Commodity structure of world trade at the present stage. Commodity structure of world trade

International trade is nothing but the process of buying and selling, which is carried out between sellers, buyers, intermediaries from different countries. The structure of international trade includes goods, and the ratio between them is called the trade balance.

The commodity structure of international trade is changing and subject to the impact of scientific and technological revolution, as well as the deepening division of labor. At the moment, the most important products in international trade are equipment, machinery, chemical products, vehicles - these are the types of products whose share is growing especially rapidly. And trade in high-tech products and science-intensive goods is developing very dynamically. This stimulates the exchange of services between countries, especially those that are of a communicative, industrial, financial, credit, scientific and technical nature. goods for industrial purposes is stimulated by trade in services (leasing, consulting, information and computing, engineering).

The structure of international trade indicates the ratio in the total volume of any parts, depending on the chosen feature. The general structure of international trade shows the ratio of imports and exports in shares or percentages. In monetary terms, the share of exports is always less than the share of imports. And in the physical volume, this ratio is equal to one. The commodity structure of international trade shows what is the share of certain goods in its total volume.

Some goods do not participate in world trade at all. Therefore, they are all divided into non-tradable and tradable. The first group is those that, for various reasons (strategic importance for the country, lack of competitiveness) do not move between different countries. And the first group - goods that can move freely.

When the structure of international trade is characterized by specialists, two groups of goods are distinguished: and raw materials.

The geographical structure of international trade is characterized by the distribution of trade in the directions of various commodity flows. Currently, there is such a situation that countries that are industrially developed and have a more developed economy trade the most with each other. focused on the markets of those countries that are industrialized. 25 percent of world trade - such is their share in world trade. Recently, countries called new industrial (Asian) countries have played an increasingly important role, while oil exporting countries are losing their importance in world trade.

International trade takes many forms. By the number of items, it can be single- and multi-subject. There is also a division by the number of parties into bilateral and multilateral. By territorial coverage, world trade is divided into local, regional, interregional and global. There is also a division according to the structure of relations into intra-company, intra-industry, inter-industry, horizontal, vertical and mixed.

At present, international trade has an important role in the economic development of many countries, as well as regions and the world community. is now considered the most powerful factor in the growth of the economy. And now many countries are heavily dependent on international trade. Such a dynamic growth of international trade is influenced by such factors as the internationalization of production, the development of the division of labor between countries, the activities and existence of transnational corporations, TNCs, and scientific and technological revolutions.

Starting from the second half of the XX century. there has been a significant restructuring of world trade. If in the first half of the century 2/3 of the world trade was accounted for by food, raw materials and fuel, then by the end of the century they account for 1/4 of the trade. The share of trade in manufacturing products increased from 1/3 to 3/4. And finally, more than 1/3 of all world trade in the mid-90s. is a trade in machinery and equipment.

Currently, manufacturing products are of the greatest importance in world trade: they account for 3/4 of the world trade turnover. The share of such products as machines, equipment, vehicles, chemical products, manufacturing products and high-tech goods is growing especially fast.

The share of food, raw materials and fuel is approximately 1/4.

One of the rapidly developing areas of international trade is the trade in chemical products. It should be noted that there is a trend towards an increase in the consumption of raw materials and energy resources. However, the growth rate of trade in raw materials lags markedly behind the overall growth rate of world trade. This lag is due to the production of substitutes for raw materials, their more economical use, and the deepening of processing.

An important trend is the expansion of trade in this group of goods between industrialized countries.

In connection with the growth of such trade, the exchange of services has grown sharply: scientific, technical, industrial, commercial, as well as financial and credit. Active trade in machinery and equipment has given rise to a number of new services, such as engineering, leasing, consulting, information and computing services, which, in turn, stimulates the exchange of services between countries, especially scientific, technical, industrial, communicative, financial and credit. At the same time, trade in services (especially such as information and computing, consulting, leasing, engineering) stimulates world trade in industrial goods.

The fastest growing exports are electrical and electronic equipment, which account for more than 25% of all exports of machinery products (Table 1).

Table 1

Commodity structure of world exports by main

product groups, %

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

«RUSSIAN CORRESPONDENCE INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE AND LIGHT

INDUSTRY»

Branch of GOU VPO "RosZITLP" in Omsk

Chair Social Sciences________________________________

TEST

By discipline: World economy

On the topic: The structure of international trade, its forms, dynamics and

pricing

Performed: Zhogoleva M.V.

