Divided nations. Russian Germans between Russia and Germany

He added that under the conditions of a totalitarian state, the residents of Crimea were not asked anything, but were simply presented with a fact. However, this decision was perceived as “a kind of formality”, since Crimea was transferred within the framework of one big country and it was impossible to imagine that Ukraine and Russia would ever not be together.

Putin recalled that many people in Russia and Ukraine, as well as in other republics, hoped that the CIS would become new form a common statehood, with a common currency, economic space and common armed forces, but all this remained promises, and there was no big country.

“And when Crimea became part of another state, Russia felt that it was not even robbed, but robbed,” Putin said, adding that Russians overnight found themselves a national minority in the new countries.

“Today, many years later, I hear Crimeans just recently saying that then, in 1991, they were simply passed from hand to hand, like a sack of potatoes. Let me disagree with this. The Russian state - what is it? So what about Russia? I lowered my head and resigned myself, swallowed this insult,” Putin said.

Putin recalled that at that time our country was in such a difficult state that it simply could not really protect its interests, but people could not come to terms with the blatant injustice, RIA reports" News " .

“All these years, both citizens and many public figures have repeatedly raised this topic. They said that Crimea is a native Russian land, and Sevastopol is a Russian city,” the president continued.

According to him, everyone in Russia understood this, but it was necessary to act based on the existing realities, and on this basis to build good neighborly relations with independent Ukraine.

Broadcast of the President's statement leads Russia Today TV channel. Putin's statement was also broadcast live at a rally of citizens in the center of Sevastopol.

According to the law on the procedure for the admission and formation of new subjects of the Russian Federation, a foreign state turns to the Russian Federation with a request to join the Russian Federation and to conclude a corresponding international treaty. The President of the Russian Federation informs both houses of the Russian parliament and the government of the Russian Federation about this, and, if necessary, holds consultations.

Then the head of state turns to the Constitutional Court with a request to assess the compliance of the treaty with the country’s constitution, and if the court gives a positive assessment, the international treaty is submitted for ratification to the State Duma along with a draft federal constitutional law, which defines the name, status and boundaries of the subject.

If these two documents are supported by the chambers, then changes are made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, where the name of one or more subjects is added.

Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday, according to which the Republic of Crimea is recognized as an independent state. The decree comes into force from the date of its signing.

Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko said that this one is part of Russia.

On Sunday in Crimea about the status of autonomy. Based on the results of processing 100% of the protocols at the referendum, 1 million 274 thousand 96 people or 83.1% of those eligible to vote, of which 96.77% of residents were in favor of the autonomy joining Russia.

How to unite the most divided people - the Russian - and at the same time not destroy them?

A burning issue, however, was raised by the incident with the detention of a Russian student and at the same time a “negro” from Latvia in Sheremetyevo. Over the next 2 weeks, the Internet community responded with more than a hundred different articles, which in one way or another touch on the problem of the most divided people in the world - Russian people– and a wide variety of solutions to the current situation are proposed.

One of the last major bombs came out, announcing its desire to provide a visa-free regime for all non-citizens of the Baltic states ( ethnic Russians), which made its position even more contradictory and its actions inconsistent.

To blame the Russian leadership for the lack of a clear national policy - Russian– I consider the question short-sighted and stupid, because the authorities still have not decided even in relation to Russians living on the territory of the Russian Federation and having Russian passport. But sooner or later you will still have to make a decision, because the absence own initiative in such matters is simply a transfer of initiative to the geopolitical enemy. So let's just think about what this solution could be?

During the spontaneous internet-wide discussion, two main proposals crystallized:

1) Relocate all patriots to the territory of the Russian Federation, and consider those who did not resettle as enemies.

2) Restore the borders of the Empire, simultaneously hitting the Anglo-Saxons and other barbarians with cabbage soup.

Let's take a closer look at these options.

A) Suppose that right tomorrow repatriation will be announced, similar to the repatriation of all Volksdeutsche in 1939, and all ethnic Russians in one impulse will flock to their ethnic homeland,

First question: and what shall we consider the ethnic Motherland of the Russians? The entire Baltic region, for example, is covered with Russian graves. Back in 1203, when Riga was just an embryo, the lands of the future Livonia were the appanage principality of Vyacheslav Rurikovich - the legendary.

Then - in 1721 - the Swedish crown was generously paid for the same land from the Russian treasury. From here - from his estate in Izelkalns - the hero of 1812, cavalry general Yakov Kulnev, went to his last war. Well, my great-grandfather - an imperial guardsman - was buried right there...

And suddenly someone decided that all this was unimportant and that the Russians here were aliens and therefore to all Russians we urgently need to get out, about which a well-coordinated choir of bunny boys from among the titular Baltic nationalists and quality Russian patriots sing around the clock, who constantly want to ask the question: “Do you, like patriots, have some kind of guarantee that tomorrow any other region of modern The Russian Federation will not be declared non-Russia?

Communicating daily with our Western partners, I see that they are not at all going to stop there. Since 1917, they have been confidently and consistently nibbling away piece by piece from Russia, and they are very inspired by the 100-year result.

2. And what will happen to modern Russia if it suddenly rains down on its territory? 60 million. compatriots? (namely lives outside the Russian Federation). What will happen if 3 Moscows... or 12 St. Petersburgs... or 40 Novosibirsks rush to Russia?

Am I the only one who thinks this will be a humanitarian disaster?

