Russian proverbs and sayings. Dahl folk proverbs Dahl Russian folk proverbs and sayings

All people are like people, one Jew in a yarmulke.

The Jew asks to go to heaven, but he himself is afraid of death.

For a Jew, a soul is worth less than a penny.

The Jew does not know what shame is.

The Jew, like a demon, will never repent.

The Jewish synagogue is the home of demons.

Jews are visible demons.

Demons and Jews are the children of Satan.

To get to know the Jews is to get in touch with demons.

There is no need for a demon if the Jew is here.

Jew in the hut, angels from the hut.

What God pleases is unsuitable for a Jew.

The Christian tears of the Jew will be shed in hell.

A baptized Jew is like a tamed wolf.

I am ready to smoke the liquid and incense just to get money.

What is sinful to God is funny to the Jew.

Then you make the Jew laugh when you anger God.

Jewish children are worse than rats in a cage: they will harm good people and corrupt Christian children.

Wherever there is a Jew, there is a bribe - such is his habit.

The Jew will treat you to vodka and then give you a drink.

The Jew already has your penny, but you drink and drink.

The Jew has your penny, but you can drink some more.

You cannot understand the Jew until the sheep's skin is removed from him.

The Jew did not forge his own nose, God gave it to the Jew.

The children of a Jew from a Christian mother are all monkeys.

Like the Jew, so is his stench.

Then the Jews are so different from us, so that we don’t identify ourselves.

The Jew and the dead will get out of the loop.

The Jew will say that he was beaten, but he will not say why.

A Jew is like a pig: nothing hurts, but everything groans.

A Jew is like a pig: nothing hurts, but everything squeals.

Next to a Jew there is no living, but howling.

To shelter a Jew is to let a wolf into a stable.

The house was nice, and the Jew settled in it.

To cook porridge with a Jew is to poison yourself.

It's like messing with nettles with a Jew.

A flattering Jew in poverty, a monster in power.

Where there are Jews, always expect trouble.

Where there is a Jew's hut, there is trouble for the whole village.

There are no roses without thorns, there are no troubles without Jews.

If only he had known everything about the Jew, he would not have died.

The Jews love to surrender into captivity, so that they can then surrender to the enemy.

The Jew lives - he chews bread, but does not reap.

The Jew waves his tongue, and the man plows at him.

Tea, Jew, are you tired of sitting on a man?

A Jew would eat money if the man didn’t feed him bread.

When a Russian dies, then the Jew eats.

A Jew is not a wolf - he will not climb into an empty barn.

Jewish hands love other people's works.

To be treated by a Jew is to submit to death.

If you rub against a Jew, you'll get a demon.

The Jew gives, but the fool takes.

God does not order you to be friends with a Jew.

He is God's enemy who is a Jew's friend.

Get involved with a Jew and you will become a Jew yourself.

The love of a Jew is worse than a noose.

Serving a Jew is to the delight of the demon.

To serve a Jew is to betray one's own to the enemy.

A Jew, like a rat, is strong in a pack.

Expect harm from every Jew!

There are no fish without bones, and no Jews without anger.

Believe your eyes, not the Jewish speeches.

The whole truth is that all the lies come from the Jews.

In the Jews of lies, in the fields of rye.

The field is sowed with rye, and the Jews are sowing everything with lies.

The Jewish tongue always lies, as if it were rubbing a radish.

The Jew is fed up with deception.

The Jew is talkative with his tongue and unclean with his hands.

The Jew thinks that he does not steal, but only takes what is his.

Every Jew is looking into our pocket.

You can never fill a Jew like a bag with holes.

Whatever a Jew looks at, he immediately withers.

And a well-fed Jew always has hungry eyes.

The Jew gave him a cookie; whatever you want, you can buy.

In order to achieve benefits, a Jew is always ready to be baptized.

Money always paves the way for the Jews.

The Jew is already looking at his grave, and still saving money.

The Jew profits from our destruction.

Do not expect profit from the Jew, but expect destruction from him.

I profit from Russian death.

Don't look for the Jew - he will come.

In Rus' they didn’t die of hunger until the Jews stopped them.

When we give freedom to the Jews, we sell ourselves.

Keeping away from the Jews is half the salvation.

It’s easier to devour a goat alive than to transform a Jew.

You can't beat the scab out of a lousy Jew.

A leech will pump and fall off, but a Jew will never.

The fluid will stop sucking blood when it gets tired of breathing.

There are no good Jews, just like there are no good rats.

Pray to God and beware of the Jews.

A Jew is only good in the grave.

Only a dead Jew will not bite anyone.

The Jew is already looking to his grave, and trembles over every penny.

Hold on to the penny so it doesn’t go to the Jew.

It was not the Jew that overpowered us, but fear that crushed us.

To kill a Jew, you must not do business with him.

The Jew is afraid of Epiphany water and the village club.

With a holy fist and in the Jewish face.

If you want to live, drive away the Jew!

Both the Jews and the mosquitoes, they all bite for the time being.

It's good where there are no Jews.

So that God does not become angry, do not let the Jew on the threshold.

Current page: 1 (book has 16 pages in total)

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal
1000 Russian proverbs and sayings

© Filippov A. N., compilation, 2017

© Kirilenko Yu. P., preface, 2017

© Publishing, design. LLC Group of Companies "RIPOL Classic", 2017

The proverb is not judged 1
Epigraph on the title page of the first edition of “Proverbs of the Russian People” by V. I. Dahl.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is famous to a wide circle readers, first of all, as the creator of the famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” - the richest treasury of the Russian word.

No less remarkable work by Dahl is his collection “Proverbs of the Russian People,” which includes more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings and apt words.

The origin of the great scientist is surprising, although in those distant times many Europeans - Germans, French, Scandinavians - considered it good to go to the service of the Russian Tsar and the new fatherland.

Writer, ethnographer, linguist, doctor, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born on November 22 (old style - November 10), 1801 in Lugansk, Ekaterinoslav province. Father - Johann Christian Dahl - a Dane who accepted Russian citizenship, was a doctor, linguist and theologian, mother - Maria Khristoforovna Dahl (née Freytag) - half-German, half-French. Dahl's father became a patriot of everything Russian. Having fallen in love with Russia, he strove to develop a love for the Russian language, culture, and art in his children.

In 1814, Vladimir Dal entered the St. Petersburg Marine cadet corps. He completed the course, served in the navy in Nikolaev, then in Kronstadt. After retiring, he entered the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat, graduated in 1829 and became an oculist surgeon.

And again - military service. In 1828, a two-year Russian-Turkish war, and Dahl was drafted into the army. He participated in the transition of the Russian army through the Balkans, continuously operating on the wounded in tent hospitals and directly on the battlefields. Dahl's talent as a surgeon was highly appreciated by the outstanding Russian surgeon Pirogov. In 1831, during a campaign against the Poles, Vladimir Ivanovich distinguished himself while crossing the Vistula. He was the first to use electric current in explosives, mining the crossing and blowing it up after the Russian troops retreated across the river. For this, Emperor Nicholas I awarded V.I. Dahl with the Order - the Vladimir Cross in his buttonhole.

Dal began collecting words and expressions of the Russian folk language in 1819. While still in the Marine Corps, he studied literature and wrote poetry. Once driving through the Novgorod province, he wrote down the word that interested him, “rejuvenate” (“otherwise it becomes cloudy, tends towards bad weather”). And since then, wandering across the vast expanses of Russia, Vladimir Ivanovich did not part with his notes, replenishing them with new words, apt sayings, proverbs and sayings, having accumulated and processed two hundred thousand words by the end of his life!

It is necessary to especially note his acquaintance and friendship with Pushkin. Dahl’s work on the dictionary and his collection of proverbs played a significant role in this. Dahl later recalled how enthusiastically Pushkin spoke about the riches of Russian proverbs. According to contemporaries, great poet, in fact, strengthened Dahl in his intention to collect a dictionary of the living folk language.

Alexander Sergeevich and Vladimir Ivanovich more than once shared the hardships of difficult travels along the roads of Russia, and traveled to the places of Pugachev’s campaigns.

In the tragic January days of 1837, Dahl, as close friend and as a doctor, he took an active part in caring for the mortally wounded Pushkin. It was to Dahl that the words of the dying man were addressed: “Life is over...” The grateful poet gave him a talisman ring. Dahl left notes about last hours life of Alexander Sergeevich.

In 1832, Dahl’s adaptations of “Russian Fairy Tales” were published. It's five o'clock." However, the book was soon banned and the author was arrested. Only at the request of V.A. Zhukovsky, at that time the teacher of the heir to the throne, Dal was released. But he could no longer publish under his own name and signed with the pseudonym Kazak Lugansky. It was under this pseudonym that one of the favorite fairy tales of our childhood, “Ryaba Hen,” was published.

Dahl's works are replete with proverbs and sayings. Sometimes, instead of a detailed description of the hero, his assessment is given only in a proverb: “He... would not have to live like this - from morning to evening, but there is nothing to remember; a week has passed and it hasn’t reached us.” Or: “They didn’t teach you until you lay down across the bench and stretched out at full stretch - you can’t teach them”; “Whoever can, eats him.”

