Resolution of intrapersonal conflicts. Internal conflict: types, causes, solutions

General, or general social, conditions and methods of preventing intrapersonal conflict are associated with the establishment of progressive social structure society, civil society, the rule of law and relate to changes occurring at the macro level of the social system.

General social conditions, in to a lesser extent depend on the individual. Therefore, we will consider in more detail the personal methods and conditions for overcoming intrapersonal conflict.

There are a number of basic ways to resolve intrapersonal conflict:

• ? Compromise? make a choice in favor of a specific option and begin to implement it.;
• ? Care? refusal to solve a problem caused by intrapersonal contradictions;
• ? Reorientation? a change in claims regarding the object that caused the internal problem;
• ? Idealization? dreams, fantasies, escape from reality, from intrapersonal contradictions.;
• ? Crowding out? a process as a result of which thoughts and experiences unacceptable to the individual are transferred from the conscious sphere to the unconscious;
• ? Correction? change in self-concept in the direction of achieving an adequate idea of ​​oneself.

It should be emphasized that all of the listed methods for resolving this type of conflict are quite effective and lead to a constructive resolution of the conflict.

The effectiveness of an individual’s activities in constructively resolving intrapersonal conflict is influenced by a number of factors.

Along with resolution methods, there are also mechanisms for resolving intrapersonal conflicts (mental defense mechanisms).

Psychic protection? an unconscious, spontaneous regulatory mechanism for eliminating anxiety, unpleasant, traumatic experiences, emotions, and any mental discomfort associated with awareness of the conflict.

The function of mental protection is to “protect” the sphere of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences. As a rule, it leads to a specific change in the content of consciousness as a result of the functioning of a number of defense mechanisms.

The mechanism of psychological defense of the individual is a special regulatory system for stabilizing the individual’s psyche, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feelings of anxiety or fear that accompany intrapersonal conflict.

Attention should be paid to the fact that a number of mental defense mechanisms are simultaneously its form.

• ? Negation? replacing decision-making with ignoring it.
• ? Substitution? a protective mechanism against the threat of destruction, the integrity of the “I” of the individual, from mental overstrain, consisting in a spontaneous change in the object of the actualized need. For example, aggression and irritability towards the boss can be taken out on family members. Or in modification, transformation of the need itself. For example, the motives for entering a technical university may be replaced after failure by the motives for entering a humanitarian university or by refusing to receive higher education altogether. Substitution as a mechanism of mental defense can manifest itself in a change in feelings, motives, and relationships of the individual to the opposite ( unrequited love can turn into hatred; unsatisfied sexual need for aggression, etc.). During the action of the replacement mechanism, a transformation occurs, a transfer of activity and energy from one type of activity to another, accompanied by catharsis. Catharsis? liberation of the individual from traumatic emotions through storytelling and remembering.
• ? Suppression? containing fear by forgetting its source, as well as the circumstances associated with it.
• ? Insulation? perceiving or remembering a traumatic situation without feelings of anxiety.
• ? Introjection? appropriating the values ​​or character traits of other people to prevent a threat from them.
• ? Intellectualization? a method of analyzing the problems facing a person, which is characterized by the absolutization of the role of the mental component while completely ignoring its sensory elements. When using this defense mechanism, even very important events for the individual are viewed neutrally, without the participation of emotions, which surprises ordinary people. For example, with intellectualization, a person hopelessly ill with cancer can serenely count how many days he has left, or enthusiastically engage in some activity, without thinking at all about his impending death.
• ? Cancellation? behavior, thoughts that contribute to the symbolic nullification of a previous act or thought that caused severe anxiety and guilt.
• ? Sublimation? mechanism of substitution (switching) from a conflict situation to another
• ? Reactive education? development of the opposite attitude.
• ? Compensation? hiding a defect through exaggerated manifestation and development of other qualities.
• ? Identification
• ? Device
• ? Separation
• ? Imagination (fantasy).

The formation of a stable inner world is based on taking into account one’s positive and negative life experiences.

Orientation to success, as a rule, assumes that an individual should be guided by a realistic assessment of his chances of achieving a goal and therefore should set himself feasible, although perhaps moderate, goals and objectives.

Being principled towards oneself, not only in big things, but also in small things, reliably prevents the emergence of serious internal contradictions.

A morally mature person, who asserts high ethical standards through his behavior, will never find himself in a situation for which he will have to worry, feel guilty and remorse.

In order to adequately assess and rationally resolve intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to observe a number of general principles.

Thus, intrapersonal conflict is quite complex, diverse, multifunctional, both positive and negative phenomenon. Knowledge of its essence and content, the main types, causes of its occurrence, principles, methods and techniques of its resolution, the operation of psychological defense mechanisms allows us to constructively approach this unique socio-psychological phenomenon, one of the main ways of developing the psyche and self-affirmation of the individual.

With a more specific consideration of the causes of intrapersonal conflict, they can be divided into three types:

• 1) internal reasons rooted in the contradictions of the individual himself;
• 2) external reasons due to the position of the individual in a social group;
• 3) external reasons determined by the position of the individual in society.

Internal reasons intrapersonal conflict is rooted in contradictions between various motives of the individual, in the mismatch of its internal structure. Moreover, the more complex a person’s inner world is, the more developed his feelings, values ​​and aspirations, the higher his ability for self-analysis, the more to a greater extent personality is subject to conflict.

For an intrapersonal conflict to arise, contradictions must acquire a deep personal meaning, otherwise a person will not attach importance to them. In addition, the different sides of the contradictions should be approximately equal in the strength of their impact on the individual. Otherwise, a person easily chooses the lesser of two evils, but what of two goods? more. And no conflict arises.

External causes of intrapersonal conflict, determined by the position of the individual in the group, can be varied. But their common feature is the impossibility of satisfying any important needs and motives that have deep inner meaning and significance for the individual in a given situation.

When our need for respect is not understood, when we are deprived of freedom or feel like strangers in our class because of the attitude of some people towards us,? we are in a state of frustration. There are many examples of conflict situations of this type in society, since very often groups put pressure on their members, which leads to personal conflicts.

External causes of intrapersonal conflict, determined by the position of the individual in society. These reasons are associated with contradictions that arise at the level of the social macrosystem and are rooted in the character social order, the social structure of society, its political structure and economic life.

Now I will try to briefly describe the technique resolution of internal conflict.

To understand how it relates to the three beings inside our brain, we need to note that the human is responsible for thinking and awareness, the mammal is responsible for feelings and emotions, and the reptile is responsible for the deep needs of safety, sex, stability and survival.

So let's start with a memory of some conflict situation- the best thing is about the one that you are still scrolling through in your brain with the thought: “I should have done something like this then...” Now you can finally see it through to the end. (You don't need to immediately start with situations in which there is a clear threat to survival. It is better to first deal with the mammal - that is, with conflicts in which pride and status are affected).

