Russian language is literate speech. The main steps to success. Basic techniques and exercises for speech development

That's why grammatically correct speech and the ability to control it is the most important skill of any modern man. In one of the previous articles I talked about the ability to listen and hear, and today I will give a few simple tips About, how to make your speech more literate.

2. Stop swearing

No, of course, if your main interlocutors are street punks, then without masterful juggling swear words not enough. But when communicating with normal people swearing is an indicator of a low cultural level. Few people would like to communicate with a person who cannot express their emotions in competent Russian.

3. Harsh jargon is your enemy.

Jargon and competent speech are two almost incompatible concepts. Almost - because the jargon is different. Of course, two system administrators will understand each other much faster if they use “switch” in their speech rather than “network switch,” but in other cases it is better to call things by their proper names. The semi-criminal and “padonkaff” slang is especially annoying - it’s unpleasant and uninteresting. Rid your speech of these harmful phrases. Tell it like it is: “we got there quickly, because... we were lucky - the traffic lights had a green signal,” instead of “hey, we finally got here on the green light.”

4. Brevity is the sister of talent

If you can express the essence of your thought in two sentences, then there is absolutely no need to “spread it over the tree.” Competent speech requires the ability to speak briefly and to the point. But be careful, when the situation requires detailed clarification, it is better to spend a few minutes on additional explanations than to be misunderstood. Also learn the rules of cultural communication.

5. Vary your speech depending on the situation

Your boss probably won't like it. if he is personally called “Vitek”, and a friend, in response to the address “Vyacheslav Leonidovich...” heard from you, in best case scenario twirls his finger at his temple. Learn to speak “the same language” with your interlocutor, and communication will be more productive.

6. Stop apologizing all the time.

Many people have the habit of constructing their sentences in a pre-apologetic tone. It seems to them that this way they will quickly endear themselves to themselves. This is not true. Confident, straightforward (within moderate limits, of course) speech will have a much better effect on the interlocutor than “I’m not very comfortable asking, but maybe you’ll agree...”, etc. Be more confident and assertive.

7. Watch for returns

8. Expand your vocabulary

Read more literature (“ladies’ detective stories” and free jokes” don’t count) and try to identify any interesting turns of speech or phrases, memorize them. Also make it a rule to open your door at least a couple of times a week. orthographic dictionary and find there unknown or little-used words. But be careful with this advice - use new phrases only in the necessary context. When a person, when asked “what are you doing this evening?”, answers: “I’m taking a siesta,” it looks at least stupid (for those who don’t know, a siesta is an afternoon rest).

9. Study specialized literature

If you want not only to improve your speech literacy, but to become a truly skilled speaker, then you cannot do without good, specialized literature. Which? Personally, in this regard, I really like the materials of Radislav Gandapas - without unnecessary fluff and really to the point. I can also recommend the book “Secrets of Stylistics” from the authors I. Golub and D. Rosenthal.

Beautiful and competent speech is the dream of many people of different genders and ages. Some people are endowed with the art of speaking correctly from birth, while others learn it throughout their lives. After all, competently talking man will be able to convince the interlocutor of his point of view, and his speech will sound much more confident. These abilities are important not only for public people, but also for common man. We'll tell you how to develop speech and learn to speak beautifully.

Main steps to success

Speaking to colleagues

• awareness of a problem in speech and a great desire to change it;
• presence of patience, which is very useful when repeating exercises and training;
• some time and place to study;
• unlimited confidence in success;
• assistance from family and friends.

Training program

The action program itself is very simple, interesting and effective. Having written the points of the plan on a piece of paper, you can safely begin to implement them.

Reading classical works is considered the basis of literate speech. They are imbued with original figures of speech that help to understand the heroes of that time, their thoughts, experiences, and spiritual values. Well-written dialogues give the reader a sense of the essence of the relationships of a certain period. Some phrases used to describe people and everyday objects of that time help to plunge into the atmosphere inner world heroes, in the development of their ideas.