“Proverbs of the Russian People” (1862) and “Proverbs of the Russian People” (1862) and Dictionary"(1864) enriched Russian culture and literature.

In the preface to the book of proverbs, Dahl wrote: “The sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks, reported from different sides, and - most importantly - living Russian language, and more – the speech of the people.”

It should be noted that even before Dahl, back in the 18th century, proverbs and sayings of the Russian people were collected and published. Examples include “The Letter Book” by N. Kurganov (1769), “Collection of 4291 Ancient Russian Proverbs,” attributed to Moscow University professor Barsov (1770), and the collection “Russian Proverbs” by I. Bogdanovich (1785). The first significant study on Russian proverbs is the work of I. M. Snegirev “Russians in their proverbs” (1831–1834). IN mid-19th century, the main collections of proverbs and sayings were considered to be the collections of I. M. Snegirev (1848, 1857) and the collection of proverbs extracted from books and manuscripts and published in 1854 by F. I. Buslaev.

However, it is Dahl who has the honor of becoming the most accurate, deep and faithful researcher of oral folk art.

The extensive material collected by Dahl forced him to group the proverbs in the collection into headings and sections. These headings often combine opposing phenomena of life, concepts, etc., for example, “good - evil”, “joy - sorrow”, “guilt - merit”; Moreover, everything is assessed in proverbs, because they express the innermost judgments of the people.

Deep wisdom, subtle observation, and the clear mind of the people determined the most expressive proverbs and sayings about literacy, learning, intelligence, and the abilities and intelligence of people. Proverbs condemn talkers, grumpy and stupid people, those who like to make trouble, arrogant, overly proud people.

Many proverbs spoke about the peasant world, about joint work, and the strength of the rural community. “You can fight the devil with a cathedral,” the proverb said. “What the world has ordered, God has ordered”, “The world will roar, so the forests will groan”, “Unitedly - not burdensome, but apart - even throw it”, “Peace will solve every matter”...

The book offered to the reader includes only a small part of Dahl’s extensive collection of proverbs and sayings. They are about love, about friendship, about happiness, about wealth, about work and idleness, about life and death, about loneliness, about luck. Notice how fresh and modern they sound!

And how many stable phrases there are in today’s Russian language, the origin of which we no longer think about, but which have a very definite source. Who hasn’t heard a completely modern expression: “It’s all in the bag.” It is from Dahl’s collection, and came from a lot that was placed in a hat and then drawn from it.

In almost every section of Dahl’s “Proverbs of the Russian People” one can encounter contradictory materials. And this is natural - after all, real life full of contradictions. Here it is very important to distinguish between shades, as well as the measure of depth of proverbs and sayings. After all, they were sometimes born under the influence of emotions, and not just many years of observation and experience.

Let's read proverbs characterizing the position of a woman in the family. Many of them have roots in Domostroy: “A woman has a path from the stove to the threshold,” “A chicken is not a bird, a woman is not a person,” “A woman has long hair, a short mind.” But along with them, others are already sounding, of a new kind: “The husband is the head, the wife is the soul,” “A woman’s mind is better than any thoughts,” “It’s a bad thing if the wife didn’t tell.”

There are, for example, proverbs that criticize Russian work and praise, in comparison, German or English work. However, there are few of them; more than those in which the virtues characteristic of other peoples are noted and their abilities are highly valued. This feature of the people's consciousness was subtly captured by N. S. Leskov, who developed proverbs about the skill of the Russian man into a story about Lefty who shoed an English flea.

It is the opposite, the ambiguity of some proverbs that creates the feeling of a people arguing with themselves about all aspects of life.

Dahl's greatest merit is his impartial and truthful, even merciless, disclosure of the material. His collection of proverbs gave an honest, objective picture of reality and expressively characterized the worldview of the people.

The manuscript of the collection was subjected to strict censorship. Some reviews of this work actually accused Dahl of anti-government propaganda, of shaking the foundations and foundations of secular power and Orthodoxy. The collection of proverbs was not approved by the Academy of Sciences either. The political nature of the charges against Dahl turned him almost into an enemy royal power which he never was. Nicholas I himself opposed the publication of the book, considering it “harmful.”

By the mid-1850s, Dal had completely lost hope of publishing “Proverbs of the Russian People.” Clearly aware, as an honest scientist, of the significance of the material he had collected and realizing that the possible loss of the manuscript would be an irretrievable loss, Vladimir Ivanovich decided to create several handwritten copies. He gave these copies to his friends, in particular Alexander Nikolaevich Aksakov.

Published by the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University, “Proverbs of the Russian People” immediately took a prominent place in Russian and world science. This publication was perceived by prominent figures of Russian culture as a valuable and significant contribution to literature - the collection of proverbs began to be viewed as a treasury folk wisdom and the riches of the folk language.

Attention and interest in “Proverbs of the Russian People” were very great. The collection quickly became a bibliographic rarity, and one had to pay a lot of money for it for that time. In 1877, L. N. Tolstoy asked the Moscow publicist, critic, philosopher N. N. Strakhov to get him a collection of Dahl’s proverbs, but this turned out to be not an easy task. “It turns out that this is one of the most beloved books by Russian readers,” Strakhov wrote in response.

There are many proverbs in the works of classical Russian literature. Undoubtedly, A. N. Ostrovsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and other writers drew proverbs both from life itself and from Dahl’s collection, as the most complete, accurate and authoritative source.

He greatly appreciated and loved the proverbs of L.N. Tolstoy. There are a great many of them in his works and letters; they are organically included in the text and help in a clear and figurative presentation of thoughts. Among Tolstoy's preparations they find even more proverbs; in particular, in the manuscripts containing the characteristics of Platon Karataev, proverbs from Dahl’s collection are copied.

It was from this book that L.N. Tolstoy chose proverbs and sayings when preparing his collection of folk proverbs. Extracts for this never-fulfilled collection are contained in notebook No. 12 for 1880.

The great Russian satirist M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote this to the editors of Vestnik Evropy in connection with the names “bunglers,” “walrus eaters,” and others, which he introduced in the chapter “On the Root of Origin” in “The History of a City”: “I don’t argue, maybe this is nonsense, but I claim that none of these names were invented by me, and in this case I refer to Dahl, Sakharov and other lovers of the Russian people.”

V. I. Dahl’s collection “Proverbs of the Russian People” preserved modern sound, moving from decade to decade. V. I. Dal died in 1872. Reissues carried out after his death invariably met with approval and Attentive attitude the widest readership.

Ancient proverbs and sayings continue to live today, are applied to modern events, characterize modern people, embodying the great creative potential and the eternal wisdom of the people.

Yuri KIRILENKO

About God

♦ To live – to serve God.

♦ God is small and God is great.

♦ God is not in power, but in truth. God is not in power, but in truth.

♦ The strength of the Lord is in weakness ( or: in weakness) is accomplished.

♦ What God doesn’t like is not much ( or: not suitable).

♦ God has a lot of mercy. God is not poor at mercy.

♦ God has a lot of everything.

♦ God is merciful, and by his mercy I am not wretched.

♦ God's water runs on God's earth.

♦ God's dew sprinkles God's soil.

♦ Neither the father is before the children, as God is before the people.

♦ About each other, and God about everyone ( bakes).

♦ Everyone is about himself, but the Lord is about everyone.

♦ It is not because of our sins that the Lord is merciful.

♦ God fed, no one saw ( increase: and whoever saw it did not offend).

♦ God will pester ( or: will instruct) and assign a shepherd.

♦ God will give the day, God will give food.

♦ After shearing, the Lord smells warm on the sheep.

♦ God is not like his brother, he would rather help ( or: ask, it will help).

♦ God took care of it far and wide.

♦ If God loves, he will not destroy.

♦ God has plenty of room for the righteous.

♦ If you walk with God, you will reach goodness (the path to goodness, or: you will find a good way).

♦ You can rely on God, you won’t get screwed.

♦ God shows the way.

♦ Man walks, God leads.

♦ God will fall behind, and good people will be abandoned.

♦ Whoever comes to God, God comes to him.

♦ He who loves God will receive much good.

♦ God loves those who love.

♦ God does not sleep - he hears everything.

♦ He who trusts in God does not lose heart.

♦ If God is for us, then no one is for us ( or: against us).

♦ What God does not send, man will not bear.

♦ Everything in the world is created not by our mind, but by God’s judgment.

♦ God's slaves are happy.

♦ God will carry away the menacing cloud.

♦ Man is like this, but God is not like that.

♦ God builds his own. You are yours, and God is yours.

♦ Man guesses, but God performs.

♦ There is God’s wisdom for human stupidity.

♦ Man is with valor, but God is with mercy.

♦ We are with sorrow, but God is with mercy.

♦ He scolds him, but God protects him.

♦ God is not a man ( that is, it will not offend): he will fuck the woman and give the girl ( about a widower).

♦ God pays for bad things.

♦ It’s a terrible dream, may God be merciful.

♦ If God had listened to the poor shepherd, all the cattle would have breathed out ( according to his frequent scolding: may you die!).

♦ God will not give ( or: will not give out), the pig will not eat.

♦ As God lives, my soul lives.

