What is the meaning of the phenomenon of Oblomovism. Oblomovism - is it a character, a way of life or a worldview? Oblomovka and Oblomovism

Collection of works: Oblomov and Oblomovism as a phenomenon of Russian life

The novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" was published in 1859, at a time when the question of abolishing serfdom was extremely acute in the country, when Russian society had already fully realized the destructiveness of the existing order. characters allowed the writer to find a surprisingly correct definition of the way of Russian life of that time - "Oblomovism".

The main task of the author in the novel is to show how a person gradually dies in a person, how unadapted the landowner is, who is not used to doing anything. The main qualities of the kind, dear Ilya Ilyich Oblomov are his inertia, apathy, aversion to any activity. True to the traditions of realism, I.A.Goncharov shows that these qualities were the result of Oblomov's upbringing, they are born of the confidence that any desire will be fulfilled and no effort is needed for this. Oblomov is a nobleman, he does not need to work for a piece of bread - hundreds of serfs Zakhars work for him on the estate and completely ensure his existence. This means that he can lie on the couch all day, not because he was tired, but because “that was his normal state.” He almost merged with his soft comfortable robe and long wide shoes, which he masterfully fell into the first time, barely just dangling his legs from the sofa.

In his youth Oblomov “was full of all aspirations, hopes, expected a lot from fate and himself, everything was preparing for some field, for some role.” But time passed, and Ilya Ilyich kept getting ready, preparing to start a new life, but He did not advance a single step towards any goal. In Moscow he received a good education, but his head "was like a library, consisting of some scattered knowledge." Entering the service, which previously seemed to him in the form of some kind of family occupation, he did not expect that life would immediately be divided for him into two halves, one of which would consist of work and boredom, which were synonymous for him, and the other - from peace and peaceful fun. He realized that “at least there must be an earthquake so that a healthy person does not come to the service,” and therefore he soon resigned, then stopped going out into the world and completely shut himself up in the room. only labor of the soul, since tens of generations of his ancestors "endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love, and where there was a chance, they always got rid of it, finding it possible and necessary."

There were moments in Oblomov's life when he thought about the reasons that prompted him to lead such a life, when he asked himself the question: "Why am I like this?" In the culminating chapter of the novel Oblomov's Dream, he answers this question. He creates a picture of a provincial landlord's life and shows how lazy hibernation gradually becomes a normal state of a person.

In a dream, Oblomov is transferred to the estate of his parents Oblomovka, "to a blessed corner of the earth", where there is "no sea, no high mountains, rocks, abysses, no dense forests - there is nothing grandiose, wild and gloomy." An idyllic picture appears before us, a series of beautiful landscapes. "Correctly and calmly, the annual circle is performed there. Deep silence lies in the fields. Silence and calmness of life reign in the customs of people in that region," writes I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov sees himself as a little boy trying to look into the unknown, ask more questions and get answers to them. But only taking care of food becomes the first and main life concern in Oblomovka. And the rest of the time is occupied by "some all-consuming, invincible sleep", which IA Goncharov makes a symbol characterizing people like Oblomov , and which he calls "a true likeness of death." “much quieter.” And therefore, all “seeking manifestations of power” in Ilyusha “turned inward and nickle, fading.” Such a life deprived the hero of the novel of any initiative and gradually turned him into a slave to his position, his habits and even a slave to his his servants Zakhara.

In his article "What is Oblomovism?" NA Dobrolyubov wrote: "Oblomov is not a dull apathetic figure without aspirations and feelings, but a man who is also looking for something in life, thinking about something." He is endowed with many positive qualities, and he is not stupid. There is a sad truth in his judgments - also a consequence of Russian life. What are all these Sudbinskys, Volkins, Penkovs striving for? Indeed, is it worth getting up from the sofa for the sake of that petty fuss that his former comrades are busy with?

In the spirit of the tradition created by Russian writers, I.A.Goncharov subjects his hero to the greatest test - the test of love. Feeling for Olga Ilyinskaya, a girl of great spiritual strength, could revive Oblomov. But I. A. Goncharov is a realist, and he cannot show the happy ending of the novel. "Why did everything perish? Who cursed you, Ilya? What ruined you?" - Olga tries to understand with bitterness. And the writer gives an answer to these questions, having precisely defined the name of this evil - Oblomovism. And not only Ilya Ilyich became her victim. "Our name is legion!" he says to Stolz. And indeed, struck by "Oblomovism", almost all the heroes of the novel became its victims: both Agafya Pshenitsyna, and Stolz, and Olga.

The greatest merit of IA Goncharov is that he surprisingly accurately portrayed the disease that struck Russian society in the middle of the 19th century, which N.A.

Introduction

For the first time in his novel Oblomov, Ivan Goncharov introduces the concept of Oblomovism, a new concept for Russian literature, with which he denoted a special social tendency, characteristic, above all, of the Russian people, consisting in complete lack of will, apathy, constant laziness and excessive daydreaming, when illusions are replaced real life, and a person degrades. The very word "Oblomovism" comes from the name of the protagonist of the work - Oblomov and the name of his native village - Oblomovka, which was the focus of everything that led to the gradual fading of Ilya Ilyich as a person, his complete isolation from the world and final escapism. The portrayal of Oblomov and “Oblomovism” in Goncharov’s novel is a reflection of the process of gradual change, “breaking down” of a person who is instilled with unnatural values ​​and desires, which ultimately leads to tragic consequences - the acquisition of a false meaning of life, fear of the real world and early death of the hero.

