Shore of darkness. people's construction site. The “people’s construction” method was born at the Automobile Plant. People’s construction is what

What is better: a skyscraper in the business center or a chalet on the river bank, a room in a five-story Khrushchev building or a wooden house outside the city?

Modern people tend to improve living conditions. However, many nations are happy in their national huts.

Houses with turf roofs

Denmark, Iceland, Norway

Roofs overgrown with green grass are a picturesque feature of Scandinavian villages. However, picturesqueness is not the main thing here: turf, sealing the wooden frame (usually from birch bark) - excellent protection from the cold. In Iceland, until the mid-20th century, not only the roofs, but also the walls of houses with a stone foundation were built from turf.

Trulli

Italy

Unique houses with domes-cones made of limestone in the Apulian town of Alberobello, skillfully built using dry masonry, are included in the list world heritage UNESCO. Historically they were built peasants or shepherds from stones found in the field. Such a dwelling could be quickly dismantled before the visit of royal inspectors in order to avoid paying taxes. Today, similar houses are built using mortar.

Lepa

Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia

The Badjao “sea gypsies” spend almost their entire lives in the ocean, in floating houses. In one part of the house-boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. Nomads go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and also to bury the dead.

Fale

Samoa

The population of Samoan villages is not familiar with the concept of " private life" Houses without walls guarantee complete mutual understanding. The palm leaf roofs rest on pillars arranged in a circle and connected by coconut husk ropes. There are family fales for living, large ones for gatherings and small ones for relaxing.

Karaans

Iran

The whimsical streamlined shapes of the rock houses in the village of Kandovan in the north-west of Iran would be the envy of Gaudi, but they were created ordinary people, just carved into volcanic rock. Each house is in a separate cone-shaped rock. The cones themselves were formed due to frequent eruptions of the Sekhend volcano in ancient times.

Dogon huts

Mali

The ideal Dogon village is built according to the principle human body. Mud houses vary in purpose and location. Head - toguna, a men's meeting house. In the chest and belly are family houses with pointed roofs. In place of the genitals - sacrificial altars. Hands are the houses where women go during menstruation.

Santana's Houses

Portugal

It is assumed that bright triangular houses with a sloping roof down to the ground once stood all over the island of Madeira, but now, to admire them, you need to go to the village of Santana, and tourists do this with great pleasure. Nowadays, traditional Santana houses are used for the most part not for housing, but as auxiliary buildings to house livestock or agricultural implements.

Yarangi

Russia

portable housing Chukchi more complicated than a regular tent: a frame made of long poles, tripods and poles, fastened with belts, covered with reindeer and walrus skins. The space inside is divided into two parts: a utility part (chottagin), where a fire is lit, the smoke from which comes out through a hole in the dome, and a sleeping area (canopy) - a warm tent.

Tongkonan

Indonesia

According to myth Toraja people, the first tongkonan was built by God in heaven. According to an alternative legend, the first Toraja who sailed to Sulawesi from the north suffered a storm and the damaged boats were used as roofs for their houses. Hence the supposedly amazing shape of the dwellings. Tongkonans are traditionally folded without a single nail.

Photo: Blend Images / Legion-media, Photononstop, Alamy, Hemis (x4), Age Fotostock / Legion-media, NaturePL / Legion-media

Staroe Knyazevo is an ordinary village in the Tver region. 200 kilometers from Moscow - no post office, no local administration, no first-aid post, no club. 15 people stay for the winter, buses do not run, the regional center Mednoye is 20 kilometers away. But there is...

Staroe Knyazevo is an ordinary village in the Tver region. 200 kilometers from Moscow - no post office, no local administration, no first-aid post, no club.

15 people stay for the winter, there are no buses, the regional center of Mednoye is 20 kilometers away.
But there is a house in Old Knyazev that changed local life - the Sergei Lemeshev Museum. Here he grew up, fishing in the Tma River. Now his fishing rods are kept in the museum.

Actually, it was not the house that changed the life of the village. And the people who entered the house.