Faculty: PMT Speciality: 080109

Group: 342-08 cipher: 0-408001

Consulted: Konovalova O. N.

Signature of the teacher who accepted the work: ___________________________

Omsk - 2010

1. Commodity structure of international trade…………………………………..3

2.Forms of international trade…………………………………………………...6

3.Dynamics of development of international trade…………………………………..8

4. Fundamentals and features of pricing in the world market…………………..9

References……………………………………………………………………14

1. Commodity structure of international trade

International trade is the process of buying and selling between buyers, sellers and intermediaries from different countries. International trade includes the export and import of goods, the ratio between which is called the balance of trade.

The commodity structure of world trade is changing under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, the deepening of the international division of labor. At present, manufacturing products are of the greatest importance in world trade. The share of such types of products as machinery, equipment, vehicles, and chemical products is growing especially fast. Trade in science-intensive goods and high-tech products is developing most dynamically, which stimulates the cross-country exchange of services, especially of a scientific, technical, industrial, communicative, financial and credit nature. Trade in services (especially such as information and computing, consulting, leasing, engineering) stimulates world trade in industrial goods.

The geographical distribution of world trade is characterized by the predominance of countries with developed market economies, industrialized countries. Developed countries trade the most with each other. The trade of developing countries is mainly oriented towards the markets of industrialized countries. Their share in world trade is about 25% of world trade. The importance of oil-exporting countries in world trade has declined significantly in recent years; the role of the so-called new industrial countries, especially Asian ones, is becoming more and more noticeable.

In modern conditions, the active participation of the country in world trade is associated with significant advantages: it allows more efficient use of the resources available in the country, to join the world achievements of science and technology, to carry out structural restructuring of its economy in a shorter time, and also to meet the needs of the population more fully and in a more diverse way.

World trade in various groups of countries is naturally connected with the originality of the national economies of groups of countries.

The first group is the rich countries of the world, which account for most of the world's production and income. The Eastern European region is a trade area made up of the countries of the former Soviet bloc. The rest of the world's countries are called developing, or underdeveloped, countries.

Most of the world's trade takes place between industrialized countries. The small volume of trade between underdeveloped countries suggests that a large part of their exports consists of raw materials and materials used in the production of industrialized countries. From time to time, political disagreements arise between "rich" and "poor" countries over the distribution of income from trade. Special measures should be taken to rectify the situation within this system, and that they should receive some kind of compensation for the difficulties they have to face. These countries argue that, as debtors of key commodities, they are particularly vulnerable to the macroeconomic policies of the industrialized countries that determine the global level of interest rates and commodity prices. As producers of manufactured goods, these countries talk about their vulnerability to protectionism. And all this is exacerbated by appalling poverty.

The southern countries are demanding the right to a larger share of the world's resources, and their demands are addressed to all rich countries - capitalist and socialist. The countries of the South believe that many of their difficulties arise from the existing world economic order, proving that its operation is directed against them. Their allegations are as follows:

The main exports of these countries are commodities, in particular, copper, tin, bauxite, coffee, and cocoa. Markets for these products are controlled by high-income countries and fluctuate too much to allow countries in the South to develop rapidly and sustainably. Moreover, the prices of raw materials fall on average relative to the prices of manufactured goods, thus reducing the purchasing power of exporting countries of these goods;

The markets for those manufactured goods to which the underdeveloped countries wish to produce and export are closed to them as a result of the protectionist policies of the developed countries. The underdeveloped countries claim that industrialization is the only way for rapid development, and high-income countries hinder their rapid growth;

The conditions under which financial assistance for development is provided are too heavy. Countries in the South complain that it is difficult to obtain credit from private sources such as commercial banks, and if credit is available, it is only for a period too short for investment projects. Loans from large international institutions, such as the World Bank, are expensive;

2. Forms of international trade

Forms of international trade can be systematized in three directions. The criteria for determining the forms are regulation, the subject of trade, the interaction of subjects of international trade.

Classification of forms of international trade

Theorists of international trade give the following typification of international cooperation:

1. By the number of items

One-subject;

Multi-subject;

2. By the number of sides

double sided;

Multilateral;

3. By territorial coverage

local;

Regional;

Interregional;

Global;

4. By stages of the process

production;

A commercial;

5. According to the structure of connections

Intracompany;

Intra-industry;

Intersectoral;

horizontal;

vertical;

mixed;

6. By organizational form

Negotiable;

Joint Programs;

joint venture;

7. By connection objects

production;

Scientific and technical;

Marketing;

Marketing;

Industrial cooperation.