♦ Smart head, sort out God’s affairs!

♦ Everything is from God. Everything from the Creator.

♦ God the Light has everything covered since the beginning of the world.

♦ Divine things are not from man, but man is from God.

♦ You will no longer be God.

♦ You can’t overcome God’s will ( or: not just a translation).

♦ Not according to our will, but according to God’s will.

♦ Not by our mind, but by God’s judgment.

♦ God's warmth, God's and cold.

♦ God will soak you, God will dry you.

♦ We all walk under God.

♦ You walk under God – God's will you wear.

♦ What God does not give, no one will take.

♦ Whatever pleases God is suitable.

♦ God imposes the cross according to his power.

♦ God knows best what to give and what not to give.

♦ God won’t give - you won’t get it anywhere.

♦ In human affairs, God himself listened ( witness).

♦ God sees who will offend whom ( or: who loves whom).

♦ God waits for a long time, but it hurts.

♦ God hears, but does not speak soon.

♦ God sees, but does not tell us.

♦ You can hide it from people, but you cannot hide it from God.

♦ No matter how wise you are, you can’t outdo God’s will ( peasants' response to innovations).

♦ What the people see, God will hear.

♦ God will find the culprit.

♦ God will punish, no one will indicate.

♦ God is not your brother, you can’t dodge it.

♦ You can’t escape God. From God's power ( or: punishment) you won’t leave.

♦ You can’t get around God’s judgment by the outskirts.

♦ God himself marked him ( or: stained, punished).

♦ Whom God loves, he punishes.

♦ He who is pleasing to God is also pleasing to people ( or: suitable).

♦ In this world we will suffer, in the next we will rejoice.

♦ The beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord.

♦ God judge you! God is your judge! God punish him!

♦ Everyone is equal before God.

♦ You will win favor with God, but never with people ( about ingratitude).

♦ Even God himself will not please the whole world.

♦ Trust in God, but don’t make a mistake yourself!

♦ Pray to God, and row to the shore!

♦ God is God, and people are people.

♦ The king is far away, but God is high.

♦ Whoever does good will be blessed by God.

♦ There is no refusal for those who come to heaven.

♦ And I got up early, but God didn’t bother me ( about failure).

♦ The Lord will not preserve the city, neither the guard nor the fence will preserve it.

♦ If the Lord does not build a house, neither will man.

♦ Without God you can’t reach the threshold.

♦ Begin with God and end with the Lord!

♦ In the morning is God and in the evening is God, and at noon and midnight is no one except him.

♦ Bless, Lord, your wealth!

♦ Praying to God will come in handy in the future.

♦ Prayer is halfway to God ( or: to salvation).

♦ Pray in secret, you will be rewarded in reality!

♦ Ask Nikola, and he will tell you to save me.

♦ Sit, scatter, and look to the sky!

♦ Whoever works cross paths will receive God’s help.

♦ Crossing the cross is a sin on the soul ( i.e., walk in front of the person praying).

♦ Who without crosses ( i.e. without a corporal cross), he is not Christ's.

♦ With prayer in your mouth, with work in your hands.

♦ Don’t rush, pray to God first!

♦ For Vespers, ring the bell - all the work on the corner.

♦ The first ringing - damn acceleration; another ringing - cross; third ringing - wrap yourself ( get dressed, go to church).

♦ Don’t listen to where the chickens cluck, but listen to where they pray to God!

♦ Whatever comes, everyone pray!

♦ You think recklessly - don’t pray to God.

♦ Prayer is not for God, but for poverty.

♦ Praise be to God, and to you (and good people) Honor and glory.

♦ The light in the temple comes from a candle, and in the soul from prayer.

♦ With faith you will not be lost anywhere.

♦ Without faith they live in this world, but you cannot live in the next.

♦ Save, O Lord, Thy people (and bless Thy inheritance).

♦ Glory to God, so glory to you!

♦ If you don’t say amen, we won’t give you a drink.

♦ You will forget God’s, and you will not receive what is yours.

♦ If God attacks, good people will also attack.

♦ “Lord, have mercy!” – it’s not a sin to say and it’s not hard to carry.

♦ Blessed be the name of the Lord from now on and forever!

♦ A city does not stand without a saint, a village without a righteous man.

♦ Prayer does not look for space.

♦ The short prayer “Our Father” may save.

♦ Amen will not drive away the demon ( or: you won't serve the devil).

♦ Forgive my sins, Lord!

♦ The power of the cross is with us! God and all his saints are with us.

♦ Our place is sacred!

♦ Save yourself at home, but go to church!

♦ You don’t live by bread, you live by prayer.

♦ Church property is the wealth of the poor.

♦ First whiting to the edge!

♦ Don’t sell bread without filling your ass with new things!

♦ The monastery loves dokuku ( i.e. requests and offerings).

♦ They don’t buy icons, they change them ( instead of: don't buy).

♦ Images and knives are not given, but exchanged.

♦ Those who watch Monday will rejoice at the intercession of Archangel Michael.

♦ Lent will clamp its tail on everyone.

♦ One salvation is fasting and prayer.

♦ God will give advice, and so is the meat-eater during Lent.

♦ Fast with your spirit, not your belly!

♦ Obedience is more important than fasting and prayer.

♦ It does not defile in the mouth, but defiles from the mouth.

♦ A candle will not stand before God, but a soul will stand.

♦ Praying to God means not going broke ( that is, we need to take care of the worldly).

♦ We don’t need righteous people, we need saints ( i.e. pleasing to us).

♦ There is time for singing, and an hour for prayer.

♦ Sin under the bench, and himself on the bench.

♦ He eats bread, but does not know how to be baptized.

♦ There are many who repent, but few who turn back.

♦ Food and drink, but no prayer at home.

♦ The priest serves mass while sitting, and the parish ( and the laity) lying down and praying to God.

♦ Miracle workers also know that we are not pilgrims.

♦ As soon as I had to fast, my stomach began to ache.

♦ There is one for the pipe, but not for the candle ( i.e. money).

♦ In anxiety, we turn to God, but in anxiety, we forget about God.

♦ Even though the church is close, walking is slimy; and the tavern is far away, but I walk slowly.

♦ Priests for books, and laymen for donuts.

♦ Pop the bell, and we go for the ladle.

♦ Food is known by taste, and holiness by experience.

♦ The angel of the Lord takes up arms around those who fear God.

♦ Better than scolding: Nikola is with us.

♦ On Nikola’s field there is a common God.

♦ God is not poor, but Nikola is merciful.

♦ There is no champion for us, against Nikola.

♦ Nikola saves at sea, Nikola lifts a man’s cart.

♦ What is lame, what is blind, then to Kozma and Demyan ( about the yard bird).

♦ Save and have mercy on me, Mother Holy Mother of God; and I live in an extreme hut in the village ( or: and the last hut in the village).

About love

♦ Where there is love, there is God. God is love.

♦ The sweetest of all is who loves whom.

♦ There is nothing more loving than how people love people.

♦ It’s nice how people are nice to people.

♦ There is no value against love.

♦ The mind is enlightened by truth, the heart is warmed by love.

♦ Advice and love, that’s all there is to it.

♦ Where there is love, there is advice. Where there is advice, there is love.

♦ Where there is advice (union, love), there is light.

♦ Equal customs – strong love.

♦ One thought, one heart.

♦ For a dear one, it’s not a pity to lose a lot.

♦ For the sake of the dear one, don’t feel sorry for yourself.

♦ I will sacrifice for my dear one and for myself.

♦ For a dear friend and an earring.

♦ There is no hate in the sweet, and there is no sweet in the hateful.

♦ Milenek - and the little white thing is not washed.

♦ Love is blind. Love doesn't see anything.

♦ Fell in love like soot hit your face.

♦ Fell in love like a mouse fell into a box.

♦ I fell in love like a face in a puddle.

♦ Love is not a fire, but once it catches fire, you can’t put it out.

♦ When the time comes, you will begin to step on the girl’s foot.

♦ The betrothed is crazy.

♦ Betrothed, mummer - bewitched.

♦ Love begins with the eyes. They fall in love with their eyes.

♦ Melancholy falls on the heart with eyes, ears and lips ( from looks, from speeches, from conversation).

♦ The heart gives the message to the heart. The heart feels the heart.

♦ Where the heart flies, the eye runs.

♦ Where it hurts, there is a hand; where it's cute, there are eyes.

♦ You can’t hide love, fire and cough from people ( you can't hide it).

♦ Love us in black, and in red everyone will love us.

♦ Not good for good, but good for good.

♦ Love us in black, and in white, and everyone will love us.

♦ Satan will seem better than a clear falcon.

♦ An owl will be loved better than a clear falcon.

♦ Villager Yermil, dear to the townswomen.

♦ The devil liked the berry.

♦ Love is evil, and will love a goat.

♦ He turned her (she turned his) head.

♦ When I saw it, my head went spinning.

♦ As soon as I saw it, I didn’t feel like myself.

♦ The cochet sings and gives the news about a cute belly.

♦ Don’t eat a piece, don’t profit ( don't be amused) with a friend.

♦ If a good piece doesn’t get boring, a good friend won’t get bored.

♦ It will take an hour to see your sweetheart.