Speech rate and listener attention

The pace of your speech and its impact on others can be easily felt when recording your speech on a voice recorder. When listening to yourself, it will become clear what prevents the audience from focusing on your speech and listening to it with interest to the end.

Most often, listeners are bothered by excessive monotony or, conversely, increased speed presentation of the material. Without absorbing the content of the conversation, people instantly lose interest in it. And even the most unusual material, delivered in a monotonous speech, will not arouse the approval of the listeners.

The problem of choosing a speech tempo is not the most difficult task. The main thing is to feel the audience and change your intonation in time in order to periodically shake up the audience.

You can learn more about speech techniques in the video:

Use of decorations in speech

Any text that is dryly presented is difficult for the interlocutor to perceive. But add a little humor or precise sayings, and the audience is already full of attention. The secret here is simple - use humor and quotes wisely famous people Only a well-read person who is as close as possible to his listeners can. The speaker becomes an authority for them, a respected person who can be trusted in judgment. And this is already most of success with the public.

The most the right way Adding embellishments to speech is considered to be developing your own style. To do this you need to read a lot and thoughtfully.

Public speaking to different audiences

A toast at a wedding is great practice!

It is impossible to develop speech and learn to speak beautifully without practical speaking. Unfamiliar listeners of different genders and ages are especially valuable. There is no need to be afraid to publicly express your point of view, voice your thoughts, even if the first experience is not as successful as expected.

There is no need to stop there, but, on the contrary, continue to speak publicly in front of people. With each new performance, self-confidence will be added, and this is another stage on the path to success.

Record your favorite phrases, quotes and thoughts

By writing down in a notebook or notebook what you liked in a book or heard in a conversation, you can use it in your speech in the future. This is very helpful in analyzing your performances or the performances of other people. In this case, it is better not to record errors, but to write down best moments discussions.

How nice it is to listen to a person whose speech is competent and interesting at the same time. Unfortunately, there are very few such people. Most often, the vast majority are tongue-tied, cannot construct both grammatically and stylistically, use poor lexicon. And if such people also have to speak in front of the public, then the latter is worthy of regret.

Components of beautiful speech

Speech technique is a combination of several components, knowing which you can gradually learn. It includes several factors. And the main one among them is diction. Speech technique would be impossible without clear pronunciation of sounds - vowels and especially consonants. It seems that speaking clearly and clearly is easy. In reality, things are exactly the opposite, and learning diction can take a lot of time.

In addition, it is very important to be able to speak convincingly and emotionally. This is how you can control and influence your audience. Expressive, lively speech can captivate people so much that they agree with all the arguments of the speaker, without wanting to.

And further. It's important to know what to say. Speech technique hides many nuances that simply need to be taken into account and kept in mind constantly.

Maybe see a speech therapist?

It may very well be that you will have to remember such a specialist, despite the fact that you have already passed the age when he is so necessary. Some people have a real mess in their mouth, and some sounds are pronounced completely wrong.

Sometimes just understanding what you are doing wrong is enough to start speaking correctly. But it often happens that it is very difficult to correct the situation, so you shouldn’t even start. History knows many examples of famous speakers who had unproduced sounds, but this did not stop them from winning over the audience.

Are we going to Russian language class?

And one more nuance. Almost each of us speaks very quickly, “eating” many words and endings. In everyday life this is normal, because dialogue reigns here - if you didn’t hear, you can ask again. Although, of course, you need to strive to be clean and beautiful. Well, even more so on the podium! After all, here one side is already listening, and sometimes it’s very difficult to figure out what the speaker wanted to say. What are we really seeing?

Correct breathing

Breathing tends to cause a lot of confusion among people. We all breathe and cannot exist without it. What's so complicated about this? However, there are difficulties, and considerable ones. The speaker is like a singer or a musician who plays a wind instrument, who simply needs the correct breathing. It is this that will help maintain the clarity of the narration, the correct intonation, and will not allow the voice to break in the wrong place.