The museum was opened in 1991 as a public one. In 1992 it became state-owned. And to a museum, even if it is small, wooden and has a leaking roof, there is still a road. So they took her to Staroe Knyazevo.

And summer residents from the capital flocked to the tenor’s homeland and built elegant houses.

The neighboring village of Struzhnya, across the field from Knyazev, was less fortunate: Lemeshev did not live here, but only came to the river. They didn’t make it to Struzhna.

And that’s why it’s a different century in Struzna. The wind howls under the dome of the destroyed church. And about what was once here cultural life, resembles the ashes of a library that burned down last year.

The field between Struzhnya and Stary Knyazev is like a time machine. On the one hand, there is a completely modern Moscow region, on the other, a village forgotten by God, where milkmaids on a collective farm receive 500 - 600 rubles a month.

The road and gas will be built faster for the Great Shadow than for a living village. The ghosts remained something of a genius loci. And the “museum workers” are something like a volost zemstvo.

Zurab Sotkilava, Vladimir Zeldin, soloists came to Knyazevo for the 100th anniversary of Lemeshev Bolshoi Theater and Mariinsky Theater. Several thousand people gathered for the last Lemeshevsky holiday.

On ordinary days, summer residents organize concerts at the Lemeshevsky Museum. Irina Tselina, a piano teacher from Moscow, comes from Struzhnya to play the piano. And in winter, the director of the Lemeshevsky Museum and his only guide Larisa Pashchenko travels around music schools and talks about Lemeshev and the museum.

The singer has been dead for 30 years, but the “sharemen” are still coming to him. They created the museum.

Organized by the singer’s widow Vera Nikolaevna Kudryavtseva and musician Viktor Dmitrievich Vasilyev, the museum was built with the money of fans. In addition to posters, photographs and memorial exhibits, their satin stitch embroideries and poems addressed to Lemeshev are kept here.

"Lemeshisti" did not play last role and in the life of Larisa Pashchenko.

Larisa and her future husband Sergei Abovyan worked as builders in Moscow.

Sergei liked Lemeshev - from childhood, when he was still broadcast on the radio. Sergei grew up, became a photographer, then volunteered for the war in Karabakh, and was a photojournalist there. When he returned, he began to do repair work. Then I met Larisa.

One day Sergei showed her the film “ Musical history", and Larisa fell in love with Lemeshev. It was in 2002 that his 100th anniversary was celebrated.

On Lemeshev’s birthday, Larisa and Sergei went to the singer’s grave, where they met his fans and his widow. There we also learned how to get to Stary Knyazev and went to the Lemeshevsky holiday.

Larisa liked Knyazevo so much that she wanted to leave Moscow and move there to live.

The museum was then on the verge of closing - almost no one came.

They made up their minds. We've arrived. Forever.

They were given a house where the funds were kept, and they began to live in it.

In the summer, an apple orchard and flower beds were planted near the museum. The Oktyabr animal farm donated six seedling machines for the museum. The chairman of the collective farm brought fertilizers from Struzhnya. Employees of a Tver company came on the excursion - it was on Monday, and on Wednesday they brought a computer. Other good people They gave us wrought iron railings and a canopy over the entrance.
...That’s how the museum grew, using the method of people’s construction, stem by stem, brick by brick.

Larisa began to negotiate with Tver travel agencies. People flocked to the museum.

And everything was very good: this spring Larisa and Sergei had a son - also Sergei, Sergei Sr. began taking photographs again.

But on July 6, the house with the funds burned down. The short circuit happened at night. When Sergei and Larisa woke up, the roof was already cracking. They only managed to take the child out of the house.

And they continue to work in the museum.

We live well,” says Larisa. - Only the house burned down. Problems? Eat. Firstly, the roof of the museum leaks, and this causes damage to memorial items. Secondly, the bark beetle eats the exhibit.

Now Larisa and Sergei are registering ownership of a plot of land in the field behind the museum. Here they will build a house. How they will do this with a salary of 4,000 rubles is unclear. But they will definitely build it.