♦ To love a friend is to love yourself. You love yourself as a friend.

♦ Love is a ring, and a ring has no end.

♦ A spade and a shovel will separate us.

♦ A handful of damp earth will salt our separation.

♦ Friends are not cramped in the same grave.

♦ Old love I remember it for a long time. Love and remember.

♦ Young friend, like spring ice.

♦ New friend That's a non-statutory plow.

♦ It’s too easy to fall behind and you can’t resist in your mind.

♦ You can’t live without the sun, you can’t live without your sweetheart.

♦ You can’t live without a sweetheart, and you can’t be with a sweetheart ( about separation).

♦ You can’t sit still for a long time if you hug each other.

♦ Dry love ( platonic) only destroys.

♦ Even if it’s not relatives, it curls into your soul.

♦ It’s good to live with someone you love. They live in perfect harmony.

♦ No better game, as in a exchange of glances.

♦ Like calves: where they come together, they lick themselves.

♦ Katka and Mitka fooled me.

♦ Chickens and cupids, and eyes on the sled.

♦ He doesn’t even remember himself with her and doesn’t remember us.

♦ She won’t inhale it. He can't look at her enough.

♦ That the silk ribbon clings to the wall ( girl to guy).

♦ A living friend is not a loss.

♦ If there is a friend, there is an intercessor.

♦ I wouldn’t drink, I wouldn’t eat, I’d still look at my sweetheart.

♦ I would wear you on a necklace and wear it on Sunday.

♦ Without you, my friend, the bed is cold, the blanket is frosty.

♦ Bazheny is not a bore, but a topper.

♦ It didn’t take long, God gave it.

♦ My red berry. My apple is plump.

♦ Little heart, cook the fish with pepper.

♦ The darling’s hand is warm, he loves so much.

♦ Ohokhonyushki, you can’t see it, you know, Afonyushki: I saw the collar.

♦ Ohohonyushki, it’s sickening without Afonushka, Ivan is here, but the situation is bad.

♦ Milenok Ivashka in a white shirt.

♦ My little one in a single row of blue is good.

♦ It’s not the soap that’s cute, it’s the little white face.

♦ Whitewash will not make it look cute. You can't match your temper.

♦ Mila is not white, and I myself am not red.

♦ Love and love, so be it friend.

♦ He loves like a soul, but shakes like a pear.

♦ You are the only one I have, like gunpowder in my eye.

♦ One, like a finger, like a poppy, like a red sun, like a clear month, like a mile in a field etc.

♦ Where there is love, there is attack. Once you fall in love, you become sad.

♦ The sea has grief, love has twice the grief.

♦ Love that you sit at the transport.

♦ Golubchik – steamed cucumber; blooms, blooms, and withers.

♦ Why is the young man whining so zealously?

♦ You can’t help but love, and you can’t help but grieve.

♦ I can’t sleep, I can’t lie down, I’m still sad about my dear one.

♦ Woe is me with you, with brown eyes!

♦ The girl spoiled the boy. The girl brought dryness.

♦ The girl tormented the guy, brought him under his temper.

♦ Brought dryness to my stomach.

♦ The little birds are singing, they give me a little babe.

♦ Darling is not a villain, but dried up to the bones.

♦ I endure because I love everyone more.

♦ She loved me, but didn’t give her anything.

♦ When you love me, love my dog ​​too.

♦ To love evil is to destroy yourself.

♦ There is nothing worse in the world - toothache and girlish dryness.

♦ Women's lies - girlish dryness; Women lie, they give girls dry food.

♦ Not a cute spinning place where there is no cute.

♦ Even light is not sweet when there is no dear one.

♦ No friend: not even the world is nice.

♦ Without you, the white world is empty.

♦ The tower is empty without you.

♦ Without you, the wide yard has fallen silent.

♦ Without you, flowers don’t bloom, and oak trees don’t grow in red.

♦ There are many good ones, but no dear ones.

♦ It’s a pity for the dear one, but I would run away from the hateful one.

♦ For whom I lament, he is not there; The one I hate is always with me.

♦ They had mercy for a long time, but parted soon.

♦ As soon as they go their separate ways, at least drop the whole thing.

♦ One heart suffers, the other does not know.

♦ If only people had not lured me in, I would love her now.

♦ When I began to realize love, then my dear one began to lag behind.

♦ It’s unsalty to slurp, it’s unkind to kiss.

♦ Kissing a married man is not sweet.

♦ You can’t keep up with your sweetheart.

♦ Try not to be nice. You won't be nice by force.

♦ If you are not nice in body, you will not be good at business.

♦ Not nice in body, not pleasing (unpleasant) in deed.

♦ You will force yourself to be afraid, but you will not force yourself to love.

♦ You cannot bind love with the cross.

♦ All fear drives out love.

♦ The frost-bitten hopper does not cling to the stamen.

♦ The priest will tie his hands and his head, but he will not tie his heart.

♦ Don’t tell the truth, you won’t get hate.

♦ He won’t be cuter when he leaves. Nice for the eyes.

♦ I would love from the front, but I would kill from behind.

♦ My heart is in you, and yours is in stone.

♦ Looks at me like the devil is looking at a priest.

♦ Loves a sheep like a wolf. The cat also loves the mouse.

♦ The wolf loves the calf, but where can he get it?

♦ I love you like the devil in the corner. Oh, you are mine - the devil knows what!

♦ Even if you rejoice with the angels, just don’t be with us (just pass us by)!

♦ May God grant you to be a colonel, but not in our regiment!

♦ He has his eye towards you, and you have your side towards him.

♦ With him ( or: Make friends with the bear, but hold on to the ax.

♦ Where harm comes from, there comes dislike.

♦ Where it’s bad, it’s cool.

♦ I don’t love you, it’s bad weather.

♦ I wouldn’t look at an owl.

♦ I wouldn’t look at him like he was a wolf.

♦ As dear to him as gunpowder in the eye.

♦ Love that mother-in-law's fist.

♦ Loves a stick (radish) like a dog.

♦ I love it like a bug in a corner: wherever I see it, I’ll crush it.

♦ Don’t make your enemy a sheep, make him a wolf.

♦ Do not be afraid of a smart enemy, be afraid of a foolish friend!

♦ He can't stand him. Like a sneezing grass.

♦ He won’t let you in for a sit-down. It doesn't let you see it (in appearance).

♦ You hurt my heart.

♦ I have you here ( on the back of the neck).

♦ The hryvnia is as disgusting as a beggar.

♦ He who loves whom beats him. Whom I love, I beat.

♦ Darling hits - he gains more body.

♦ Darling will beat you, just to amuse you.

♦ Wife, don’t love, just look!

♦ Even if you don’t love, just look more often ( i.e. please, serve).

♦ Even if you don’t love, look at it more often!

♦ A mother loves a child, and a wolf loves a sheep.

♦ Loves lard like a cat. And you love, but you destroy.

♦ If you don’t see, your heart breaks; if you see, your heart breaks.

♦ If you don’t see, your soul dies; if you see, your soul is gone.

♦ Together it’s boring, but being apart is sickening.

♦ It’s sickening, but it’s cramped together.

♦ Woe is with you, trouble is without you.

♦ Our matchmaker has neither a friend nor a brother.

♦ I don’t like to love, but I can’t get rid of (refuse, leave behind).

♦ This is a friend at the end of the hand. This friend is all of a sudden.

♦ Hello, my dear, my good one, black-browed, looks like me!

♦ If you love, order, but if you don’t love, refuse!

♦ When you sleep, beauty, rest; If you don’t sleep, answer the demand.

♦ The gray duck is my hunt, the red maiden is my sweetheart.

♦ Move over, drunk, to my side; on my side there is freedom, expanse.

♦ You spread sadness over her shoulders, you spread dryness through her stomach.

♦ Where my betrothed is, there is my mummer.

♦ You can’t outrun your betrothed even on a horse (on shafts, on curves).

♦ Betrothed to the mummer. Betrothed, dressed up, let me look at you.

♦ Whoever marries someone will be born into that one.

♦ Speeches from the sweet eye. Eyes speak, eyes listen.

♦ Loving is hard; It’s harder not to love.

♦ The one who loves whom is sick; and more sickening is the one who does not see it.

♦ The one who loves whom is sick; and more sickening than the one who does not love anyone.

♦ To love is to bear someone else’s grief; not to love - to crush your own!

♦ Even if you drown yourself, you still get together with your sweetheart.

♦ Even if you swim by pilaf, you can have it with your dear one.

♦ To a dear friend circle ( hook) not the outskirts.

♦ Even seven miles is not far from my dear one.

♦ I endure from the one I love more.

♦ Darling, beatings don’t hurt for long.

♦ You are my light in the window, the moon is clear, the sun is red.

♦ The free world is not sweet when there is no dear friend.

♦ An old friend is better than two new ones.

♦ Old love is remembered.

♦ If you forget, darling, then you will remember.

♦ The flowers bloomed, but faded; The fellow loved the beautiful maiden, but left her.

♦ Was nice, became hateful.

♦ If you take a closer look, the darling is sicker than the hateful one.

♦ He was good in the morning, but in the evening he became unattractive.

