All-Russian, Peter the Great.”

In memory of the conclusion of the Nystadt world from gold from-go-to-le-for a medal, by an unknown-author so-chi-nyon cant “Rejoice, Ros-to-the-earth”, from marble from the sculptural composition “Peace and Victory” (1722 year, sculptor P. Ba-rat-ta; us-ta-nov-le-na in the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg).

The festival in honor of the Peace of Nystadt was held in 1721 in St. Petersburg, and in the winter of 1721/1722 - in Moscow.

In 1721, on the initiative of Peter I, a celebration was held for special invited persons by Russian authorities diplomatic pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi in many European cities and Kon-stan-ti-no-po-le.

The Nishtdt world was a major victory for Russian diplomacy. He knew-but uk-re-drank the inter-popular po-lo-tion of Russia, having obtained a wide-ranging exit to the Baltic to the sea and the opportunity to develop profitable trade and cultural ties with European states in a convenient way -st-va-mi.

Confirmed by the Abo peace of 1743, by the Verel peace of 1790.

Historical sources:

Complete agreement for the laws of the Russian Empire. So-b-ra-nie 1st. St. Petersburg, 1830. T. 6. No. 3819.

). Finished the Northern War. Sweden recognized the annexation of Livonia, Estonia, Ingermanland, part of Karelia and other territories to Russia. Russia pledged to pay Sweden monetary compensation and return Finland.

Nystadt world- see Cѣ sure war.

WORLD OF NISHTAD 1721, peace agreement between Russia and Sweden, completed Northern War 1700-21. Convicted 30 Aug. (Sept. 10) according to the results Russian-Swedish. di-pl-ma-tich. kon-gres-sa.

Fireworks and illumination in Amsterdam on December 9, 1721 on the occasion of the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt. Engraving by J.R. Smith.1722.

Pod-pi-san in the city of Ny-stadt (Swedish. Nyu-stad, Finnish. Uu-si-kau-pun-ki, now not in Finland) with Russia. hundred-ro-ny general-feld-tseich-mei-ste-rom gr. I'M IN. Bruce and A.I. Os-ter-man-nom; with Swedish - gr. J. Lil-li-en-sted-tom (Yu. Lilly-en-ste-tom) and Bar-ron O. R. Ström-feld-tom (Strem-fel-tom, Ström-fel-tom) .

Signing of the peace treaty in Nystadt on August 30 (September 10), 1721. Engraving by P. Schenk. 1721.

Consisting of the preamble, 24 articles and this-para-t-noy (to-full-nit.) article. Us-ta-nav-li-val-val-eternal peace between both-and-mi go-su-dar-st-va-mi, forbade them to enter into alliances, on -right-line each other against each other. Both sides are obliged to stop the military. action in Vel. Prince of Finland (VKF) within up to two weeks (in other territories - up to three weeks), Russia - you weigh your howls -ska with most of the territory of the VKF within 28 days after the exchange of ra-ti-fi-kats. gra-mo-ta-mi [so-sto-yal-sia 19 (30) September. in Nystad]. To-ku-men-you, from-but-si-sie-to the Finnish. stories that, during the war, ended up in the growing race. troops returned to Sweden. According to N. m., Russia has transferred “into completely unpre-worded eternal dominion” for 2 million . efim-kov (you-pla-che-ny in 1722-24) Swedish. provinces of Inger-man-land (see Art. In-ger-man-lan-dia), Lif-lyan-diya, Es-t-lyan-diya and part of Ka-re-liya with the cities of Vy-borg, Kex-golm (now not the city of Pri-ozersk), etc. (their na-se-le-nie was re-ho-di-lo in Russia. under-dan-st-vo, ar-hi-you were re-da-va-la-ly in Russia), that oz -na-cha-lo fak-tich. from-me-well Table of the world 1617 ; the remaining part of the VKF along the N. m. returned to Sweden. So-der-zhal grew. ga-ran-tii co-storage in Sweden “taught the new form of the pra-vi-tel-st-va” - us-ta-new-len-nyy after gi-be- whether the king of Charles XII (1718) ari-sto-kra-tich. the image of government with weak royal power. About the “eternal oblivion” of all hostile actions that took place during the war with both their sides, and the all-general am-nity (didn’t spread out on the Za-Rozh-Kaz-Cossacks who moved to a hundred -ro-nu Sweden); pre-dos-ta-vil grew. and Swedish in war-en-but-prisoner's freedom you-bo-ra - return-to-ro-di-nu after ure-gu-li-ro-va-niya of debts obligations or stay in a new place of residence (the Swedes, who accepted the right to glory, should have lived in Russia). Ga-ran-ti-ro-val on-se-le-niu Lif-lyan-dia and Es-t-lyan-dia preservation of their rights and privileges, in cha- st-no-sti is-po-ve-da-nie pro-tes-tan-tiz-ma, and to the local nobility - return of the land, seizure -that he had the royal power in the years of the pro-ve-de-tion of the re-duction in the 2nd half. 17th century, and the inheritance of the property, but under the condition . mo-nar-hu (in the opposite case they would be obliged to sell the land within three years and one year from -vet-st-ven-no). Vo-zob-no-vil Russian-Swedish. trade-gov-lyu; Sweden has the right to travel every year from Ri-ga, Re-ve-la (now not the city of Tal-lin) and Arens-burg (now not the city of Ku-re-saare, Es-to-niya) grain for 50 thousand rubles, except for those years when there will be children in Russia impose a ban on the ex-port of bread. It was established for both countries the obligation to provide assistance to the slaves who suffered a shipwreck among the Russians. and Swedish be-re-gov, and ensure the protection of our own-st-ve-no-sti after suffering. Us-ta-no-vil-equal rule of both of their powers on the seas (Swedish military co-slaves should have sal-lu-to-vat grew .kre-po-sty, shooting Swedish "lo-zung", Russian near Swedish kre-po-sty - Russian "slogan"). Confirmed the non-ob-ho-di-most (for-fi-si-ro-va-na in the former Russian-Swedish before-go-vor-rah) according to re-bo-va- nyyu from each side to extract all the per-re-be-chi-kovs, including persons accused of being in the state. from-me-not and criminal pre-stu-p-le-ni-yah. Op-re-de-lil in a row of examination of disputes between the growing. and Swedish under-given-us special-tsi-al-but na-zna-chen-ny-mi ko-mis-sa-ra-mi. He re-led the words and the salt of both countries on the territory of his own. do-vol-st-vie. Obliged Sweden at the request of the Polish. co-ro-la Av-gu-sta II It’s not too slow to start peaceful negotiations with the Speech of Po-spo-li-ta when growing up. on the average, with the understanding that the future Polish-Swedish. before-the-thief will not speak to N. m. (in connection with this, Speech Po-spo-ta could not lay claim to Lif -liang-diyu). Turned on the presentation of the Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nii George I and others. Swedish unions (The Holy Roman Empire joined the do-go-ru, joining the av-st-ro-ros. Vienna Tract 1726).

