The structure of the neon atom. Neon - what is it? Where is neon used Obtaining neon

The chemical element neon is widely distributed in the universe, but on Earth it is considered quite rare. Nevertheless, they learned how to get it without visiting outer space, and now it is used in industry, for the manufacture of radio and photographic equipment, as well as for deep-sea diving. What is neon? What properties and features does it have? We will talk about this.

What is neon?

In the Periodic Table of Mendeleev, this element is located in the eighth group at number ten. It is denoted by the symbol Ne. As a simple substance, it is a monatomic gas that is odorless, colorless, and tasteless.

It exists as three isotopes 20 Ne, 21 Ne and 22 Ne, which are inherently stable. The most common nuclide is 20 Ne. In the atmosphere of our planet, its abundance is almost 90%, while for the isotope 22 Ne - 9.25%, and for the isotope 21 Ne - only 0.27%. The last two isotopes are formed mainly due to cosmic radiation, which affects the nuclei of sodium, silicon, aluminum and other elements. That is why on Earth they are most often present in the air, and not in water or the earth's crust. The source of education on our planet Neon-20 is still not known. In addition to these isotopes, about 16 unstable nuclides are known to be isolated with a decay period from 9 zeptoseconds to 3.38 minutes.

Discovery history

About what neon is, it became known only at the end of the 19th century. Prior to this, science had discovered only two inert gases - argon and helium, occupying the first and third periods of the periodic table. At the same time, the place of the second period remained empty, so the researchers assumed the existence in nature of at least one more such substance. In 1997, the Scottish chemist Ramsay even dedicated a report to him, which was called "Undiscovered Gas". And the very next year, he was lucky enough to discover the missing element.

To find it, the scientist analyzed helium and aragon, studied the composition of minerals, but success came when he turned to air. He liquefied and slowly evaporated the gas mixture, and then passed it by fractions through a special discharge tube with electric current. The undiscovered substance was supposed to have properties close to helium, so Ramsay hoped to find it in the lightest fraction, which would evaporate first.

And so it happened. Interacting with electrons in the tube, the first fraction of air began to glow, and next to the spectrum of helium and argon, the scientist saw other lines. They became confirmation that the existence of a previously unknown gas. Ramsay gave the Greek name "neon" to the discovered element, which means "new".

Properties

What neon is is best judged by its physical and chemical properties. This gas is one of the lightest. Its density is 0.0089999 g/cm³. It boils at -246.05 °C and melts at -248.6 °C.

Neon practically does not react with other substances. He hardly gives or attaches electrons to himself, so he is classified as a noble gas. In terms of inertness, only helium can be compared with it. So far, it has not been possible to obtain any of its valence compounds. It is slightly soluble in water, but is well adsorbed by activated carbon.

Like other noble gases, it has good electrical conductivity. If a high voltage current is passed through it, it will begin to glow. There are about 900 lines of different colors in the gas spectrum, but the brightest of them are red and orange. This property of neon has found wide application in the field of outdoor advertising. Already twelve years after its opening, red luminous signs with the names of shops and cafes began to appear on the streets. The first patent for them was filed by Claude Neon Lights Inc.

Distribution in nature

Neon, or Ne, can be called an extraterrestrial gas, because there is much more of it in outer space and on other astronomical objects than on our planet. Especially a lot of it in the atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter, in nebulae and very hot stars. In addition, it is found in meteorites and other cosmic bodies.

In the entire universe, gas is the fifth most abundant gas, behind hydrogen, helium, oxygen and carbon. Its content by weight is about 0.13% by weight.

On Earth, it is considered a rare element. In the earth's crust it contains about 7 10 -9%, approximately 2 10 -8% - in ocean waters and salty reservoirs. The highest concentration of this chemical element is observed in the atmosphere of the planet, where its content is 1.82 10 −3% by volume.

How is it received?

Due to the low prevalence of neon in rocks and water, its main source is atmospheric air. Gas is obtained from it by means of strong cooling. At the temperature of liquid nitrogen, neon crystallizes and easily separates from helium, which remains in the gaseous state.