♦ Do not indulge in the hateful: God will take away the dear.

♦ Give me my gold ring, take your silk scarf!

♦ A sheep is for salt, a goat is for freedom, and a girl is for new love.

♦ As short as a girl’s memory. You have a girl's memory.

♦ Everything is up like goats ( through tyn) are looking.

♦ Girls are not people, goats are not cattle.

♦ Don’t bother the evil one: God will take care of the love.

♦ There is no death for an unloved child (For an unloved child).

♦ A girl in a mansion is like an apple in heaven.

♦ Khmelinushka is looking for a stamen, and the girl is looking for a guy.

♦ The crown will brighten up the girl and well done.

♦ The girl got married, so play pick-me-up.

♦ My daughter got married, so prepare the paintings.

♦ It’s time to take the goat to auction ( it's time for the girl to get married).

♦ Then the girl will be born when she is fit to marry.

♦ She should tell her fortune in front of the mirror ( it's time to get married).

♦ After the cover there will be no such thing ( will be a woman).

♦ Good product won't stay put.

♦ The girl didn’t show up, but didn’t argue.

♦ A girl’s no is not a refusal. There is nothing more expensive to eat than girlish food.

♦ The girl chases the young man, but she doesn’t go away.

♦ The girl is like a shadow: you are behind her, she is from you; you are from her, she is behind you.

♦ It’s hard to stand a girl, but once you get over her, she’ll start flying on her arm.

“Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people”- one of the most famous works Russian ethnographer and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl. The work, published in 1862, contains more than thirty thousand sayings, riddles and proverbs.

The collected sayings give an idea of ​​the culture, life and life philosophy Russian people. The publication is also a monument to oral and writing XIX century. All sayings are recorded live vernacular, and also presents terms and phraseological units related to crafts. Additional sources The book was based on collections of the 18th century, private notes, and works by D. Knyazhevich and I. Snegirev. This auxiliary material made up a fifth of “Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People.”

In his work, Dahl abandons his fascination with terminology and leaves the reader to independently delve into and reason about the meaning of this or that saying. The author calls himself a “collector.” The book is preceded by an introductory article - “Naputnoe”. The rest of the volume is devoted directly to samples of small folklore.

When compiling a book, Dahl done colossal work: collected phrases by ear, in oral conversation. Use already published proverbs it was necessary to be careful; there were “empty”, “distorted” expressions. It was necessary to reject phrases with typos or signs of misunderstandings. This entailed the risk of excluding authentic sayings from the collection. Thus, the main part of the collection is devoted to phrases recorded among the people.

Dahl defines a proverb as an “involuntarily broken exclamation” that cannot be composed on purpose. This catchphrases, which were used throughout the territory of residence of the Russian people. People have invented amazingly successful words and ways of expressing thoughts.

Dahl also distributed the collected phrases according to thematic groups. In the book you can find sayings about God and faith, about happiness, wealth and luck, about good and evil, about family and animals, as well as about many other aspects of spiritual and material life, including the elements of nature, agriculture, phrases about quirks. A total of 178 topics are presented, covering the entire picture of the world, modern Dahl person. In addition, the book contains riddles, tongue twisters, and jokes.

Folklore existed even in the pre-literate era. Studying the Dahl collection gives a historical insight into the life and beliefs of people, the mentality and general culture people.

Dal Russian proverbs and sayings: read and download

We compiled 2 collections of Dahl's proverbs, based on available information in open sources, and recorded them on Yandex disk in .doc format. To download proverbs, follow the links provided and click “Download”

V. I. Dal “Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people (by topic):

V. I. Dal “Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people (topics in alphabetical order):

Dahl's proverbs by topic:

Here we will simply list subgroup topics, to which Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl divided Russian proverbs and sayings in his book:

Baba - woman, Take care - extravagance, God - faith, Wealth - prosperity, Wealth - squalor, God - oath - guarantee, Chatterbox - spy, Scold - hello, Past - future.

Faith - sin, Faith - confession, Faith (riddles), Faithful - knowledgeable, Faithful - reliable, Guilt - merit, Will - bondage, Theft - robbery, Universe.

Where, Grief is trouble, Grief is insult, Grief is consolation, Guest is hospitality, Certificate, Thunderstorm is punishment, Revelry is drunkenness.

Far - close, Yard - house - household, Girls' fortune-telling, Children - homelands, Days, Good - mercy - evil, Boredom, Prosperity - squalor, Fight - war, Friend - foe.

The ride is a cart.

Groom - bride, Animal - creature, Life - death.

Care - experience, Envy - greed, Riddles, Enthusiasm - revelry - dissipation, Loans, Law, Reserve, Titles - classes, Health - illness, Agriculture.

Games - fun - catching, Fanaticism - split, Fanaticism - hypocrisy.

Kapa - thunderstorm, If only, Treasury, Punishment - mercy, Punishment - disobedience, Punishment - indulging, Punishment - recognition - humility, Punishment - threat, Slander - falsehood, Cry of the nosy, Konanye (lot).

Love is not love.

Months, World - quarrel - dispute, Much - little, Rumor - glory, Youth - old age, Fraud - theft, Husband - wife.

Supervision is the master, Title is the name - nickname, The people are the world, The people are the language, Inheritance is a gift, The beginning is the end, The authorities are the order - obedience, The authorities are service, Untruth is a lie, Untruth is a deception, Accident is a surprise.

Loneliness, Loneliness - marriage, Failure - quickness, Neatness, Caution.

Memory - remember, Food, Occasion - reason, Weather - elements, Search - find, Peace - movement, Help - by the way, Time - measure - success, Proverb - saying, Praise - boast, Truth - falsehood, Truth - untruth - lie, Holiday, Sayings - jokes, Gratitude, Decency - politeness - custom, Choruses, Sayings, Reason - excuse, Reason - effect, Quirk, Space - crampedness, Misdemeanor - sin, Request - consent - refusal, Directness - guile, Path - road, Drunkenness.

Work is idleness, Joy is sorrow, Thought is determination, Plant is agriculture, Craft is craftsman, Craft is projectile, Kin is tribe, Homeland is foreign land, Rose is one, Rus' is homeland.

Wedding, Matchmaking, One's own - someone else's, One's own customs, Family - relatives, Fairy tale - song, Tongue twisters, Cattle - animal, Courage - courage - cowardice, Laughter - joke - fun, Humility - pride, Temptation - temptation, Temptation - example, Consciousness - evidence, Dream, Neighbor - boundary, Quarrel - abuse - fight, Elements - phenomena, Severity - meekness, Court - extortion, Court - truth, Court - order, Fate - patience - hope, Superstitions - signs, Essence - appearance, Happiness - luck, score.

Mystery - curiosity, Patience - hope, Silence - noise - screams, Decay - vanity, Confusion - stupidity, Trade, Tory - stinginess, Cowardice - flight.

Murder is death, Please is service, Intelligence is stupidity, Moderation is greed, Perseverance, Condition is deception, Service is refusal, Learning is science.

Good - bad.

King, Color - suit.

Man, Man - signs, Honor - honor, Miracle - wonder - tricky.

Panache.

Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people Vladimir Ivanovich Dal

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Title: Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people

About the book “Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People” Vladimir Ivanovich Dal

Vladimir Dal is a famous personality, his Explanatory Dictionary is still in demand today and current literature, which people often resort to to define little-known words.

Dal was a true connoisseur of the Russian language and literature; he revered not only literary works, but also folk sayings and proverbs for which the Russian people were famous at all times. Only the Slavs had sayings for any life situation, and Vladimir Dal collected them all in his book “Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People.”

This collection book is unique, to this day everything folk proverbs do not lose relevance and allow you to succinctly and accurately express an idea or describe almost any life situation. Dahl collected material for the collection for almost half a century - this is the longest period of time for creating a book. Years of the author’s life: 1801-1872, that is, he spent most of his years compiling this work. It is interesting to read it even today, because this huge collection contains best quotes that have become proverbs.

“Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People” is a unique collection that is an encyclopedia of folk sayings. All sayings and proverbs in Vladimir Dahl's collection are collected in groups. Thematic proverbs are collected in sections, for which the author has chosen the most succinct and understandable title.

Vladimir Dal was talented person and his encyclopedia “Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People” is the most complete collection sayings. The book has 178 sections, each of which contains at least 30 sayings or proverbs, some of which are known to us, others that most modern people have hardly heard of. Reading this book will not only be interesting, but also informative; on its pages there will be a huge number of phrases that are relevant for all times. This is the uniqueness of the work; it does not age even almost 200 years after printing.

Thanks to the book “Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People,” you can learn the peculiarities of the life of the Slavs, since all proverbs were invented ordinary people, they convey a special flavor of life of these segments of the population. This reference book will become a guide to an unusual study of the life and everyday life of peasants, in addition, it will allow you to broaden your horizons and lexicon. The book is necessary for every person who strives for self-development and wants to learn something new every day; it will allow you to join traditional Russian culture.

On our website about books you can download the site for free without registration or read online book“Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dal in epub, fb2, txt, rtf, pdf formats for iPad, iPhone, Android and Kindle. The book will give you a lot of pleasant moments and real pleasure from reading. Buy full version you can from our partner. Also, here you will find last news from literary world, learn the biography of your favorite authors. For beginning writers there is a separate section with useful tips and recommendations, interesting articles, thanks to which you yourself can try your hand at literary crafts.