Oblomovka and Oblomovism

The roots of the emergence of "Oblomovism" in Oblomov lie in the childhood of the hero - Ilya Ilyich grew up in a remote village, literally cut off from the real world and the center of Russia, Oblomovka. The Oblomov estate was located in a picturesque, quiet, peaceful area, where the climate was pleasing with its moderation and tranquility, where there were no heavy rains, hurricanes or winds, a raging sea or majestic mountains, instead of which gently sloping hills stretched, even the sky "is closer to the ground", "In order to hug her more tightly, with love: it stretched so low overhead, like a parent's reliable roof, in order to protect, it seems, the chosen corner from all adversity."

Everything here promised "a deceased, long-term life to yellow hair and imperceptible, sleep-like death." Even the seasons of the year followed each other according to the calendar, without destroying the crops with spring snows - everything in Oblomovka went according to the usual way, without changing for decades. In such a semblance of paradise on earth, the Oblomov and Oblomovites developed, even protected by nature from any adversity, experience and loss.

People in Oblomovka lived from ceremony to ceremony - from birth to wedding and from wedding to funeral. The pacifying nature pacified their temper, making them quiet, harmless and indifferent to everything: the most terrible atrocities in the village were associated with the theft of peas or carrots, and once finding a dead person from a neighboring village, they decided to forget about it, since the life of other communities is not theirs. touched, which means the deceased is not their problem. A similar situation was with a letter from a neighboring estate, where a recipe for beer was described, but the Oblomovites were afraid to open it right away, fearing bad news that could disturb the usual tranquility of the village. They did not like work in Oblomovka, considering it a duty and trying to do the job as quickly as possible or even shift it onto the shoulders of another. On the estate, all the work was done by the courtyards, who, as can be seen from the example of Zakhar, were also not the most responsible and hardworking people, but at the same time remained loyal servants of their bars.

The Oblomovites' days passed in tranquility and idleness, and the most important event was the choice of dishes for dinner, when everyone offered their own options, and then everyone consulted, approaching the menu with particular seriousness: “Taking care of food was the first and foremost life concern in Oblomovka. After the meal, everyone fell into a sleepy state, sometimes they had lazy meaningless conversations, but more often they were completely silent, gradually falling asleep: “it was some kind of all-consuming, invincible sleep, a true semblance of death,” which little Ilya observed from year to year, gradually adopting model of behavior and values ​​of parents.

Oblomov's childhood in Oblomovka

As a child, Ilya was an inquisitive, active child who tried in every possible way to get to know the world around him. He wanted, like other guys, to run through the fields, climb trees, walk where it is forbidden, or, having climbed into the hayloft, admire the river and magnificent landscapes from a height. Oblomov liked to observe the animals, to inspect the surrounding area. However, overprotective parents, who from infancy surrounded Ilya with continuous care and control, forbade the boy to actively interact with the world and study it, instilling in him completely different, "Oblomov" values ​​and behavior model: constant laziness, unwillingness to work and study, weakness and fear of the real the world.

Deprived of the need to fight for his desires, getting everything he wants at the first request, Oblomov is used to idleness. He did not need to decide or do something on his own - there were always parents who "knew better" what their son needed, or servants who were ready to bring him any food, help him get dressed or clean up. Ilya was raised as an exotic "indoor flower", by all means protecting him from the outside world and hiding him in the pacifying nest of Oblomovka. Parents did not even demand that their son be successful in his studies, since they did not consider science to be something really important and useful; they often left him at home on holidays or in bad weather. That is why studying at school, and then at the institute, became for Oblomov something like an instruction from his parents, and not the realization of his own will. In the classroom, Ilya Ilyich was bored, he did not understand how the knowledge gained could be applied in later life, in particular, in Oblomovka.

The destructive influence of fairy tales on Oblomov's life

In the novel, Ilya Ilyich appears as a very sensitive, dreamy, person who knows how to see the beautiful and subtly experience any manifestations of the outside world. In many ways, the formation of these qualities in the hero was influenced by the picturesque Oblomov nature and the fairy tales that his nanny told the boy. Myths and legends carried Oblomov into a completely different world - a fantastic, beautiful and full of miracles: “He involuntarily dreams of Militris Kirbityevna; everything pulls him in the direction where only they know that they are walking, where there are no worries and sorrows; he always has the disposition to lie on the stove, walk around in a ready-made, unearned dress and eat at the expense of a good sorceress. " Even in adulthood, realizing that there are no “milk rivers”, Ilya Ilyich “sometimes unconsciously saddens, why is a fairy tale not life, and life is not a fairy tale”. That is why in Oblomov the feeling of abandonment of a person in a terrifying and frightening world continued to live in Oblomov, where you need to blindly make your way forward, not seeing a goal or a road, from which only a true miracle can save.

The fabulous, magical world of legends and myths becomes an alternative reality for Oblomov, and already in adulthood he invents a fairy tale for himself about his future life in paradise Oblomovka, about endless calm family happiness, well-being and tranquility. However, the tragedy of Ilya Ilyich does not even consist in total escapism, fear of society, unwillingness to do anything and fight for his happiness, and not the understanding that he has already replaced real life with an illusory one. Before his death, for Oblomov, his dreams are more real and important than his son, wife, friend and people around him, even more important than himself, because in his dreams everything is in order with his health, he is full of strength and energy. However, Goncharov himself in the novel briefly gives the reader one of the explanations for this substitution: “maybe sleep, the eternal silence of a sluggish life and the absence of movement and any real fears, adventures and dangers forced a person to create in the natural world another, unrealizable, and in it to look for revelry and amusement to idle imagination or the solution of ordinary connections of circumstances and causes of the phenomenon outside the phenomenon itself ”, emphasizing that life itself should be a continuous striving forward, and not an endless sleep in the“ comfort zone ”.

