D. A. Korobeinikov complex economic analysis. I - scientific instruments

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Baikal State University of Economics and Law

Guidelines

for completing coursework

COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Publishing house BGUEP

Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of Baikal state university economics and law

Compiled by: Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor Grozina E.V.,

Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor Bykova T.L.,

Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Acting Associate Professor N.V. Kuznetsova

(Department of Economic Analysis)

Reviewer: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor O.V. Zmanovskaya

Complex economic analysis economic activity: Method. decree/ Comp. E.V. Grozina, T.L. Bykova, N.V. Kuznetsova. - Irkutsk: Publishing house BGUEP, 2012. - 40 p.

The guidelines contain assignments and recommendations for completing coursework in the discipline “Comprehensive Economic Analysis of Economic Activities.”

Intended for full-time students of specialty 080109 “Accounting, analysis and audit”.

Publishing house BGUEP, 2012

I. General provisions

Coursework on “Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity” is part of educational process for training certified specialists in the field accounting, analysis and audit, one of most important species independent work students.

Completing coursework has the following objectives:

in-depth study of the discipline “Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity”, which develops in students the ability to holistically perceive, interpret and evaluate various aspects of the financial and economic activities of an organization;

application of knowledge acquired by students while studying related disciplines: accounting, theory of economic analysis, statistics, marketing, finance, etc.

developing skills for independent work with literature;

formation of practical skills in analysis of accounting and statistical reporting, the ability to focus on general indicators for assessing the financial and economic activities of an organization, the use of specific methods of analysis, modeling and forecasting, generalization of analysis results in accordance with the goals and objectives of management;

preparing students for practical training in economic analysis and completing final qualifying work.

II. Subjects of coursework

General directions of course work topics are developed and approved by the Department of Statistics and Economic Analysis. The student independently selects a topic from the list available at the department (Appendix 1). The topic of the course work can be proposed by the student himself, based on his scientific interests and work experience. Work by several students on the same topic is not permitted, except for the development of complex topics.

III. Structure and content of course work

The course work should have the following approximate structure: title page, contents, introduction, main part, which is divided into sections, conclusion, list of references, appendices.

The number of sections and subsections depends on the topic of the course work and is not limited. Usually there are one or two theoretical sections devoted to a critical review of the indicators proposed in the literature for assessing the financial and economic activities of an organization and methods for their calculation and analysis, and one practical section containing an analysis of the corresponding indicators using the example of a specific organization.

In the introduction, it is necessary to justify the relevance of the chosen topic, formulate the purpose and objectives of the research, and give a brief description of the organization on the example of which the course work was carried out.

In the theoretical sections of the work, one should comprehend the statements of various authors taking different theoretical positions, give their comparative assessment and show which of them, from the student’s point of view, are more correct.

The last section of the work is of a practical nature and is performed using the example of accounting or statistical reporting issued to a student scientific supervisor. When performing this section, it is necessary to pay attention to the most significant indicators for assessing the financial and economic activities of the organization, give quantitative and qualitative characteristics level, dynamics and forecast development of the indicator being studied, select a specific method for analyzing the corresponding indicator, assess the influence of factors on the results obtained, evaluate alternative calculation options, and conclusively formulate generalizing conclusions.

To complete the course work, the original reports of the organization with which the student is associated by the nature of his activity can also be used. In this case, the student must submit completed accounting or statistical reporting forms to that organization. Coursework done on the example of a specific organization is of the greatest interest.

In conclusion, it is necessary to briefly present the results of the analysis, formulate conclusions and proposals arising from the work, and possible management decisions to be made.

The total volume of course work should not exceed 40 pages.

The bibliography should contain at least 10-15 titles used literary sources, including domestic and foreign publications.

The appendix should include sources of information, graphs, pictures, diagrams and other supporting material.

IV. Sequence of course work

The process of preparing and defending a course work consists of the following stages:

Selecting a topic.

Selection of literary sources on the topic and sources of information to complete the work.

Planning.

Studying selected literary sources and practical material of a specific organization.

Systematized processing and analysis of theoretical and practical material collected on the topic of the course work.

Writing coursework text.

Defense of course work.

V. Formulation of coursework

The design of the course work must comply with STP BGUEP 1-02 “Requirements for the construction and execution of coursework and dissertations.”

coursework economic analysis methodical

VI. Guidelines for completing certain topics of coursework

Topic: Analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness

The goal of writing a term paper on this topic is that students, having studied in more depth theoretical aspects on this topic, acquired practical skills in choosing a specific methodology for analyzing creditworthiness and carried out the analysis in accordance with the chosen methodology using the example of a borrowing organization.

Introduction.