1. We take a sheet of paper and simply describe the situation. No judgments, no emotions. It's like you're watching a movie and just recounting what happens. “I told him: “How dare you!”, and he replied: “They forgot to ask you,” then he turned away, walked out and slammed the door.” In general, the description should be such that the opponent, if he could read it, would agree: “Yes, that’s exactly how it happened.”

2. We describe our feelings in this situation. Again - no ratings! “I felt that he was doing it to spite me” is not a feeling, but an assessment. We describe exactly the feelings: pain, anger, rage, powerlessness, anger, embarrassment, sadness, frustration...

3. When all the feelings are splashed out on paper, we ask ourselves the following question: “What did I want from this situation? What was I waiting for? What did I need?

“I wanted him to answer me: “You’re right” ...”

“What does this give me? Feeling right? What does it give me?

And so on until we get to the point: I wanted recognition, respect, security, acceptance, love, understanding...

Great! We took care of our mammal and reptile. We heard their voice. We understood what they want. Oddly enough, it turns out that our desires coincide. The problem was that, instead of satisfying them ourselves, we expected their satisfaction from another person, who, in turn, expected us to satisfy their desires.

And here we use the ability that is unique to humans: to put ourselves in the place of another.

4. We take on the role of an opponent and ask ourselves: “How do I feel?”

This may seem difficult at first - how can I know how he felt? But imagination will quickly help us. After all, it had already helped to attribute all sorts of malicious thoughts to him when we looked at the situation from our bell tower. Now let's see through his eyes.

So, we write on behalf of the opponent: “I feel...”

5. Now we write on behalf of the opponent: “I expected from this situation... I wanted... My needs are...”

6. When you finish writing, you will be surprised to discover that you wanted many of the same things. Each one simply expected the other to satisfy their needs.

7. And finally, the last step: from the perspective of an outside observer, look for a solution that would suit both of them and satisfy all their needs.

What is the point of this process?

• First, you will learn to understand what you really want and what you are fighting for. Then you can decide whether to behave like a mammal or a human. Remember: for a mammal there is no difference between the past and the present, so it is still sincerely childishly confident that those around it should take care of it and satisfy its needs. No matter how simplistic it sounds, this is precisely the main cause of numerous conflicts.
• Secondly, the better the connection between your intellect and emotions and instincts, the more harmonious and holistic you are, the less you have internal conflicts– and therefore, external ones too.
• Thirdly, this harmony leads to the fact that instincts and emotions begin to work for you, and not against you. After working with a few painful memories of the past, you will find that you understand other people better in the present - not with your mind, but with your intuition. You feel what really torments your opponent, what he wants and why he is angry. And you intuitively find the right tone and the right words.

This does not mean that you will have to step on the throat of your own song - after all, you have already become self-sufficient, so the emotions of your opponent do not touch you to the quick. And what used to be stormy conflict, gradually turns into a calming and harmonizing creative game.

When considering the causes of intrapersonal conflict, they can be divided into three types of interrelated causes. 1. Internal reasons.

The internal causes of intrapersonal conflict are rooted in contradictions between various motives of a person in the absence of consistency between the components of its internal structure. Moreover, the more complex a person’s inner world is, the more developed his feelings and formed values, the higher his ability for self-analysis, the more prone the person is to conflict. Among the main contradictions that cause internal conflict are the following:

Contradiction between the needs of the individual and existing social norms;

Contradiction of motives, interests and needs (both you want to go on a date, and you need to prepare for a seminar)

Contradiction social roles(you need to be in class, and you need to visit your sick grandmother)

Contradiction social values and norms (and not doing violence, and protecting friends from a bully).

For an intrapersonal conflict to arise, these contradictions must acquire a deep personal meaning, otherwise a person will not give them meaning. In addition, the different sides of the contradictions in the strength of their impact on a person should be approximately equal, otherwise a person will easily choose less of two evils, and more of two goods, and there will be no conflict.

2. External reasons.

A. External causes of intrapersonal conflict, determined by the position of the individual in the group.

their common feature is the impossibility of satisfying needs and motives that in a given situation have a deep inner meaning and significance for a person:

physical obstacles that make it impossible to satisfy basic needs: inability to make it before the start of classes due to a traffic accident;

Lack of an object necessary to satisfy habitual needs (I want to drink a cup of coffee, but the shops are closed and there is no more coffee at home)

Biological limitations (people with physical disabilities, confined to wheelchair, cannot independently carry out a walk)

Social conditions are the main source the largest number our intrapersonal conflicts (the inability to qualitatively prepare for classes through living in a dormitory, and when our need for respect does not meet with understanding: if we feel like strangers in our study group because of the attitude of some people towards us).

B. External reasons causing intrapersonal conflict at the organizational level can be represented by the following types of contradictions:

The contradiction between great responsibility and insufficient rights for its implementation (elder study group assigned certain responsibilities, but not given the rights to perform them)

Contradiction between strict requirements for the quality of task completion and existing conditions (it is necessary to write a high-quality scientific paper, but there is not enough time and literature)

Contradiction between two mutually exclusive requirements or objectives (requirements to simultaneously improve the quality of teaching and, at the same time, increase the teaching load);

Contradiction between a strictly defined task and poorly explained conditions for its implementation (the need to write a scientific paper for a competition in the first year and insufficient attention from the supervisor to the student)

Contradiction between the desire for creativity, career, self-affirmation and the possibilities of realizing this within the organization (due to the desire to become an excellent student and misunderstanding of this by classmates, an intrapersonal conflict may develop)

Contradictions caused by the incompatibility of a person's social roles (the status of the head of a study group makes certain demands and norms of behavior in relation to classmates, the status of a close friend - others).

B. External causes of intrapersonal conflict, determined by the position of the individual in society.

These reasons are associated with contradictions that arise at the level of the social macrosystem and are rooted in the nature of the social system and economic life. These include:

The contradictions between competition and personal success, on the one hand, and brotherly love and humanity, on the other;

Contradictions between our needs and existing obstacles to their satisfaction;

Contradictions between the declared freedom of a person and existing actual restrictions (choice of work, second choice of rest).

Thus, the face in the system of general dominance of market relations and alienation is bifurcated. She feels like both a seller and a product in this continuous market. A person feels that her value does not depend on her human qualities, but on success in a competitive market with an ever-changing environment. Therefore, she is forced to constantly fight for success, and any obstacle on this path poses a serious threat to her internal state and gives rise to intrapersonal conflict.

All this is typical for Ukraine when it comes to the influence of market relations on the formation of personality. We too should be prepared for the trials associated with an increase in intrapersonal conflicts, stress and neuroses. Moreover, the negative consequences of the influence of market reforms on the human psyche and on the development of intrapersonal conflicts are already manifesting themselves quite noticeably.

A rapid reassessment of values ​​played a big role in this. An entire generation of people was unable to adapt to market values ​​or did not want to accept them. It turned out that the ideals that it lived by and believed in for decades became irrelevant and no one needed. This situation could not help but cause feelings of disappointment, apathy and worthlessness.

It should be noted that the internal and external causes of internal personal conflicts are closely interrelated. Thus, people who are in a state of intrapersonal conflict pose a potential danger to interpersonal relationships in the group.

