The tillage system for winter wheat depends on the predecessor, the weediness of the fields and the soil and climatic conditions of the area. On soils with low reserves organic matter carry out deep autumn plowing with a depth of 20-22 cm. In the spring - harrowing to preserve moisture. In the spring-summer period, the arable layer is cleared of weeds using 4-5-fold cultivation to a depth of 5 cm, and 2-3 weeks before sowing, the fallows are plowed and again cultivated to a seeding depth (4-5 cm). Before plowing, especially after harvesting perennial grasses, the soil must be disked in two directions with disc harrows, which helps to break up the soil well and retain moisture. Treatment of fallows occupied by annual or perennial grasses after cutting, grain legumes, and row crops begins with stubble peeling, and then deep plowing with a plow with a skimmer and harrowing. Subsequently, before sowing winter wheat, the field is cultivated as a fallow, i.e. As weeds appear, cultivation is carried out with simultaneous harrowing. After harvesting fallow row crops, if the field is clear of weeds, it is enough to cultivate to a depth of 10-12 cm with harrowing, and then treat with fallow. For better soil settlement (in dry summers), rolling with harrowing gives good results; with sufficient moisture, the use of combined arable units.

Purpose of the lesson: Educational: To deepen knowledge about wheat as the most important grain crop, about its national economic significance, about the history of wheat cultivation, about the importance of bread in human life. Educational: Intensify cognitive activity students. Development of the ability to comprehensively apply knowledge. Educational: Arouse interest in agricultural professions. Work on the formation of an aesthetic sense. Patriotic education.

Equipment Tables “Wheat” “Phase of wheat development” “Composition of siege bread” Diary of Tanya Savicheva Paintings by artists Scales with 125 g of bread Exhibition of books about wheat and bread Exhibition of flour products Music cassette.

Morphological features of wheat. Traits of monocot classes Traits of the cereal family Which class does wheat belong to? Structure of a wheat flower Features of durum and soft wheat Features of spring and winter wheat Development phase of wheat

Register of varieties of agricultural crops recommended for production in the Chuvash Republic. Winter wheat: Moskovskaya 808, Zarya, Moskovskaya 70, Vezenchukovskaya 330. Winter rye: Chulpan, Voskhod 2, Vezenchukovskaya 87, Purga, Kirovskaya 89.

From the history of the origin of wheat Wheat is a very ancient cultivated plant. Wheat grains are constantly found during excavations of the first human settlements. In the pyramids of the Egyptian pharaohs, grains similar to modern wheat grains were also found. Findings of grains, as well as cave drawings, which shows what they were doing primitive people, suggests that wheat was cultivated for a very long time, somewhere from the 7th millennium BC.

The word bread is of ancient Greek origin. The fact is that the Greeks baked bread in special “klibanos” pots. Hence the name “hlifes”, which was then adopted by the ancient Germans and Slavs. In the ancient Greek language there is a word “hlaib” that is very reminiscent of our bread or the Estonian “leib”.

The word bread is of ancient Greek origin. The fact is that the Greeks baked bread in special klibanos pots. Hence the name “hlifes”, which was then adopted by the ancient Germans and Slavs. In the ancient Greek language there is a word “hlaib” that is very reminiscent of our bread or the Estonian “leib”. Where did the bread come from? N. I. Vavilov and his colleagues studied the diversity and geographical distribution

cultivated plants . He identified 7 centers of origin of cultivated plants. The center of origin of wheat is the South-West Asian center. Many types of wheat originated from this center. Currently, wheat is cultivated on all continents of our planet with the exception of Antarctica. 500 years ago there was a sowing holiday, it was celebrated annually. On this day, the emperor himself walked across the field behind the plowman and threw grain into the furrows.

So, many millennia have passed since people began to cultivate cereals. Lost in the depths of centuries was the day when primitive I baked my first bread for the first time. When it was? Who was the first baker in history? Unfortunately, these questions are difficult to answer. So, many millennia have passed since people began to cultivate cereals. Lost in the depths of centuries is the day when primitive man first baked the first bread. When it was? Who was the first baker in history? Unfortunately, these questions are difficult to answer. At first, people ate raw grains, then, by adapting two stones, they began to obtain flour. By mixing flour with water we got porridge. When they learned how to make fire, they began to cook porridge over the fire. Perhaps quite accidentally, a woman who was preparing food for her family one day, through an oversight, received a hard flatbread instead of porridge. People benefited from this mistake. The flatbreads turned out to be more convenient and better than porridge.

The dawn was breaking over the earth, The dawn was breaking over the earth, In the morning dew they poured an ear of bread. At dawn, the streets of the cities were quiet and cool. Everything breathed such silence that the whole earth seemed to be still sleeping. Who knew that between peace and war there were only five minutes left?

And suddenly the roar of airplanes! Bob explosions! Artillery barrage! WAR! The bread was burning. Babies screamed on the chests of dying mothers. In mournful but angry silence the fathers stood over the ashes of their hearths. From around the corner, treacherously, without a declaration of war, armed to the teeth, fascist hordes invaded the borders of our Motherland.

And suddenly the roar of airplanes! Bob explosions! Artillery barrage! WAR! The bread was burning. Babies screamed on the chests of dying mothers. In mournful but angry silence the fathers stood over the ashes of their hearths. From around the corner, treacherously, without a declaration of war, armed to the teeth, fascist hordes invaded the borders of our Motherland.

On a torn-up path stands a boy of about five. On a torn-up path stands a boy of about five. His eyes are wide and languid, and his cheeks are white as chalk.

-Where is your mother, boy?

-At home. -Where is your house, son?

- Burnt out... He sat down. He was covered with snow. The light in his eyes dims.

He won’t even ask for bread. He also knows there is no bread.

Leningrad stubbornly resisted. In September 1941, the city distributed 250 grams of bread per worker and 125 grams per child.