There are several, namely: thoracic, in which the shoulders rise upward, abdominal and diaphragmatic. As a rule, women breathe from the chest, unlike men. Perhaps this is why there are fewer good speakers among the fair half of humanity. After all, this art requires diaphragmatic breathing, that is, one in which the diaphragm works.

To set it up, you need to perform simple exercises, but it is important to do it regularly. After a short period of constant and persistent training, which in its load is no different from physical exercise, you will notice that you will breathe completely differently.

How to train breathing?

Correct speech technique includes daily exercises to develop and optimize the respiratory system. We always speak while exhaling, and it is especially important that it be long, but not lead us to exhaustion. Unlike exhalation, inhalation should be vigorous and short. Otherwise there would be long, awkward pauses between words. Although in themselves they are also simply necessary for beautiful speech, nevertheless, these intervals should not be prolonged. That is why it is necessary to perform exercises for long inhalations, and you need to ensure that the air fills the diaphragm area, and then slowly, in portions, is consumed. At the same time, there is no need to bring yourself to a state where a person has already used up all the air, but continues to speak. It doesn't look very nice. It’s better to stop and “take your breath” again.

Diction also requires training

At the same time as performing breathing exercises, do not forget about diction. She should devote a small amount of time, 10-15 minutes daily. Very soon you will notice how your speech will become clear and well understood by others. There are many different diction exercises. But first you need to soberly evaluate your speech. To do this, it will be enough to simply record your voice on a voice recorder, and then listen to the recording very carefully. It would be a good idea to ask someone else to evaluate your diction; perhaps strangers will notice something that escapes your attention and hearing.

So, pay attention to the following points:

• Consonant sounds. What are they: correct or not, do we swallow them?
• What soft consonants sound like.
• How do you pronounce consonants at the junction of two words.
• How to pronounce unstressed vowels.
• How do the consonants sound in different parts words.

Typically you will notice some general trend or an error. Perhaps others will hear something else while listening to the recording. All this is a frontier for the upcoming work on voice and speech in general.

Concept of articulation

In general, we can say that diction and articulation are one and the same thing. There are articulatory muscles that are involved in the process of sound formation, and they need to be trained. These muscles form the correct sounds, which is why it is important that they are strong and strong.

To strengthen them, you can and should do special exercises, which includes a set of exercises for the tongue, jaws, lips and even cheeks.

You can simply make faces, and then lightly massage your cheeks and lips. In addition, there are a lot of exercises for children with speech therapy problems. The most common of them are the “needle”, when you need to make the tongue sharp and stretch as high as possible in the nose, and the “shovel”, when the tongue is as relaxed as possible.

Search for a teacher

If you are very concerned about speaking technique, courses are the best thing you need. You can spend a long time learning to speak beautifully and correctly at home and not notice gross mistakes that nullify all your efforts. An experienced teacher and mentor will correct you in time and will not allow the mistake to take hold. The teacher’s speech technique will serve as a standard and guiding star, which will not let you go astray. It is the specialist who will tell you when you are quite ready to speak in front of people, and will stop you if it is too early and you still need to practice.

What and how to say?

So, even if you have been practicing diction and positioning the breathing apparatus for a long time, but you don’t know what to say, then it’s too early for you to speak. It is necessary that beautiful turns and phrases ripen in your head in time, the right words are remembered in time, and speech flows like a stream. For this purpose, you simply need to read a lot and reflect on different topics. You need to try to find synonyms for many words and expand your vocabulary.

It is also very important to monitor the pace of speech. Many people chatter without noticing it. This makes it very difficult to fully perceive speech. We need to watch the pace at which we speak, it is not that difficult. At first you will have to pay attention to this, and then it will become a habit.

Gesticulation

Gestures are our second language. We simply need it, but there are rules here too. There shouldn't be too many gestures. Sweeping movements are also very distracting. That's why you need to learn to control your body. There is a whole science that studies facial expressions and gestures. Even a superficial acquaintance with her will be of great benefit, because you will learn to read body language at least a little. Every gesture should be thought through. First, study and objectively analyze the movements that you often use, and then make adjustments.