For permission intrapersonal conflicts It is important to establish the fact itself, determine the reasons, and choose appropriate resolution methods.

Intrapersonal conflict does not occur spontaneously. Man is a biosocial being. On the one hand, it is carried out in the environment. Besides the fact that the human psyche itself is a rather contradictory phenomenon. A person is involved in diverse social relations. In terms of their content, the social environment and social relations are quite contradictory and influence the individual in different directions and with different sign. Only in society can one satisfy one’s own needs, assert oneself and self-realize. An individual becomes a person in society. He must, is obliged, forced to comply with the norms and rules of behavior that have developed in his social environment, both official (legally enshrined) and unofficial. It is impossible to live in society and be free from it. On the other hand, the individual strives for freedom, preservation of his or her uniqueness.

Thus, a person’s relationship with the social environment is contradictory in nature, which also determines the inconsistency of the internal structure of the personality. According to , “the diverse relationships into which a person enters are objectively contradictory; These contradictions give rise to conflicts, which, under certain conditions, are fixed and included.

When identifying the causes of intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to take into account that the authors of each concept identify their own groups. But the main reason that unites different approaches is the presence of contradictions. There are two groups of contradictions that lead to the emergence of intrapersonal conflict.

Groups of intrapersonal conflicts:
1st group: the transition of external contradictions in relation to a person into his inner world (adaptation, moral, etc.);
2nd group: contradictions in the inner world of the individual, reflecting his attitude to the social environment.

Along with groups of contradictions, their levels are distinguished:
1. Psychological balance of the inner world;
1. Intrapersonal conflict;
3. Life crisis.

The psychological balance of the inner world is characterized by the background level of the internal conflict situation and the individual’s ability to optimally resolve it.

The level of intrapersonal conflict is characterized by a violation of mental balance, complication, difficulty in basic activities, transfer of mental discomfort to interaction with the social environment.

The level of life crisis is characterized by the impossibility of realizing life plans and programs, performing even basic life functions until the contradiction is resolved.

Resolution of the contradiction is possible at any of these levels. This is due primarily to the relationship between the level of aspirations and the possibility of satisfying them or the ability to reduce their level, or even refuse.

But to move from the first level to subsequent ones, the presence of both personal and situational conditions is necessary.

Personal conditions:
- Complex inner world, actualization;
- The individual’s ability to self-analysis.

Situational conditions:
- Internal;
- External.

External conditions, according to V. Merlin, are associated with the satisfaction of any deep and active motives, needs and relationships of the individual (the fight against nature, the satisfaction of some needs gives rise to others, more complex, still unsatisfied, social restrictions on ways to satisfy motives and needs).

Internal conditions are contradictions between various aspects of the personality. But these contradictions must be significant, approximately equal, and the person must be aware high level difficulties in resolving the situation Some authors, when considering socio-psychological The causes of intrapersonal conflict are divided into three groups:
- Internal reasons rooted in personality contradiction;
- External reasons due to the position of the individual in a social group;
- External reasons due to the position of the individual in society.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that all types of causes of conflict are interconnected and interdependent, and their differentiation is rather conditional. In fact we're talking about about individual, special and general causes, between which there is a corresponding dialectical relationship and interdependence. Specifying internal and external reasons, it should be noted that they are the ones who predetermine the type (kind) of intrapersonal conflict.

Internal reasons rooted in the inconsistency of the individual’s psyche:
- Contradiction between need and social norm;
- Contradiction of social statuses and roles;
- Contradiction of social norms and values;
- Contradiction of motives of interests and needs.

A common feature of the external causes of intrapersonal conflict, determined by the position of the individual in the group, is the impossibility of satisfying the fundamental needs, which in a given situation have a deep inner meaning and significance for the individual.

External reasons due to the position of the individual in a social group:
- Physical barriers preventing the satisfaction of needs;
- Physiological restrictions that prevent the satisfaction of needs;
- Lack of an object necessary to satisfy the need;
- Social conditions that prevent the satisfaction of needs.

Among the causes of intrapersonal conflict caused by the position of the individual in the group, one should highlight a group of causes at the Level social organization(institute). At this level, the external causes causing this conflict include:
- Inconsistency between responsibilities and rights;
- Inconsistency of working conditions with the requirements for its results;
- Inconsistency of personal norms and values ​​with organizational ones;
- Inconsistency between social status and role;
- Lack of opportunities for self-realization and creativity;
- Mutually exclusive requirements and tasks.

In a market economy, the cause of intrapersonal conflict is the contradiction between the desire for profit and moral standards. However, in our opinion, this is more typical at the transitional stage of market relations, the stage of initial accumulation of capital.

External causes of intrapersonal conflict, determined by the position of the individual in society, are associated with contradictions that arise at the level of the social macrosystem and are rooted in the nature of the social system, the social structure of society, its political structure and economic life.

A significant contribution to the development of problems related to the causes of intrapersonal conflict in conditions of market economic relations was made by, and others. In her works, Karen Horney identified a number of contradictions in market culture that underlie typical intrapersonal conflicts, even leading to.

In her opinion, in the conditions of competition inherent in market relations, an individual is forced to constantly compete with his own kind; in these conditions, constant hostility towards the social environment develops under certain conditions into hostility towards oneself, which ultimately leads to the emergence of intrapersonal conflict. On the one hand, market relations require an appropriate level of aggressiveness from the individual, and on the other, society requires a certain altruism and philanthropy from business, considering them as corresponding social virtues. These circumstances act as the objective social basis of intrapersonal conflict under the dominance of market relations.

Causes of intrapersonal conflict (K. Horney):
- Competition and success;
- Stimulation of needs;
- Proclaimed freedom and equality;
- Brotherly love and humanity;
- Obstacles on the way to achieving them;
- Their actual limitation.

Erich Fromm, studying the influence of market relations on intrapersonal conflict, calls modern society a “sick society”, the main disease of which is general competition and alienation, where there is a struggle for power, prestige and status. Alienation affects the very internal structure of the personality - a person’s self-alienation from his essence occurs. A conflict arises between the essence and existence of the individual.

An individual in a market environment feels that his self-esteem depends on market conditions that he cannot control. He feels that his worth does not depend on his human qualities, but on his success in a competitive market. And losers and wealthy people live in conditions of fear and anxiety about the future. Therefore, they are forced to continuously struggle for success, and any obstacle on this path poses a serious threat to the internal state and gives rise to intrapersonal conflict.

It should be emphasized that in the conditions of a market culture, in combination with other factors of reforming social life, the likelihood of any type of intrapersonal conflict developing into a form increases significantly. The risk group includes not only those who live at the subsistence level and below, but also representatives of wealthy segments of the population, for whom business is their life’s work. In case of collapse of plans, bankruptcy, a person experiences extreme stress. It is necessary to take into account that the very way of life of such people is an existence in stressful situation: a constant state of anxiety, worry, overwork.

Thus, a person is constantly under the influence of external and internal factors that cause confrontation and disagreement within him, and it depends only on the person himself what consequences they will lead to.