Conclusion

The concept of "Oblomovism" in the novel "Oblomov" is introduced by Goncharov not as a single characteristic of the life motives and peculiarities of the protagonist's nature, but as a typical and especially attractive phenomenon for Russian society - the archetype of Emelya the fool, lying on the stove and waiting for his finest hour. According to the author himself, this is "an evil and insidious satire on our great-grandfathers, and maybe also on ourselves" - a fairy tale that everyone wants to believe in, but which has nothing to do with reality, where in order to achieve heights it is necessary to stand up with oven and work, work on yourself. Using Oblomov as an example, Goncharov showed how excessive care and guardianship, protection from stress and loss, leading to complete disappointment in real life and its replacement with illusions, can adversely affect a sensitive, dreamy person.

The characteristics of the concept of "Oblomovism", the history of its appearance and the connection with the main character of the novel will be useful to 10 classes during the preparation of an essay on the topic "Oblomov and" Oblomovism "in the novel" Oblomov ".

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The novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is a socio-psychological novel, depicting the destructive influence of the noble-landlord environment on the human personality. "Oblomov" appeared when the serf system more and more revealed its bankruptcy. Goncharov worked on this piece for many years. The novel was published in 1859 in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski and immediately attracted the attention of readers.

Goncharov, like few others, managed to touch the most intimate strings of the "Russian soul" with the artist's pen. The writer created a hero who, oddly enough, embodies the main features of the Russian national character, although not in the most attractive form, but at the same time evoking love and sympathy. Goncharov's merit lies in the fact that he revealed the socio-historical reasons for the emergence of such a character as Oblomov. That is why in the novel an important place is occupied by the depiction of those conditions and the environment in which the formation of his hero took place.

The writer with amazing depth reproduced the life of a provincial noble estate, the life of middle-class landowners, their psychology, manners, customs, views. In the chapter "Oblomov's Dream" the author draws immobility, lulling the peace and silence of the "peaceful corner". "Correctly and calmly the annual circle is performed there"; "neither terrible storms, nor destruction can be heard in that land"; "life, like a dead river, flowed past them" - such phrases characterize the life of the hero and his entourage.

By the age of 32, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov turned into a "bobak", an apathetic and inert creature, whose life is limited to an apartment on Gorokhovaya Street, a dressing gown made of Persian cloth and lying on a sofa. Such a state kills positive human qualities in Oblomov, of which there are many. He is honest, humane, smart. The writer repeatedly emphasizes the "dovish meekness" in it. Stolz recalls that once, ten years ago, he had spiritual ideals. He read Rousseau, Schiller, Goethe, Byron, studied mathematics, studied English, thought about the fate of Russia, wanted to serve his homeland. Stolz reproaches Oblomov: "In the same corner lie your plans to" serve "until you become strong, because Russia needs hands and heads to develop inexhaustible sources."

The ideological confrontation between Andrei Ivanych and Ilya Ilyich is one of the main semantic elements of Oblomov. The last meeting of the two friends mirrors their first meeting in the novel. Their dialogue develops in the following generalized form: Stolz's questions about health, Oblomov's complaints, Stolz's reproaches about an improper lifestyle, calls for changes. But the outcome of the conversation differs significantly: at the beginning of the novel, Ilya Ilyich succumbs to the persuasion of a friend and goes out into the world, in the finale he remains in his familiar place.

The German Stolz is "incessantly on the move." His credo is an active life position, distrust of "a dream, enigmatic, mysterious." Stolz's character is associated with a new, bourgeois-entrepreneurial reality and embodies the traits of a businessman. Andrei Ivanovich is hardworking, intelligent, honest, noble, but he works not for the sake of a high goal, but for the sake of personal prosperity. To Oblomov's question: "What are you working for?" - he finds nothing to say except: "For labor itself, for nothing else." Stolz is not attracted to the positive hero, because he is "weak, pale - an idea peeps out of him too nakedly."

It is very important that we actually look at what is happening through the eyes of Stolz. But this character does not represent the author's position at all and he does not convince us of everything. Essentially, Oblomov is a mystery for the author himself.

Oblomov's tragedy is not in the absence of universal education and not in the desolation of his family estate. The break with Olga Ilyinskaya led to the loss of the content of his life. The best moments of Ilya Ilyich's life were associated with Olga. This loss brings him to the house of Agafya Pshenitsyna. At the end of the novel Oblomov "... was a complete and natural reflection of peace, contentment and serene silence."

The energetic Stolz tried to bring Oblomov out of a state of dying peace, to include him in life. Unfortunately, nothing came of it, for Ilya Ilyich had grown too tightly to rest: "He has grown to this pit with a sore spot: try to tear it off, and there will be death."

Oblomov understands his spiritual fall - the stronger is his spiritual drama. "He painfully felt that there was buried in him, like in a grave, some good, bright beginning, maybe now already dead, or it lies like gold in the bowels of the mountain ... But the treasure is deeply and heavily covered with rubbish, superficial rubbish ". Oblomov also understands the reasons for his spiritual death. When Olga asked him: "Why did everything perish? .. Who cursed you, Ilya? .. What ruined you? There is no name for this evil ..."