It is advisable to think through all gestures in advance, rehearse in front of a mirror, and demonstrate to your best friends.

If you tell everyone: “I want to speak beautifully... Speech techniques are so complicated!”, then you are unlikely to achieve anything. Beautiful and correct speech goes hand in hand with belief in one’s strength and success. All of them are necessary for almost each of us, because success and self-confidence are one of the main components of the modern world.

Practice - and you will undoubtedly succeed!

We all know how to talk. But still, not everyone expresses their thoughts beautifully and correctly: some are pleasant to listen to, while others cannot convey their thoughts to the listener and attract attention. How to learn to speak correctly? This is quite possible if you put in the effort and act purposefully.

Why speak correctly?

Why is correct speech needed? In general, conversation is the main tool of communication reasonable people, with its help they express their thoughts, transmit and receive information, achieve goals, that is, in essence, interact with each other. Although, of course, even incoherent phrases are quite understandable, but will the one who utters them be taken seriously? Surely not.

So why do we need correct speech?

• To communicate and be understood. If you express yourself clearly, you will be able to convey your thoughts faster and get answers to questions.
• To learn and develop. Currently valued educated people, and in order to become just such a person and achieve the perception of yourself as an accomplished person, you need to learn to speak correctly.
• To achieve success in professional activity. An employee who cannot speak and express thoughts competently is unlikely to build a career, especially in a large organization. But a skillful and talented speaker will certainly show himself with the best side and will become successful.
• To educate the younger generation. Children absorb everything like sponges, and if parents use foul language or do not have proper speech skills, then the child will probably not learn to speak correctly.
• To be proud of your language, because everyone is beautiful in their own way.

The essence of the concept

What is correct speech? This concept does not have an exact definition, but it is completely logical that it implies the ability to speak competently, clearly and beautifully, to express and convey one’s thoughts, to construct phrases and sentences. It would seem that we are taught all this from childhood, but this does not mean that everyone will be able to conduct a competent conversation. To learn to speak beautifully and correctly, you need to have a sufficient vocabulary, think logically and form chains of words, and use the components of speech appropriately and gracefully.

Components of competent speech

The technique of competent speech includes several components:

• Diction, that is, the correct and clear pronunciation of all sounds. Without this component, you will simply “distort” the words.
• Breath. If you do not learn to breathe correctly during a conversation, then your speech will not be properly constructed and convincing enough. In addition, long sentences will automatically cause discomfort.
• Precise, concise and understandable presentation. Don't over-saturate your speech unnecessary words: drawn-out sounds, introductory phrases, interjections and other not the most important, and sometimes completely unnecessary elements.
• Content is the topic of conversation, that is, what you are talking about. You must initially define the essence and stick to it so that your idea is clear and understandable.
• Logic is about correctly constructed phrases and sentences, as well as appropriately used individual words. Competent speech must be logical in order for the speaker to be understood.
• Vocabulary is the words you know and can use. If the idea is complex, then it is unlikely to be conveyed using a limited number of concepts.
• Oratory skills are what make a speech interesting, filled with meaning and emotion. Talented speakers used to be worth their weight in gold, and in modern life Such skills will come in handy in many situations.

How to learn to do it correctly?

If you still don’t know how to speak competently and beautifully, then start correcting the situation as soon as possible. You'll see, this will do you good.

The ability to speak beautifully will be useful to every person, regardless of profession. Interlocutors always react positively to the voice given, good diction, well-constructed phrases and justified intonations. We master the introduction to the art of rhetoric.

Among the professions in demand in Lately, most are based on the ability to speak beautifully and correctly. Lawyers, politicians, announcers on numerous television and radio channels, teachers, those who work with clients - in short, representatives of a huge number successful people must speak in such a way that they are listened to, listened to, and admired.

Therefore, working on your speech includes three main areas:

• diction training (clear pronunciation);
• work on the technique and content of speech;
• increasing your vocabulary and speech development.

In addition to verbal (verbal) there are non-verbal means speech: intonation, facial expressions, communication with gaze, etc. True, these means will begin to “work” if the main tool - your beautiful speech - bears fruit.