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Vladimir Ivanovich Dal
Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people

Naputnoe

“Will, will this collection ever be published, with which the collector has cherished his life, but, parting with it, as if the matter was over, I don’t want to leave it without a parting word.”

This introduction was written in 1853, when the analysis of proverbs was completed; let it remain now, when the fate of the collection has been decided and it has been published.

According to the established procedure, one should go on a search: what is a proverb; where did it come from and what is it suitable for; when and what editions of proverbs were published; what are they; what sources did the current collector use? Scholarly references could brighten things up, because it seems that Aristotle already gave a definition of a proverb.

But only a little bit of all this can be found here.

Scientific definitions are now little in use, the age of scholasticism has passed, although we still cannot shake off the rags of its sedate mantle.

The times when the benefits of science or knowledge to which the book was dedicated were explained in the introduction are also gone; Nowadays they believe that all conscientious work is useful and that the benefits of this cannot be undermined by tales.

Scientific searches, antiquity, comparisons with other Slavic dialects - all this is beyond the capabilities of the collector.

Analysis and evaluation of other publications should end with a direct or indirect modest recognition that ours is better than everyone else.

The sources or reserves for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks, reported from different sides, and - most importantly - living Russian language, and more speech of the people.

I didn’t delve into any antiquities, I didn’t sort through ancient manuscripts, and the antiquities included in this collection came from printed collections. I looked through the old manuscript alone and took from it something that could even now pass for a proverb or saying; this manuscript was presented to me by gr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I gave it to M.P. Wait a minute, and from there it was printed in its entirety, as an addition, to the collection of proverbs by I.M. Snegireva.

On this occasion, I must say my sincere thanks to all the willing donors, helpers and supporters; I don’t dare name anyone, fearing, out of forgetfulness, to miss too many, but I can’t help but name with gratitude Mr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I.P. Sakharov and I.M. Snegireva.

When the latter’s collection came out, mine was already partly selected: I compared his edition with Knyazhevich’s collection and used what was not there and was not found with me and which, moreover, in my extreme understanding, could and should have been accepted.

In the Knyazhevich collection (1822) there are only 5300 (with dozens) proverbs; added to them I.M. Snegirev up to 4000; Of this entire number, I have removed up to 3,500 completely or not accepted in the form in which they were printed; In general, I took hardly more than 6,000 from books or the press, or about fifth beat my collection. The rest are taken from private notes and collected by hearsay, in oral conversation.

During this comparison and choice, timidity and doubt attacked me more than once. Whatever you say, there is no escaping arbitrariness in this rejection, and even more so, reproach for it. You cannot blindly reprint everything that has been published under the name of proverbs; distortions, sometimes by cleverness, sometimes from misunderstandings, sometimes simply by clerical errors and typos, are beyond measure ugly. In other cases, these errors are obvious, and if such a proverb came to me in its original form, then the correction or choice did not make it difficult; but the trouble is that I could not limit myself to these cases, but had to decide on something regarding those thousand proverbs, for the correction of which I did not have the correct data, and throwing them out would not mean to correct.

Not understanding the proverb, as often happens, you consider it nonsense, believe that it was invented by someone for a joke or is incorrigibly distorted, and do not dare to accept it; en it's true, just look straight. After several similar cases or discoveries, you will inevitably become intimidated and think: “Who gave you the right to choose and reject? Where is the limit to this intelligibility? After all, you are not typing flower garden, A collection“and you begin again to collect and place everything in a row; let it be superfluous, let others judge and sort it out; but then suddenly you come across lines like the following:

Everyone knows that the wicked live flatteringly.

Years passed in the bustle, there was always sadness.

Where there is unfeigned love, there is true hope.

Luxurious and stingy measures of contentment are unknown.

The young man was walking down the Volga, but he came across death not far away.

Before death one must not die, etc., etc.

What do you want to do with such sayings of the confectionery wisdom of the twenties? Throw it away; but there were about another thousand of them, and just as many dubious ones, with whom you don’t know what to do, so as not to be accused of arbitrariness. Therefore, due to the difficulty of such rejection, and partly by looking at it, you cannot save yourself from every sin - and this collection includes many empty, distorted and dubious proverbs.

Regarding decency when rejecting proverbs, I adhered to the rule: everything that can be read aloud in a society that is not perverted by stiffness, or excessive guesswork, and therefore touchiness, should be accepted into my collection. To the pure everything is pure. The most blasphemy, if it were found anywhere in folk sayings, should not frighten us: we collect and read proverbs not just for fun and not as moral instructions, but for study and search; That's why we want to know everything that is. Let us note, however, that sharpness or brightness and directness of expressions, in images that are unusual for us, do not always contain the indecency that we see in this. If a man says: “Why pray to that God who does not have mercy”; or “I asked for a saint: it came to the word to ask for the damned,” then there is no blasphemy in this, because here gods And saints to strengthen the concept, people are named who were appointed for the sake of holy, divine truth, but do the opposite, forcing the offended and oppressed to seek protection also through untruth and bribery. The proverb itself, striking us with the convergence of such opposites, personifies only the extremity and unbearability of the perverted state that gave rise to such a saying.

That one must go to the people for proverbs and sayings, no one will argue about this; in an educated and enlightened society there is no proverb; one comes across weak, mutilated echoes of them, transferred to our morals or corrupted by a non-Russian language, and bad translations from foreign languages. High society does not accept ready-made proverbs, because these are pictures of a life alien to it, and not its language; but he doesn’t add up his own, perhaps out of politeness and secular decency: the proverb hits not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye. And who will commemorate good society a harrow, a plow, a mortar, bast shoes, and even more so a shirt and underwear? And if you replace all these expressions with the sayings of our everyday life, then somehow a proverb does not come out, but a vulgarity is composed, in which the entire hint comes out.

As a national property, as a global citizen, enlightenment and education go their way by eye, with a level in hand, tearing off bumps and bumps, leveling holes and potholes, and bringing everything under one canvas. In our country, more than anywhere else, enlightenment – ​​such as it is – has become a persecutor of everything native and popular. Just as in recent times, the first sign of a claim to enlightenment was shaving the beard, so direct Russian speech and everything related to it were generally avoided. Since the time of Lomonosov, from the first stretching and stretching of our language along the Roman and German block, this work has been continued with violence and increasingly moving away from the true spirit of the language. Only at the very Lately They began to guess that the goblin had bypassed us, that we were circling and straying, having lost our way, and we would end up who knows where. On the one hand, the zealots of the ready-made foreign, not considering it necessary to first study their own, forcibly transferred to us everything in the form in which it came across on foreign soil, where it was suffered and worked out, whereas here it could only be accepted with patches and polish; on the other hand, mediocrity has vulgarized what, diligently, she tried to bring from her native life into the glove class. Cheremis on one side, watch out on the other. Be that as it may, it follows from all this that if you do not collect and preserve folk proverbs in time, then they, supplanted by the level of impersonality and colorlessness, by a haircut to a comb, that is, by national enlightenment, will flow out like springs in a drought.

The common people more stubbornly preserve and preserve their original way of life, and in their inertia there is both bad and good side. Fathers and grandfathers are a great thing for him; Having burned himself more than once with milk, he blows on the water, incredulously accepting the newness, saying: “Everything is new and new, but when will it be good?” He reluctantly gives up on what he unconsciously sucked in with his mother’s milk and what sounds in his little-worked head in his coherent speech. Neither foreign languages ​​nor grammatical speculations confuse him, and he speaks correctly, correctly, accurately and eloquently, without knowing it. I will express my conviction directly: a person’s verbal speech is a gift from God, a revelation: as long as a person lives in spiritual simplicity, as long as his mind has not gone beyond reason, it is simple, direct and strong; as the heart and mind become discordant, when a person becomes clever, this speech takes on a more artificial structure, it is banal in the dormitory, but in the scientific circle it receives a special, conditional meaning. Proverbs and sayings are composed only at the time of primitive simplicity of speech and, as branches close to the root, are worth our study and memory.

Going down to the vernacular, sometimes allowing ourselves to express ourselves with a proverb, we say: “Try on ten times, cut once.” We did not come up with this saying, but, having taken it from the people, we only distorted it a little; people say more correctly and more beautifully: “Try on ten and estimate, cut off one.” In St. Petersburg they also teach the multiplication table: two times three, five times six; in our schools they say: twice three, and the people say: two three or two by five, three by six etc. Lesson: unreasonable, reckless work is often useless - the proverb will never be expressed under our pen: “Cut and sing songs; if you start sewing, you’ll cry”; or: “Keep up the noise, there won’t be a dull time.” Is it possible to express a deep thought more coherently, brighter and shorter than in the proverb: “You cannot look at death like the sun with all your eyes”; This proverb of ours came, I don’t know how, to the Frenchman Larochefoucauld; in a clever translation, she took after him and is given as an example of his intelligence and eloquence: “Le soleil ni la mort ne peuvent se regarder fixement” (Maximes).