In the lake-on-me-no-va-nie under-pi-sa-niya N. m. 22.10 (2.11).1721 in c. of the Most Holy Trinity in St. Petersburg, Peter I accepted the title “Father of the Father, Peter the Great” . In memory of the conclusion of N. m. from gold from-go-tov-le-for a medal, by an unknown-author -nyeon edging“Rejoice, Ros-to-the-earth”, from marble from the sculptural composition “Peace and Victory” (1722, sculptor P. Ba-rat-ta; us-ta-nov-le-na in the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg). The festival in honor of N.M. was held in 1721 in St. Petersburg, in the winter of 1721/22 - in Moscow. In 1721, at the instigation of Peter I, a celebration for special invited persons of the organization grew up. di-pl-ma-tich. before-sta-vi-te-la-mi in many European countries. city-ro-dah and Kon-stan-ti-no-po-le. N.M. appeared as a big winner. di-pl-ma-tii. He sig-nificantly uk-re-drank between. according to Russia, there is a wide access to the Baltic Sea and the possibility of using a convenient way to establish your annual trade and cultural ties with Europe. go-su-dar-st-va-mi.

Confirmed Abo-skim world 1743, Verel peace 1790.

Source: Complete Council for the Laws of the Russian Empire. So-b-ra-nie 1st. St. Petersburg, 1830. T. 6. No. 3819.

Lit.: Nik-ki-for-rov L. A. External relations of Russia in the last years of the Northern War. Nie-stadt world. M., 1959; Po-go-xiang E. A. Peter I - ar-hi-tek-tor of Russian history. St. Petersburg, 2001; She-bal-di-na G. V. “In honor of the most glorious world in all the world!”: How beyond the border from the Nishtadt do-go-vor // Ro -Dina. 2010. No. 1.

Nystad world

Russian troops gained the upper hand, made bold landings on the shores of Sweden and even approached the walls of Stockholm. As a result, Sweden finally entered into peace negotiations. On August 30, 1721, the Russian commissioners, Bruce and Osterman, concluded Nystadt peace, according to which Sweden renounced Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, part of Karelia and part of Finland. Thus ended the “Great Northern War,” which lasted for over 20 years. Conclusion Peace of Nystad, as an event of paramount importance, was celebrated in the new Russian capital with a whole series of festivities, and on this occasion, at the common request of all classes of the state, Peter accepted the title Emperor of All Russia.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Treaty of Nystadt

Nystadt world(Swede. Freden i Nystad) - a peace treaty between the Russian kingdom and the Swedish Empire, which ended the Northern War of 1700-1721. Signed on August 30 (September 10), 1721 in the city of Nystadt () (now Uusikaupunki, Finland). It was signed on the Russian side by J. V. Bruce and A. I. Osterman, on the Swedish side by J. Liljenstedt and O. Strömfeld (Swedish. Otto Reinhold Strömfelt).