After all, life has always been difficult for the residents of Knyazev. As a boy, Sergei Lemeshev, for example, did not go to auditions in Tver, but ran to avoid freezing. 50 kilometers in six hours.

And if you remember that the house with three windows, which Sergei Yakovlevich Lemeshev bought in Knyazev for his mother Akulina, was exchanged for a bag of flour and a goat in 1933, then we can safely say: it will not be worse than it was.

This article is about how the transition took place from the majestic architecture of Stalin's time to the minimalism of Khrushchev's Thaw.

Standard architecture has become defining for the modern Russian city. At the end of the 1950s there was a sharp turn towards this dubious ascetic style. How did this happen? Revolutionary changes in art do not occur instantly, even if they are dictated by the state. During the change of course, with the beginning of the “thaw,” even the party did not know what it wanted, and the transition from the excesses of the Empire style to the simplicity of the Khrushchev style lasted about five years: after the abandonment of excesses in 1953, the first standard houses appeared only in 1959. They built whatever they wanted, they experimented, and Gorky set the fashion in this: they say that it was at GAZ that they conducted the first experiment in the construction of mass housing.

IN 1953 year, immediately after the death of the Secretary General, the All-Union Plenum stated that standard design would become decisive. A regulation on excesses had not yet appeared, there was no understanding yet of what standard architecture was, but the vector had been set, and the search for a new construction standard for beauty began. The history of these searches is vague and not recorded by observers. It seems that the party, the architect and the factory were looking in different directions. The architects wanted to complete what they started under Stalin.

Yuri Bubnov, Gorky architect:
“There was “classicism” back then. And I must say, we became famous throughout the country. I built a house on the Verkhne-Volzhskaya embankment, I was promoted to Stalin Prize, they had already sent photographs, and then Khrushchev hit on the excesses... Well, then we began to work like Khrushchev. The chairman of the city executive committee once told me: “Bubnov, let’s go see how people live.” We went to the car factory, there were barracks, one room with six beds and curtains across them."

IN crucial moment The architects had designs for several central squares on their desks. The early 50s are the best years of retro style, copying classical heritage. Everything that was designed in 1952-53 and completed approximately until 1954 th - high-quality facilities, majestic buildings. Gorky Square (V.Ya. Fogel), Freedom Square (V.V. Voronkov), and the center of the Sormovo district were conceived to be just as thoughtful and solemn. At the same time, during the golden time of Stalinist architecture, the idea of ​​a monument to the most influential architect of that period, Alexander Yakovlev, was discussed.

"Chernoprudsky skyscraper" and the "Record" cinema center. Alexander Yakovlev, late 1920s. Photo - Googlestreetview 2016

A year and a half after the decision to change course was made in November 1954, at the next all-Union plenum the existing views on architecture were subjected to sharp, deafening and final criticism, and it became impossible to realize the plan. Exactly one year later, in November 1955, a decree “On the Elimination of Excesses” was issued.

Vadim Voronkov, Gorky architect, now a professor at NNGASU:
“The first objects I worked on in Gorky were a residential building and the administrative building of the Giproneftezavod on Freedom Square. We designed it in the classics. The object was fully approved, but then a 1955 decree on the fight against excesses followed. Only three years later, Lyubov Borisovna Rozhdestvenskaya designed it the way it was built."
(From the book by A. Gelfond “80 years of Nizhny Novgorod CitizenNIIproekt”)

Atomenergoproekt. Vadim Voronkov and Lyubov Rozhdestvenskaya, late 1950s. Photo - Googlestreetview 2016

Two years of doubts and searches for the norm. Following the ideology of total unification, it was necessary to develop a universal house. On January 1, 1955, the first building codes and regulations came into force, a collection of SNiPs on wall structures, room sizes, lighting and ventilation standards, how much land should be allocated per resident and how many garbage cans per person. For the first time and very fully, the rules were formulated fire safety: how to build, not what to extinguish. Those who had the opportunity to develop these norms felt like creators new era, and not at all by creators deprived of their profession.