It is also obtained as a by-product during the extraction of nitrogen and oxygen from the air. In this case, activated carbon adsorption is used to separate the gas. To determine neon, spectral radiation or chromatographic analysis is usually used.

Areas of use

The chemical element neon is still used in signs and advertising banners, and it is also mixed with other substances to obtain different colors. Together with helium, it is used in the manufacture of lasers, independently - for the production of photographic equipment.

Liquid neon has a better heat capacity than helium and is much cheaper. Together with hydrogen, it is used as a refrigerant for various refrigeration units. Cryogenic chambers based on these gases are necessary in medicine for freezing living tissues. A mixture of neon and helium is used to alleviate the condition of patients with difficulty breathing, for this it is distributed in rooms that are filled with nitrogen-free air.

The Russian language is very rich and diverse. It often contains lexical items that came from other languages. It often happens that one word has several meanings at once. Uneducated people can confuse them and apply certain terms inappropriately. To prevent this from happening, it is better to be interested in the origin of the word, its meaning and application. Today we will talk about neon.

What are the options?

It turned out that this word has many meanings. Neon is a chemical element, it is also a type of fish. This is sometimes referred to as billboards. And among teenagers, this word is often used as the title of a song or the name of a new chest in the game. Of course, these are far from all the meanings that this word has acquired. But they are the most common, and therefore we will talk about them.

Chemistry

So, let's start with the most famous, popular value. Neon is a chemical element. He is located in the periodic table in the 18th group. Its serial number (atomic) is 10. It is designated as Ne. It is an inert gas and has no color or odor.

Short story

Although neon actually originated from thin air, it entered the periodic table thanks to the scientists William Ramsay and Maurice Travers. They obtained this after a chemical study in which oxygen, nitrogen and other components became liquefied. So in 1898, another chemical element became known to the world.

His name has Greek roots. When neon was discovered, the son of one of the chemists suggested that his father call the element "new" - in the Latin way. But Ramsay decided to add Greek roots to this word. He believed that "neon" would sound better than "novum".

Where to find?

Neon is a fairly common element. It can be found both in space and in the earth's crust. In the first case, it is distributed very unevenly. However, as stated earlier, he still ranks 5th. Most neon is on the Sun and on all other "hot" stars.

But in the earth's crust, it is the least common relative to other elements. Although in its eighth group it ranks third after argon and helium. On our planet, this element is also found in the atmosphere, but in extremely small quantities. Due to its mass, neon does not linger on Earth, but is sent directly into the atmosphere.

Usage

Despite the small amount of this element, its use is still quite common. It is placed in cryogenic facilities. There he plays the role of a cooler. It was also previously used as an inert medium, but then it was discovered that argon is a cheaper analogue. Most often neon is filled with discharge lamps. Therefore, many people know this element from signboards, photocells, and radio equipment.

If you fill the tube with neon and nitrogen, pass a current through them, then it will burn orange-red. This technique is often seen in advertising. Of course, it happens that a green glow can be called neon. But this is not entirely true, since most often in this case another gas or a fluorescent coating is used.

water world

Speaking about another meaning of this word, it is worth remembering the water world. In this case, neon is a fish of the characin family. Initially, these inhabitants of the waters appeared in the Amazon. This name was given due to the chemical element, which we talked about earlier. They were first seen in aquariums in 1938.

These fish are very popular. Photos of neon can be seen in many publications devoted to breeding aquarium fish. These are small and nimble individuals. Their body has a luminous blue-green color, and their tail is bright red. Home view can grow up to 4 centimeters.

Neon's closest relative is the neon iris. This fish lives in the New Guinea River. At first glance, they are very similar. But if you look closely, they have a different shape, size and color.

Home pet

It turns out that the maintenance of neon is very simple. Perhaps that is why they are often found in aquariums. These fish are unpretentious. Even a beginner in this business can easily cope with them. Some sources say that neons can live in water, the temperature of which ranges from 18 to 28 degrees. But in practice, the situation is somewhat different. For neon, it will still be more comfortable to live at a temperature of 20-22 degrees. Then they can stay in such an environment for up to 4 years.