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The presentation introduces deaf students to the various nutritional values ​​of wheat, the structure of the wheat plant, the characteristics of its development and growing conditions. The speech material studied in the lesson is consolidated by inserting new words into the text of the last slide (homework).

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Read the topic of the lesson Topic: ….. tsa is the most important food for… tour Topic: Wheat is the most important grain crop

Why is wheat the most important (most important) grain crop? Wheat is the most important grain crop Wheat grains dough (flour + water + salt + yeast) wheat flour Cereals ( semolina, “Artek” cereals and others) Wheat bread(loaves, rolls) and much more (pasta, pancakes, cookies, gingerbread, bagels, crackers, pastries, cakes)

There are more than 4,000 (four thousand!) different varieties of wheat. But they are all divided into two large groups– soft wheat and hard wheat. Soft wheat and hard wheat. Soft wheat and hard wheat. Soft wheat. The grains are a little softer. This type of wheat is mainly used to grind flour for bread. Durum wheat. The grains are a little harder. Pasta is mainly made from this wheat flour.

Name the organs of the wheat plant. Structure of the wheat plant stem – culm, culm, leaves, leaves, narrow, linear, fibrous root, with inflorescence, stem, culm, leaves, narrow, linear, with inflorescence, spike, fruit – grain

What are the stages of wheat development called? Development of wheat 1. germination 2. tillering 7 and 8. ripening s.. yang 6 ts.. shading 4 and 5 flowering 3. exit into the tube 1. shoots 2. tillering 3. exit into the tube 4 and 5. heading 6. flowering 7 and 8. seed ripening

What stages of wheat development are shown in the pictures? Development of wheat in the s.. y.

When is winter wheat sown? Winter wheat Winter wheat is sown in autumn or spring. Winter wheat, sown in autumn. Its seedlings overwinter under the snow. Winter wheat sown in spring. It sprouts, bushes in summer and autumn and then overwinters under the snow. Winter wheat Winter wheat ripens next summer When does winter wheat ripen?

When is spring wheat sown? When does it ripen? Spring wheat Spring wheat is sown only in spring. It quickly sprouts, grows, flowers and blooms. Ripens in the summer of the same year

Sowing winter and spring wheat in Russia - oh winter wheat - spring wheat Where is winter and spring wheat sown in Russia? Winter wheat is sown in the forest-steppe zone (south of Moscow). Spring wheat needs a lot of heat. It is sown in the steppe zone ( Southern Russia – Krasnodar region, Stavropol region)

Homework Insert the missing letters, write the text in your notebook Topic: “Wheat is the most important crop..new culture.” Wheat is the most important (most important) crop..new crop. From the grains of wheat they grind into fine grain, and crush the grain into fine grain. From p.. cotton mills they knead this and that and bake used cotton (b..ons, b.. ki), make p.. foam, m. . arons, p.. legs, t.. mouths, b.. banks. At home they fry dough from dough, bake p.. pogs. There are 4000 hundred tons of wheat. From soft wheat they grind m..u for cotton, from hard wheat - m..u for m..aron. Structure of a wheat plant: fibrous root, s..bel – s.. somina, narrow leaves, soc.. tie – s..os, p..d. – green. Development of wheat: germination, growth, exit to the plant, flowering, flowering, seed creation. Wheat can be either lake or spring. Lake wheat is sown in...noy or o..new, spring wheat - only...noy. The harvest of any wheat is harvested by.. by bins, always - l.tom.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Practical work for 9th grade students No. 6 “Identification from maps of the main areas for growing grain and industrial crops, the main areas for livestock raising”

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Expressive reading as an essential component of speech culture

The main goal of schooling is the formation of the student’s personality. Skills and abilities expressive reading are formed not only as most important species speech and mental activity, but also as a complex complex...

Slide 1

• The main types used in agricultural production.
• Spring wheat is the leading food crop in Northern Kazakhstan. National economic significance of soft and durum wheat.
• Morphological features of spring wheat. Varieties approved for sowing in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
• Features of the technology of cultivating soft and durum wheat in the area of ​​Northern Kazakhstan.

• Slide 2

  Main literature

  • Plant growing // Ed. Academician of VASKhNIL P.P. Vavilov - M., Agropromizdat, 1986.
  • N.I.Mozhaev, K.K.Arinov and others. Plant growing. Akmola, 1996.
  • Arinov K.K. Technology of cultivation of spring wheat under irrigation. Tselinograd, 1992
  • Ivanov P.I. Spring wheat. M., Kolos, 1973.
  • Suleimenov M.K. and etc. Practical guide on the development of intensive technology for cultivating spring wheat. M., Kolos, 1986.
  • Suleimenov M.K. Agricultural technology of spring wheat. A-Ata, Kainar, 1981.
  • Spring wheat in Northern Kazakhstan. Ed. A.I. Baraeva. A-Ata, Kainar, 1976.

• Slide 3

  Wheat (Tritikum L.)-

  annual herbaceous plant, has spring, winter and semi-winter forms,

  belongs to the bluegrass family (Poaceae).

  Among all grain breads, the genus of wheat is the most diverse in species composition; it has 27 species (according to the classification of P.M. Zhukovsky), which differ in the number of chromosomes in somatic cells:

  • diploid (2n – 14),
  • tetraploridic (2n-28),
  • hexaploid (2n-42)
  • and octaploid (2n-56).

• Slide 4

  Table – Division Tritikum (L.) based on genetic data

• Slide 5
  

  For practice, the most convenient classification is based on dividing species according to economic

  signs:
  

  • true wheat (hull wheat);
  • spelled wheat (film wheat).
  • In real wheat, the rachis is non-fragile (does not fall apart when ripe). When threshing, grains are easily freed from the scales in which they are enclosed.
  • Spelled wheat has a brittle rachis; when threshed, it breaks up into individual spikelets, each with a segment of the rachis. After threshing, the grains remain enclosed in spikelet and flower scales. This group of species does not have production value, these species are mainly used in breeding work.
  • The varieties of wheat cultivated in our republic belong to two types: soft and hard. The most common is soft wheat, which has winter and spring forms, as well as spring durum wheat.