In our everyday life, we only come up with proverbs like these: “It doesn’t spoil the visor; there is nothing to walk with, so with a tambourine; There’s nothing to hit with, just a fist”; Yes, sometimes we translate: “Sing a swan song; a black cat ran between them; and there are spots in the sun; fifth wheel; There’s a stick in the corner, that’s why it’s raining outside,” etc. Do you like these sayings and translations?

But not only can we not compose a single wonderful proverb ourselves, but we even, as it turns out, understand the ready-made ones rather poorly. This has puzzled me more than once. To what extent is it necessary and necessary to explain and interpret proverbs? An incomprehensible proverb, inaccessible to the listener - this is the salt that seizes and does not salt; where should I put it? And to interpret a joke or a hint that the reader himself understands is vulgar and cloying; These interpretations will take up a lot of space, but the book is voluminous, cramped and without them. Many explanations would require scientific references, and this requires knowledge, sources, and time - in a word, this is a separate and important work. The readers themselves, no matter how few of them there are, are also not the same, everyone can have their own requirements - it’s not the sun, you can’t cope with everyone.

I put it, and then already during the right printing, the most short interpretation, an indication where it could be believed that this is needed for many. Recently we saw examples of how strangely and misleadingly our proverbs are sometimes understood and interpreted, even condemned: “People get rich in bulk” was interpreted “from the forcible imposition of goods on someone”; and “Don’t take the dirty linen out of the hut” is declared nonsense, because it is impossible not to sweep the dirty linen out of it, even occasionally, and the hut will be good if you never take the dirty linen out of it. But bulk is understood here to mean a pile of buyers, not goods; if there is a crowd, people pour in in droves, they make money from brisk sales, which is why a lively, busy place is expensive for a merchant, but a place that has been hatched in battle, where the fencers flock out of habit, is twice as expensive. Don't take out the litter like any other undistorted proverb in which the parable lies, it is direct and right, in the literal and figurative sense: the matter is right, just look straight. Figuratively: don’t bring household bills into public, don’t gossip, don’t be a troublemaker; family squabbles will be sorted out at home, if not under the same sheepskin coat, then under the same roof. To put it bluntly: the peasants never take out their rubbish or sweep it out into the street: this, across half-arshin thresholds, is troublesome, and besides, the rubbish would be blown away by the wind and unkind person could follow a litter, like a trace, or following the trail, send damage. The rubbish is swept into a pile, under a bench, in a stove or cooking corner; and when the stove is lit, they burn it. When the wedding guests, testing the bride’s patience, force her to sweep the hut and litter after her, and she sweeps everything again, they say: “Sweep, sweep, but don’t take it out of the hut, but rake it under the bench and put it in the oven so that it smokes.” took it out."

“Need will teach the rolls to eat,” as a parable, was interpreted correctly: need will force them to work and earn a living. “The need is tricky, the need for inventions is too much” - she will give intelligence and, if there was no rye bread, will lead to the fact that there will be wheat. But there is also a direct meaning here: need at home will force you to go to work. “You can’t hide between the plow and the harrow; look for bread at home, and taxes on the side”; Where? The first step is to the Volga, to the barge haulers; This is still an article today, but before the shipping company it was the indigenous, and, moreover, wild, trade of ten provinces; on the Volga, having passed Samara, you come to kalach (bun, pie, kalach, wheat bread). This is a novelty for the horse barge haulers, and it was they, the fathers and grandfathers of today, who coined this proverb.

In terms of intricacy and turn of phrase, another one is similar to this one: “Eat the pies, but save the bread in advance”; it would seem that one should say: “Eat the bread, but save the pies in advance”; but the proverb expresses something else: live freely, if possible, eat pies, and with calculation: eat them so that you don’t eat your bread. “Belly is a villain, he doesn’t remember the old good”; “Keep money for a white (every) day, money for a red day (holiday) and money for a rainy day (in reserve, for trouble).”

“Slavery goes down, bondage goes up”; here we are talking about the same Mother Volga and about the barge haulers, with which bondage is associated, because the deposits are taken in advance, sent home as quitrent, and the remains are drunk. Captivity, that is need, goes down on the water to look for work; up, against the water, goes, or pulls with a strap, bondage. Literally: serf or slave ( captivity) is waiting for the best, because there is no worse for him, he is waiting for mercy and trust for his faithful service: this is ahead of him; bonded but he becomes more and more confused, owes money, eats too much and gains new bondage for himself, term after term; Bondage is rising, everything is intensifying, and in the old days it often also ended in servitude.

But from these few examples it is clear that such explanations, even if the collector had enough of them, would have required several years of time and another hundred sheets of printing.

Let us note, however, in this case that one must interpret and explain proverbs with extreme caution so as not to turn this matter into one’s toy. It is especially dangerous to look with a learned eye for what you would like to find. The application of proverbs to events, even to individuals, namesakes, ancient customs, dubious fables of idolatry, etc. turns out, in many cases, to be a stretch of the imagination. I think, for example, that attributing the sayings: “Lisa Patrikeevna”, “Patrikey himself is third” - to the Lithuanian prince Patrikey, and “Ananya’s grandson is coming from Velikie Luki” - to the Novgorod mayor Ananya - is arbitrariness based on nothing; I even think that “The enemy is strong, he rolls around in blue” does not refer to blue lightning and Perun, but simply hints at a blue caftan as a sign of prosperity, wealth; The evil one lays his nets on everyone, and the blue caftan gets caught. “Doomed cattle are not animals” has also hardly been said among us since the times of idolatry and does not refer to its doom to be sacrificed to the gods, of which there is no memory left among the people anywhere; doomed brute one that is doomed to death by fate, not tenacious, not durable; this is the usual consolation for carelessness, stubbornness, and mercilessness in trouble; the cattle is sick - leave it to the will of God; if she lives, she will live, and if doomed then she doesn't animal, not your life, not your goods, not your property. Trying to explain dark proverbs and apply them to the everyday life that is now before our eyes, we sometimes go far and become wiser, where the casket opens simply, without hiding. To this we must add that the Great Russians, contrary to the Little Russians, have no memory of everyday life; For them everything is limited to the essential and spiritual; antiquity remains in memory and is passed on as long as it concerns everyday life; from this, for a Russian, there is a direct transition to thoughts and conversations about eternity, about God and heaven, and he will not engage in everything else, without outside influence, unless on a special occasion.

So, recognizing proverbs and sayings as coins, it is obvious that we must follow them to where they go; and I held on to this belief for decades, writing down everything that I managed to intercept on the fly in oral conversation. What was collected before me, from the same source, I tried to include, but I didn’t rummage through the books enough and probably left out a lot. So, for example, I couldn’t even cope with Buslaev’s small, but very conscientiously processed collection (Kalachev Archive, 1854), which I first saw in Moscow in April 1860, when half of my collection had already been published. Many sayings of our writers, in their brevity and accuracy, are worth proverbs, and here one cannot help but recall Krylov and Griboedov; but I included in my collection only those sayings that I happened to hear in the form of proverbs, when they, accepted in oral speech, let's go for a walk separately. And therefore, in my collection there are book proverbs, but I did not take them from books, unless they had already previously appeared in similar collections and, for completeness, were included in mine. I also have translations - which was noted as a reproach - but I did not translate them, but accepted them because they are spoken; there are distorted, altered ones, but I did not distort them, but heard them or received them in this form; there are sayings from St. scriptures, and they are even for the most part altered, but they were not taken from there by me and were not altered by me, but this is how they are said; there are vulgar, superstitious, blasphemous, falsely wise, fanatical, absurd ones, but I did not invent them; my task was: to collect as completely as possible everything that exists and what it is, as a reserve, for further development and for any conclusions and conclusions anyone wants. They will say: there is a lot of unnecessary rubbish here; true, but no one sees what is thrown away, and where is the measure for this rejection and how can you guarantee that you will not throw away what could have remained? You can reduce the spaciousness; It’s no wonder to select a flower garden from the collection according to your taste; and what you miss is harder to return. If you shorten it, you won’t turn it back. Moreover, I had in mind the language; one turn of phrase, one word, not noticeable to everyone at first glance, sometimes forced me to retain the most absurd saying.

The most common reproach, and also the easiest one, is that this proverb is written incorrectly, it is said not this way, but that way. Undoubtedly, there are cases where such a remark is right and deserves thanks; but every proverb is spoken in several ways, especially when applied to business; It was necessary to choose one, two, many three different languages, but you couldn’t gather them all, and you’d get bored with them to the point of boredom.