Perhaps, the positive traits Goncharov managed to embody in Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga is an independent, strong, decisive nature. She is characterized by the desire for an active and meaningful life. Therefore, having fallen in love with Oblomov, she is imbued with the desire to revive him, to save him from spiritual and moral destruction. Realizing that Oblomov will not be able to shake off apathy and laziness, she irrevocably breaks with him. Olga's parting words to Oblomov speak of her high demands on the one she loves: "You are meek, honest, Ilya; you are gentle ... dove, you hide your head under your wing - and you want nothing more; you are ready to coo under the roof all my life ... yes, I'm not like that: this is not enough for me ... "It is interesting that Olga becomes Stolz's wife. But, naturally, this marriage does not bring her happiness.

The unconscious motives and aspirations that determine Oblomov's behavior are a kind of "abyss". In many ways, Oblomov's personality remains unsolved.

N. A. Dobrolyubov in his article "What is Oblomovism?" gave a brilliant and still unsurpassed analysis of the novel. He notes that the social significance of the novel "Oblomov" lies in the fact that it shows Russian life, creates a "modern Russian type" and in one word defines a characteristic phenomenon of the noble-serf reality: "This word is Oblomovism; it serves as a key to unraveling many phenomena of Russian life ".

Dobrolyubov showed that the image of Oblomov is a socio-psychological type that embodies the features of the landowner of the pre-reform period. The state of the lordship gives rise to moral slavery in him: "... the vile habit of receiving satisfaction of his desires not from his own efforts, but from others, developed in him an apathetic immobility and plunged him into a miserable state of moral slavery. This slavery is intertwined with Oblomov's lordship, as they mutually penetrate into each other and one conditioned by the other. " The Oblomovs are all those whose word is at odds with their deeds, who only want the best in words and are not able to translate their desire into action.

The genius of Goncharov lies in the fact that in his remarkable work he raised one of the most important issues of Russian life. To answer this question means to change life radically for the better.

"As long as there is at least one Russian left, they will remember Oblomov until then." I. S. TURGENEV 1848 - 1848 - the first version of "Oblomov's Dream" March 1849 - March 1849 - the first publication of "Oblomov's Dream" 1852 - 1852 - the work was interrupted due to travel on November 29, 1855 - November 29, 1855 - the first part of the novel is almost completed June - July 1857 - "The Marienbad miracle": the novel is almost completed January - April 1859 - January - April 1859 - the journal "Otechestvennye zapiski" introduces readers to the new the novel by I. A. Goncharov “Without any exaggeration, we can say that at the present moment in all of Russia there is not a single city where they did not read Oblomov, praise Oblomov, or argue about Oblomov - this is how he appreciated the appearance of the novel critic A.V. Druzhinin.

“The story of how the kind-hearted sloth Oblomov lies and sleeps, and no matter how friendship or love can awaken and raise him, God knows what an important story. But it reflects Russian life, it shows us a living, modern Russian type, minted with merciless severity and correctness ... "N. A. Dobrolyubov 1859. forever ingrained in our speech. They explained to us a whole range of phenomena of modern society, they presented us with a whole world of ideas, images and details, until recently we were not fully aware of, appearing to us as if in a fog ... ”A. V. Druzhinin 1859

Plot FEATURES “It is, if you like, really stretched out. In the first part Oblomov lies on the couch: in the second he goes to the Ilyinsky's and falls in love with Olga, and she with him; in the third, she sees that she was mistaken about Oblomov, and they diverge; in the fourth, she marries Stolz, and he marries the mistress of the house where he is renting an apartment. That's all. No external events, no obstacles (except perhaps the raising of a bridge across the Neva, which ended Olga's meeting with Oblomov), no extraneous circumstances interfere with the novel. Oblomov's laziness and apathy is the only spring of action in his entire history. " N. A. Dobrolyubov "What is Oblomovism?"

“Almost nothing attracted him from home, and every day he settled more firmly and permanently in his apartment ... He was not used to movement, to life, to crowds and vanity ...” WHAT DETAILS OF OBLOMOV'S PORTRAIT WOULD YOU NOTE? DOES INTERIOR HELP FOR IMAGE CREATION?

OBLOMOV'S VISITORS 1. "Phenomenon" of the master. Portrait of a visitor. 2. "Do not come, do not come ... you are from the cold!" 3. Conversation and invitation to Ekateringof. 4. Refusal of Ilya Ilyich. 5. "I have two misfortunes ..." 6. The visitor's refusal to listen to Oblomov. 7. Reflection of the hero about the "unfortunate" visitor. WHAT IS THE GENERAL SCHEME OF ALL VISITS? REMEMBER IN WHICH PRESENTATION THE AUTHOR USED THE SAME TECHNIQUE?

Why am I like this? "(" Oblomov's Dream "Part 1, Chapter IX) 1. Restore the composition of the dream: highlight the main thematic parts. 2. Indicate the positive and negative traits of life in Oblomovka. 3. Compare Ilyusha at the age of 7 and at the age of 14: what changes have occurred in the hero and why? 4. Does our attitude towards Oblomov change after reading this chapter?