Well, now in Russia there are neither jobs nor infrastructure that could cope with such a horde of compatriots. No, and will not happen until the development paradigm changes to one that requires a sharp increase in population. By the way, I personally do not believe that the adoption of such a paradigm will be the result of the brilliant wisdom and will of some ruler. No, everything will happen (and is already happening), obeying the inexorable development logic circumstances, which, as always, is stronger than the logic of intentions.

B) Not less problems will also be the case when the second proposed scenario is implemented. Even more. Even if it is implemented according to the Crimean version. By the way, a repetition of the Crimean variant is not only probable. Judging by the dynamics of events in Europe, it soon risks becoming a particularly fashionable trend.

While “our Western partners” are trying push off illiquid unprofitable territories and their population for the maintenance of Russia, provoking a conflict and forcing the Russian Federation to occupy and (or) annex them. According to their scenario, in this way the easiest way is to bleed the Russian Federation and then chop off much more than they gave...

But if Russia does not continue to be provocative, and “our Western partners” do not manage to rob anyone in the near future, quarrelsome escapades with Russia constantly pushing Russia to “weakness” and demands for “more compensation, good and different,” are guaranteed to give way to mournful ones lamentations about the hard lot “under the yoke of the Anglo-Saxons”, nostalgic memories of “friendship of peoples” and proposals to be friends at home, and exclusively at Russian expense.

So this option is also not at all an ice-breaker, because Russia today absolutely does not have enough capacity for the uniform and progressive development of its own stump of the former empire. The focal development of individual territories of the Russian Federation, for which Russian capacities are sufficient today, already creates a certain internal tension with the confrontation between Moscow and the “zamkadye”, megacities and provinces, and tiny Crimea has already demanded the activation of all existing reserves, and God forbid adding new ones to these territories – a hernia materializes inevitably, like a sunset.

Does this mean that the situation is stalemate, and any next move will only worsen the existing position? Does this mean that any option for the reunification of the most divided people in the world is obviously a losing one?

Not at all. It’s just that with enviable consistency we are shown exclusively losing options, bashfully ignoring all the others, which do not exist in a single copy. To be continued, where I am going to raise a terribly conflicting topic: “What kind of Russians does Russia need?”

Russian Germans between Russia and Germany

At first I thought I would limit myself to a quotation, but it was not pulled out of the text so that the meaning would not be distorted. Therefore, I decided to publish the entire text as an appendix (not to be confused with the continuation) to the previous post: “How to unite the most divided - the Russian people - and at the same time not destroy them?”

There are more cars with EU license plates than local ones,” “Azovo is fattening on German money,” “Everyone in Azovo speaks German”—three myths are circulating around Siberia about the Omsk village of Azovo. And although it is not easy to hear German speech there, here is a fact - from 5 to 9 thousand Germans per year (according to various sources - the Federal Migration Service of Russia and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Germany) leaving Germany for Russia. Of these, up to two to three thousand a year go to Halbstadt in the Altai Territory and to Azovo Omsk region, where the German autonomous regions were recreated.

“What does a German gut, a Russian German will laugh out loud”

We will find out how and why repatriates return in the fastest growing German region of Siberia - the Azov German National Municipal District (ANNMR).

House of the headman of the village of Privalnoye Yuri Bekker typically German. This is how his ancestors, who founded the village in the 19th century, built it: a log house under a common roof with all the outbuildings. The yard is greeted in Siberian style - with a well of white brick. At the well, the comfort is broken by a black plow.

“I bought it from a friend,” Yuri Ivanovich points to the plow, “he wanted to sell it for scrap.” I would also pass before Germany. But I came back and I can’t.

In Oldenburg, Germany, since 2005, he endured “eternity” - less than five years.

– I’m local, here Bekkerov is like Ivanov. I left because everyone was leaving. My wife cried, all her relatives were there, and I gave up. After all, a historical homeland. I tried to fit in. I mowed the grass on golf courses, carried mail, lit fireplaces. I set a condition for my wife: I can’t live without land. But who knew that There is no village life in Germany, and the way they understand it is a mockery.

Whatever I do - a fine. The plot of land should be standard - the lawn should not be higher than the designated level; cucumbers, onions and tomatoes can only be planted on a quarter of the area. I planted a little more - fine. I wanted to have chickens, just like at home, and the police called me. Intruder. We went out beyond the village, and all the berries and mushrooms are yours, and there you need to buy a ticket. It's the same with fishing. The Germans themselves go fishing or to the forest in the Netherlands or France, it’s cheaper. I tried to plant cherries, currants, raspberries on the plot, with me the neighbors stopped saying hello.

The policeman explained: “We buy berries and fruits; they grow in the garden for the birds.” I thought he was joking, but he writes out fine. Because I planted too many fruit trees and am picking berries in my garden.

The thought that “we need to do our feet” Becker was often tormented, but finished off when he saw his niece crying. She, the pride of the family clan, was preparing for university. Teachers praised her for her studies: "Gut, gut". The girl received a certificate, but it turned out that it did not give her the right to enter the university. She is in tears, the teachers don’t understand what’s wrong: the bachelor too higher education, albeit for two years and without the right to engage in science.

“It’s like there: they’ll lift a stranger from his knees, but they won’t let him stand on his feet,” Becker frowns. - So it turns out that the German "gut", a Russian German will laugh out loud.

But also in Privalny Becker was not recognized, and he also did not recognize Privalnoye.