Wherever I could correctly get to the radical turn and point out distortions, I did it there, although in the most brief notes. Here are examples: “Not until mass, if there is a lot of nonsense”; here the nonsense came through a misunderstanding, instead of ritual, the northern word that is pronounced there: obreni, and means: a woman’s daily routine in the house, cooking, housekeeping at the stove; this can be seen from the meaning of this proverb: “Either go to mass, or lead a ritual.” Another: “It’s not good for us, God for you”; this, apparently, is confirmed by another: “Whatever is not nice to the deacon is thrown into the censer”; but the first one came from the south, it is Little Russian, it is not understood by us and therefore distorted: “It’s not good for us, it’s not good for you, it’s not good for you,” here’s for you, it’s not good for you, it’s not good for you; this word has many meanings: poor, wretched, beggar, cripple, holy fool, unfortunate, for whom they sympathize, close, relative, nephew; This proverb answers ours: “The stepmother was kind to her stepson: she ordered all the cabbage soup to be swallowed in the plot.” The proverb: “Not with children or in front of children, not on children, and sit in honor” is said differently and is changed due to lack of understanding: whoever God did not give children or whose children die as babies (whose children are not standing), he would be glad and I am sitting, and legless, crippled; to solitude and sit in honor: after all, Ilya Muromets was a seat. Not understanding this and attributing honor to the word children, thereby depriving the proverb of its meaning, they corrected the matter by turning sidni into sedni, into an old man with gray hair, and making it out of this: “Not even children have sedni in honor,” that is, an adult, man of sense respects old people.

Thus, one word often gives a proverb a different meaning, and if you heard it in one way, and I in another, then it does not follow from this that you heard it more correctly, and I, even less so, that I myself changed it. Let's take an example of this kind, where not only you and I, but also two other interlocutors say the same proverb, each in his own way, and all four will be right: “You shouldn’t call an old dog a wolf” - because it is outdated, no longer fit, don’t consider her a wolf, don’t treat her like an enemy; “Don’t call the priest’s dog a wolf” - no matter how tired the priest is of his greed and his gripes, don’t look at his dog as if he were a wolf, she is not guilty of anything; “You shouldn’t call an old dog daddy”, not father - the answer to the demand to respect an old man not according to his merits; he’s an old dog, but he can’t be considered a father for that; “Don’t call Pop’s dog daddy” is a response to the demand for respect for random people; Whatever you talk about respect for your dad, for your priest, his dog is not your dad; In this form, the proverb is often applied to the favorites of the lords, from the servants. Many such examples could be given: no matter which of these four different languages ​​you choose, you can all say: no, that’s not what she says!

I will note here that old lists and collections of proverbs cannot always serve as models and do not at all prove that the proverb was in use from word to word, as it is written. The old men were no worse wise in this matter than we are, wanting to correct the proverb, give it a written form, and, as it goes without saying, through this they fell into vulgarity. There are many examples of this. To Pogodinsk. collection 1714 we read: “Being on the wrong side, you must bow your head and have a submissive heart.” Isn't it obvious that there is cleverness and alteration here? To this day it is said: “Keep your head bowed (or bowed), and your heart submissive”; If you apply this to a foreign land, you can start with the words: in a foreign land, on a foreign side, without changing a word afterwards; here everything else was added by the note taker, especially the words: being, must, have.

In Archive collection. XVII century: “A young man was walking down the Volga, but he came across death not long after,” or, as Snegirev corrected it: “not far away”; Is this really a proverb, a saying or something similar? In the Archive: “There is no money, I’ll have to go to bed”; this one is still in use and talks about a drunkard who sits quietly at home, even hiding, if he has nothing to drink; but instead swear must read rushing:“As there is no money, he rushes to bed,” that is, he climbs in and lies still. In the same place, the proverb: “The soul of the old is not taken out, and the soul of the young is not sealed” - is reinterpreted, not for the better: “Until death, of the living, of the old, the soul is not taken out, but of the young it is not sealed.”

In Pogodinsky in 1770: “What the gray hair adorns, what the devil catches more”; Could this really be a walking proverb? This is an essay by a collector, for example: “Grey hair in the beard, and a demon in the rib.”

In the collection Yankova 1744: “Kumishcha, matchmaking - you’ll say goodbye, you’ll miss it”; it doesn't look like anything anymore; Let someone understand this nonsense, in which not a single one of the four words is true, and therefore there is no meaning. Obviously, this is a distortion of the proverb that still lives among the people: “If you marry, if you woo, you’ll sleep it off, you’ll come to your senses.” There could be a lot of such examples; I cite them as proof that at all times there have been stupid scribes and even collectors who were clever, and that by referring to ancient manuscripts, it is not always possible to correct new collectors.

My collection was destined to go through many ordeals, long before printing (in 1853), and, moreover, without the slightest search on my part, but at the enlightened participation and insistence of a person, to whom I do not dare even hint, not knowing whether it would be desired. But people, and, moreover, people of scientific rank, recognized the publication of the collection harmful, even dangerous, they considered it their duty to expose his other shortcomings, among other things, in the following words: “Noticing and eavesdropping on the talk (?) of the people, Mr. Dal, apparently, did not write them down quickly, but introduced them later, as he could remember; That’s why he has a rare (?) proverb written down as it is said among the people. Most (?) of them are seen like the following: he has it written: I will solve this trouble with beans, and the proverb goes like this: I’ll treat someone else’s troubles like beans, but I won’t take them away from my own mind.».

But I had both proverbs, only each in its place, because their meaning is not the same; yes instead I'll tidy up I have written I'll attach it which I still believe to be true. I beat this trouble with beans or I'll spread it on beans; The trouble is not great, it will fit through the gate, you can turn away or get away with it. " I’ll cheat someone else’s misfortune, but I won’t apply it to my own" - completely different; this means: I will eat someone else’s grief with bread, someone else’s sore in the side will not sour, but my own sore is a big nodule, etc.

Further: “He says: God judge your will, and the proverb says: God do your will" There is no doubt that the latter is said, and if I did not have it, then it was possible to point out the omission; but the first one is also said. " God judge your will“- means that there is no one else to judge her, it is not for us to judge her, but we must submit to her without a murmur; or by accepting judge, By ancient meaning, behind award, do justice - God judge your will means: create, award according to your will.

In total, to prove that rare I have the proverb written down correctly and that most of their noticed erroneously, my righteous judges give three examples, that is, one for every ten thousand, and the third is the most remarkable: “The same infidelity is in the collection (?) of jokes and empty talk; I’ll give one example: he wrote: Not for anything, anything other than other things like that, This empty phrase among the people is expressed (why doesn’t it say it?) like this: Not for anything other than for other things like that; and if anything is better, then nothing more; that's all».

Yes, it seems that's all...

Be that as it may, but regardless of such infidelity in my proverbs, proven by the three examples given here, they found that this collection and unsafe encroaching on corruption of morals. To make this truth more understandable and to protect morals from the corruption that threatens them, a new Russian proverb was invented and written in the report, not entirely coherent, but clear in purpose: “ This is a sack of flour and a pinch of arsenic“- this is what was said in the verdict about this collection, and to this was also added: “By trying to print monuments of folk stupidity, Mr. Dal is trying to give them print authority”... among the places dangerous for the morality and piety of the people are, by the way, the following sayings: “Being blessed is not a sin; Wednesday and Friday are not a signifier for the owner of the house,” etc.

Should I mention after this that hand in hand with the authors of the proverb about arsenic went the conclusion of the connoisseur of the jury, to whom my collection also came without my participation, and that they found it impermissible to combine proverbs or sayings in a row: “His hands are long (he has a lot of power) )" and "His arms are long (he is a thief)"? And then, like there, they demanded amendments And changes in proverbs, and in addition to exceptions, which “may make up more than a quarter of the manuscript”...

I answered at that time: “I don’t know to what extent my collection could be harmful or dangerous for others, but I am convinced that it could become unsafe for me. If, however, he could induce such a respectable person, a member of the highest learned fraternity, to compose a criminal proverb, then he obviously corrupts morals; All that remains is to put it on the fire and burn it; I ask you to forget that the collection was presented, especially since it was not done by me.”

For the sake of truth, I am obliged to say that the opposite opinion to all this was expressed at that time by an enlightened dignitary in charge of the Public Library.

I express all this not as a complaint and denunciation, but, firstly, as an excuse for why I did not publish proverbs earlier than this one, and secondly, to explain our modern life. Without looking in the mirror, you don’t know your own face. Moreover, it seems to me where we're talking about about data for future history our enlightenment, there everyone is obliged to say what he has evidence in his hands.

This collection includes, in addition to proverbs, proverbial sayings, sayings, proverbs, quick (pure) sayings, jokes, riddles, beliefs, signs, superstitions and many sayings to which I cannot give a common nickname, even simple figures of speech that have conventionally come into use .

About this, learned connoisseurs of the manuscript, who successfully insisted that it remain hidden for another eight years, had the following opinion: “It is a pity that all this was combined into one book: through this he (the collector) mixed edification with corruption, faith with false faith and unbelief, wisdom with stupidity, and thus lost a lot of his collection... It is obvious that the honor of the publisher, and the benefit of the readers, and prudence itself would require two thick volumes to be divided into several books and published separately in them: proverbs, sayings, jokes, riddles, omens, etc.” These arguments did not convince me, but what I least understand is how the danger of poison would be reduced by such fragmentation of the whole into parts; Is it by gradually getting used to poison? In this collection, which is not a catechism of morality, but rather an instruction to customs and society, folk wisdom must come together with folk stupidity, intelligence with vulgarity, good with evil, truth with lies; a person must appear here as he is in general, in everything globe, and what it is like, in particular, among our people; whatever is bad, run away from it; whatever is good, follow it; but don’t hide, don’t conceal either the good or the bad, but show what is there.