• Slide 6

  Indicators of wheat production in the Republic of Kazakhstan

• Slide 7

  Wheat production

  • Wheat production is the highest priority sector in the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan.
  • It occupies one of the leading places both in the agro-industrial complex and in the economy of the republic as a whole.
  • In the republic, about 90% of all sown areas fall on the share of grain crops, of which 82-84% are sown under wheat.
  • Kazakh wheat in foreign markets is considered competitive in price and quality.

• Slide 8

  Morphological features of wheat.

  • The root system of wheat is fibrous, consisting of germinal (primary) and nodal roots.
  • The germinal roots of cereals participate in plant nutrition throughout the entire growing season, appearing earlier than the nodal roots, they outstrip them in growth and by the end of the growing season reach a length of 150 cm or more.
  • However, you can get a high yield only if good development nodal roots. In dry years, nodal roots may not develop, and wheat yield due to the primary root system is limited to 5-8 c/ha.
  • The stem is a straw (5-8 internodes), the number of internodes corresponds to the number of leaves.
  • The straw is hollow, but in durum wheat it is full under the ear, so if it is overstayed on the root, it can break off as a whole ear.

• Slide 9
  

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  Slide 13
  

  Slide 14

  • Wheat leaves are linear, consisting of a leaf blade and a leaf sheath; at the junction of the sheath and the blade there is a tongue (colorless film); at the base of the leaf sheath, linear ears or horns are formed, covering the stem.
  • The inflorescence is a spike consisting of a spikelet and spikelets.
  • There is one spikelet on the ledge of the wheat spikelet, but it is multi-flowered (3-5 flowers). The agronomist’s task is to ensure that all the flowers in the ear are pollinated and grains are formed.
  • The fruit is a grain. The grain size depends, first of all, on the level of agricultural technology.

• Slide 15

  Requirements of spring wheat to environmental factors

  • temperature regime
  • The minimum temperature for germination of wheat seeds is 1-20C, however, the minimum temperature for the beginning of wheat growth is 4-50C, but the processes of germination and emergence at these temperatures proceed very slowly.
  • The seedlings tolerate frosts down to -60C. Initial growth and tillering are best at moderate temperatures.
  • During the period of development of generative organs and flowering, wheat is very sensitive to temperature.
  • A number of researchers have established that at +120C wheat anthers do not develop, at temperatures below 50C fertilization does not occur, and at temperatures from 5 to 100C, although fertilization occurs, the growth of the endosperm and especially the embryo is very slow, the grain dies without taking shape.

• Slide 16
  

  Slide 17

  • Wheat varies greatly in its ability to withstand high temperatures. With continuous exposure to temperatures of 38-400, stomatal paralysis in different varieties occurs within 10-17 hours. Wheat can tolerate high temperatures during the flowering period only if there is a good supply of moisture in the soil. Graingrass is caused by high temperatures and low soil moisture.
  • Frosts during filling (-1-20C) damage the plant and grain (frost-killing grain).
  • The sum of active temperatures for spring wheat is 1500-19000C, depending on the early maturity of the variety

• Slide 18
  

  Slide 19
  

  Slide 20

  Moisture requirements

  For germination of soft wheat seeds, 50-60% of water by weight of dry grain is required. Durum wheat seeds require 5-7% more water as they contain more protein.

  During the growing season, wheat is demanding of moisture. This can be confirmed by the high transpiration coefficient, which ranges from 400 to 450, although this range can be much larger, depending on the level of agricultural technology.

  The transpiration coefficient of durum wheat is slightly lower than that of soft wheat. The root system of durum wheat is less developed than that of soft wheat. This difference is determined by drought, but it tolerates air drought better.

  Distribution of water consumption of spring wheat by phases of the growing season (in%):

  During the germination period 5-7;

  Tillering – 15-20;

  Exit into the tube - flowering - 50-60;

  Milk condition – 20-30;

  Waxy ripeness – 5.

  Slide 21

  • Wheat makes the greatest demand for moisture during the period of booting - flowering. This is a critical period in the development of wheat; drought at this time has a very strong bad influence on productivity.
  • The moisture requirements of different wheat varieties are far from the same. There are very moisture-loving and drought-resistant varieties.
  • The most drought-resistant varieties are those that differ at a slow pace growth in the initial growing season and slow ear formation. They usually better tolerate the aridity of the first half of summer, which is common in the area of ​​Northern Kazakhstan, and make good use of precipitation, which, as a rule, coincides with the period of their most intensive growth. These varieties are late ripening.
  • Early ripening varieties suffer greatly from spring drought. They grow very strongly at first, quickly form an ear, but with a lack of moisture in spring and early summer, they usually give lower yields.

• Slide 22

  Relation to soils

  • The type of soil and its level of fertility when growing wheat determine the yield to a greater extent than for other grains.
  • The wheat root system has its own distinctive features: only 30% of the roots are in the arable horizon, the rest of the roots are outside it.
  • This character of the root system determines the demands of wheat on the soil, not only on its arable layer, but also on the quality of the subarable horizons.
  • Chernozems, chestnut and other fertile soils are considered the best for it. Heavy clay and light sandy soils are unsuitable for spring wheat.

• Slide 23

  • The optimal soil pH for wheat is considered to be 6-7.5.
  • Observations of many researchers in vegetation experiments have shown that the accumulation of nutrients across the phases and stages of wheat development is uneven.
  • Spring wheat stores phosphorus first, then potassium, and finally nitrogen.
  • It needs phosphorus nutrition until full heading, potassium nutrition until flowering, and nitrogen nutrition until milky ripeness.
  • Wheat is a long-day plant.