The club is overgrown with weeds, the sidewalks have almost disappeared as a view, the stadium is a wasteland. He, the hereditary father, grandfather, and he is the village headman, where he came to an agreement with the farmers, where he cleared the stadium on a voluntary basis, mowed down the weeds near the club, and is now trying to return the sidewalks to the village.

In the neighboring Azov met Vladimir Naiman, who had come to visit from Germany, the former headman of Azovo, who once gave the village an exemplary “Germanness” - with sidewalks and mowed lawns. When Naiman packed his bags and emigrated after his children, the sidewalks moved down behind him unnoticed. And so the former headman came to visit for the summer. But he avoided both the conversation with Becker and the interview.

“I don’t want to denigrate either Russia or Germany,” Vladimir Naiman asks him to understand. – Russia gave me everything – education, career, it “made” me. Germany gives everything to my children and grandchildren. I'm not blind, but I can't criticize. Who am i?

In approximately the same words, entire families refused to explain the reasons for their departure and return - the Lichtenwalds and Mayers in Tsvetnopolye, the Kvindtovs, Lyuftovs and Netseleys in other villages.

Yuri Bekker It’s also difficult to explain in words why he returned. With four annual salaries in Germany, he was able to buy a house and land from his brother in Privalny. And here his salary in the Ministry of Emergency Situations, even for several decades, is not enough for a modest house.

“Understand, we are foreigners there, but here we have become foreigners,” Becker asks. - We need to sculpt new life. Someone cuts everything off, like me, someone hangs between two countries. Someone cunningly “risks” applying for pensions in two countries, although for this you can run into a fine of 11 thousand euros. Some people simply return to their children. Who wants to end up in a nursing home when they get old? Some people have a business in two countries and have no desire to “shine” because of the sanctions. But even though I’m German, I didn’t learn German there...

I want to go to Russia as a milkmaid

The entrance to Azov is like the border of the European Union with Siberia. The view opens up from Rossiyskaya Street, and it looks at the world through the eyes of Bavarian-style cottages. Above them, like a town hall, rises a complex of three-story residential buildings. The Gothic style of their towers and the patina of the green roofs are confusing: is this Bavaria or Siberia?

The streets of still uninhabited cottages and the infrastructure of the town - from the gymnasium, hospital to the sports complex and wastewater treatment plants - gift from Germany to Russian Germans, who created their own autonomous region in Azovo in 1992. But in the midst of construction, in 1995, mass emigration of Russian Germans to Germany began: the almost 65 percent German region remained only 30 percent for them. He could have gotten even worse, but his German appearance was saved by the Germans - immigrants from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Basically they live in the Eurocity.

“The cover,” Ulyana Ilchenko squints skeptically at the glare from the roofs of the “town hall,” “but I fell for it.” I sold my house in Kazakhstan and collected debts from my brothers in Germany. But I’m alive and I can’t boast: the roof is leaking, the walls are coming apart at the seams... Unfinished, it’s on the euro, unfinished.

And returnees from Germany react to the “Bavarian” cottages and the green “town hall” with a grin. Budgetary investments from Germany ended by 2005. Former head of the ANNMR administration Victor Saberfeld, suspected of fraud with land plots, is under criminal prosecution. Prices for “German” real estate have skyrocketed so much that many people cannot afford their dream home.

Finally, mutual sanctions between Russia and Germany since 2014 have frozen the next 2016 tranche for autonomy - 66.3 million rubles from Russia and 9.5 million euros from Germany. But the number of “returnees” is still growing, despite this. In 2015, more than a thousand people returned, in 2016 - 611, about 50 people came for reconnaissance. Currently, the district administration has 21 applications for resettlement from Germany.

And those who left write letters.

“Choose any one,” Deputy Head of the ANNMR Sergei Bernikov points to a stack of envelopes and carefully follows the unfolded sheet with the inscription: “Lydia Schmidt, Baden-Württenberg.”

“A fellow countrywoman,” he comments, “from the village of Aleksandrovka.”

The woman has a typical request: she wants to go back, but when she left, she sold her house, so she asks for municipal housing or “at least a hostel with a toilet on the street.” Her children “got back on their feet, and although I’m 62, I’m strong, I want to work as a milkmaid. Will you take it? I want to go home to Russia.”

- Here they are there, on their “social” (the jargon of German migrants means that they live in municipal housing and on social benefits. - “ RG"," Bernikov abruptly jumps off his chair, “they don’t understand what they’re asking for.” No USSR. There is no municipal housing or dormitories. And there are almost no milkmaids. Capitalism and farmers. But they don't provide housing. You need to buy it. And competition for work in villages is higher than in Germany.

Therefore, Lydia Schmidt will most likely be given cautious advice - to move with the family or, first, to go on reconnaissance. Like Natalya Merker and Katerina Burkhard. They came from Bavaria, but introduce themselves as if from a past life: “I’m from Karaganda.” “And I’m from Aktyubinsk,” Burchard interjects. They learned about Azov from relatives who moved to Siberia in the late 90s. We came for reconnaissance and have already visited almost all German villages in the autonomy. They liked Azovo least of all.

“They take us for fools, take out a mortgage, buy apartments 200 meters away,” admits Natalya Merker. – My brothers in Germany have taken out mortgages for 15-20 years. And they would be happy to leave for Russia, but they can’t. And here the mortgage is also at 16 percent versus 4-6 in Bavaria. The former party nomenklatura has grabbed square meters for sale and wants to make money on us. Benefactors...