Intrapersonal conflict in its consequences it can be both constructive (functional, productive) and destructive.

The most severe destructive consequences of a timely unresolved intrapersonal conflict is that it can develop into a state of stress, frustration, neurosis, and lead to suicide.

It must be taken into account that stress is a very common cause of intrapersonal conflict if it has gone far enough and the person has not resolved it in a timely and constructive manner. At the same time, stress itself often provokes further development conflict or gives rise to a new one.

Frustration is also a form of intrapersonal conflict. It is usually accompanied by pronounced negative emotions: anger, irritation, guilt, etc. The deeper the intrapersonal conflict, the greater the depth of frustration. The level of frustration tolerance is individual, based on this, everyone has certain strengths to overcome the frustration reaction to an intrapersonal conflict.

The basis of neuroses is an unproductively resolved contradiction between the personality and the actual factors that are significant to it. The main reason for their occurrence is a deep intrapersonal conflict, which the individual is not able to resolve positively and rationally. The impossibility of resolving the conflict is accompanied by the emergence of painful and painful experiences of failure, unsatisfied needs of unattainability of life goals, loss of meaning in life, etc. The appearance of neuroses indicates the transition of intrapersonal conflict to a new level - neurotic conflict.

Neurotic conflict as the highest stage of development of intrapersonal conflict can arise at any age. There are three forms of neuroses: neurasthenia and obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

Neurasthenia, as a rule, is characterized by increased irritability, fatigue, and loss of the ability for prolonged mental and physical stress.

Hysteria most often occurs in individuals with great suggestibility and self-hypnosis. Characterized by musculoskeletal disorders, paralysis, impaired coordination, speech disorders, etc.

Painful thoughts, ideas, memories, fears and urges to action that suddenly arise in a person against his will, irresistibly chaining his entire “I” to itself.

A long stay in a neurotic state leads to the formation of a neurotic personality type, a personality characterized by internally contradictory tendencies that it is unable to resolve or reconcile.

A characteristic feature of a neurotic personality in relationships with the social environment is a constant desire to compete in any situation. K. Horney identified a number of features of neurotic rivalry that distinguish it from ordinary competition.

Features of neurotic rivalry:
- Hidden hostility;
- The desire to be unique and exceptional in everything;
- Constantly comparing yourself to others.

The negative consequences of intrapersonal conflict concern not only the state of the individual himself, his internal structure, but also his interaction with the social environment.

An intrapersonal conflict can carry not only a negative charge, but also a positive one, i.e. perform a positive (constructive) function, positively influence the structure, dynamics and final result, states and personality traits. It is one of the most important sources of self-improvement and self-affirmation of the individual. In this case, the conflict situation is resolved without the predominance of negative consequences; the overall result of their resolution is the development of the individual.

Based on this, most theorists and researchers of intrapersonal conflict consider positive intrapersonal conflict as one of the main ways of personality development. It is through the struggle, resolution and overcoming of intrapersonal contradictions that the formation, knowledge of the surrounding reality, the development of character occurs, in fact, all the main structural components of the individual’s psyche are formed and developed.

Constructive functions of intrapersonal conflict:
- Mobilization internal resources personalities;
- Development of structural components of the personality’s psyche;
- A way to bring together the ideal “I” and the real “I”;
- Activation of processes of self-knowledge and;
- A method of self-actualization, self-realization of personality.

So positive intrapersonal conflict on the one hand, it complicates a person’s mental life, but on the other hand, it contributes to the transition to a new level of functioning, allows one to realize oneself as complete, strong personality, get satisfaction from conquering your weaknesses.

Along with the causes and functions of intrapersonal conflict, one should also determine its main forms. We examined one of them, the most destructive and dangerous, by describing the negative functions of conflict. But, along with pei, other forms are also distinguished.

Rationalism is self-justification, inventing artificial justifications for one’s actions and actions to ensure a state of mental comfort. A protective mechanism for the subject to hide from his consciousness the reasons for his actions, actions in order to preserve self-esteem, the integrity of his Self, and prevent unwanted mental states (feelings of guilt, decline, etc.). Rationalism is aimed at hiding socially and personally unacceptable motives and needs.

Euphoria - mental condition, characterized by a causeless, joyful, blissful mood, carelessness, serenity that does not correspond to the objective position of a person.

Regression is a return to more primitive, often childish, types of behavior, a form of psychological defense, a return to that stage of personality development in which a feeling of pleasure was experienced.

Projection is the process and result of comprehending and generating meanings, which consists in the conscious or unconscious transfer by the subject of his own properties, states, experiences to external objects, other people (an unconscious attempt to critical situation find a scapegoat; interpretation of situations, events, giving them one’s own feelings, own experience; unconscious attribution to other people of one's own morally disapproved, unwanted thoughts, feelings, actions, expressed for the first time). In addition to comprehending and generating new meanings, projection also performs the function of removing excessive internal moral conflicts from the individual by blaming others.

Nomadism is a frequent change of place of residence, place of work, and marital status.

Having decided on the main causes, functions and forms of intrapersonal conflict, one should decide on such categories as their prevention (prevention) and resolution (overcoming). It should be borne in mind that preventing a conflict is always easier than resolving it.

Prevention of destructive intrapersonal conflict is the creation of appropriate prerequisites and conditions that prevent the emergence of acute forms of intrapersonal contradictions.

Resolution of intrapersonal conflict, according to A.Ya. Antsupov, is the restoration of the coherence of the inner world of the individual, the establishment of unity of consciousness, and the reduction of the severity of contradictions life relationships, achieving a new quality of life.

Methods and conditions for overcoming intrapersonal conflict:
- General (general social);
- Personal.

General, or general social, conditions and methods for preventing intrapersonal conflict are associated with the establishment of a progressive social structure of society, civil society, the rule of law and relate to changes occurring at the macro level of the social system.

General social conditions are less dependent on the individual. Therefore, we will consider in more detail the personal methods and conditions for overcoming intrapersonal conflict.

There are a number of basic ways to resolve intrapersonal conflict:
- Compromise - make a choice in favor of a specific option and begin to implement it.;
- Withdrawal - refusal to solve a problem caused by intrapersonal contradictions;
- Reorientation - a change in claims regarding the object that caused the internal problem;
- Idealization - dreams, fantasies, escape from reality, from intrapersonal contradictions.;
- Repression is a process as a result of which thoughts and experiences unacceptable to the individual are transferred from the conscious sphere to the unconscious;
- Correction - a change in the direction of achieving an adequate self-image.

It should be emphasized that all of the listed methods for resolving this type of conflict are quite effective and lead to a constructive resolution of the conflict.

The effectiveness of an individual’s activities in constructively resolving intrapersonal conflict is influenced by a number of factors.

Along with resolution methods, there are also mechanisms for resolving intrapersonal conflicts (mental defense mechanisms).

Mental defense is an unconscious, spontaneous regulatory mechanism for eliminating unpleasant, traumatic experiences, and any mental discomfort associated with awareness of the conflict.