• Slide 24

  Soft wheat varieties

  • Akmola 2
  • Astana Saratovskaya 29
  • Tselinnaya 3с Altaiskaya 50
  • Virgin Anniversary Irtyshanka 10
  • Tselinnaya 24 Lyubava
  • Erythrospermum 35 Lutescens 32
  • Kazakhstanskaya 19Omskaya 18
  • Kazakhstanskaya 25 Omskaya 19
  • Ertys 97 Omskaya 20
  • Pavlodarskaya 93Omskaya 29
  • Karabalykskaya 90 Omskaya 30
  • Karaganda 70
  • Karaganda 70
  • Kazakhstan early ripening

• Slide 25

  Varieties of spring durum wheat

  • Damsinskaya 90
  • Kostanayskaya 52
  • Sid 88
  • Bezenchukskaya 139
  • Altaika
  • Omsk ruby
  • Orenburgskaya 2
  • Orenburgskaya 10

• Slide 26

  Spring wheat cultivation technology.

  • Wheat cultivation technology should be built taking into account morphological and biological characteristics.
  • Predecessors. Considering the value of this crop in the conditions of the zone, as well as its demanding conditions for growing, therefore, for its crops it is necessary to allocate best lands, and also take care of placing it according to the best predecessors.
  • For the steppe zone, grain-fallow crop rotations with short rotation have been developed, based on flat-cut and minimal tillage technology.
  • Steam, wheat, wheat, wheat, barley, wheat.
  • Steam, wheat, wheat, wheat, barley.
  • Steam, wheat, wheat, oats, wheat, barley.

• Slide 27

  • Clean fallows are the best predecessors for spring wheat in arid zones.
  • Steam helps control weeds and accumulates nutrients and moisture.
  • But despite all the positive aspects, fallow also has its drawbacks: the field does not produce production for a year, there are costs for cultivating the field, and there is an unproductive loss of humus.
  • In this regard, on farms with high culture In agriculture, fallow is being replaced by fallow crops: peas, oats, etc.
  • Tillage for wheat depends on the zone, predecessor, soil characteristics, degree of weed contamination, predominant weed species and many other conditions.
  • In the conditions of the zone, soil cultivation should help create the largest supply of moisture in the spring and use it economically during the growing season.

• Slide 28

  Soil cultivation.

  • Steam processing. Fallows are processed in strict accordance with zonal farming systems (KPSh-5, KPSh-9, KTS 10-01, OP-8).
  • The depth of flat-cut processing is set depending on the type of soil from 10-14 to 20 cm.
  • On light soils, the main cultivation of the fallow field is carried out at 10-14 cm; on heavy soils, loosening is carried out at 20-22 cm or 25-27 cm (PG-3.5, PG-3-100).
  • In fields infested with wild oats, fine tillage with BIG-3A is carried out in the fall to plant weed seeds.
  • In the spring-summer period, as weeds appear, treatment is carried out with KPSh-9 flat cutters to a depth of 8-10 cm or with needle harrows in the absence of perennial weeds.
  • Fallow fields clogged with wheatgrass are cultivated in the fall to the depth of the rhizomes, and in the spring and summer they are cultivated with cultivators KTS-10-01, KPE-3.8A.
  • To reduce the number of mechanical steam treatments and preserve moisture in the soil, spraying weedy fields with herbicides is used.

• Slide 29

  Second crop after steam.

  • The main tillage is carried out in the fall with implements KPSh-9, KPSh-5, OPT-3-5 to a depth of 10-12 cm.
  • Timely and correctly carried out pre-sowing treatment has a significant impact on the yield. It is carried out to the seeding depth immediately before sowing.
  • Fertilizers. Nutritional conditions have a decisive influence on plant development and, ultimately, on the quantity and quality of the crop.
  • To form 1 ton, spring wheat on average consumes 35-45 kg of nitrogen, 8-12 kg of phosphorus and 17-27 kg of potassium. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for the main treatment and, as an exception, in the spring for cultivation.
  • 90 kg of a.m. are added to the steam field. (in a 5-field crop rotation) and up to 120 kg (6-7-field crop rotation).
  • As a row fertilizer when sowing in fallow, 10-20 kg/ha of phosphorus is given for grain and row-crop predecessors in the zone of sufficient moisture, phosphorus is applied as part of complex fertilizers (ammophos, diammophos).

• Slide 30

  Preparing seeds for sowing.

  • For sowing, seeds with high yielding properties and sowing qualities of varieties approved for sowing should be used.
  • Cleaning the seeds and bringing them to sowing conditions should be completed in the fall. In the spring, immediately before sowing, air-thermal heating, seed dressing and treatment with certain preparations are carried out.
  • Air-thermal heating has a positive effect on the quality of seeds. This is one of the methods for increasing the energy of seed germination and laboratory germination.
  • Air-thermal heating is best carried out in the sun at a temperature of 15-200C.
  • It is convenient and profitable to use special active ventilation installations for heating (temperature 15-200C for 3-5 days).
  • Seed dressing. To disinfect seeds from pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases, they must be treated promptly and correctly (preferably 1-2 months before sowing). Effective way against smut, root rot and other diseases is treated with systemic drugs: foundationazole, benomyl or Vitavax.
  • To combat loose smut, thermal disinfection is used.