Natalya and Katerina are not asking anyone for anything: they have looked at private houses in two villages, with plots of land, sheds, and are planning to save up money for another year and buy them. “We are rural people,” says Merker, “we miss the open spaces, cows and chickens...”

But they are afraid to return.

“Everything is different,” admits Burchard.

“But everything is changing there too,” Merker interjects. – When I was little, I was afraid of movies about the Great Patriotic War, school fees, rulers, history lessons. As soon as I hear the word “fascist,” a chill runs down my spine. It's like it's me. And when in Munich I saw how the Germans came out to demonstrations with posters “We love you, refugees!”, I again got a chill down my spine. Refugees terrorize them - blow them up, chase them with knives, rape them, and German women take to the streets shouting: “Munich should be colorful!”.

As soon as other Germans came out with the slogan “No to the Islamization of Germany!”, they were called “fascists.” It turns out that I am at one with the “fascists”, because I am Russian. I'm no stranger to: here I was German, there I was Russian. But I don’t want my children to have a future in which they will be asked to be someone they don’t know in their homeland...

– We are running from refugees too, - shares Katerina Burkhard, - and from those who should judge them for criminal offenses, but they judge us for the lack of “tolerance.”

Katerina is a young woman, her son goes to the fifth grade, and her mother has two reports to the police and a threat from representatives juvenile justice- “to remove the son because of the mother’s inappropriate behavior.”

A mother almost fainted when her fourth-grader son returned from a sex education lesson with plasticine figures of genitals made on the instructions of the teachers. She's off to school. There they listened to her with restraint that borders on contempt. She was shown the school curriculum. And the woman now goes to the demonstration every year "Demo fuer alle" against early sex activities at school. They started filing police reports against her and threatening to take her son away.

But Citizen Burchard also learns to despise with restraint: won't let my son take sex lessons. She admits that most of all she is glad that “just in case” she gave birth to her son in Russia and granted him Russian citizenship. True, after the organizers of the action "Demo fuer alle" in Munster they began to judge, she became despondent. Her friends, Catholics from "Demo fuer alle", emigrated to Canada and Moscow. And she looked at a village in Siberia Privalnoe.

Summer at home

When summer approaches, Andrei Klippert from Bavarian Ludwigsburg asks his son and daughter: “Where should we go: to the sea or...?” “To Grandma Lena,” the children make noise. And the family, through Poland, Belarus and half of Russia, in a BMW crossover, defiantly modest in “wet asphalt” color, travels to Azov.

- Pa-ah, but we’re not leaving Ludwig, are we? Elon’s 12-year-old daughter asked while on the road this summer.

- For what? - Digging up his parents’ garden in Azovo, he tells me. – There is no such medicine as in Germany, and even at a preferential rate, in Russia. I won’t find a job here other than gardening. In Ludwig, before the sanctions, I assembled turbines for Russia at a factory. Then I was laid off, but at the expense of the company I underwent retraining and work on a computer line for the distribution of cargo and mail in a large transport company. 2000 euros per month versus 10-14 thousand rubles for working at a post office in Omsk cures nostalgia in its infancy.

Although Elona's question took his father by surprise. He guessed that his daughter heard him phone conversation with her grandfather from Azov. He, at the request of his son, looked after a plot of land and invited him to the bride. Elona tore them off.

“And there’s no money yet,” explains Klippert. – It is here that they think that if we come here from Germany by car, then... The car is just a bonus, and it was taken on credit. I have no desire to move. I am happy with my social home in Germany. And I came to Azov to look for something for the future for myself and my wife. What if we come back... And the children must decide for themselves. My daughter, for example, dreams of becoming a German swimming champion. She has the nickname “Torpedo”, she took second place in the competition of the state of Bavaria.

After a pause, Andrey adds that many in the Russian community are trying to restore Russian passports. And almost everyone started teaching their children Russian again and visiting their relatives more often - in Tyumen, Saratov, Orenburg - for the summer.

“And no one recognizes their homeland,” he laughs. - It's tough here. We relaxed there, and if anything happens, we download our license. And here everyone relies only on themselves. And not on “shuttle” tours, but on their farms, cheese factories, breweries... In Russian they groan, they become poor from large losses, but it’s clear that they got into the business... I bought eggs for the children at an ostrich farm in Tsvetnopolye, try. And here they learned how to make such sausage, tastier than in Germany. The house-building plant in Zvonarev Kut was not completed, and there are no more vacancies. In general, for retirement, I think I’ll buy a house in Azov.

From last bit of strength I’m trying to “catch” Klippert: why does he call Germany home and Russia home?

“My father is German, my mother is from Odessa, I am Siberian,” he laughs. - And Siberia, who is whose, simply finds out: “Why are you fighting?” - “I want to meet you.”

He is not offended that he does not look like a German. An ordinary Russian, just called German by fate. I threw it into Germany, but forgot my heart and head at home.

Two mothers, two stepmothers

“The Germans in Russia and the Germans from Russia have a double identity and double loyalty,” says Olga Martens, deputy chairman of the International Union of German Culture. – I run the risk of once again hearing something sarcastic about our dual loyalty. I know that it worries both states, which do not want to recognize it, instead of making it a beneficial tool for relations between the two countries.