The correctness of speech, the clarity of the origin of vowels and consonants, changes in intonation, emphasis in voice - all these characteristics of your speech will help you influence almost any person, win them over, convince them that you are right or that they need to continue further cooperation with you.

Diction training

You need to start your workout with proper breathing. If you breathe incorrectly, this can lead to a break in your voice, prolonged pauses, and a distortion of the meaning of the phrase. Therefore, during public speaking Speakers do not use ordinary breathing, but speech breathing. Normal breathing may simply not be enough, so it is important to learn how to use air correctly and restore it in time. In this case, use diaphragm breathing. It is developed through a whole system of breathing training, but it requires persistence and a lot of patience.

• Record your reading of any text on a voice recorder.
• Listen to the resulting recording.
• Let others listen to it.
• Compare your opinion and someone else's.
• Highlight the main disadvantages.

The most common pronunciation errors are:

• incorrect pronunciation of vowel sounds in weak position(no accent);
• “eating” individual consonant sounds;
• loss of vowel sounds;
• incorrect combination of consonant sounds when they are connected;
• unclear pronunciation of hissing and whistling sounds;
• mispronunciation soft sounds etc.

It is advisable to correct diction with the help of specialists. Now there are many organizations where speech therapists work. Of course, the classes are mainly designed for children, but you can take private lessons to quickly achieve the desired effect.

All classes should begin with exercises to relax the muscles responsible for correct articulation. It is better to follow a certain sequence of exercises. You need to start the exercises with the simplest ones, gradually moving on to more complex ones. You need to exercise every day. Proceed to the next exercise only after the previous one has been fully mastered. Every day you need to set new goals and objectives. Results achieved It should be supported from time to time by repeating the basic exercises.

Working on the content and technique of your speech

One of the common speech mistakes is speaking too quickly. When a person is in a hurry, as they say, chattering, it is difficult to perceive him. You need to learn to control the pace of your speech. To begin with, you can pronounce it in a very at a slow pace some speech material that does not require special understanding. This could be a sequence of numbers, for example, up to one hundred, names of months, cities or countries, a list of male or female names.

It is better to write down this sequence so that you can pronounce the words in forward and reverse order. Over time, having memorized this sequence, it is better to reproduce it from memory, simultaneously training your memory. Then you need to move on to repeating the text by ear. Moreover, it should be recorded at a fast pace, but it will need to be repeated at a slow pace.

How to “put” a voice

Of course, the term “voice production” applies more to musicians, actors and others creative professions. It means that you need to train your voice strength, range and timbre. The power of your voice can be trained by loudly and clearly pronouncing texts of various types: poems, fables, odes, prose poems.

The range can be expanded if you pronounce a variety of text exercises in the highest or lowest tones. In this case, the voice should ideally become higher or lower, depending on the final goal. The timbre of the voice depends on overtones, that is, on an additional tone that sounds like a kind of echo. An overtone appears when sound is reflected from the wall of a natural resonator (your own skull, chest cavity, larynx, etc.).

Speech development

Unfortunately, modern people They become more and more tongue-tied, cannot express thoughts correctly, and are confused about the meanings of words. There are many reasons for this.

Firstly, they read little now, as they spend more time in front of a computer monitor or TV screen.

Secondly, too few samples of literate speech are heard. It’s no secret that even from a TV screen you rarely hear examples of correct and beautiful speech. There is no need to talk about radio stations at all: DJs communicate with radio listeners in the same way as they are used to communicating with friends - peppering their speech with slang words and expressions.

Thirdly, they rarely look theatrical performances. After all, the theater requires special style clothes, you need to behave culturally, the most important thing is to understand the content of individual mise-en-scenes, the complexity of the characters’ characters. All this requires extra effort from people, so it’s much easier to go to the movies, eat popcorn and laugh.

However, if you are firmly convinced that your speech is characterized by a poor vocabulary, an abundance of speech errors and incorrect sentence construction, and you intend to learn how to command the attention of the audience, then you simply urgently need to start working on your own speech.