• Slide 31

  Sowing dates for spring wheat

  • must necessarily be considered taking into account zonal features.
  • The timing of sowing grain crops in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan is one of the decisive factors that largely determine the level and quality of grain and seeds obtained.
  • The unique climatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan require a special approach to choosing the optimal timing for sowing spring wheat.
  • In the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, spring drought is a common phenomenon. The end of May - the first two decades of June is characterized by very little precipitation, and after germination the plants are exposed to atmospheric drought.
  • In order for the harmful effects of spring and early summer drought to weaken, and for the plants to fall under the July-August maximum precipitation in the phase of maximum moisture demand, and for ripening to end by the beginning of autumn frosts, the sowing time should be chosen correctly.
  • It has been established that the optimal time for sowing spring wheat is May 15-25. At the same time, mid-season varieties begin to sow on May 19-20 and end on May 28, and mid-late varieties from May 15-18.

• Slide 32

  Sowing method

  • The most perfect sowing method is one that provides a plant nutrition area that is approximately square in shape. With this form of nutritional area, the plant’s use of light, moisture, and food improves.
  • The narrow row, cross and cross-diagonal methods more fully meet these requirements.
  • But in the conditions of the zone, an ordinary sowing method is used with a width of 15 cm (SZP-3.6) 23 cm (SZS-2.1) sowing complexes (strip 14-18 cm).
  • The amount of harvest in to a greater extent depends on the number of productive ears per unit area. When establishing the seeding rate, the degree of tillering of the sown variety, moisture availability and weediness of the field are taken into account.
  • Since spring wheat tillers weaker than barley and oats, it is therefore responsive to a slight increase in the seeding rate.
  • On fertile soils and with sufficient moisture, as well as on weedy fields, the seeding rate is increased, and in dry areas it is reduced.

• Slide 33

  seeding rate

  The seeding rate in the zone ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare:

  On ordinary chernozems - 3.5-4.5 million seedlings. seeds per hectare,

  On southern chernozems - 2.5-4.0 million seedlings. seeds per hectare,

  On chestnut soils - 2.0-3.2 million seedlings. seeds per hectare.

  • The main requirement when sowing is to plant the seeds to such a depth and in such a way that best conditions for germination and rapid emergence of seedlings.
  • Too deep planting increases the period from sowing to germination. When seeds remain in the soil for a long time, they spend a lot of nutrients on respiration, their seedlings are weakened, some seeds die from diseases and pests, and the seedlings are unfriendly.
  • The biologically based seed placement depth for wheat is 2-4 cm.
  • But in the conditions of the zone, taking into account the peculiarities of the spring period, the sowing depth is 5-6 cm, the maximum is 8-9 cm (as a necessary measure).

• Slide 34

  Caring for crops.

  • On wheat crops, harrowing, chemical control measures, and fertilizing can be used.
  • Pre-emergence harrowing is the fight against weed seedlings, as well as for the purpose of loosening the crust formed after rains. Weeds should be in the phase of unrooted seedlings, and wheat seedlings have not reached the soil surface by 3-4 cm (4-5 days after sowing). Harrowing is carried out with light or medium harrows.
  • Emergence harrowing can be carried out when seeds are planted deeply, shoots are dense, rooting is good, plants are growing rapidly and there is moisture in the soil. It is advisable to carry out harrowing in the tillering phase.
  • Chemical weeding is carried out in case of moderate and severe contamination of crops. Spraying is carried out during the tillering phase.

• Slide 35

  Harvest.

  • The difficulty of harvesting wheat lies not only in the fact that a lot of equipment is required (significant areas), but also in the fact that at this time there are often unfavorable weather conditions, which leads to large losses of the crop and its quality.
  • You can use two harvesting methods: separate and direct combining.
  • If the stem density and height are good and the weather is favorable, the separate method is preferable. It allows you to start cleaning earlier, eliminating losses from shedding. When the rollers dry well, dry grain is obtained; it is easily cleaned in the combine.
  • If the crops are low-growing, the grain crop is sparse, or the weather is unfavorable with frequent rains, it is necessary to use direct harvesting.
  • Consequently, the timing and method of harvesting should be determined for each farm and field, depending on the situation.
  • The separate method of harvesting wheat can be started when the grain moisture content is 35-25%, when the influx of assimilates into the grain has practically stopped.
  • Direct combining is carried out at grain moisture content of 18-16%.

• Slide 36
  

• Slide 37

  Durum wheat

  Morphological features:

  • The root system is less developed than that of soft soil (increased soil requirements).
  • The ear is almost always spinous (more difficult to harvest), and it tolerates air drought more easily.
  • The grain is angular with a convex embryo and is more susceptible to injury.
  • The straw under the ear is completed, but when it is over-ripened, it breaks off as a whole ear.
  • Weaker bushing.
  • In terms of the duration of the growing season it exceeds the soft one (2-4 days)

• Slide 38

  Biological, technological features of durum wheat

  • For seed germination, moisture is required 5-7% more than for soft wheat.
  • Soft wheat varieties are more resistant to spring frosts than durum wheat. During the tillering phase, soft wheat easily tolerates frosts down to -5-80C, while durum wheat is damaged already at a temperature of -1-20C.
  • Durum wheat does not tolerate repeated sowings; it prefers fallow and corn as predecessors.
  • With repeated sowings, the spread of flower mites (empty ear mite) is possible.
  • Sowing dates are optimal for the conditions of the zone (May 18-22)
  • The seeding rate is 10-20% higher due to poor bushiness and less preservation.
  • Field germination within the zone is at the level of 50-60%, safety is 75-85%, which is significantly lower than that of soft.

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Presentation on the topic: SPRING WHEAT

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Plant growing // Ed. Academician of VASKhNIL P.P.Vavilov - M., Agropromizdat, 1986. N.I.Mozhaev, K.K.Arinov and others. Plant growing. Akmola, 1996. Arinov K.K. Technology of cultivation of spring wheat under irrigation. Tselinograd, 1992 Ivanov P.I. Spring wheat. M., Kolos, 1973. Suleimenov M.K. and others. Practical guide to the development of intensive technology for cultivating spring wheat. M., Kolos, 1986. Suleimenov M.K. Agricultural technology of spring wheat. A-Ata, Kainar, 1981. Spring wheat in Northern Kazakhstan. Ed. A.I. Baraeva. A-Ata, Kainar, 1976.