A living monument to the fact that Russian Germans are a non-working instrument in relations between Germany and Russia is the unfinished hospital in Azov. Erected on budget resources Germany, within the framework of the work of the Intergovernmental Russian-German Commission on Issues of Russian Germans, it stands empty.

Sanctions between the two countries they are targeting not only her. The fact is that the mandate of the Intergovernmental Russian-German Commission allows Germany to deal with the problems of Germans in Russia, but does not give Russia the right to take care of Germans from Russia. Therefore, the Russian side logically insists on expanding its powers within the framework of the mandate. Berlin vs. He regards his assistance to Russian Germans as the norm, and Russian assistance to the “late settlers” as interference in internal affairs.

“The “late migrants” in Germany are just Germans,” says Werner-Dieter Klucke, head of the cultural department of the German Embassy in Moscow. – They can only be loyal to Germany, like the Germans who left Hungary, Romania and other countries of Eastern Europe. Today there is a civilized tool for solving the problem: up to the age of 18, a citizen can have two passports, and then makes a choice.

Another argument German side– in addition to the small repatriation of Germans to Russia, the migration of doctors from Siberia, and not only Germans, is gaining momentum. Moscow's reasons are obvious: within the framework of global mobility, migration of expats is a normal phenomenon. However, what will happen to intellectual migration in five to ten years? Twenty years ago, no one even dared to predict that Becker, Merker, Burchard, Klipper, Schmidt would write letters to Russia, come for “reconnaissance,” or even permanently.

The intractability of big politicians upsets the founding father and first head of the ANNMR, Bruno Reuter. He travels between Omsk, Moscow and Berlin, hoping to find a way out without burning bridges.

“To resolve the German issue, political will is needed,” Bruno Reiter is convinced. “I think a person of Catherine the Second’s caliber can cope with this.” The point is not even about the moral rehabilitation of Russian Germans, although there was none.

And not only that Germany does not want to take into account the special identity of Russian Germans, although we have preserved the German language and culture that no longer exist in Germany. It’s not even a matter of our missed chance to recreate German statehood in the Volga region due to the emigration of the 90s. It's about the ability to look into the future.

When we created autonomy in Azov, we understood that our ethnic group would be divided into three parts - those living in Russia, in Germany and between the two countries - between relatives. This kinship is taking root in the minds of the peoples of the two countries. When this phenomenon ceases to be rejected at the state level, I think the time will come, as under Catherine the Great, for a new planned resettlement of Germans from Germany to Russia. And Russia, as always, will not remain in debt.

Two “little Germanys” in Siberia

The German National Region (GNR) of the Altai Territory was created in 1927 and existed until 1938. It was recreated in 1991. The center is the village of Halbstadt. The NPR includes 16 villages, where 50,701 Germans live (70% of the total population).

Azov German Autonomous municipal district Omsk Region, with its center in the village of Azovo, was formed in 1992 from 7 villages in five adjacent districts. Its core is the villages that were part of the Alexandrovskaya volost, Omsk district, Akmola region of the Steppe Territory formed in the 1890s, inhabited by Germans since the 1880s. 50,055 Germans live in ANNMR (29.7% of the total population).

Putin: Russians turned out to be the biggest divided nation in the world

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(transnational ethnic groups)

Peoples (ethnic groups) whose settlement territories are separated by state borders. For example, Uyghurs live in China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.

• - representatives of indigenous ethnic communities, who have inhabited the Republic of Dagestan since ancient times...

  Ethnopsychological Dictionary

• - representatives of the indigenous nations of the Transcaucasian republics - Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan (see Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, - long time who were part of Russia and, together with its peoples, went through a long journey...

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• - three related people, close in language and cult. relation: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. They separated from a single ancient Russian nationality...

  Ural Historical Encyclopedia

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• - a group of peoples that includes: Kadugli-Krongo, Tumtum, Koalib, Tegali-Tagoy, Talodi, Katla. Total number 700 thousand people. They live in Sudan. They speak Kordofanian languages...

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"Divided Nations" in books

Separated twins

From the book Wolf Passport author

Separated Twins In 1986, I was flying in a Soviet border helicopter over the Bering Strait, that narrow strip of water between America and Russia. Ice floes floated along the Bering Strait - large and small, looking like polar bears or marble

Separated twins

From the book Wolf Passport author Evtushenko Evgeniy Alexandrovich

Separated Twins In 1986, I was flying in a Soviet border helicopter over the Bering Strait, that narrow strip of water between America and Russia. Ice floes floated along the Bering Strait - large and small, looking like polar bears or marble

XL SEPARATE SOULS

From book Poetic world Pre-Raphaelites by Morris William

XL SEPARATE SOULS Two mutes, separated by a wall, That they could find a common voice; Eyes in the darkness from sweet eyes in the distance, Like stars in the middle of the forest; Hand separated from hand, Hearts on fire, blazing apart; Bodies that did not have to merge, Like the banks above

III. Proto-peoples, cultural peoples, fellah peoples

From the book The Decline of Europe. Essays on the morphology of world history. Volume 2 author Spengler Oswald

The Five Primary Languages ​​of Ancient Britain. What peoples spoke them and where did these peoples live in the 10th–12th centuries?