“The norm of life was ready and taught to them by their parents, and they adopted it, also ready, from grandfather, and grandfather from great-grandfather, with a covenant to observe its integrity and inviolability ... What did they have to think about and what to worry about ...? Nothing is needed: life, like a deceased river, flowed past them ... ”HOW ILYUSHA BECAME ILYA ILYICH

CRITICISTS WRITE “So,“ Oblomov ”is a“ big tale ”. It is not hard to guess that in this case, Oblomov's Dream should rightfully be considered its core. "Sleep" is a figurative and semantic key to understanding the entire work, the ideological and artistic focus of the novel. The reality depicted by Goncharov extends far beyond Oblomovka, but the true capital of the “sleepy kingdom” is undoubtedly the family estate of Ilya Ilyich ... ” will remain in our literature. In my opinion, a dream is nothing more than an attempt by Goncharov himself to understand the essence of Oblomov and Oblomovism. Goncharov, apparently, felt, as I felt, for example, when reading the novel, that Oblomov was dear and attractive to him. " A. V. Druzhinin "Oblomov". Roman A.I. Goncharov 1859

Homework Part II Part II Message-presentation of Stolz Message-presentation of Stolz Oblomov and Stolz dispute (chapters 3-4) .Write the theses Oblomov and Stolz dispute (chapters 3-4). Criticism about Stolz. Oblomov and Olga Oblomov and Olga

The novel by I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov” was published in 1859, at a time when the issue of abolishing serfdom was extremely acute in the country, when Russian society had already fully realized the destructiveness of the existing order. A deep knowledge of life and the accuracy of social analysis of characters allowed the writer to find a surprisingly correct definition of the way of Russian life of that time - Oblomovism.

The action of "Oblomov" covers, at intervals, the period of time from 1819 (when Ilyusha was 7 years old) to 1856. The novel takes place for eight years, counting its "prehistory" and "posthistory" - thirty-seven years. Until then, no Russian novel had covered such a wide stretch of time. The whole life of a person has passed before us. And together with her in "Oblomov" the processes of a large historical period, an entire era of Russian life were revealed. (3)

Goncharov investigated and revealed in artistic images the origin of Oblomovism, its development and destructive influence on the human personality. It was this sociological "monographic character" that distinguished "Oblomov" from a number of close to him in the subject of Tolstoy's "Childhood" and "Adolescence", Aksakov's "Family Chronicle" - and to some extent brought "Oblomov" closer to such works of Shchedrin as "Poshekhonskaya Starina" and especially “Lord Golovlevs”. (27)

In this novel, a vast, universal psychological problem is solved, which could arise only in purely Russian, national phenomena, possible only with our way of life, under those historical circumstances that shaped the national character, under the conditions under the influence of which it developed and partly develops to is still our young generation. The author touches upon vital issues and shortcomings of society in order to show the full picture of life as it is, and of a person with his feelings, thoughts and passions. Complete objectivity, calm, dispassionate creativity, the absence of narrow temporal goals and lyrical impulses that violate the clarity and distinctness of the epic narrative - these are the hallmarks of Goncharov's talent. His thought, carried out in the novel, belongs to all centuries and peoples, but is of particular importance for Russian society. The author decided to trace the deadening, destructive influence exerted on a person by mental apathy, lulling, seizing little by little all the forces of the soul, embracing and fettering all the best, human, rational movements and feelings. This apathy is a universal human phenomenon, it is expressed in the most diverse forms and is generated by the most diverse causes; but everywhere the dreadful question plays a major role in it: “Why live? why work? " - a question to which a person often cannot find a satisfactory answer for himself. This unresolved question, this unsatisfied doubt drains one's strength, ruins one's activity. A person gives up and gives up work, not finding a goal for him. One will reject the work with indignation and bile, the other will put it aside quietly and lazily. One will be torn from his inaction, be indignant at himself and at people, look for something that could fill the inner emptiness, his apathy will take on a tinge of gloomy despair and will be interspersed with feverish impulses for disorderly activity, but it will remain apathy, therefore which will take away his strength to act, feel and live. In another, indifference to life will be expressed in a softer, colorless form, animal instincts will quietly float to the surface of the soul, higher aspirations will freeze without pain, a person will sink into an easy chair and fall asleep, enjoying his meaningless peace. Instead of life, vegetation will begin and stagnant water will form in a person's soul, which will not be touched by any excitement of the external world, which will not be disturbed by any internal upheaval. In the first case, it is forced apathy. At the same time, we are witnessing a struggle against it, an excess of forces that have asked for action and are slowly extinguished in fruitless attempts. This is Byronism, a disease of strong people. In the second case, we are dealing with submissive apathy, peaceful, smiling, without a desire to get out of inaction. This is Oblomovism, as Goncharov himself called it, a disease, the development of which is facilitated by both Slavic nature and the whole life of our society. It is precisely this apathy, its development that Goncharov described in the novel, showed with incredible accuracy, tracing it from its origins to its completion. (1)

The whole plan of the novel is built on this idea so deliberately. There is not a single accident, not a single introductory person, not a single superfluous detail in it. Everything is strictly natural and, meanwhile, quite meaningful, imbued with an idea, there are almost no events and actions. The content of the novel can be told in two or three lines, just as the life of any person who has not experienced strong shocks can be told in a few words. The interest of such a novel, the interest of such a life lies not in the intricate chain of events, but in observing the inner world of a person. This world is always interesting, always attracts attention, especially available for study in quiet moments, when the person who is the subject of our observation is left to himself, does not depend on external events, is not placed in an artificial position arising from a coincidence of circumstances. In such calm moments of life, a person concentrates, collects his thoughts and looks into his inner world. It is then that an unnoticeable, dull internal struggle occurs, thought matures and develops, or there is a turn to the past, an assessment of one's own actions, one's own personality. Such mysterious minutes, especially dear to the artist, are especially interesting for the enlightened observer. In Goncharov's novel, the inner life of the characters is open before the eyes of the reader. (3)

Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, the hero of the novel, personifies the mental apathy to which Goncharov gave the name Oblomovism. The word Oblomovism will not die in our literature: it is composed so well and so tangibly characterizes one of the essential vices of our Russian life that, in all likelihood, it will penetrate the language from literature and enter into general use (1).