In order for neons to please you longer, it is better to protect them from the stresses associated with transportation or transplantation. It is also better to place them where there are more of their brethren. It is more comfortable for them to live in packs (at least 5-6 pieces). For aeration, it is better to use a sprayer to avoid a continuous stream. Well. finally, you need to feed the neon with any food, except for live or frozen bloodworms.

Game interpretation

Many teenagers are familiar with the game "Warface". Neon for them is not a chemical element or fish, but a weapon case. He appeared in the game at the end of last year. It can now be bought on the project website or in the in-game store for 4,000 rubles.

For those who do not understand much about computer games - brief information. "Warface" - The game is free and network. A well-known analogue of the project is "KS". Despite the fact that the game is free, you can still donate to it, otherwise how would the project raise money for development?

In "Warface" there are cases in which there is a special improved weapon that allows the gamer to dominate other players. One of these boxes is called "Neon". It contains an assault rifle, a shotgun, a submachine gun and a sniper rifle. Each of them has improved stopping power, some have reduced recoil, some have received shooting accuracy and an increased pace.

Case "Neon" is a kind of booster that helps the owner to become stronger than the opponent. Also, the game developers have come up with special achievements for those who bought this arsenal.

Music

As mentioned earlier, the word "neon" is quite ambiguous. It can be found not only in chemistry, biology or computer games, but also in music. Many people know the song of the Pharaoh artist "Neon". She appeared quite recently. Now it is quite popular among the rapper's fans.

The author is the performer Gleb Gennadievich Golubin himself. Now he is 20 years old, he is not only a Russian hip-hop and cloud rapper, but also the leader of two large creative associations. By the way, Pharaoh recorded the track "Neon" together with the musician LSP. He is also a very popular author and performer in the rap environment. He comes from Belarus.

About the song

The text of the song "Neon" itself is quite peculiar. Still in the style of two rappers. The premiere took place at the end of September 2016. The track is about a girl and how a guy wants to spend time dancing with her. The main character himself emits light - neon: "In my neon, dance in my neon ..." Otherwise, there is no need to talk about the meaning of the track, since it is more designed for a club party.

Other options

In addition to the above cases, you can find the word "neon" in the names of various institutions. These are clubs throughout the CIS, and dance and fitness studios. Also construction companies. But most often you can find advertising companies with such names that work on lighting design, signage, outdoor advertising, etc.

By the way, there are even a couple of works that are called “Neon”. Among them there are both specialized books for technologists and fiction. In the latter, neon is a metaphor or a play on words.

DEFINITION

Neon- a chemical element belonging to the class of inert (noble) gases. It is located in the second period of the VIII group A of the subgroup, if you look at the short-period table, or in the 18th group, if the long-period table.

The sequence number is 10. The charge of the nucleus is +10. Atomic weight - 20.179 amu

The electronic structure of the neon atom

A neon atom consists of a positively charged nucleus (+10), around which 10 electrons move along atomic shells (orbitals). Since neon is located in the second period, there are two of these shells. The structure diagram of the helium atom is shown in Figure 1:

Rice. 1. The structure of the neon atom.

The electronic configuration of the neon atom can be written in two ways:

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 .

Neon belongs to the p-element family. The energy diagram of the neon atom looks like:

The energy level of the neon atom is complete, since only six electrons can be located in the p-orbital. That is why neon is classified as an inert gas. It is chemically inactive.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

DEFINITION

Neon is the tenth element in the Periodic Table. Designation - Ne from the Latin "neon". It is located in the second period, VIIIA group. Belongs to the group of inert (noble) gases. The nuclear charge is 10.

Neon is a colorless, difficult to liquefy gas. The content of neon in the air is 0.0015% (vol.). It is practically insoluble in water, poorly soluble in ethanol. Forms a clathrate composition 8Ne×46H 2 O. Chemically inert, does not react with all other substances (simple and complex).

Atomic and molecular mass of neon

Relative molecular weight M r is the molar mass of the molecule, referred to 1/12 of the molar mass of the carbon-12 atom (12 C). This is a dimensionless quantity.

Relative atomic mass A r is the molar mass of an atom of a substance, referred to 1/12 of the molar mass of a carbon-12 atom (12 C).