In the year the legendary decree on excesses was adopted, no standard housing was built in Gorky. And next year too. And even in the second year there was no mass construction of identical boxes. Nothing happened in architectural life. Porticoes, columns, pilasters and flowerpots were mechanically demolished. As the architect S. A. Novikov noted, “without proper rethinking” - proletarians, alien to architectural discourse, liked to be heroes, to defeat excesses.

Photo - Newspaper "Gorkovskaya Pravda", 1957

In 1955, car manufacturers took the initiative to build housing on their own. A group of press shop workers erected a 24-apartment building during their free hours from materials provided by the company. This is the first urban legend: the workers themselves initiated the construction reform, and this happened in 1955, long before mass public construction.

“Isn’t this a handicraft? Should we trust the labor impulse of our fellow citizens?”

The story also tells about the party initiator, Comrade Ignatov, who proposed the original method in 1957. In Gorky he made a lot of noise, although he served here as the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU for only a few years. After the death of the leader, he, a man greedy for glory, was deprived of all ranks and expelled from Moscow, first to Leningrad, then even further, to Gorky. Ignatov hoped to curry favor with Khrushchev. In May 1957, he published an article in the Pravda newspaper in which he suggested that factories build houses by workers, and in early July organized a meeting to disseminate “his” initiative. The directive was accepted and sent throughout the USSR. Immediately, trusts appeared at factories and began to organize workers to build their own housing. The first standard projects are several compact planning solutions for 8-24 apartments, the same in all cities. They say that public construction in other cities was called the “Gorky method.” They also called it “gorky”, but then they forgot, and “people’s construction” began to mean all plastered houses of 2-3 floors without any signs of style.

Photo - Newspaper "Gorky Worker", 1956

Newspapers circulated an example of people's initiative, and for the sake of credibility they even cast a little doubt: “Isn’t this a handicraft? Should we trust the labor impulse of our fellow citizens?” What kind of house was this without an address, I wonder.

Contrary to the legends about labor initiative, the people's construction project was a well-organized event. By 1957, a separate workshop was built on the territory of the Automobile Plant for the production of special cheap cinder blocks. Separate workshop! Powerful preparation followed the initiative of the workers and preceded Ignatov’s innovation.

Illustration - Newspaper "Gorkovskaya Pravda", 1957

Cinder blocks , as many believe, is garbage mixed with a solution. Slag remains from coal when burned in a thermal power plant and, like clay, cement, sand and various small stones, is a good building material. One should not think that construction from it is shamefully cheap - this material was first used for the Hermitage garage. In the industrial 50s, recycling was in fashion, the plant organized the supply of resource-saving materials to the people. Unfortunately, this was not environmentally friendly; some slags contained harmful sulfur impurities, and they did not retain heat well. Newspapers wrote little about how the epic with small houses for workers ended, sluggishly referring to reserves of building materials.

It is believed that public construction ended when the supply of garbage was exhausted, but this is not entirely true.

They stopped making cinder blocks when thermal power plants switched to fuel oil, preferring it to medieval fossil fuels. True, we had to give up fuel oil too, because it turned out to be expensive, but that’s another story. Now cinder blocks are being produced again, but no longer on the scale of ideological choice of material.

Sawdust and gypsum slabs , another invention, were praised for replacing interior decoration. White and neat, they were thin enough to make the seams invisible, and light enough for a woman builder to do. An inexhaustible supply of sawdust was offered by the Balakhninsky Paper Mill. It could have been mixed with cement, plaster, or harmful formaldehyde, as they came up with later.