To understand the essence of Oblomovism, to describe the life of Ilya Ilyich, Goncharov skillfully describes at first everything that surrounded the protagonist, the place of his life, his parents, who symbolically act as guides in the novel. (9, 24)

Oblomovka was depicted by Goncharov with amazing completeness and versatility. He showed the isolation, isolation of this social environment: "their interests were focused on themselves, did not overlap and did not come into contact with anyone else." Oblomovka appeared in front of us in her silence and "calm serenity", so characteristic of this patriarchal backwater. The inhabitants of Oblomovka were characterized by the undivided power of tradition: "The norm of life was ready and taught to them by their parents, and they accepted it, also ready from grandfather, and grandfather from great-grandfather, with a covenant to observe its value and inviolability." Patriarchal Oblomovka is a kingdom of laziness. Here live people whose souls "peacefully, without hindrance, drowned in a soft body" (10)

When analyzing the chapter "Oblomov's Dream", Goncharov's position in relation to the "ideal of calmness and inaction", which is how the protagonist of the novel thinks of the existence of Oblomovka residents, clearly becomes clear. It is not for nothing that in the description of Oblomovka, the images of sleep and death are not only endlessly repeated, but are also equated to each other, because peace and silence serve as characteristics of both "twins", as F.I. Tyutchev called these states of the human soul:

"Everything promises there a deceased long-term life to yellow hair and imperceptible, sleep-like death"

“Everything in the village is quiet and sleepy…. In vain you will click loudly: dead silence will be the answer "

“A dead silence reigned in the house. The hour of general afternoon nap has come. "

"In Oblomovka, everyone rests so soundly and calmly"

Moreover, the symbolic designations of life and death often clash in the context:

"Everything promises a deceased long-term life there"

"Life is like a dead river"

"The three main acts of life - homeland, weddings and funerals"

"Sleep, eternal silence of a sluggish life"

The concepts of life, death, sleep, rest, peace, silence - in essence, do not have independent characteristics, and these states themselves are no different for Oblomovites. "Sleepy Oblomovka is the afterlife, this is the absolute peace of man ...".

Oblomovism, according to Goncharov himself, corrupted not only the landlord class, but also a certain part of the Russian peasants, who were torn away from productive labor. The Oblomovs' servants inevitably became a kind of bobaks - that was exactly the way of life of Zakhar. Zakhar is the same inert person like Oblomov, but if in the former this trait is dramatic, then here it became only comic: Zakhar's consciousness did not at all suffer from inertia. Everything that Oblomova is clothed in the poetic attire of "dreams" appeared at Zakhar in all her prosaic nudity

However, a comprehensive display of Oblomovka was not a goal, but a means. In the center of his attention was the fate of a boy brought up by this well-fed and inert environment. Goncharov's novel amazes us with the depth of penetration into the spiritual world of Ilya Oblomov. With the art of a true psychologist, Goncharov posed the problem of the destructive impact of the reactionary environment on a living and inquisitive child, in whom she, however, brought up anemia, an inability to live and act.

Oblomovka broke the will of the man she had brought up. Oblomov admits this, telling Stolz: “I know everything, I understand everything, but there is no strength and will. Give me your will and mind and guide me (10).

The main task of the author in the novel is to show how a person gradually dies in a person, how unadapted the landowner is, who is not used to doing anything. The main qualities of the kind, dear Ilya Ilyich Oblomov are his inertia, apathy, aversion to any activity. Loyal to the traditions of realism, I.A. Oblomov is a nobleman, he does not need to work for a piece of bread - hundreds of serfs Zakhars work for him on the estate and completely ensure his existence.

This means that he can lie on the couch all day, not because he was tired, but because "this was his normal state." He almost merged with his soft, comfortable robe and long wide shoes, which he masterly fell into the first time, as soon as he dangled his legs from the sofa. (27)

In his youth, Oblomov "was full of all sorts of aspirations, hopes, expected a lot from fate and himself, everything was preparing for some kind of field, for some role." (10) But time passed, and Ilya Ilyich kept getting ready, preparing to start a new life, but did not advance a single step towards any goal. In Moscow he received a good education, but his head "was like a library, consisting of some pieces of knowledge scattered in parts." Entering the service, which previously seemed to him in the form of some kind of family occupation, he did not expect that life would immediately be divided for him into two halves, one of which would consist of work and boredom, which were synonymous for him, and the other - from peace and peaceful fun. He realized that “at least there must be an earthquake so that a healthy person does not come to the service,” and therefore he soon resigned, then stopped going out into the world and completely shut himself up in the room. If Oblomov recognizes some kind of labor, then only the labor of the soul, since tens of generations of his ancestors “endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love, and where there was a chance, they always got rid of him, finding it possible and due. "

There were moments in Oblomov's life when he thought about the reasons that prompted him to lead such a life, when he asked himself the question: "Why am I like this?" In the culminating chapter of the novel Oblomov's Dream, the writer answers this question. (1, 17)

He creates a picture of a provincial landlord's life and shows how lazy hibernation gradually becomes a normal human condition.