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annual herbaceous plant, has spring, winter and semi-winter forms, annual herbaceous plant, has spring, winter and semi-winter forms, belongs to the bluegrass family (Poaceae). Among all grain breads, the genus of wheat is the most diverse in species composition; it has 27 species (according to the classification of P.M. Zhukovsky), which differ in the number of chromosomes in somatic cells: diploid (2n - 14), tetraploid (2n-28), hexaploid ( 2n-42) and octaploid (2n-56).

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true wheat (hull wheat); true wheat (hull wheat); spelled wheat (film wheat). In real wheat, the rachis is non-fragile (does not fall apart when ripe). When threshing, grains are easily freed from the scales in which they are enclosed. Spelled wheat has a brittle rachis; when threshed, it breaks up into individual spikelets, each with a segment of the rachis. After threshing, the grains remain enclosed in spikelet and flower scales. This group of species has no production value; these species are mainly used in breeding work. The varieties of wheat cultivated in our republic belong to two types: soft and hard. The most common is soft wheat, which has winter and spring forms, as well as spring durum wheat.

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Wheat production is the highest priority sector in the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan. Wheat production is the highest priority sector in the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan. It occupies one of the leading places both in the agro-industrial complex and in the economy of the republic as a whole. In the republic, about 90% of all sown areas fall on grain crops, of which 82-84% are sown with wheat. Kazakh wheat in foreign markets is considered competitive in price and quality.

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The root system of wheat is fibrous, consisting of germinal (primary) and nodal roots. The root system of wheat is fibrous, consisting of germinal (primary) and nodal roots. The germinal roots of cereals participate in plant nutrition throughout the entire growing season, appearing earlier than the nodal roots, they outstrip them in growth and by the end of the growing season reach a length of 150 cm or more. However, a high yield can be obtained only with good development of nodal roots. In dry years, nodal roots may not develop, and wheat yield due to the primary root system is limited to 5-8 c/ha. The stem is a straw (5-8 internodes), the number of internodes corresponds to the number of leaves. The straw is hollow, but in durum wheat it is full under the ear, so if it is overstayed on the root, it can break off as a whole ear.

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Wheat leaves are linear, consisting of a leaf blade and a leaf sheath; at the junction of the sheath and the blade there is a tongue (colorless film); at the base of the leaf sheath linear ears or horns are formed, covering the stem. Wheat leaves are linear, consisting of a leaf blade and a leaf sheath; at the junction of the sheath and the blade there is a tongue (colorless film); at the base of the leaf sheath linear ears or horns are formed, covering the stem. The inflorescence is a spike consisting of a spikelet and spikelets. There is one spikelet on the ledge of the wheat spikelet, but it is multi-flowered (3-5 flowers). The agronomist’s task is to ensure that all the flowers in the ear are pollinated and grains are formed. The fruit is a grain. The grain size depends, first of all, on the level of agricultural technology.

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temperature regime temperature regime The minimum temperature for germination of wheat seeds is 1-20C, however, the minimum temperature for the beginning of wheat growth is 4-50C, but the processes of germination and emergence at these temperatures proceed very slowly. The seedlings tolerate frosts down to -60C. Initial growth and tillering are best at moderate temperatures. During the period of development of generative organs and flowering, wheat is very sensitive to temperature. A number of researchers have established that at +120C wheat anthers do not develop, at temperatures below 50C fertilization does not occur, and at temperatures from 5 to 100C, although fertilization occurs, the growth of the endosperm and especially the embryo is very slow, the grain dies without taking shape.

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Wheat varies greatly in its ability to withstand high temperatures. With continuous exposure to temperatures of 38-400, stomatal paralysis in different varieties occurs within 10-17 hours. Wheat can tolerate high temperatures during the flowering period only if there is a good supply of moisture in the soil. Graingrass is caused by high temperatures and low soil moisture. Wheat varies greatly in its ability to withstand high temperatures. With continuous exposure to temperatures of 38-400, stomatal paralysis in different varieties occurs within 10-17 hours. Wheat can tolerate high temperatures during the flowering period only if there is a good supply of moisture in the soil. Graingrass is caused by high temperatures and low soil moisture. Frosts during filling (-1-20C) damage the plant and grain (frost-killing grain). Soft wheat varieties are more resistant to spring frosts than durum wheat. During the tillering phase, soft wheat easily tolerates frosts down to -5-80C, while durum wheat is damaged already at a temperature of -1-20C. The sum of active temperatures for spring wheat is 1500-19000C, depending on the early maturity of the variety

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For germination of soft wheat seeds, 50-60% of water by weight of dry grain is required. Durum wheat seeds require 5-7% more water as they contain more protein. . For germination of soft wheat seeds, 50-60% of water by weight of dry grain is required. Durum wheat seeds require 5-7% more water as they contain more protein. During the growing season, wheat is demanding of moisture. This can be confirmed by the high transpiration coefficient, which ranges from 400 to 450, although this range can be much larger, depending on the level of agricultural technology. The transpiration coefficient of durum wheat is slightly lower than that of soft wheat. The root system of durum wheat is less developed than that of soft wheat. This difference is determined by drought, but it tolerates air drought better. Distribution of water consumption of spring wheat by phases of the growing season (in%): - during the germination period 5-7; - tillering – 15-20; - exit into the tube - flowering - 50-60; - milky state – 20-30; - waxy ripeness – 5.