From book New chronology and the concept of the ancient history of Rus', England and Rome author

The Five Primary Languages ​​of Ancient Britain. What peoples spoke them and where did these peoples live in the 10th–12th centuries? The very first page of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides important information: “On this island (i.e. in Britain - Author) there were five languages: English, British or

Chapter Fourteen Sea Peoples and Trade Peoples

From the book Essays on the History of Civilization by Wells Herbert

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In recent years, the phenomenon of separation of ethnic groups in Russia (RF) has acquired a fundamentally new meaning, uncharacteristic of other regions of the Eurasian continent. This situation is largely due to the fact that the Russian Federation is the only one of all the post-Soviet republics that has adopted a federal model of organization. The fact is that in the CIS, with the collapse of the USSR, ethnic groups appeared, separated by state borders and nevertheless striving to institutionalize their ethnicity within their own autonomous education.

On this moment in the world, problem divided nations was solved, as a rule, by implementing two strategies - repressive control and autonomization. The first strategy was implemented in relation to the divided Lezgin people. As a classic example, the Republic of Azerbaijan (AR), where the leadership not only prevented contacts with representatives of a divided people living in a neighboring state, in Dagestan (RD), but also denied the realization of the Lezgins’ right to internal self-determination. The situation with the divided Basques and Ossetians (before actual self-determination after the “August” events) developed in accordance with the autonomy strategy, when the leadership of both or one of the states of residence of representatives of the divided groups endowed them with the right of cultural self-determination.

At the same time, the formation and development of modern-type states based on the principles of sovereignty with stable borders led to the fact that the ethnic space of a number of ethnic groups was “cut” by state borders, which placed these ethnic groups in the position of national minorities and limited economic and cultural opportunities. interactions between their individual parts and practically excluded them from the process of nation-building and, accordingly, made it difficult for them to integrate into the emerging civil communities. Thus, in the 20s, two republics were created: the Republic of Dagestan and the AR, without taking into account the area of ​​settlement of peoples. A significant part of the Lezgins, Avars, Tsakhurs and Rutuls ended up in the Azerbaijan Republic. So-called “non-state” peoples appeared.

Nation-building in the North Caucasus led to the creation of ethnic elites, who later declared their right to power in the conditions of the crisis of Soviet statehood. The so-called phenomenon of title and non-title arose. titular peoples, with subsequent ethno-economic stratification of the latter. The existing territorial segmentation of the Lezgin people in Soviet period weakened its status positions within both republics (now neighboring independent states). In relation to Dagestan, today, taking into account the existing unspoken policy of national quotas, the status positions of Lezgins in political field began to be determined solely by the number and territory of its settlement. The dissection of the territory of compact settlement of the people weakened mainly these positions. Which, in turn, could not but affect the competitiveness of the people as an ethnic group, which significantly decreased in all its main areas.

According to researchers of this issue, in relation to the AR and RD, this situation was initially fraught with threats of destabilization of these “chimeric” state entities. Since the ethno-status system that developed in them stimulated conflicts between the dominant ethnic groups and divided ethnic groups, which were rather weakly involved in governing the state and did not have the opportunity to create their own public education. The conflict between the dominant and divided ethnic groups was further aggravated by the fact that these ethnic groups did not feel like a minority and often did not recognize the legitimacy of the established borders and power of a particular state, purposefully preventing the spread of its political space to their territories. The same conditions almost initially predetermined the possibility of border disputes between “dividing” states and the use of the problem of divided ethnic groups in international political practice to destabilize the situation in a particular state in the event of a possible actualization of interstate contradictions.

In addition to the political factor associated with the creation nation states, in the process of forming the phenomenon of divided ethnic groups significant role The geographical factor also played a role. Connected primarily with the presence in the territory of compact residence of these ethnic groups of natural barriers in the form of mountain ranges and rivers, which allowed the “dividing” states to stabilize their borders, designating in the relevant treaties visible landmarks delimiting their territories. The presence of natural barriers, which are visible symbols of division, in some way consolidates the inclusion of segments of the ethnic group in the political space of the dividing states and, to a certain extent, complicates communication between them. In Europe, such barriers were the Pyrenees, along which the Franco-Spanish border ran, dividing the Basques; in the Caucasus, the Samur River, which became a visible symbol of the division of the Lezgin ethnic group, etc.

According to the classification of researcher Yu.A. Balashov, a divided people should be understood as an ethnic group whose territory of compact residence is divided by the borders of two or more state entities. Which recognizes itself as a single community, strives to unite its ethnic space within the framework of its own single state or autonomous entity. For example, divided peoples differ from ethnic minorities in that they are the dominant ethnic groups in territories of compact residence, and also in that their ambitions extend beyond the usual secession or demands for increasing their status in the ethnosocial stratification of a particular state. This phenomenon differs from diasporas by its obvious attraction to territoriality, as well as by its autochthony, taking into account the fact that diasporas are formed as a result of migrations.

Facts indicate that the states of the region, as a rule, do not seek to integrate these ethnic groups into their political space using economic and political instruments. For example, the leadership of the Republic of Azerbaijan is trying to form the civil identity of the population on a confessional (Islamic) basis, proclaiming the thesis that ethnic differences are insignificant compared to religious solidarity. In parallel, the Azerbaijani authorities have taken a course towards appropriating the entire ethnocultural and Christian heritage of the ancient state of Caucasian Albania, which was located within the borders of the modern area of ​​settlement of the Lezgin (Lezgin-speaking) peoples in the border parts of both states.