The chapter "Oblomov's Dream" has an independent meaning. In the preface to the novel, literary critic V. I. Kuleshov writes: “Goncharov decided to completely insert the previously published“ Oblomov's Dream ”, giving it a kind of symbolic meaning in the overall composition. As part of the Oblomov novel, this early essay began to play the role of a preliminary story, an important message about the hero's childhood ... The reader receives important information, thanks to which upbringing the hero of the novel became a lazy person. Since lazy hibernation became "the hero's lifestyle and more than once dreams appeared to him, dreams that carried him into the world of dreams, imaginary kingdoms, then Oblomov's Dream turned out to be natural for him." His unique presence with a special title in the composition of the novel acquired a certain symbolic meaning, giving the reader the opportunity to realize where and in what exactly this life "broke off." But that's not all that the great episode includes.

From a medical point of view, such long and clear dreams do not exist, and Goncharov did not have the task of describing a real dream. Here a dream is a dream, it is conditional, it is also logically built.

Chapter IX of the novel entitled "Oblomov's Dream" shows the idyll of childhood. Childhood is a special page of Russian classical literature, heartfelt, poetic; The joys and sorrows of a child learning the world, nature, were described by S. T. Aksakov, L. N. Tolstoy, A. N. Tolstoy, V. V. Nabokov. We can say that the theme of childhood is nostalgic, especially for Nabokov, for whom childhood is also a lost homeland that he carries within himself.

In a dream, Oblomov is transferred to the estate of his parents Oblomovka, "to a blessed corner of the earth" where there is "no sea, no high mountains, rocks, abysses, no dense forests - there is nothing grandiose, wild and gloomy." An idyllic picture appears before us, a series of beautiful landscapes. “The annual circle is being performed there correctly and calmly. Deep silence lies in the fields. Silence and calmness of life also reign in the customs of people in that region, ”writes Goncharov. Oblomov sees himself as a little boy, seeking to look into the unknown, ask more questions and get answers to them. But only taking care of food becomes the first and main life concern in Oblomovka. And the rest of the time is occupied by "some all-consuming, nothing invincible dream", which Goncharov makes a symbol characterizing people like Oblomov, and which he calls "a true likeness of death." From childhood, Ilya was accustomed to the fact that he should not do anything, that there is “Vaska, Vanka, Zakharka” for any work, and at some point he himself realized that this is “much quieter”. That is why all the “seeking manifestations of power” in Ilyusha “turned inward and nickle, fading”. Such a life deprived the hero of the novel of any initiative and gradually turned him into a slave to his position, his habits, and even a slave to his servant Zakhar.

Ilyusha Oblomov has everything that is characteristic of a normal child: liveliness, curiosity. “He wants a passion to run up the hanging gallery around the whole house ...” “With joyful amazement, as if for the first time, he looked around and ran around the parental house ...” “His child's mind observes all the phenomena that are happening in front of him; they sink deep into his soul, then grow and ripen with him. " And the nanny? Be sure to have a nanny who tells fairy tales. And here are the significant words: "... his fairy tale has mixed with life, and he sometimes unconsciously grieves, why is a fairy tale not life, and life is not a fairy tale." Here, in childhood, everything that will remain with him until his death has already been laid.

The idyll of local life, peace, sweet sleep, frozen life, sleep of all Oblomovka ... How was life in Oblomovka understood? “Kind people understood it only as the ideal of peace and inaction, disturbed from time to time by various troubles, such as diseases, losses, quarrels and, among other things, work. They endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love ... ”And death here was, as it were, an imperceptible transition from the state of sleep to eternal sleep. But there is in this idyll and endless charm.

"The annual circle was performed there correctly and calmly." Nature itself, soft, calm, where there are no mountains, but there are hills, smoothly turning into a plain, embodies "deep silence and peace." "Silence and equanimity reign in the mores of people." In all this there is both joy and ... death. No matter how much charm and poetry these paintings may conceal, they are about frozen time.

The adult Ilya Ilyich Oblomov would like to live in this frozen time. He sighs heavily when his "life gets it."

Oblomov's dream plays an important compositional role in the novel. Starting from Chapter II, Goncharov brings visitors to Oblomov's apartment. Volkov, a narcissistic dandy who needs to get “in ten places”. “To ten places in one day - unfortunate! - thought Oblomov. - And this is life! .. Where is the man here? What does it disintegrate and crumble into? " And Oblomov rejoices, "turning over on his back that he does not have such empty desires and thoughts that he does not stick around, but lies here, preserving his human dignity and his peace." The next visitor is Sudbinsky, a former colleague of Oblomov who has made a career. "Stuck, dear friend, stuck up to his ears ... And he will come out into the people, in time, he will turn about affairs and grabs the ranks ... And how little a person needs here: his mind, will, feelings ..." Then comes the writer Penkin. Oblomov's conclusion after Penkin left: “Yes, write everything, waste your thought, soul on trifles ... trade with your mind and imagination ... do not know the rest ... When to stop and rest? Unhappy!" A man comes without properties, no one even knows his surname for sure: either Ivanov, or Vasiliev, or Alekseev, who is also fussing, all calling Oblomov somewhere. Finally, Ilya Ilyich's fellow countryman, Tarantiev, appears, a personality no less vain than the others. He is a master at speaking, he makes a lot of noise, but he is not enough for the job.