The function of mental protection is to “protect” the sphere of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences. As a rule, it leads to a specific change in the content of consciousness as a result of the functioning of a number of defense mechanisms.

Personality is a special regulatory system for stabilizing the individual’s psyche, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feelings of anxiety or fear that accompany intrapersonal conflict.

Attention should be paid to the fact that a number of mental defense mechanisms are simultaneously its form.

Denial is the replacement of decision-making by ignoring it.
- Substitution is a protective mechanism against the threat of destruction, the integrity of the “I” of the individual, from mental overstrain, consisting in a spontaneous change in the object of the actualized need. For example, aggression and irritability towards the boss can be taken out on family members. Or in modification, transformation of the need itself. For example, the motives for entering a technical university may be replaced after failure by the motives for entering a humanitarian university or by refusing to receive higher education altogether. Substitution as a mechanism of mental defense can manifest itself in a change in feelings, motives, and personal relationships to the opposite (unrequited love can turn into hatred; unsatisfied sexual need into aggression, etc.). During the action of the replacement mechanism, a transformation occurs, a transfer of activity and energy from one type of activity to another, accompanied by catharsis. Catharsis is the liberation of a person from traumatic emotions through storytelling and remembering.
- Suppression - containing fear by forgetting its source, as well as the circumstances associated with it.
- Isolation - the perception of a traumatic situation or the memory of it without feelings of anxiety.
- Introjection - the appropriation of values ​​or character traits of other people to prevent a threat from them.
- Intellectualization is a way of analyzing the problems facing a person, which is characterized by the absolutization of the role of the mental component while completely ignoring its sensory elements. When using this defense mechanism, even very important events for the individual are viewed neutrally, without the participation of emotions, which surprises ordinary people. For example, with intellectualization, a person hopelessly ill with cancer can serenely count how many days he has left, or enthusiastically engage in some activity, completely not thinking about his impending death.
- Nullification - behavior, thoughts that contribute to the symbolic nullification of a previous act or thought that caused severe anxiety and guilt.
- Sublimation - a mechanism of substitution (switching) from a conflict situation to another
- Reactive formation - development of the opposite attitude.
- Compensation - hiding a defect through exaggerated manifestation and development of other qualities.
- Identification
- Device
- Separation
- Imagination (fantasy).

The formation of a stable inner world is based on taking into account one’s positive and negative life experiences.

Orientation to success, as a rule, assumes that an individual should be guided by a realistic assessment of his chances of achieving a goal and therefore should set himself feasible, although perhaps moderate, goals and objectives.

Being principled towards oneself, not only in big things, but also in small things, reliably prevents the emergence of serious internal contradictions.

A morally mature person, who asserts high ethical standards through his behavior, will never find himself in a situation for which he will have to worry, feel guilty and remorse.

In order to adequately assess and rationally resolve intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to observe a number of general principles.

Thus, intrapersonal conflict is a rather complex, diverse, multifunctional, both positive and negative phenomenon. Knowledge of its essence and content, the main types, causes of its occurrence, principles, methods and techniques of its resolution, the operation of psychological defense mechanisms allows us to constructively approach this unique socio-psychological phenomenon, one of the main ways of self-affirmation of the individual.

Introduction

Concept and types of intrapersonal conflicts

Basic psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts

Forms of manifestation and methods of resolving intrapersonal conflicts

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Conflicts occupy a special place in human life and society. Managing them in an organization is one of the the most important areas in the activities of a leader. Success in solving complex conflict problems and his overall success depend on his conflict management competence. management activities, creating a healthy socio-psychological climate in the organization.

Conflict is a phenomenon familiar to every person, especially to the head of an organization. Translated from Latin, conflictus literally means collision. The science that studies conflicts (conflictology) appeared in the mid-20th century, but the phenomenon of conflict itself has existed as long as humans have lived on Earth. Almost no ancient thinker avoided the topic of conflicts. In ancient Chinese philosophy, reflections on conflict can be found in Confucius, Sun Tzu and other thinkers. In ancient Greek philosophy, the conflictological ideas of Heraclitus, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle and many others deserve attention. The topic of conflicts did not lose its relevance in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, in the era of Modern Times and the Age of Enlightenment. The conflict was the focus of thinkers and scientists in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The idea that conflicts are an eternal companion human life, one of the modern researchers of this problem, Charles Lixon, very well expressed: “If there are no conflicts in your life, check if you have a pulse.”

Conflicts involving humans can be classified as social and intrapersonal.

Social conflicts: interpersonal, between the individual and the group, between small, medium and large social groups, international conflicts.

Intrapersonal conflicts: between “I want” and “I don’t want”; “I can” and “I can’t”; “I want” and “I can’t”; “I want” and “need”; “need” and “don’t need”; “need” and “can’t”.

Intrapersonal conflict is one of the most difficult psychological conflicts, which plays out in the inner world of a person. It is difficult to imagine a person who would not be subject to intrapersonal conflicts. Moreover, a person constantly faces such conflicts. Intrapersonal conflicts of a constructive nature are necessary moments in personality development. But destructive intrapersonal conflicts pose a serious danger to the individual, from difficult experiences that cause stress to the extreme form of their resolution - suicide. Therefore, it is important for every person to know the essence of intrapersonal conflicts, their causes and methods of resolution.

In this test work One of the types of intrapersonal conflict will be considered: I need - I can’t.

.Concept and types of intrapersonal conflicts

intrapersonal conflict

Intrapersonal conflict is a conflict within the mental world of a person, representing a collision of its oppositely directed motives (needs, interests, values, goals, ideals).

Most theoretical concepts present one or more types of intrapersonal conflicts. In psychoanalysis, conflicts between the needs of the individual, as well as between needs and social norms, occupy a central place. In interactionism, role conflicts are analyzed. However, in real life there are many other intrapersonal conflicts. In order to build their unified typology, a basis is needed according to which this variety of internal conflicts can be combined into a system. This basis is the value-motivational sphere of the individual. This most important sphere of the human psyche is associated with his internal conflict, since it reflects the various connections and relationships of the individual with the outside world.

Based on this, the following main structures of the individual’s inner world that come into conflict are identified.

Motives that reflect the aspirations of an individual at various levels (needs, interests, desires, drives, etc.). They can be expressed by the concept “I want” (“I want”).

Values ​​that embody social norms and, thanks to this, act as standards of what is proper. We mean personal values, i.e., accepted by the person, as well as those that are not accepted by him, but due to their social or other significance, the person is forced to follow them. Therefore, they are designated as “must” (“I must”).

Self-esteem, defined as self-worth for oneself, an individual’s assessment of one’s capabilities, qualities and place among other people. Being an expression of the level of aspiration of an individual, self-esteem acts as a kind of stimulator of its activity and behavior. Expressed as “can” or “cannot” (“I am”).

Depending on which aspects of the individual’s inner world enter into internal conflict, six main types of intrapersonal conflict are distinguished.