Reeds - opening of a construction exhibition of the same landmark year 1957. They came up with the idea of ​​mixing reed stems with clay and gypsum in Astrakhan. The wetlands of the Volga delta are the largest in area within a radius of two thousand kilometers (larger only in Tyumen and somewhere far away in Siberia). Tall reeds were tied with wire and secured with mortar. The result was large slabs measuring 1.5 x 2.5 meters, from which walls can be assembled quickly and easily. We bought cheap material and brought it from Astrakhan. Then they said that “we definitely won’t need that much reed,” they bought it at a cheap price with a surplus and saved. Houses in Vysokovo were built from reed stone, for example, one house was erected in just two weeks, such a simple material - no cranes or equipment needed, just working hands. They laughed a little at the reeds, remembering the tents (yurts) of the nomadic Nogais, but natural material more likely to be trusted than not. Nowadays, reed is considered an environmentally friendly material; small houses are built from it, away from urban technologies.

Brick panels used in the first multi-storey buildings. To quickly build five-story buildings, the bricks were technically glued together at the factory. Examples can be seen in the area of ​​Gagarin Avenue and Tereshkova Street, but these are more recent experiments. As you might guess, the area emerged after Soviet space flights in the early 60s. The first houses were erected on the former Arzamas highway in 1959, simultaneously with the last three-story buildings of public construction projects.

Brick panels on Tereshkova Street and a sign about the name of the street. Photo - Irina Maslova, 2016

Until 1960, it was planned to increase brick production, and it was especially noted that brick wall blocks had to be produced 15 times more than in the starting year of 1957. That's approximately 61 billion pieces per year! It was planned to increase the production of slate and even ordinary tiles made of cement and clay. Then plans changed: everyone was captivated by the concrete panels.

In the second part of the article, which will be published within a week, you will find a story about the life of independent builders. According to the directives of the soul and heart, the workers created their own houses until they turned into builders and went to work on the construction of mass 5-story housing.

Consigned to oblivion Soviet era sometimes brings back a lot of nostalgic memories for us. One of them is the eternal problem of Soviet citizens: “The rent for the cooperative apartment has not been paid this month!”

In those years, housing cooperatives received a solid state support, and the burden on the pockets of future residents was relatively small. Today there is no state support at all. What can the population do - take out a bank loan?

Nowadays, there is a completely acceptable way out of the situation. Most recently, it was brought into reality at ZhBI-3, an enterprise with more than 45 years of history, one of the flagships of construction in the Belgorod region, located in the Yakovlevsky district. And we can say that the whole city The builder - the regional center - was built by the hands of the workers of the plant, the products of which are also massively supplied to the regional center, and to the districts of the region, and to regions remote from the Belgorod region, including non-CIS countries.

The way out of the above situation, found by the regional governor and implemented by the management of the plant, is the principle: “The new is the well-forgotten old.”

“Individual housing construction is right!”

Of course, it would be best to live in your own home, he shares his opinion CEO Group of companies "ZHBI-3" Dmitry Grigorievich Abolduev. - Of course, citizens should have a choice between an apartment and an individual house... I am convinced of this, being the head of an enterprise that was and is engaged in the construction of apartment buildings. After all, there will always be people who are used to living in urban conditions.

The governor's initiative to support and stimulate the construction of individual residential buildings is certainly correct. In line with the governor's initiatives, we decided to take up individual housing construction. We have mastered a number of new directions - construction using the “Teplosten”, “Teplopanel” and “ARXX” technologies. It is at an inexpensive, reliable and modern technology monolithic housing construction with permanent formwork using the ARXX system, a complex of 24 residential buildings was built in the Vostochny microdistrict of the city of Stroitel. Two streets of neat, identical two-story houses, with small areas around them and even a children's playground, truly decorated the district center.

How to make housing more affordable?

Making their products more accessible to customers is a question facing every manufacturer. Yakovlevsky builders encountered it during the construction of the Vostochny microdistrict. An attempt was made to build and sell houses using the widespread shared construction scheme. However, the population found this scheme not very profitable. The houses were sold only when the construction and improvement work was completed in full.

And who bought them? More or less wealthy people. But not everyone is able to immediately save a large number of money to buy a house, which is more than two million rubles.