A doctor comes to visit and gives practical advice to Oblomov: move more, walk "eight hours a day." After all, Ilya Ilyich has already begun early obesity.

Not accepting all this empty activity (pursuit of a career, money, social entertainment), Oblomov exposes himself to a "secret confession" and comes to the conclusion that "some secret enemy laid a heavy hand on him at the beginning of the journey ...". He ended up thinking that "sleep stopped the slow and lazy stream of his thoughts."

Oblomov's Dream explains why the path of his visitors is unacceptable for Ilya Ilyich. Sleep separates these visits from the arrival of Stolz, who played a huge role in Oblomov's life.

With difficulty, at the beginning of the fifth, Oblomov comes out of sleep, and then, like a fresh wind from outside, Stolz rushes in. He has nothing to do with former visitors. Stolz is honest, smart, active. He sincerely wants to bring Oblomov out of hibernation. But it turned out that childhood friend Stolz also does not know the true purpose of life, and his activity is largely mechanical. Oblomov, in essence, realizing that Stolz sincerely wants to help him, turns out to be unable to join life, go his own way, and Stolz's activities are not for him. However, the arrival of Stolz brought Oblomov out of immobility, as if giving him a chance. Oblomov seemed to come to life when he fell in love with Olga. But even here he passed.

Oblomov's days are ending on Vasilievsky Island near Pshenitsyna. This is also a kind of Oblomovka, but without a sense of the poetry of childhood, nature, and the expectation of a miracle. Almost imperceptibly, our hero goes into his eternal sleep.

What is the reason that Oblomov's capabilities were not realized, internal forces were left without use? Of course, it is rooted in Oblomovka. "Oblomov's Dream" explains why he did not want and could not follow the path of the early visitors or the path of Stolz: Ilya Ilyich had neither a definite goal, nor the energy for its implementation. Thus, Oblomov's dream is, as it were, the focus of the novel.

In his article "What is Oblomovism?" NA Dobrolyubov wrote "Oblomov is not a dull apathetic figure without aspirations and feelings, but a man who is also looking for something in life, thinking about something." (17) He is endowed with many positive qualities, and he is not stupid. There is a sad truth in his judgments - also a consequence of Russian life. What are all these Sudbinskys, Volkins, Penkovs striving for? Indeed, is it worth getting up from the sofa for the sake of that petty fuss that his former comrades are busy with?

Dobrolyubov saw a deep social content in the extremely simple plot of Oblomov, which did not shine with any external effects. He wrote: “Apparently, Goncharov chose not an extensive sphere for his own. The story of how the good-natured person lies and sleeps the good-natured sloth Oblomov, and no matter how friendship or love can awaken and raise him, God knows what an important story. But it reflects Russian life, it shows us a living, modern Russian type, minted with merciless severity and truthfulness; it expressed a new word of our social development, pronounced clearly and firmly, without despair and without childish hopes, but with a full consciousness of the truth. This word - "Oblomovism", serves as a key to unraveling many phenomena of Russian life, and it gives Goncharov's novel much more social significance than all our accusatory stories have. In Oblomov's type and in all this "Oblomovism" we see something more than just a successful creation of a strong talent; we find in him a work of Russian life, a sign of the times. " (17)

Turning to the image of Oblomov, Dobrolyubov shrewdly saw the source of his life drama, partly in Oblomov's external position, and partly "in the image of his mental and moral development." Dobrolyubov saw in Oblomov an image of those “imaginary-talented natures” whom they had previously admired “before they covered themselves with different robes, adorned themselves with different hairstyles, and attracted them with different talents. But now Oblomov appears before us, exposed, as he is, silent, brought from a beautiful pedestal to a soft sofa, covered only with a spacious robe instead of a mantle. The question is what does he do? What is the meaning and purpose of his life? - put directly and clearly, not clogged with any side questions. " (27)

Oblomov was ruined by serfdom, lordly upbringing and the whole system of Russian landlord life, which slowly but surely cut this man out of life, turned him into a "warehouse filled up with all sorts of rubbish." (eighteen)

The antipode of Obolomov is Andrei Ivanovich Stolts. He was introduced into the novel to emphasize the character of Oblomov, to show how they differ from each other, without him the picture of Oblomovism would not be complete, therefore we will not bypass Stolz.

Andrei Ivanovich Stolz is such a person who was still very few in that society. He is not spoiled by home education, from a young age he began to use reasonable freedom, learned life early and was able to bring solid theoretical knowledge into practical activity.

The elaboration of convictions, firmness of will, a critical view of people and life, as well as faith in truth and goodness, respect for everything beautiful and sublime - these are the main character traits of Stolz.

It was after analyzing the two heroes of the novel that we saw a striking difference.

In conclusion of this part of the diploma, I would like to summarize what Oblomovism is, what is its place in the work of Goncharov and the life of a Russian.

Let us turn to the words of Gorky, who wrote that the generalizing power of the image created by Goncharov is enormous "... in the person of Oblomov we have before us the most truthful image of the nobility" (16). The Oblomovites are not only the petty provincial nobility, they are all the Russian nobility of that time, which was going through a process of deep social and moral crisis. Oblomov is the broadest image in its range, embracing the entire noble-landlord class, a synthesis of the most essential features of his psyche and, above all, deep inertia, convinced baibakism. In the fate of Oblomov, the process of degradation, degeneration of the serf system with its characteristic features of savagery and stagnation was shown with exhaustive completeness. Oblomov is the personification of the entire landlord way of life on the eve of the 60s.