Motivational conflict. One of the frequently studied types of intrapersonal conflict, in particular in the psychoanalytic direction. There are conflicts between unconscious aspirations (3. Freud), between the desires for possession and for security (K. Horney), between two positive tendencies - the classic dilemma “ Buridan's donkey"(K. Levin), or as a clash of different motives.

Moral conflict. In ethical teachings it is often called a moral or normative conflict (V. Bakshtanovsky, I. Arnitsane, D. Fedorina). Seen as a conflict between desire and duty, between moral principles and personal attachments (V. Myasishchev). A. Spivakovskaya highlights the conflict between the desire to act in accordance with the desires and requirements of adults or society. Sometimes it is seen as a conflict between duty and doubt about the need to follow it (F. Vasilyuk, V. Frankl).

Conflict of unfulfilled desire or inferiority complex (Yu. Yurlov). This is a conflict between desires and reality, which blocks their satisfaction. Sometimes it is interpreted as a conflict between “I want to be like them” ( reference group) and the impossibility of realizing it (A, Zakharov). Conflict can arise not only when reality blocks the realization of a desire, but also as a result of a person’s physical impossibility of fulfilling it. These are conflicts that arise due to dissatisfaction with one’s appearance, physical characteristics and abilities. This type also includes intrapersonal conflicts based on sexual pathologies (S. Kratokhvil, A. Svyadoshch, A. Kharitonov).

Role conflict is expressed in experiences associated with the inability to simultaneously fulfill several roles (inter-role intrapersonal conflict), as well as in connection with different understandings of the requirements imposed by the individual himself to perform one role (intra-role conflict). This type includes intrapersonal conflicts between two values, strategies or meanings of life.

Adaptation conflict is understood in a broad sense, that is, as arising on the basis of an imbalance between the subject and environment, and in the narrow sense - in case of disruption of the process of social or professional adaptation. This is a conflict between the demands of reality and human capabilities - professional, physical, psychological. The discrepancy between an individual's capabilities and the requirements of the environment or activity can be considered both temporary unpreparedness and inability to fulfill the requirements.

Conflict of inadequate self-esteem. The adequacy of a person’s self-esteem depends on his criticality, self-demandingness, and attitude towards successes and failures. The discrepancy between aspirations and assessment of one’s capabilities leads to the fact that a person experiences increased anxiety, emotional breakdowns, etc. (A. Petrovsky, M. Yaroshevsky). Among the conflicts of inadequate self-esteem, there are conflicts between high self-esteem and the desire to realistically assess one’s capabilities (T. Yuferova), between low self-esteem and awareness of a person’s objective achievements, as well as between the desire to increase aspirations in order to achieve maximum success and lower aspirations in order to avoid failure (D . Heckhausen).

In addition, neurotic conflict is distinguished. It is the result of a long-lasting “simple” intrapersonal conflict.

2. Basic psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts

The problem of intrapersonal conflict in the views of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

According to 3. Freud, man is conflictual by nature. From birth, two opposing instincts struggle in him, determining his behavior. Such instincts are: eros (sexual instinct, instinct of life and self-preservation) and thanatos (instinct of death, aggression, destruction and destruction). Intrapersonal conflict is a consequence of the eternal struggle between eros and thanatos. This struggle, according to 3. Freud, manifests itself in ambivalence human feelings, in their inconsistency. The ambivalence of feelings is enhanced by the inconsistency of social existence and reaches a state of conflict, which manifests itself in neurosis.

The conflict nature of man is most fully and specifically represented by 3. Freud in his views on the structure of personality. According to Freud, the inner world of a person includes three instances: It (Id), “I” (Ego) and Super-Ego.

It is a primary, innate authority, initially irrational and subordinate to the principle of pleasure. It manifests itself in unconscious desires and drives, which manifest themselves in unconscious impulses and reactions.

“I” is a rational authority based on the principle of reality. The id “I” brings irrational, unconscious impulses into conformity with the requirements of real reality, that is, the requirements of the reality principle.

The super-ego is a “censorship” authority based on the principle of reality and represented by social norms and values, the requirements that society places on the individual.

The main internal contradictions of the personality are between the Id and the Super-Ego, which are regulated and resolved by the “I”. If the “I” was unable to resolve the contradiction between the Id and the Super-Ego, then deep experiences arise in the conscious instance that characterize an intrapersonal conflict.

Freud in his theory not only reveals the causes of intrapersonal conflicts, but also reveals the mechanisms of defense against them. He considers the main mechanism of such protection to be sublimation, that is, the transformation of a person’s sexual energy into other types of his activity, including his creativity. In addition, Freud identifies such defense mechanisms as: projection, rationalization, repression, regression, etc.

Alfred Adler's inferiority complex theory (1870-1937)

According to the views of A. Adler, the formation of a person’s character occurs in the first five years of a person’s life. During this period, he experiences the influence of unfavorable factors, which give rise to an inferiority complex in him. Subsequently, this complex has a significant impact on the behavior of the individual, his activity, way of thinking, etc. This determines the intrapersonal conflict.

Adler explains not only the mechanisms of formation of intrapersonal conflicts, but also reveals ways to resolve such conflicts (compensation for the inferiority complex). He identifies two such paths. Firstly, this is the development of “social feeling”, social interest. The developed "social sense" ultimately manifests itself in interesting work, normal interpersonal relationships etc. But a person can also develop a so-called “underdeveloped social feeling”, which has various negative forms of manifestation: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. Secondly, stimulation of one’s own abilities, achieving superiority over others. Compensation for an inferiority complex by stimulating one’s own abilities can have three forms of manifestation: a) adequate compensation when superiority coincides with the content of social interests (sports, music, creativity, etc.); b) overcompensation, when there is an exaggerated development of one of the abilities that has a pronounced egoistic character (hoarding, dexterity, etc.); c) imaginary compensation, when the inferiority complex is compensated by illness, prevailing circumstances or other factors beyond the control of the subject.

The Teachings of Extraversion and Introversion by Carl Jung (1875-1961)

K. Jung, in explaining intrapersonal conflicts, proceeds from the recognition of the conflictual nature of the personal attitude itself. In the book published in 1921 Psychological types“He gave a typology of personality, which is still considered one of the most convincing and is widely used in both theoretical and practical psychology. K. Jung's typology of personality is based on four bases (personal functions): thinking, sensations, feelings and intuition. Each of the mental functions, according to C. Jung, can manifest itself in two directions - extraversion and introversion. Based on all this, he identifies eight personality types, the so-called psychosociotypes: extroverted thinker; introverted thinker; extroverted sensation; introverted sensation; emotional-extrovert; emotional-introvert; intuitive-extravert; intuitive-introvert.

The main thing in Jung's typology is orientation - extraversion or introversion. It is this that determines the personal attitude, which ultimately manifests itself in intrapersonal conflict.