Trade, combined with cooperation, involves the conclusion of contracts linking the production processes of independent firms. Depending on the degree of integration, there are production, marketing, production and marketing, and trade as part of consortiums.

Compensatory trade in the form of exchange of goods (barter trade), countertrade in the form of repurchase of products or compensation agreements has recently become a popular type of international trade. The latter can be in the form of: actually, compensation agreements, repurchase, agreements providing for compensation.

Speaking about the regulation of the world market of raw materials, it should be noted that it occurs in two ways: the conclusion of international commodity agreements, taking into account development programs, stabilization, administrative management and the creation of international industry organizations, such as associations of oil exporting countries (OPEC).

3. Dynamics of development of international trade

Since the second half of the 20th century, when international exchange, according to M. Pebro's definition, acquires an "explosive character", world trade has been developing at a high pace. In the period 1950-1998. world exports grew 16 times. According to Western experts, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be characterized as a "golden age" in the development of international trade. In the 1970s, world exports fell to 5%, falling further in the 1980s. In the late 80s, he showed a noticeable revival. Since the second half of the 20th century, the uneven dynamics of foreign trade has manifested itself. In the 1990s, Western Europe was the main center of international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than those of the United States. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to emerge as a leader in terms of competitiveness. In the same period, it was joined by the "new industrial countries" of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong Taiwan. However, by the mid-1990s, the United States was once again taking a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Export of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion. USD. The share of the group of goods is 80% of services 20% of the total volume of trade in the world.

At the present stage, international trade plays an important role in the economic development of countries, regions, the entire world community:

foreign trade has become a powerful factor in economic growth;

· the dependence of countries on international trade has increased significantly.

The main factors affecting the growth of international trade:

development of the international division of labor and the internationalization of production;

· activities of transnational corporations TNCs;

4. Fundamentals and features of pricing in the world market

When analyzing the processes associated with pricing in world commodity markets, it is necessary to carefully study all the factors influencing price formation, both of a general nature and purely applied ones. It depends on prices which costs of producers will be reimbursed after the sale of the goods, which are not, what is the level of income, profits and where they will be, and whether resources will be directed in the future, whether there will be incentives for further expansion of foreign economic activity (FEA).

In a market economy, pricing in foreign trade, as well as in the domestic market, is carried out under the influence of a specific market situation. In principle, the very concept of price is similar both for the characteristics of the domestic market and for the characteristics of the external one. The price, including in international trade, is the amount of money that the seller intends to receive by offering a product or service, and which the buyer is ready to pay for this product or service. The coincidence of these two requirements depends on many conditions, called "pricing factors". By nature, level and scope, they can be divided into five groups listed below.

General economic, i.e. operating regardless of the type of product and the specific conditions of its production and sale. These include:

1. economic cycle;

2. the state of aggregate supply and demand;

3. inflation.

Specifically economic, i.e. determined by the characteristics of this product, the conditions of its production and sale. These include:

4. costs;

5. profit;

6. taxes and fees;

7. supply and demand for this product or service, taking into account fungibility;

8. consumer properties: quality, reliability, appearance, prestige.

Specific, i.e. applicable only to certain types of goods and services:

9. seasonality;

10. operating costs;

11. completeness;

12. guarantees and conditions of service.

Special, i.e. associated with the operation of special mechanisms and economic instruments:

13. state regulation;

14. exchange rate.

Non-economic, political; military.

As noted above, prices are determined by the conditions of competition, the state and ratio of supply and demand. However, in the international market, the pricing process has its own peculiarities. With this in mind, the effect of the above groups of pricing factors should also be considered. Take supply and demand for example.

It is known that the correlation of supply and demand in the conditions of the world market is felt by the subjects of foreign trade much more acutely than by suppliers of products in the domestic market. A participant in international trade faces a greater number of competitors in the market than in the domestic market. He must see the world market before him, constantly compare his production costs not only with domestic market prices, but also with world ones. The manufacturer-seller of goods on the foreign market is in the mode of constant

"price stress". Significantly more in the international market and buyers. Secondly, within the world market, factors of production are less mobile. No one will dispute the fact that the freedom of movement of goods, capital, services and labor is much lower than within one particular state. Their movement is constrained by national borders, relations in the monetary sphere, which counteracts the alignment of costs and profits.