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Wheat makes the greatest demand for moisture during the period of booting - flowering. This is a critical period in the development of wheat; drought at this time has a very strong negative effect on yield. Wheat makes the greatest demand for moisture during the period of booting - flowering. This is a critical period in the development of wheat; drought at this time has a very strong negative effect on yield. The moisture requirements of different wheat varieties are far from the same. There are very moisture-loving and drought-resistant varieties. The most drought-resistant varieties are those characterized by a slow growth rate in the initial growing season and slow ear formation. They usually better tolerate the aridity of the first half of summer, which is common in the area of ​​Northern Kazakhstan, and make good use of precipitation, which, as a rule, coincides with the period of their most intensive growth. These varieties are late ripening. Early ripening varieties suffer greatly from spring drought. They grow very strongly at first, quickly form an ear, but with a lack of moisture in spring and early summer, they usually give lower yields.

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The type of soil and its level of fertility when growing wheat determine the yield to a greater extent than for other grains. The type of soil and its level of fertility when growing wheat determine the yield to a greater extent than for other grains. The root system of wheat has its own distinctive features: only 30% of the roots are in the arable horizon, the rest of the roots are outside it. This character of the root system determines the demands of wheat on the soil, not only on its arable layer, but also on the quality of the subarable horizons. Chernozems, chestnut and other fertile soils are considered the best for it. Heavy clay and light sandy soils are unsuitable for spring wheat.

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The optimal soil pH for wheat is considered to be 6-7.5. The optimal soil pH for wheat is considered to be 6-7.5. Observations of many researchers in vegetation experiments have shown that the accumulation of nutrients across the phases and stages of wheat development is uneven. Spring wheat stores phosphorus first, then potassium, and finally nitrogen. It needs phosphorus nutrition until full heading, potassium nutrition until flowering, and nitrogen nutrition until milky ripeness. Wheat is a long-day plant.

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Akmola 2 Akmola 2 Astana Saratovskaya 29 Tselinnaya 3с Altaiskaya 50 Tselinnaya Jubilee Irtyshanka 10 Tselinnaya 24 Lyubava Erythrospermum 35 Lutescens 32 Kazakhstanskaya 19 Omskaya 18 Kazakhstanskaya 25 Omskaya 19 Ertys 97 Omskaya 20 Pavlodarskaya 93 Omskaya 29 90 Omskaya 30 Karaganda 70 Karaganda 70 Kazakhstan early ripening

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Wheat cultivation technology should be built taking into account morphological and biological characteristics. Wheat cultivation technology should be built taking into account morphological and biological characteristics. Predecessors. Considering the value of this crop in the conditions of the zone, as well as its demanding growing conditions, therefore, the best lands should be allocated for its crops, and care should be taken to place it according to the best predecessors. For the steppe zone, grain-fallow crop rotations with short rotation have been developed, based on flat-cut and minimal tillage technology. Steam, wheat, wheat, wheat, barley, wheat. Steam, wheat, wheat, wheat, barley. Steam, wheat, wheat, oats, wheat, barley.

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Clean fallows are the best predecessors for spring wheat in arid zones. Clean fallows are the best predecessors for spring wheat in arid zones. Fallows are used to combat weeds, nutrients and moisture accumulate. But with all the positive benefits, fallow also has its drawbacks: the field does not produce any produce for a year, there are costs associated with cultivating the field, and there is an unproductive loss of humus. In this regard, in farms with high agricultural standards, fallow is being replaced with fallow crops: peas, oats, etc. Tillage for wheat depends on the zone, predecessor, soil characteristics, degree of weediness, predominant types of weeds and many other conditions. In the conditions of the zone, soil cultivation should help create the largest supply of moisture in the spring and use it economically during the growing season.

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Steam processing. Fallows are processed in strict accordance with zonal farming systems (KPSh-5, KPSh-9, KTS 10-01, OP-8). Steam processing. Fallows are processed in strict accordance with zonal farming systems (KPSh-5, KPSh-9, KTS 10-01, OP-8). The depth of flat-cut processing is set depending on the type of soil from 10-14 to 20 cm. On light soils, the main cultivation of the fallow field is carried out at 10-14 cm; on heavy soils, loosening is carried out at 20-22 cm or 25-27 cm (PG-3.5, PG-3-100). In fields infested with wild oats, fine tillage with BIG-3A is carried out in the fall to plant weed seeds. In the spring-summer period, as weeds appear, treatment is carried out with KPSh-9 flat cutters to a depth of 8-10 cm or with needle harrows in the absence of perennial weeds. Fallow fields clogged with wheatgrass are cultivated in the fall to the depth of the rhizomes, and in the spring and summer they are cultivated with cultivators KTS-10-01, KPE-3.8A. To reduce the number of mechanical steam treatments and preserve moisture in the soil, spraying weedy fields with herbicides is used.

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The main tillage is carried out in the autumn with implements KPSh-9, KPSh-5, OPT-3-5 to a depth of 10-12 cm. The main tillage is carried out in the autumn with implements KPSh-9, KPSh-5, OPT-3-5 to a depth of 10 -12 cm. Timely and correctly carried out pre-sowing treatment has a significant impact on the yield. It is carried out to the seeding depth immediately before sowing. Fertilizers. Nutritional conditions have a decisive influence on plant development and, ultimately, on the quantity and quality of the crop. To form 1 ton, spring wheat on average consumes 35-45 kg of nitrogen, 8-12 kg of phosphorus and 17-27 kg of potassium. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for the main treatment and, as an exception, in the spring for cultivation. 90 kg of a.m. are added to the fallow field. (in a 5-field crop rotation) and up to 120 kg (6-7-field crop rotation). As a row fertilizer when sowing in fallow, 10-20 kg/ha of phosphorus is given for grain and row-crop predecessors in the zone of sufficient moisture, phosphorus is applied as part of complex fertilizers (ammophos, diammophos).