Thus, an extrovert is initially focused on the outside world. He builds his inner world in accordance with the outer one. An introvert is initially self-absorbed. For him, the most important thing is the world of internal experiences, and not the external world with its rules and laws. Obviously, an extrovert is more susceptible to intrapersonal conflicts than an introvert. (

The concept of "existential dichotomy" by Erich Fromm (1900-1980)

In explaining intrapersonal conflicts, E. Fromm tried to overcome biological interpretations of personality and put forward the concept of “existential dichotomy.” In accordance with this concept, the causes of intrapersonal conflicts lie in the dichotomous nature of the person himself, which manifests itself in his existential problems: the problem of life and death; the limitations of human life; huge potential opportunities human and limited by the conditions of their implementation, etc.

More specifically, E. Fromm implements philosophical approaches in explaining intrapersonal conflicts in the theories of biophilia (love of life) and necrophilia (love of death).

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development (1902-1994)

The essence of Erikson's theory is that he put forward and substantiated the idea of ​​stages of psychosocial development of the individual, at each of which each person experiences his own crisis. But at each age stage, either a favorable overcoming of a crisis situation occurs, or an unfavorable one. In the first case, there is a positive development of the personality, its confident transition to the next life stage with good prerequisites for successfully overcoming it. In the second case, the personality goes into new stage of your life with the problems (complexes) of the previous stage. All this creates unfavorable preconditions for the development of the individual and causes internal experiences in her. The stages of psychosocial development of personality according to E. Erikson are given in table. 8.1.

Motivational conflicts according to Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)

The classification of internal conflicts presented in Table 1 is of great practical value for identifying intrapersonal conflicts and determining ways to resolve them. 8.2.

In addition to the psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts outlined above, there are others developed within the framework of cognitive and humanistic psychology.

3. Forms of manifestation and methods of resolving intrapersonal conflicts

To resolve intrapersonal conflicts, it is important, firstly, to establish the fact of such a conflict, and secondly, to determine the type of conflict and its cause; and third, apply the appropriate resolution method. It should be remembered that often in order to resolve intrapersonal conflicts, their carriers need psychological and sometimes psychotherapeutic help.

Table 1. Stages of psychosocial development according to E. Erikson

Stage Age Content of the crisis Positive resolution 10-1 year old newborn Trust - distrust Trust 21-3 years early childhood Autonomy - shame, doubt Autonomy 33-6 years “age of play” Initiative - feeling of guilt Initiative 46-12 years younger school age Hard work - feeling of inferiority Hard work 512-19 years middle and high school age I - identity - confusion of roles Identity620 - 25 years early maturity Closeness - isolation Closeness 726-64 years middle maturity Generation, creativity - stagnation Creativity 865 years - death late maturity Integration - despair Integration, wisdom

Table 2.

Classification of intrapersonal conflicts according to K. Lewin

Conflict type Cause Resolution model Equivalent (approach-approach) Choice of two or more equally attractive and mutually exclusive objects Compromise Vital (avoidance-avoidance) Choice between two equally unattractive objects Compromise Ambivalent (approach-avoidance) Choice of an object that simultaneously contains attractive and unattractive sides Reconciliation

Below in Table 3 we present the forms of manifestation of internal conflicts, which are designed to help you detect them in yourself or other people, and in Table 4 - ways to resolve them.

Table 3. Forms of manifestation of internal conflicts

Form of manifestationSymptomsNeurastheniaIntolerance to strong irritants; depressed mood; decreased performance; bad dream; headachesEuphoriaShowing fun; the expression of joy is inadequate to the situation; “laughter through tears” RegressionReturn to primitive forms of behavior; avoidance of responsibility Projection Attributing negative qualities to another; criticism of others, often unfoundedNomadismFrequent changes in place of residence, place of work, marital statusRationalismSelf-justification of one’s actions and actions

Table 4. Ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts

Method of resolution Content of actions Compromise Make a choice in favor of an option and begin to implement it Care Avoidance of solving the problem Reorientation Change of claims regarding the object that caused the internal problem Sublimation Transfer of psychic energy to other areas of activity - creativity, sports, music, etc. Idealization Indulging in dreams, fantasies, care from reality Repression Suppression of feelings, aspirations, desires Correction Change of self-concept in the direction of achieving an adequate idea of ​​oneself

A person’s life is structured in such a way that the likelihood of circumstances threatening to disrupt the optimal process of personal development, his inner world, is great, and it’s bad if a person is not prepared for them. It is difficult to imagine a person who does not have intrapersonal conflicts. However, it is necessary to avoid destructive internal conflicts, and if they arise, then resolve them with minimal costs to health.

Knowing the causes and factors that contribute to the emergence of intrapersonal conflicts, the characteristics of their experience, it is possible to justify the conditions for their prevention.

To preserve the inner world of the individual, it is important to accept difficult life situations as a given of existence, since they encourage activity, work on oneself, and often creativity.

The formation of each person is of great importance life values and following them in your deeds and actions. Life principles help to avoid many situations associated with doubts about the truth of the cause that a person serves. We must try not to be a “weathervane” person.

However, constancy and loyalty to oneself in certain conditions manifest themselves as inertia, conservatism, weakness, and inability to adapt to changing requirements. If a person finds the strength to break the usual way of existence, having become convinced of its inconsistency, then the way out of the intrapersonal contradiction will be productive. You must be flexible, flexible, adaptive, be able to realistically assess the situation and, if necessary, change.

It is important, when giving in on small things, not to turn it into a system. Constant instability, denial of stable attitudes and patterns of behavior will lead to intrapersonal conflicts.

It is necessary to hope for the best development of events, never lose hope that life situation can always improve. An optimistic attitude towards life is an important indicator of a person’s mental health.

Do not be a slave to your desires, soberly assess your capabilities to satisfy your desires and needs.

You need to learn to manage yourself, your psyche. This especially applies to managing your emotional state.

The development of strong-willed qualities greatly contributes to the prevention of intrapersonal conflicts. It is the will, which represents the achieved level of self-regulation of one’s activities and behavior, presupposing the ability to make decisions with knowledge of the matter, that should accompany all types of human life. The role of will is great in intrapersonal conflict, where only with its help a person can overcome the difficulties of the situation.

Constantly clarify and adjust the hierarchy of roles for yourself. The desire to implement all the functions arising from a particular role, to take into account all the wishes of others will inevitably lead to the emergence of intrapersonal conflicts.

A fairly high level of personal maturity contributes to the prevention of role-related intrapersonal conflicts. It involves going beyond purely role-based behavior with its stereotyped reactions, with strict adherence to accepted standards. Genuine morality is not blind adherence to generally accepted moral norms, but the possibility of one’s own moral creativity, “trans-situational” activity” of the individual.

It is necessary to strive to ensure that a person’s assessment of his “I” corresponds to his actual “I”, that is, to ensure the adequacy of self-esteem. Low or high self-esteem is often associated with a reluctance or inability to admit something to oneself. It also happens that a person evaluates himself adequately to reality, but wants others to evaluate him differently. Such evaluative dissonance will sooner or later lead to intrapersonal conflict.

Do not accumulate problems that require resolution. Postponing the solution of problems “for later” or the position of “an ostrich with its head in the sand” is far from The best way avoiding difficulties, since in the end a person is forced (will make a choice, which is fraught with conflicts.