Since neon exists in the free state in the form of monatomic Ne molecules, the values ​​of its atomic and molecular masses are the same. They are equal to 20.1797.

Isotopes of neon

Neon can be in the form of three isotopes 20 Ne (90.48%), 21 Ne (0.27%) and 22 Ne (9.25%). Their mass numbers are 20, 21 and 22, respectively. The nucleus of an atom of the neon isotope 20 Ne contains ten protons and ten neutrons, and the isotopes 21 Ne and 22 Ne contain the same number of protons, eleven and twelve neutrons, respectively.

There are also sixteen unstable isotopes of neon.

neon ions

Like helium, upon strong excitation of atoms, neon forms molecular ions of the Ne 2 + type:

σ s 2 σ s * σ z 2 π 4 x,y π *4 x,y σ z *1 .

Molecule and atom of neon

In the free state, neon exists in the form of monatomic Ne molecules.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

/mol)

Atom radius ? (38) pm Ionization energy
(first electron) 2079.4 (21.55) kJ / mol (eV) Electronic configuration 2s 2 2p 6 Chemical properties covalent radius 58 pm Ion radius 112 pm Electronegativity
(according to Pauling) 0,0 Electrode potential 0 Oxidation states n/a Thermodynamic properties of a simple substance Density (at −246 °C) 1.204 /cm³ Molar heat capacity 20.79 J /( mol) Thermal conductivity (0.0493) W /( ) Melting temperature 24,55 Melting heat n/a kJ/mol Boiling temperature 27,1 Heat of evaporation 1.74 kJ/mol Molar volume 16.8 cm³/mol The crystal lattice of a simple substance Lattice structure cubic face centered Lattice parameters 4,430 c/a ratio — Debye temperature 63.00 K

Ne	10
20,1797
2s 2 2p 6
Neon

Neon- an element of the main subgroup of the eighth group, the second period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 10. It is denoted by the symbol Ne (Neon). The fifth most abundant element in the universe (after hydrogen, helium, oxygen and carbon). The simple substance neon (CAS number: 7440-01-9) is an inert monatomic gas without color, taste or smell.

Neon was discovered in June 1898 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English chemist Maurice Travers. They isolated this inert gas "by elimination" after oxygen, nitrogen, and the increasingly heavier components of air were liquefied. The element was given the uncomplicated name "neon", which means "new" in Greek. In December 1910, French inventor Georges Claude made a gas discharge lamp filled with neon.

origin of name

The name comes from the Greek. νέος - new.

There is a legend according to which the name of the element was given by Ramsay's thirteen-year-old son Willy, who asked his father what he was going to name the new gas, noting that he would like to give it a name. novum(lat. - new). His father liked the idea, but felt that the title neon, derived from the Greek synonym, will sound better.

Spreading

In world matter, neon is unevenly distributed, however, in general, in terms of prevalence in the Universe, it ranks fifth among all elements - about 0.13% by mass. The greatest concentration of neon is observed on the Sun and other hot stars, in gaseous nebulae, in the atmosphere of the outer planets of the solar system - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. In the atmosphere of many stars, neon ranks third after hydrogen and helium.

Earth's crust

Of all the elements of the second period neon- the smallest on earth. Within the eighth group neon in terms of content in the earth's crust, it ranks third - after argon and helium. Gaseous nebulae and some stars contain many times more neon than is found on Earth.

On Earth, the highest concentration of neon is observed in the atmosphere - 1.82·10 −3% by volume, and its total reserves are estimated at 7.8·10 14 m³. 1 m³ of air contains about 18.2 cm³ of neon (for comparison: the same volume of air contains only 5.2 cm³ of helium). The average content of neon in the earth's crust is low - 7 10 -9% by weight. In total, there are about 6.6·10 10 tons of neon on our planet. The igneous rocks contain about 109 tons of this element. As rocks break down, the gas escapes into the atmosphere. To a lesser extent, the atmosphere is supplied with neon and natural waters.