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For sowing, seeds with high yielding properties and sowing qualities of varieties approved for sowing should be used. For sowing, seeds with high yielding properties and sowing qualities of varieties approved for sowing should be used. Cleaning the seeds and bringing them to sowing conditions should be completed in the fall. In the spring, immediately before sowing, air-thermal heating, seed dressing and treatment with certain preparations are carried out. Air-thermal heating has a positive effect on the quality of seeds. This is one of the methods for increasing the energy of seed germination and laboratory germination. Air-thermal heating is best carried out in the sun at a temperature of 15-200C. It is convenient and profitable to use special active ventilation installations for heating (temperature 15-200C for 3-5 days). Seed dressing. To disinfect seeds from pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases, they must be treated promptly and correctly (preferably 1-2 months before sowing). An effective method against smut, root rot and other diseases is dressing with systemic drugs: foundationazole, benomyl or Vitavax. To combat loose smut, thermal disinfection is used.

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must necessarily be considered taking into account zonal features. must necessarily be considered taking into account zonal features. The timing of sowing grain crops in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan is one of the decisive factors that largely determine the level and quality of grain and seeds obtained. The unique climatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan require a special approach to choosing the optimal timing for sowing spring wheat. In the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, spring drought is a common phenomenon. The end of May - the first two decades of June is characterized by very little precipitation, and after germination the plants are exposed to atmospheric drought. In order for the harmful effects of spring and early summer drought to weaken, and for the plants to fall under the July-August maximum precipitation in the phase of maximum moisture demand, and for ripening to end by the beginning of autumn frosts, the sowing time should be chosen correctly. It has been established that the optimal time for sowing spring wheat is May 15-25. At the same time, mid-season varieties begin to sow on May 19-20 and end on May 28, and mid-late varieties from May 15-18.

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The most perfect sowing method is one that provides a plant nutrition area that is approximately square in shape. With this form of nutritional area, the plant’s use of light, moisture, and food improves. The most perfect sowing method is one that provides a plant nutrition area that is approximately square in shape. With this form of nutritional area, the plant’s use of light, moisture, and food improves. The narrow row, cross and cross-diagonal methods more fully meet these requirements. But in the conditions of the zone, an ordinary sowing method is used with a width of 15 cm (SZP-3.6) 23 cm (SZS-2.1) sowing complexes (strip 14-18 cm). The size of the harvest largely depends on the number of productive ears per unit area. When establishing the seeding rate, the degree of tillering of the sown variety, moisture availability and weediness of the field are taken into account. Since spring wheat tillers weaker than barley and oats, it is therefore responsive to a slight increase in the seeding rate. On fertile soils and with sufficient moisture, as well as on weedy fields, the seeding rate is increased, and in dry areas it is reduced.

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The seeding rate in the zone ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare: The seeding rate in the zone ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare: - on ordinary chernozems - 3.5-4 .5 mln. seeds per hectare, - on southern chernozems - 2.5-4.0 million seedlings. seeds per hectare, - on chestnut soils - 2.0-3.2 million seedlings. seeds per hectare. The main requirement when sowing is to plant the seeds to such a depth and in such a way that the best conditions for germination and rapid emergence of seedlings are created. Too deep planting increases the period from sowing to germination. When seeds remain in the soil for a long time, they spend a lot of nutrients on respiration, their seedlings are weakened, some seeds die from diseases and pests, and the seedlings are unfriendly. The biologically justified seeding depth for wheat is 2-4 cm. But in the conditions of the zone, taking into account the characteristics of the spring period, the sowing depth is 5-6 cm, the maximum is 8-9 cm (as a necessary measure).

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On wheat crops, harrowing, chemical control measures, and fertilizing can be used. On wheat crops, harrowing, chemical control measures, and fertilizing can be used. Pre-emergence harrowing is the fight against weed seedlings, as well as for the purpose of loosening the crust formed after rains. Weeds should be in the phase of unrooted seedlings, and wheat seedlings have not reached the soil surface by 3-4 cm (4-5 days after sowing). Harrowing is carried out with light or medium harrows. Emergence harrowing can be carried out when seeds are planted deeply, shoots are dense, rooting is good, plants are growing rapidly and there is moisture in the soil. It is advisable to carry out harrowing in the tillering phase. Chemical weeding is carried out when crops are moderately or heavily infested. Spraying is carried out during the tillering phase.

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The difficulty of harvesting wheat lies not only in the fact that a lot of equipment is required (significant areas), but also in the fact that at this time there are often unfavorable weather conditions, which leads to large losses of the crop and its quality. The difficulty of harvesting wheat lies not only in the fact that a lot of equipment is required (significant areas), but also in the fact that at this time there are often unfavorable weather conditions, which leads to large losses of the crop and its quality. You can use two harvesting methods: separate and direct combining. If the stem density and height are good and the weather is favorable, the separate method is preferable. It allows you to start cleaning earlier, eliminating losses from shedding. When the rollers dry well, dry grain is obtained; it is easily cleaned in the combine. If the crops are low-growing, the grain crop is sparse, or the weather is unfavorable with frequent rains, it is necessary to use direct harvesting. Consequently, the timing and method of harvesting should be determined for each farm and field, depending on the situation. The separate method of harvesting wheat can be started when the grain moisture content is 35-25%, when the influx of assimilates into the grain has practically stopped. Direct combining is carried out at grain moisture content of 18-16%.

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For seed germination, moisture is required 5-7% more than for soft wheat. For seed germination, moisture is required 5-7% more than for soft wheat. Soft wheat varieties are more resistant to spring frosts than durum wheat. During the tillering phase, soft wheat easily tolerates frosts down to -5-80C, while durum wheat is damaged already at a temperature of -1-20C. Durum wheat does not tolerate repeated sowings; it prefers fallow and corn as predecessors. With repeated sowings, the spread of flower mites (empty ear mite) is possible. Sowing dates are optimal for the conditions of the zone (May 18-22) The seeding rate due to weak bushiness and less preservation is 10-20% higher. Field germination within the zone is at the level of 50-60%, preservation is 75-85%, which is significantly lower below than the soft one.