Learning to speak beautifully

So, here are tips that will help you learn to master beautiful and competent speech.

1. Build sentences correctly

Illiterate and monotonous speech is primarily revealed by incorrectly constructed sentences. When a person painfully selects words to continue the thought he has begun, makes long pauses, and as a result receives a “clumsy” thought, this indicates that he does not have the technique of correctly constructing sentences.

To learn how to structure correctly, you need to start with written exercises, writing down interesting thoughts, observations, and aphorisms in a separate notebook. In the future, immediately before the performance, you need to compose the text in advance on paper, retelling it according to ready plan, repeating individual expressions.

You can generally keep a diary (this is fashionable, judging by TV series like “The Diary of Doctor Zaitseva” and similar ones), recording your impressions of the day, some of your observations, reasoning. All this contributes to the development of speech in general, and the correct construction of sentences in particular.

2. Increase your vocabulary

Poverty of speech reveals a meager vocabulary. If a person expresses his assessments, judgments, comments in the same words, this indicates that it is difficult for him to express his thoughts due to lack of knowledge. Therefore, such speech makes a repulsive impression, and the person himself will not have authority, especially among those who are fluent in speech.

Agree, in our time, say, a tongue-tied school principal is nonsense. He simply will not be able to speak in front of teachers, which means he will not be able to gain authority either among his colleagues or among the students of his own school. After all, even illiterate students understand that teachers, and even more so the director, must be literate in every sense of the word.

How to diversify your speech? Of course, first of all, work with explanatory dictionary. Having heard a word that is new to you, you need to find its meaning in the dictionary, write it down and remember it. Moreover, you need to remember a word only in context, that is, in a sentence. Used without context, a word may be incomprehensible or perceived with a distorted meaning.

It’s a good idea to at least solve crosswords or scanword puzzles, because they also give the meanings of words, sometimes in an allegorical or ironic sense, which helps to learn to understand the polysemy of a word. It is also important to read articles in various magazines - not just glossy ones.

For example, reading economic news will help you understand the financial and legal fields and will significantly enrich your speech with terms from these areas. If you are interested in medicine, even by watching programs like “Live Healthy” and similar ones, you can understand many medical concepts, ranging from a basic injection to highly specialized terms.

By reading articles on psychology, you can expand your vocabulary with a wide variety of modern concepts, because now almost everyone is either his own psychologist or his own doctor. Ideally, it is better to expand your social circle. After all, by maintaining relationships with lawyers, specialists in the field of IT technologies, doctors, teachers, etc., you will, wittingly or unwittingly, hear words that are new to you, gradually starting to understand their meaning, and then introducing them into your own speech.

3. Learn to highlight the main thing

Attention to detail is good for observation. But, especially in public ones, excessive detail can lead to weakening interest and boredom. Therefore, it is important to learn how to compress any information. By using computer programs Compressing the amount of information is quite simple. How to do this with text?

You need to learn to control the pace of speech so that you have time to stop before you blurt out something like that. Let it be better to have a short pause than “booing” and “backing”. This requires self-discipline and constant self-control from a person, but the result is certainly worth such sacrifices.

5. Expand your speaking practice

Now, in the age of testing and copying of ready-made homework assignments, the opportunity to speak with monologue speech. This is why former schoolchildren and students later come to work tongue-tied. Therefore, if you set yourself the goal of learning to speak correctly, it is important to use all opportunities for public speaking already at school.

Oral answers in class, speeches at various scientific and practical conferences, speeches in front of classmates, on stage - all this will not only help you become self-confident, but will also force you to speak coherently, competently, and convincingly.

Of course, reading classic fiction or popular science literature will also help, because you can always give examples from books or modern reality. And nothing makes a speech more convincing than bringing large quantity arguments.

Use gestures that will make you feel more comfortable when in front of an audience, and the right associations will be evoked by listeners. If at first you speak, looking at your notes, then frequent and lengthy speeches will soon help you feel confident even during direct communication with the audience or a certain circle of people.