Obviously, in Russia the problem of divided ethnic groups manifested itself most clearly in the Caucasus. One of the main manifestations of this problem was the actual division of the Lezgin ethnic group in connection with the establishment state border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Which could not but cause a negative reaction from the Lezgin population, due primarily to the discriminatory policy of the Azerbaijani leadership and stimulating the actual irredentist aspirations of the Lezgins, expressed, in particular, in the declaration of the need to create a state formation “Lezgistan” in the territories of their compact residence, located on both sides of the border. within the Russian Federation. Gradually, this issue took a central place in the program documents of the Lezgin national movement and was officially declared at the first national congress of representatives of the Lezgin people (September 1991), which caused a sharp response from official Baku, which saw in such slogans a threat to the territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan. As a result, the northwestern territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan today are highly militarized, and the local population (Lezgins, Avars, Tsakhurs, Rutulians), under the pretext of fighting international terrorism, become objects of annual (often joint with the Russian Federation) military special operations.

Meanwhile the main problem, facing the Lezgin peoples of Azerbaijan is the search for an acceptable mechanism that can slow down the assimilation processes in the existing political realities of the Azerbaijani state. At the same time, state institutions in Azerbaijan are absolutely indifferent to the problems of national minorities, and in some places they even try to speed up the designated assimilation processes under the pretext of integration into the new national “Azerbaijani” community.

In turn, the increase in the number of interethnic marriages of Lezgins with the titular Azerbaijani ethnic group indicates the neglect of this process, which ethnologists interpret as one of the signs of the narrowed reproduction of the people. The developing socio-economic processes in the Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan in places of compact residence of Lezgin peoples lead to such a result of interethnic interaction as assimilation. In such a situation, there is a gradual loss of the language of the ethnic group, its traditional norms of behavior, value orientations. The narrowing of reproduction occurs when traditional institutions (family, community communities, etc.) of a people increasingly lose their socializing functions, which are forced out of the sphere of socialization by such institutions modern society such as: school, media, the arts, etc., which do not carry ethnocultural information, but socialize youth in the values ​​and norms of the economically and culturally dominant people. With a narrowed type of reproduction, the area of ​​ethnic self-awareness occupies less and less cultural space.

Regarding the statistics of interethnic marriages of the Lezgins of Azerbaijan, today there is no publicly available data; these data, in turn, could speak more specifically about the state and extent of assimilation processes. At the same time, some experts voice an approximate figure - at least 25%. In this sense, the situation with mixed marriages among Dagestan Lezgins is not the best; their rate in the republic is also one of the highest (about 10%). Moreover, as ethnologist Rizakhanova noted, if until the 70s of the 20th century the majority of mixed marriages were of the variant, for example, a Lezgin - a representative of another nationality, then subsequently there was a clear trend of increasing marriages between Lezgins and representatives of other nationalities. The Russian leadership, as well as the leadership of the Republic of Dagestan, today pay insufficient attention to the issues of protecting the rights of divided ethnic groups (compatriots), both at the interstate and at the regional (international) level. Considering the importance of the problem of the divided Lezgin ethnic group, it is necessary to develop a concept for its gradual solution. The concept, in particular, could provide for negotiations with the Republic of Azerbaijan with a view to preparing and concluding a bilateral agreement on dual citizenship, designed to reduce the intensity of irredentist sentiments and normalize the situation in the area of ​​compact residence of Lezgins.

This policy Russian leadership was stimulated not only and not so much by the desire to resolve relations with the Republic of Dagestan, but by the internal political needs of the Russian Federation related to the need to stabilize the situation in the Republic of Dagestan. The divided nature of the Lezgin ethnic group, as well as its border location, are factors that strengthen the specific ethnic identity of the Lezgins, competing with the general Dagestan identity. Being one of the most numerous Dagestan peoples, the Lezgins, according to the famous Russian scientist K.S. Gadzhiev, are inclined to distance themselves from Makhachkala and develop “ethnically oriented expansion in the direction of Derbent,” which, together with the “problem of Southern Azerbaijan Lezgistan,” is potentially capable of “directing the development of Dagestan Lezgins along an alternative path that does not coincide with the general republican vector,” especially since the Lezgins are rightly not are satisfied with their position in the ethnosocial stratification of the Republic of Dagestan, the interethnic distribution of power in the republican center, where personnel discrimination is felt, and believe that their ethnic group is not sufficiently represented in leadership structures. This disproportion rightly provokes views on the desirability of federalizing the Republic of Dagestan with the separation of Lezgistan into a separate national administrative unit.

Thus, the problem of division of the Lezgin ethnic group is one of the most complex problems that can affect both the stability of the political space of the Russian Federation and the constructiveness of relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The current situation dictates the need to further improve the tools for regulating the Lezgin problem, aimed, in particular, at stabilizing the ethno-status position of Lezgins on both sides of the border and ensuring their more “dense” involvement in the political process in the Republic of Dagestan. Divided peoples are a complex ethnopolitical phenomenon with qualitative characteristics unique to it. Having emerged in the 19th century as a result of the rise of national consciousness, and also in a number of cases as a result of the foreign policy of the great powers, this phenomenon began to have a serious impact both on the stability of the political space of the “dividing” states and on the international political situation.