In a word, simply building and selling ready-made residential buildings, like goods on store shelves, is not a way out of the situation when the task is to provide the population with affordable housing. That is why Dmitry Abolduev decided to take advantage of the governor’s offer to build housing using the good old cooperative method. A number of problems are solved in this way. People find their own homes, and builders go about their business, confident in the guaranteed sale of their products.

Cooperative "ZhBI-3"

No sooner said than done. A housing savings cooperative called ZhNK “ZhBI-3” was registered at the enterprise, and a current account was opened. The group of companies took over the credit functions previously performed by the Soviet state. He provides the cooperative with construction parts on credit at only five percent. According to plans, after five years the cooperative will completely buy out this loan from the enterprise and in the future will be able to purchase building materials with its own funds.

In the area of ​​the Krapivenskie Dvors farm, in a place of excellent beauty, with forests and ponds, not far from the Moscow-Simferopol highway, the regional authorities have allocated a plot of land for construction with an area of ​​40 hectares.

Today there are 114 people in the cooperative. All of them are workers of the ZhBI-3 Group of Companies. From their mouths new opportunity build own house the whole area recognized it. The number of applications to join the cooperative is constantly increasing. After all, the conditions turned out to be very favorable. Judge for yourself. Joining it is as easy as shelling pears, you just need to come with your passport and write an application. Try taking out a mortgage loan this easy!

In the application, you indicate the estimated area of ​​the house and the land plot,” says Sergei Ivanovich Chuprynin, director of ZHBI-3. - Why “alleged”? Because as a result of further communication, people can change their initial intentions, since sometimes not everyone can imagine what it’s like to live in an individual house. Then we consider planning options together, and the developer chooses what he likes.

At the next stage, we register a new member of the cooperative. And he chooses the optimal financial scheme for himself: either he immediately pays a 30 percent entrance fee (which is more profitable for both us and him, since the construction of his house will begin almost immediately), or he saves it in a cooperative for three years, after which we Let's start construction. This is a fair scheme: houses are built first for those members of the cooperative who have paid a larger entrance fee.

More than a hundred houses will be built on a site near the Krapivenskie Dvors village. Members of the cooperative can choose from five projects of individual houses of different sizes, located on plots of 8, 10 and 15 acres. The average cost of a house will be about 1,600,000 rubles, including land rent. The completed house is transferred to the cooperative member's ownership - but with an encumbrance, until he pays off in full. The land plot under this house is rented by the plant during the construction process, but upon completion of construction, the enterprise is released from the lease and gives the opportunity to a member of the cooperative to buy it out on their own.

According to calculations, a monthly contribution of 10-13 thousand rubles, paid over 10 years, will be enough to build a box house with plastic windows and a metal entrance door, and utility networks.

The houses are self-finishing, since this issue falls into the category of purely individual ones. Any construction organization can confirm: when building turnkey housing, at the final stage of work, builders are faced with a great many complaints from residents regarding the type, quality and color of finishing materials. Therefore, the best solution would be to let them resolve this issue on their own.

Fast, beautiful and high quality

Houses built from products of the ZhBI-3 Group of Companies (which include ceramic bricks, expanded polystyrene, expanded clay concrete stone, ready-mixed concrete for monolithic flooring) look extremely attractive. “Monolithic floors are a cutting-edge word in construction, as they provide high quality construction,” Dmitry Grigorievich Abolduev is convinced. Interior partitions are built from ceramic bricks. The most advanced technology, which has long been successfully tested by the enterprise, is also applied to the foundations: the foundations of the houses are based on bored piles with grillages.

The volume of work performed by the enterprise for the cooperative can be called small on the scale of the entire enterprise. The ZhBI-3 group of companies produces hundreds of times more products every year than is needed for the construction of 20 individual houses. Nevertheless, builders see considerable benefits in the cooperative.

Firstly, this is a living example for other construction enterprises in the region, the general director is sure. - Following our cooperative, five, ten, and so on, similar organizations will appear (which, by the way, will begin to purchase our building materials). And this is a significant step towards solving the housing problem and implementing the governor’s program for the development of individual housing construction. One hundred people, joining financial efforts, will build 20 houses with our help in a year for those who contributed the most an initial fee. Next year, another 20 people will receive their own homes. And so - for just ten years.