Scientists see the reason for the neon poverty of our planet in the fact that the Earth once lost its primary atmosphere, which carried away with it the bulk of inert gases that could not, like oxygen and other gases, chemically combine with other elements into minerals and thereby gain a foothold on planet.

Definition

Qualitatively, neon is determined by emission spectra (characteristic lines 585.25 nm and 540.05 nm), quantitatively - by mass spectrometric and chromatographic methods of analysis.

Physical properties

• Noble gases are colorless, odorless, monatomic gases.
• Inert gases have a higher electrical conductivity than other gases and when current passes through them, they glow brightly, in particular neon with fiery red light, since its brightest lines lie in the red part of the spectrum.

The emission spectrum of neon (left to right: ultraviolet to infrared lines, shown in white)

• The saturated nature of the atomic molecules of inert gases is also reflected in the fact that inert gases have lower liquefaction and freezing points than other gases of the same molecular weight.

Chemical properties

All noble gases have a completed electron shell, so they are chemically inert. Chemical inertness not she exceptional, in this only helium can compete with it. So far, not a single valence compound has been obtained. Even the so-called clathrate compounds of neon with water (Ne 6H 2 O), hydroquinone and other substances (such compounds of heavy noble gases - radon, xenon, krypton and even argon - are widely known) are very difficult to obtain and maintain.

The source of the light nuclide 20 Ne, which dominates on Earth, has not yet been established.

It is believed that neon in outer space is also predominantly represented by the light nuclide 20 Ne. A lot of 21 Ne and 22 Ne are found in meteorites, but these nuclides are presumably formed in the meteorites themselves under the influence of cosmic rays during their wanderings in the Universe.

In addition to the three stable neon nuclides, there are sixteen more unstable ones.

Receipt

Neon obtained together with helium as a by-product in the process of liquefaction and separation of air. Separation of helium and not she carried out by adsorption and condensation. The adsorption method is based on the ability not she adsorbed unlike helium (content of Ne + He up to 70%); the degree of extraction of a mixture of gases 0.5-0.6. The last purification from N 2 and separation of Ne and He can be carried out either by selective adsorption at liquid N 2 temperature, or by condensation methods - using liquid H 2 or. Previously, neon was used in industry as an inert medium, but was replaced by cheaper argon.

Element symbol made of neon tubes

Neon is filled with gas-discharge lamps, signal lamps in radio equipment, photocells, and rectifiers.

A mixture of neon and helium is used as a working medium in gas lasers (helium-neon laser).

Tubes filled with a mixture of neon and nitrogen, when an electric discharge is passed through them, give a red-orange glow, and therefore they are widely used in advertising.

Neon lamps are used for signaling purposes at lighthouses and airfields, since their red color is very little scattered by fog and haze.

Biological role

Neon plays no biological role.

Physiological action

Inert gases have a physiological effect, which is manifested in their narcotic effect on the body. The narcotic effect of neon (as well as helium) at normal pressure is not recorded in the experiments, while with an increase in pressure, symptoms of the "high pressure nervous syndrome" (HNSVD) appear earlier.

In this regard, along with helium, neon as part of a neon-helium mixture is used for breathing by oceanauts, divers, people working at elevated pressures in order to avoid gas embolism and nitrogen anesthesia. The advantage of the mixture is that it cools the body less, since the thermal conductivity of neon is less than that of helium.

Light neon-helium air also relieves the condition of patients suffering from respiratory disorders.

"Neon lights" justify their name only in the case of a red glow. To obtain other colors, mercury and phosphorus in certain proportions or other noble gases are used.

Neon, Neon, Ne (10)
Chemical element neon was discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898, a few days after the discovery of krypton. Scientists have selected the first bubbles of the gas formed during the evaporation of liquid argon, and found that the spectrum of this gas indicates the presence of a new element. Ramsay talks about choosing a name for this element: "When we first looked at its spectrum, my 12-year-old son was there."

Father, he said, what is the name of this beautiful gas?
It hasn't been decided yet, I replied.
He's new? the son asked.
Newly opened I objected.
Why not call it then? Novum, father?
It doesn't fit because novum not a Greek word, I replied.

We'll call it neon, which is Greek for new, and that's how the gas got its name.