To date, the world community has not yet developed any universal recipes for resolving this problem, however, states faced with it have been last century managed to create a number of mechanisms that make it possible to relatively effectively manage the irredentist and autonomist sentiments of the designated ethnic groups. The situation is complicated by the fact that the problem of divided peoples, among other things, is a fairly convenient and effective tool in the foreign policy of states that claim dominance in a particular region. Unfortunately, in this sense, the Russian (Dagestan) and Azerbaijani authorities not only do not solve the problems of divided peoples, on the contrary, they constantly put them in critical situations. An example is the latest discriminatory agreement concluded on the division of water of the Samur River and the delimitation of the border with the Azerbaijan Republic in September 2010, as a result of which “unsolvable” problems of residents of the Dagestan (Lezgin) enclaves on the territory of Azerbaijan - Khrakh-uba, Ulyan-uba - surfaced. In international relations in the CIS, a precedent was created for mass deportation (expulsion) Russian citizens, which in turn caused irreparable damage to the image of the Russian state in the international arena, as unable to protect the constitutional rights of its citizens in its own (albeit enclave) territories. The mentioned agreement, in a certain sense, drew a line under the ethnopolitical status of the Lezgin people as divided.

At the same time, against the background of the disdainful attitude towards their compatriots by the official authorities of the Russian Federation, the AR authorities, on the contrary, skillfully manipulate the Azerbaijani community of Derbent (Dagestan). Through which the versions of Azerbaijani historians “about the fallacy” of their stay are periodically projected ancient city Derbent, and the entire south of the republic within the modern borders of the Russian Federation. This policy was clearly manifested in the “confusion” with the age and celebration of the planned anniversary of Derbent, where the Azerbaijani lobby existing in the scientific circles of Dagestan tried to influence the decision to celebrate the city’s anniversary.

At this stage, the Russian Federation and the Azerbaijan Republic need to make further efforts to remove all obstacles when crossing the border, to create conditions for full socio-cultural communication (exchange) for two parts of one people. We also note that if existing trends continue, we can say with confidence that the Lezgins in Azerbaijan in 30-50 years as an independent ethnocultural unit may cease to exist at all. This situation is perceived by representatives of the ethnic intelligentsia as threatening the preservation and reproduction of the people. The state of territorial segmentation of the people also acts as a factor in the possible development of various ethnosocial processes - acculturation and assimilation of parts of the ethnic group by neighboring peoples or, conversely, the development of a tendency towards reunification various parts one ethnic group.

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Plan
Introduction
1 Examples
1.1 Europe
1.2 Asia
1.3 Africa

Bibliography

Introduction

A divided people is a people whose territory of compact residence is divided by the borders of two or more sovereign states, and in at least one of which it is in the position of a national minority.

According to a number of researchers, “it is often used to define phenomena that are formally similar, but actually have nothing in common either in the reasons for their appearance or in the position of representatives (citizens) of a divided whole, which leaves vast space for speculation, mainly for political sophistry.”

The most difficult situation is with divided peoples and tribes in Africa, where the current borders of the state reflect not the geographically determined areas of residence of peoples, but the colonial ambitions of European powers (Scramble for Africa).

1. Examples

Examples of divided nations exist almost everywhere.

1.1. Europe

· Albanians (Macedonia, Greece). At the same time, the Albanians of Kosovo are no longer divided after the transfer of power into the hands of the Albanian majority.

Basque (Spain and France)

· Kazakhs in Russia (irredenta)

· Russians in the Baltics

· Russians in Ukraine (especially Crimea, Donetsk and Lugansk regions)

· Russians in Kazakhstan

· Belarusians of Poland (Bialystok)

· Hungarians in Romania

· Pomaks (Bulgaria, Greece, partly Türkiye)

· Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina

· Rusyns (Ukraine, Serbia, Slovakia, Poland)

· Azerbaijanis in Iran are one of the most striking examples of divided peoples. Only 7 million Azerbaijanis live in Azerbaijan itself (92% of the country's population), and over 17 million (24% of the country's population) live in neighboring Iran. There is a significant potential for conflict in terms of language, especially in the city of Tabriz, despite the fact that both communities profess Islam.

· Arabs - divided into 20 Arab countries, in addition to which they also live in Iran.

· Armenians (Armenians in Georgia, previously also Armenians in Turkey (after the mass genocide of Armenians, only Islamized Hemshils remained in Turkey).

Baloch (Afghanistan and Iran)

· Bengalis - 152 million live in Bangladesh, about 100 million in India.

· Kazakhs - in Mongolia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, there are a total of about 3 million irredents.

· Mongols - Mongolia is home to approximately 3 million Mongols, while China has a combined 3 to 6 million Mongols with no percentage majority in any province, autonomous region or urban center.

· Chinese - in addition to China, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan.

· Kurds (Iraq, Iran, Syria and Türkiye)

· Lezgins live compactly in Russia (Dagestan) and Azerbaijan. In the latter they do not have a status guaranteeing the preservation of their identity and native language.

· Ossetians - in addition to the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia, also live in Russia.

· Pashtuns (Afghanistan and Pakistan)

· Tajiks - in addition to Tajikistan, they also live in Afghanistan.

· Tamils ​​(India and Sri Lanka)

· Turkmens (Iran and Afghanistan)

· Uzbeks - in addition to Uzbekistan, they also live in Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan.

1.3. Africa

· Somalis - in addition to Somalia, also live in Ethiopia.

Tutsi (Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic Congo)

· Hutu (Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo)

· Tuareg - Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Algeria and Libya

Bibliography:

1. R. E. Barash. On the issue of the content of the category “Divided People” // Power, 2010, p. 56-59