Naturally, all this cannot but affect the formation of world prices. World prices are understood as the prices of large export-import transactions concluded in the world commodity markets, in the main centers of world trade. The concept of "world commodity market" means a set of stable, recurring transactions for the purchase and sale of these goods and services that have organizational international forms (exchanges, auctions, etc.), or are expressed in systematic export-import transactions of large suppliers and buyers . And in world trade, the factors under the influence of which market prices are formed, first of all, naturally include the state of supply and demand.

Practically, the price of the offered goods is affected by:

15. effective demand of the buyer of this product, i.e. simply put, the availability of money;

16. volume of demand - the quantity of goods that the buyer is able to purchase;

17. usefulness of the product and its consumer properties.

On the supply side, the constituent pricing factors are:

18. quantity of goods offered by the seller on the market;

19. costs of production and circulation in the sale of goods on the market;

20. prices for resources or means of production used in the production of the relevant product.

A common factor is the substitution of the goods offered for sale by others that satisfy the buyer. The level of world prices is affected by the payment currency, payment terms and some other, both economic and non-economic factors.

In the world market, cases of “distortion in the balance of supply and demand” are possible. In the event of a huge demand for a product, a situation may arise in which a product produced in the worst conditions at a national price will be thrown onto the market, which in essence will determine the world price for some time and which will certainly be very high. Conversely, often the supply greatly exceeds the demand. Then the bulk of sales falls on those subjects of international trade, the production conditions in which are the best, and prices are lower.

When working with market prices, including foreign trade prices, one should take into account the differences in them, taking into account the positions of individual parties and the market situation. First, there are the concepts of "seller's price", i.e. offered by the seller, and therefore relatively higher, and "buyer's prices", i.e. accepted and paid by the buyer, and therefore relatively lower. Secondly, depending on the market situation, the "seller's market", in which, due to the predominance of demand, commercial indicators and prices are dictated by the seller, and the "buyer's market", in which, due to the predominance of supply, the buyer dominates and the situation in terms of prices is opposite. But this market situation is constantly changing, which is reflected in prices. And this means that it should be the subject of constant observation and study. Otherwise, very serious errors are possible in determining prices.

In the last two or three decades, an important role in the pricing of goods, especially in world trade, has been occupied by related services provided by the manufacturer and supplier of any product to the importer or end user. These are the generally accepted terms of delivery:

maintenance, warranty repair, other specific types of services related to the promotion, sale and use of goods. This aspect is especially important in modern conditions, in the period of the development of high technologies, the complication of machines and equipment. There are known examples when the cost of services in the export of equipment and machinery accounted for 60 percent of the supply price.

The development of science and technology, influencing the improvement of the qualitative characteristics of the goods, on the other hand, affects world prices. The introduction of new technologies increases labor productivity, production efficiency, and reduces labor costs. Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, in absolute terms, the price is growing for almost all groups of goods. However, taking into account the so-called. useful effect (for example, increases the speed, reliability, etc.) the relative cost of the product, and hence its price for the consumer is reduced.

When analyzing prices, one should also take into account the movement of the economic cycle, which has a certain specificity in the field of international economic relations. So, in the depression stage, prices usually do not rise. Conversely, in the upswing stage, due to the excess of demand over supply, prices increase. It should be noted that depending on the type of goods and product groups, the dynamics of price changes is different. Thus, when the market conditions change, prices change most sharply and quickly for almost all types of raw materials, the reaction of producers and suppliers of semi-finished products is slower, and the “price reaction” to the products of the machine-building complex is even weaker.

Bibliography

1. Bulatova A.S., Liventseva N.N. World economy and international economic relations: Proc. – M.: Master, 2008.

2. Spiridonov I.A. World economy: Proc. allowance. - M.: INFRA-M, 2000.

3. Lomakin V.K. World economy: Textbook for universities. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2007.

Ministry of Agriculture VGOU VPO Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering University

Faculty of Correspondence Education

Department of Economic Theory

Test

Topic:"The Commodity and Geographic Structure of World Trade."

Students: Bondarenko Irina Aleksandrovna

Specialty: Economics and Management in the agro-industrial complex

Group No. 31

Teacher: Perchatkina

Irina Evgenievna

Chelyabinsk 2010

1. Introduction.

2. Essence of world trade. The concept of world trade.

3.Theoretical foundations of international trade.

4.Tovarnaya and geographical structure of world trade.

5.Features of the dynamics of the commodity structure of international trade.