You shouldn’t take on everything at once, you shouldn’t strive to implement everything at the same time. The optimal solution is to create priorities in the programs being implemented and the tasks being performed. Complex problems are best solved piecemeal. Try not to lie. It can be argued that there are no people who would never lie to anyone. This is true. But there is always the possibility, in situations where it is impossible to tell the truth, to simply evade the answer: change the topic of conversation, remain silent, get off with a joke, etc. A lie can create intrapersonal problems, unpleasant situations in communication, which will lead to worries and actualization of feelings of guilt.

Try to have a philosophical attitude towards the vicissitudes of fate, and do not panic if luck changes you.

By resolving (overcoming) an intrapersonal conflict is meant restoring the coherence of the individual’s inner world, establishing the unity of consciousness, reducing the severity of the contradictions in life relationships, and achieving a new quality of life. Resolution of intrapersonal conflict can be constructive and destructive. When constructively overcoming intrapersonal conflict, mental balance is achieved, understanding of life deepens, and a new value consciousness arises. The resolution of intrapersonal conflict is realized through: the absence of painful conditions associated with the existing conflict; reducing the manifestations of negative psychological and socio-psychological factors of intrapersonal conflict; improving the quality and efficiency of professional activities.

Factors of constructive resolution of intrapersonal conflicts. Depending on individual characteristics, people relate to internal contradictions differently and choose their own strategies for getting out of conflict situations. Some are immersed in thoughts, others immediately begin to act, others plunge into the emotions overwhelming them. There is no single recipe for the correct attitude towards intrapersonal conflicts1. It is important that a person, being aware of his own individual characteristics, developed his own style of resolving internal contradictions and a constructive attitude towards them.

Overcoming an intrapersonal conflict depends on the deep ideological attitudes of the individual, the content of his faith, and the experience of overcoming himself.

The development of volitional qualities contributes to a person’s successful overcoming of internal conflicts. Will forms the basis of the entire system of human self-regulation. In difficult situations, the will, as a rule, brings external demands into harmony with internal desires. If the will is not developed enough, that which requires the least resistance wins, and this does not always lead to success.

Methods of conflict resolution, time spent on this for people with different types temperament are different. The choleric person decides everything quickly, preferring defeat to uncertainty. The melancholic person thinks for a long time, weighs, estimates, not daring to take any action. However, such a painful reflexive process does not exclude the possibility of radically changing the current situation. The properties of temperament influence the dynamic side of resolving intrapersonal contradictions: the speed of experiences, their stability, individual rhythm of flow, intensity, direction outward or inward.

The process of resolving intrapersonal contradictions is influenced by gender and age characteristics of the individual. With increasing age, intrapersonal contradictions acquire forms of resolution typical for a given individual. Periodically remembering what we have lived through, we return to critical points, which once disrupted the measured flow of life, we rethink them in a new way, analyze more deeply and generally the ways of resolving conflicts, overcoming what seemed insurmountable. Working on your past, analyzing your own biography is one of the ways to develop internal stability, integrity, and harmony.

There are different ways for men and women to resolve conflicts. Men are more rational; with each new intrapersonal experience, they enrich their set of means of resolving the situation. Women rejoice and suffer in a new way every time. They are more diverse in personal characteristics, and men - in role-playing. Women have more time to update and, as it were, re-edit the accumulated experience; men are less inclined to return to what they have experienced, but they are able to get out of the conflict in a timely manner.

Overcoming intrapersonal conflict is ensured by the formation and operation of psychological defense mechanisms. Psychological defense is a normal, everyday functioning mechanism of the psyche. It is a product of ontogenetic development and learning. Developing as a means of socio-psychological adaptation, psychological defense mechanisms are designed to control emotions in cases where experience signals a person about the negative consequences of their experience and expression.

Some researchers consider psychological defense to be an unproductive means of resolving internal conflict. They believe that defense mechanisms limit the development of the individual, his “own activity.”

Conclusion

In foreign and domestic science it has developed different understanding intrapersonal conflict. It is considered based on the understanding of personality that has developed within the framework of a certain scientific paradigm. Intrapersonal conflict is an acute negative experience caused by a protracted struggle between the structures of the inner world, reflecting contradictory connections with social environment, and delayed decision making. Indicators of intrapersonal conflict in the cognitive, emotional and behavioral spheres of the individual are highlighted. Integral indicators of internal conflict are disruption of the normal adaptation mechanism and increased psychological stress.

The main types of intrapersonal conflict: motivational, moral, conflict of unfulfilled desire, role, adaptation and conflict of inadequate self-esteem.

Among the conditions for the emergence of intrapersonal conflict, there are personal (the presence of a complex inner world, a developed hierarchy of motives, a system of feelings, a tendency to introspection and reflection) and situational (external: objective obstacles, demands of society, others; internal: a contradiction between significant relationships of approximately equal strength, which is perceived as unsolvable).

Experiencing intrapersonal conflict - special shape activity of the individual, in which a contradiction is realized and its resolution occurs at the subjective level. The basis of the experience is psycho-emotional stress, which has a subjective quality and objective content.

Internal conflicts can lead to both constructive and destructive consequences. The latter includes the emergence of neurotic conflict.

IN modern science suicidal behavior is considered as a consequence of maladaptation of the individual in the conditions of the microsocial conflict he experiences. Central role in the occurrence of a suicidal personality crisis, conflicts due to the specific nature of labor activity, family relations, associated with antisocial behavior of a person, due to health conditions or material and living difficulties. Suicidal behavior is based on interpersonal or intrapersonal conflict. An indispensable condition this is achieved by a special personal predisposition, as a result of which the individual is unable to cope with actual problem.

Suicide refers to an extremely destructive way out of intrapersonal conflict. The psychological structure of suicidal behavior is the interrelation of motivational, affective, orientation and executive components of an individual’s activity and communication in a personal crisis situation. The guidelines for determining specific forms and techniques of psychotherapeutic correction of suicidal behavior are the integral properties of the suicidal personality, which include a number of levels of mental activity: cognitive, emotional-motivational and behavioral.

There are a number of conditions for preventing intrapersonal conflicts. Among them are the following: the presence of a stable system of values ​​and motives of the individual; adaptability and flexibility; optimistic attitude towards life; the ability to manage your desires and emotions; development of volitional qualities; clarification of the hierarchy of roles; adequacy of self-esteem; timely resolution of emerging problems; truthfulness in relationships, etc. The resolution of internal conflict is understood as restoring the coherence of the components of the inner world of the individual, establishing the unity of the psyche, reducing the severity of the contradictions in life relationships. The resolution of internal conflicts is influenced by ideological attitudes, volitional qualities, temperament, and gender and age characteristics of the individual. The mechanisms for resolving intrapersonal conflicts are the mechanisms of psychological defense: denial, projection, regression, replacement, suppression, isolation, introjection, intellectualization, annulment, sublimation, rationalization, reactive formation, compensation, identification and fantasy.

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