The treaty changed the Russian-Swedish border, previously fixed by the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617. Sweden recognized the annexation of Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland, part of Karelia (the so-called Old Finland) and other territories to Russia. Russia pledged to pay Sweden monetary compensation and return Finland.

Ratified on September 9 (20). On September 10, 1721, celebrations were held in Moscow on the occasion of the Peace of Nystadt. Victory in the Northern War promoted Russia to one of the largest European states.

Story

England, Hanover, Holland and Denmark decided to take advantage of the victories of Russian weapons at the end of the Northern War, who entered into an alliance with Peter I against Sweden. In reality, England and Holland did not want the complete defeat of Sweden and the strengthening of Russia in the Baltic. This led to the collapse of the coalition and the conclusion of an alliance treaty with France on August 4, 1717: Paris promised mediation in negotiations with Sweden, exhausted to the limit by the long war. On May 12, 1718, the Åland Congress opened on one of the Åland Islands. On the Russian side, the negotiations were led by Yakov Bruce and Andrei Osterman. However, hoping for help from England, the Swedes delayed them in every possible way. In addition, after her death in 1718, the revanchist group of Queen Ulrika Eleonora came to power in Sweden, advocating rapprochement with England and the continuation of hostilities.

In 1719, under the influence of English diplomacy, a coalition of European states was organized against Russia. It included Austria, Saxony and Hanover. England promised military and financial assistance to the Swedes. Negotiations at the Åland Congress were terminated. In 1719, the Russian fleet defeated the Swedes near the island of Ezel, and in 1720 - near the island of Grengam (Battle of Grengam). England was forced to withdraw its squadron from the Baltic. In 1719-1720, three successful landing operations were carried out in Sweden. All this forced the Swedes to resume negotiations in May 1721 in Nystadt. On August 30 (Old Style), 1721, a peace treaty was signed.

Agreement conditions

Sculptural group P. Baratta Nystad world ( Summer garden, St. Petersburg)

Map of Finland showing the borders of Russia and Sweden in different time according to treaties, as well as according to maps of the general staff, Hermelin, Lotter, Af-Knorring and others. Ordin, Caesar Filippovich “The Conquest of Finland. Experience of description from unpublished sources.” Volume I. - St. Petersburg: Type. I. N. Skorokhodova, 1889

The treaty consisted of a preamble and 24 articles. According to the agreement, Russia secured access to the Baltic Sea: part of Karelia north of Lake Ladoga, Ingria from Ladoga to Narva, part of Estland with Revel, part of Livonia with Riga, the islands of Ezel and Dago. For these lands, Russia paid Sweden compensation of 2 million efimki (1.3 million rubles). An exchange of prisoners and an amnesty for “criminals and defectors” (except for supporters of Ivan Mazepa) were provided. Finland was returned to Sweden, which also received the right to annually purchase and export 50 thousand rubles worth of grain from Russia duty-free. The agreement confirmed all the privileges granted to the Baltic nobility by the Swedish government: the nobility retained its self-government, class bodies, etc.

Main provisions of the agreement:

1. Eternal and indissoluble peace between the Russian Tsar and the Swedish King and their successors;
2. Complete amnesty on both sides, with the exception of the Cossacks who followed Mazepa;
3. All actions are terminated within 14 days;
4. The Swedes cede to Russia for eternal possession: Livonia, Estland, Ingria, part of Karelia;
5. Finland returns to Sweden;
6. The profession of faith in these territories is free.

results

Russia became a great European power, in commemoration of which on October 22 (November 2), 1721, Peter I, at the request of senators, accepted the title Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great. "100 main documents of Russian history."

Application

Nishtad, actually Nystad(Nystad, in Finnish Uusi Kaupnnki) is a city in the Abo-Bjorneborg province, north of Abo, on the Gulf of Bothnia. By January 1, 1892, the population was 3,912 (less than 500 Swedes). Significant trade; Forest products (boards, etc.) and wooden utensils are exported abroad (to Copenhagen). In the surrounding parishes there is handicraft production of wooden products (dishes, furniture, chests, carriages) and knitted woolen products. Before the trees products were the subject of significant export to Sweden and Denmark, but now it has almost ceased. In N. itself there is a significant production of handicraft woolen products - cloth (Nystad tights), shawls, half-woolen and cotton fabrics, canvas, etc. There were 51 industrial establishments in 1891, with 238 workers and a production of 417,572 marks. Customs revenue in 1892 was 85,215 marks; 1 government Finnish incomplete elementary school (in 1891-92, 34 students), several lower schools (130 boys and 204 girls), 1 lower Finnish vocational school (21 students). The city's revenues in 1891 were 103,597 m, expenses were 95,465 m. Underwater telegraph cables were laid from N. to the Aland Islands and Sweden. N. was founded in 1617. In 1721, peace (Nishtad) was concluded here between Russia and Sweden.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. 1890—1907