6.Conclusion

7. List of used literature

1. Introduction

International trade is a form of communication between producers of different countries, arising on the basis of the international division of labor, and expresses their mutual economic dependence. The following definition is often given in the literature: International trade is the process of buying and selling between buyers, sellers and intermediaries in different countries.

International trade includes the export and import of goods, the ratio between which is called the balance of trade. The UN statistical handbooks provide data on the volume and dynamics of world trade as the sum of the value of exports of all countries of the world.

The term "foreign trade" refers to the trade of a country with other countries, consisting of paid import (import) and paid export (export) of goods.

International trade is the paid total trade turnover between all countries of the world. However, the concept of “international trade” is also used in a narrower sense: for example, the total trade turnover of industrialized countries, the total trade turnover of developing countries, the total trade turnover of the countries of a continent, region, for example, the countries of Eastern Europe, etc.

National production differences are determined by different endowment with production factors - labor, land, capital, as well as different internal needs for certain goods. The effect that foreign trade has on the dynamics of national income growth, consumption and investment activity is characterized for each country by quite definite quantitative dependencies.

Also, world trade is divided into two branches, which can be called geographical and commodity structures. It should be noted that, like any other organizational areas, these structures are characterized by constant evolution.

2. Essence of world trade. The concept of world trade.

International trade is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries, arising on the basis of the international division of labor, and expresses their mutual economic dependence.

Structural shifts taking place in the economies of countries under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, specialization and cooperation in industrial production enhance the interaction of national economies. This contributes to the intensification of international trade. International trade, which mediates the movement of all intercountry commodity flows, is growing faster than production. According to the World Trade Organization, for every 10% increase in world production, there is a 16% increase in world trade. This creates more favorable conditions for its development. When there are disruptions in trade, the development of production also slows down.

The term "foreign trade" refers to the trade of a country with other countries, consisting of paid import (import) and paid export (export) of goods.

Diverse foreign trade activity is subdivided according to commodity specialization into: trade in finished products, trade in machinery and equipment, trade in raw materials and trade in services.

International trade is called the paid cumulative trade turnover between all countries of the world. However, the concept of "international trade" is used in a narrower sense. It denotes, for example, the total trade turnover of industrialized countries, the total trade turnover of developing countries, the total trade turnover of countries of any continent or region.

3.Theoretical foundations of international trade.

The centuries-old history of world trade is based on quite tangible benefits that it brings to the countries participating in it. During this period, explanations of causes and consequences have developed into specific theories. The general theory of international trade gives an idea of ​​what underlies this benefit from foreign trade or what determines the direction of foreign trade flows.

Classical theory of international trade.

The foundations of the theory of international trade were formulated in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. outstanding English economists A. Smith and D. Ricardo.

A. Smith in the book "A Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776) deduced theory of absolute advantages. The main conclusion is that it can be profitable for the state not only to sell, but also to buy goods on the foreign market. Thanks to the international division of labor, it is always more profitable to grow citrus fruits in tropical countries, and not in England. Smith's merit was that he explained cross-country trade flows through the presence of natural and acquired advantages.

D. Ricardo in his work "The Beginnings of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817) formulated a more general principle of mutually beneficial trade and international specialization

including the Smith model as a special case.

Ricardo opened law of comparative advantage, according to which each country specializes in the production of those goods for which its labor costs are comparatively lower, although absolutely they can sometimes be somewhat more than abroad. As a result, it is concluded that free trade leads to specialization in the production of each country, the development of the production of relatively advantageous goods, an increase in output worldwide, as well as an increase in consumption in each country.

Heckscher-Ohlin model.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. as a result of structural shifts in international trade, the role of natural differences as a factor in the international division of labor has significantly decreased. Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin(in the 20-30s of the XX century) created a theory explaining the reasons for international trade in manufactured goods. According to the authors, different countries are endowed with labor, capital, land, as well as different needs for certain goods to varying degrees.

The concept of Samuelson and Stolper.

In the middle of the XX century. (1948) American economists P. Samuelson and V. Stolper improved the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, imagining that in the case of homogeneity of factors of production, identity of technology, perfect competition and complete mobility of goods, international exchange equalizes the price of factors of production between countries. The authors base their concept on the Ricardo model with the additions of Heckscher and Ohlin and consider trade not just as a mutually beneficial exchange, but also as a means to reduce the gap in the level of development between countries.

Leontief's paradox.