On our by example we see the success and real demand for this idea among the population. Nowadays, building quickly and inexpensively can only be done using the old, proven “folk” method. Banks, with their interest rates on housing loans, cannot provide this opportunity.

There is a well-known phrase that was recently spoken by one of the top leaders of our state: “In order to take out loans at such interest rates, you need to sell weapons or drugs.” We do neither one nor the other. We are building. And our “people’s” cooperative remains the most in an accessible way build your own house. Let the idea of ​​a people's cooperative, revived by the governor and brought to life by us, become a gift to all Belgorod residents on our professional holiday - Builder's Day!

Housing savings cooperative "ZhBI-3":

What is better: a skyscraper in the business center or a chalet on the river bank, a room in a five-story Khrushchev building or a wooden house outside the city?

Modern people tend to improve their living conditions. However, many nations are happy in their national huts.

Houses with turf roofs

Denmark, Iceland, Norway

Roofs overgrown with green grass are a picturesque feature of Scandinavian villages. However, picturesqueness is not the main thing here: the turf that seals the wooden frame (usually made of birch bark) is an excellent protection from the cold. In Iceland, until the mid-20th century, not only the roofs, but also the walls of houses with a stone foundation were built from turf.

Trulli

Italy

Unique houses with limestone cone domes in the Apulian town of Alberobello, skillfully built using dry masonry, are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Historically, they were built by peasants or shepherds from stones found in the field. Such a dwelling could be quickly dismantled before the visit of royal inspectors in order to avoid paying taxes. Today, similar houses are built using mortar.

Lepa

The Badjao “sea gypsies” spend almost their entire lives in the ocean, in floating houses. In one part of the house-boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. Nomads go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and also to bury the dead.

Fale

Samoa

The population of Samoan villages is not familiar with the concept of “private life”. Houses without walls guarantee complete mutual understanding. The palm leaf roofs rest on pillars arranged in a circle and connected by coconut husk ropes. There are family fales for living, large ones for gatherings and small ones for relaxing.

Karaans

Iran

The whimsical, streamlined shapes of the rock houses in the village of Kandovan in northwestern Iran would make Gaudi the envy of them, but they were created by ordinary people, simply carved into volcanic rock. Each house is in a separate cone-shaped rock. The cones themselves were formed due to frequent eruptions of the Sekhend volcano in ancient times.

Dogon huts

Mali

The ideal Dogon village is built on the principle of the human body. Mud houses vary in purpose and location. The head is a toguna, a house for men's gatherings. In the chest and belly are family houses with pointed roofs. In place of the genitals there are sacrificial altars. Hands are the houses where women go during menstruation.

Santana's Houses

Portugal

It is assumed that bright triangular houses with sloping roofs down to the ground once stood throughout the island of Madeira, but now, to admire them, you need to go to the village of Santana, and tourists do this with great pleasure. Nowadays, traditional Santana houses are used for the most part not for housing, but as auxiliary buildings to house livestock or agricultural implements.

Yarangi

Russia

The portable dwelling of the Chukchi is more complex than a regular tent: the frame is made of long poles, tripods and poles, fastened with belts, covered with reindeer and walrus skins. The space inside is divided into two parts: a utility part (chottagin), where a fire is lit, the smoke from which comes out through a hole in the dome, and a sleeping area (canopy) - a warm tent.

Tongkonan

Indonesia

According to the myth of the Toraja people, the first tongkonan was built by God in heaven. According to an alternative legend, the first Toraja who sailed to Sulawesi from the north suffered a storm and the damaged boats were used as roofs for their houses. Hence the supposedly amazing shape of the dwellings. Tongkonans are traditionally folded without a single nail.

Photo: Blend Images / Legion-media, Photononstop, Alamy, Hemis (x4), Age Fotostock / Legion-media, NaturePL / Legion-media