In the mid 50s of the XX century. American economist of Russian origin V. Leontiev developed the theory of foreign trade in a work known as "Leontiev's paradox". Using the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, he showed that the American economy in the postwar period specialized in those types of production that required relatively more labor than capital. This contradicted earlier ideas about the US economy, which, due to excess capital, would have to export mainly capital-intensive goods. By including in the analysis more than two factors of production, including scientific and technical progress, differences in the types of labor (skilled and unskilled) and their differentiated pay in different countries, Leontiev explained the above paradox and thereby contributed to the theory of comparative advantages .

Theory of Vernon and Kindelberg.

In the second half of the 60s of the XX century. distribution of semi-chila product life cycle theory, developed by R. Vernon, as well as C. Kindelberg and L. Wales. Each new product goes through a cycle of introduction, expansion, maturity and aging, on the basis of which modern trade relations between countries in the exchange of finished products can be explained. According to the cycle, countries specialize in producing exports of the same product at different stages of maturity.

Michael Porter's Theory of Competitive Advantage.

The theoretical explanations of the international exchange of goods discussed above show that traditional foreign trade theories are not sufficient to explain the modern international exchange of goods. Nevertheless, they are basic in the theoretical studies of Western scientists and explain the emergence and direction of international trade in goods by comparative advantages due to product differentiation and differences in the sets of factors of individual countries. A country exports goods in the production of which it has a comparative cost advantage and imports goods in the production of which it does not have these advantages.

In the last two decades, the macroeconomic approach to analysis in the theories of international trade has been supplemented by a micro-economic one, which is manifested in the significant interest of scientists in the development of various models of participation in international trade of individual firms and corporations. In this case, most authors assign a decisive role to the implementation of the technological advantages of individual corporations in markets that are most receptive to innovations. The objects of international trade in this case are both technology embodied in high technology goods and pure technology (in the form of licenses).

The most famous of them is theory of competitive advantage Michael Porter. It consistently promotes the idea that firms, not countries, compete in the international market, so it is important to understand how a firm creates and maintains competitive advantage and to understand the country's role in this process. The competitiveness of a country in international exchange is determined by the impact and relationship of the following four main components, called the "competitive rhombus": factor conditions (the presence in the country of the main factors of production); domestic demand conditions causing economies of scale; availability of related and supporting industries (clusters); the company's strategy, its structure and place in intra-industry competition.

Commodity structure world trade is changing under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, the deepening of the international division of labor. Today, manufacturing products are of the greatest importance in world trade.
It should be noted that the share of such types of products as machinery, equipment, vehicles, and chemical products is growing especially fast. The share of food, raw materials and fuel is approximately 1/4. Trade in science-intensive goods and high-tech products is developing most dynamically, which stimulates the exchange of services between countries, especially of a scientific, technical, industrial, communicative, financial and credit nature. Trade in services(especially such as information and computing, consulting, leasing, engineering) stimulates world trade in industrial goods.

For geographical distribution world trade is characterized by the predominance of countries with developed market economies, industrialized countries. Developed countries trade the most with each other. The trade of developing countries is mainly oriented towards the markets of industrialized countries. Their share in world trade is about 25% of world trade. The importance of oil-exporting countries in world trade has been declining in recent years; the role of the so-called new industrial countries, especially Asian ones, is becoming more and more noticeable.

Let us note the fact that in modern conditions active participation of the country in world trade associated with significant benefits, i.e. allows:

1. make better use of the resources available in the country;
2. to join the world achievements of science and technology;
3. in a shorter time to carry out structural restructuring of its economy;
4. more fully and diversified to meet the needs of the population.

World trade in various groups of countries is naturally connected with the transformation of the national economies of groups of countries.

First group- ϶ᴛᴏ rich countries of the world, which account for most of the world's production and income.

The rest of the world's countries are called developing, or underdeveloped, countries.

The small volume of trade between underdeveloped countries suggests that a large part of their exports consists of raw materials and materials used in the production of industrialized countries. From time to time, political disagreements arise between "rich" and "poor" countries over the distribution of income from trade.

To correct the situation within the framework of the ϶ᴛᴏth system, special measures: countries should be compensated in some way for the hardships they have to face. As debtors of key commodities, countries are particularly vulnerable to macroeconomic policy industrialized countries defining world level of interest rates and commodity prices.

How manufacturers of manufactured goods in these countries talk about their vulnerability to protectionism.

And all ϶ᴛᴏ is exacerbated by appalling poverty.