1. The concept of creditworthiness. Sources of information for analysis.

2. Assessment of the borrower’s creditworthiness in domestic banking practice.

3. Credit rating indicators used by foreign banks.

4. Methodology for determining the borrower's creditworthiness class.

5. Analysis of creditworthiness (using the example of borrower organization Z).

Conclusion.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, formulates the purpose of the study, objectives, and gives a brief description of organization, on the example of which the course work is carried out.

1. To assess the methods used in practice to analyze the borrower’s creditworthiness, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the content of the concept of “creditworthiness”. It should be noted that to date there are no economists consensus By this issue. Therefore, in this section it is recommended to consider the discussion on this problem, to comprehend the statements of various authors taking different theoretical positions, to show which of them, from the student’s point of view, are more correct.

The classic approach to assessing creditworthiness is analysis financial condition borrower on the balance sheet. However, financial statements are not the only source of information for analysis. Therefore, in this section we need to consider other sources used by banks to analyze creditworthiness.

2. The methods used by banks to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers are different, but they all contain a certain system of financial ratios, including such as: Towards absolute liquidity

Towards quick liquidity

To current liquidity

Towards independence (autonomy)

To determine creditworthiness, other indicators can be used, in particular, indicators of profitability, business activity of the organization and others. In this section, we should dwell on the methodology for calculating these coefficients, taking into account that the level of these indicators in the various methods used by banks to determine the creditworthiness of borrowers is not the same. In addition, it should be taken into account that the issues of choosing indicators that most objectively reflect the trend and changes in the financial condition of the organization are decided by each commercial bank independently.

3. Banks in countries with developed market economies use complex system indicators for assessing the creditworthiness of clients. This system is differentiated depending on the nature of the borrower (company, individual, type of activity), and can also be based on both balance and turnover indicators client reporting. Regardless of the number of indicators, in Western practice there are several groups of coefficients that are required for analysis: the company’s liquidity, capital turnover, fundraising and profitability.

Since most domestic methods for assessing creditworthiness are based on the practice of foreign banks, in this section it is recommended to dwell in detail on one of the foreign methods drawn from the literature, characterize it, and compare it with the methods used in domestic banking practice.

4. The basis for determining the client’s creditworthiness class is the criterion level of indicators and their rating. Indicators at the industry average level are the basis for classifying the borrower as 2nd class, above average - as 1st class, below average - as 3rd class. The rating is determined in points. For example, a simple version of a credit rating can be built based on the class of the borrower in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1

Conditions for breaking down borrowers by class

The amount of points is calculated by multiplying the class (1, 2, 3) of any indicator (for example, K AL, K BL, K TL, K N) and its share established by the bank (for example, 30%, 20%, 30%, 20, respectively) %) in aggregate (100%).

Borrowers with a score from 100 to 150 points can be classified as 1st class, 2nd class - from 151 to 250 points, 3rd class - from 251 to 300 points.

Let us show the definition of the borrower's creditworthiness class, whose level of coefficients is characterized by the following data:

table 2

Financial ratios of the borrowing company

The significance of these coefficients is determined by the bank as follows:

Table 3

Significance of financial ratios

Then the total number of points will be determined:

Total: 210 points

Those. This company belongs to the 2nd class of creditworthiness.

5. This section carries out an analysis of creditworthiness based on data from the organization’s accounting or statistical reporting and other information provided to the student by the supervisor. The source of information can also be the authentic reporting of the organization with which the student is associated by the nature of his activity.

Creditworthiness analysis is carried out in the following sequence:

1. Determined financial indicators characterizing creditworthiness, they are calculated as of the beginning and end of the reporting period, the dynamics are established, and a conclusion is drawn about the trends in their change. It is necessary to keep in mind:

The indicators selected to assess the borrower's creditworthiness must characterize the financial position of the organization with sufficient completeness, at least in three parameters: liquidity and solvency, financial stability, profitability;

Completeness of information should not be achieved by duplicating coefficients with each other;

Indicators must be adapted to domestic conditions.

2. The possibilities of assigning the analyzed organization to a certain class of creditworthiness are determined, for which a credit rating is calculated.

3. The results of the analysis are summarized, conclusions are formulated, and prospects for improving the financial condition of the organization are considered.

Digital material in course work is presented in the form of analytical tables. Thus, in relation to the methodology for analyzing creditworthiness discussed in this course work, the analytical tables given in the appendix can be recommended:

Table 4. Indicators of the current (short-term) solvency of the borrower organization “Z” (Appendix 3).

Table 5. Indicators of financial stability of the borrower organization “Z” (Appendix 4).

The calculation of indicators in the tables is based on balance sheet borrower organization “Z” (Appendix 2).

Analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness can be carried out using any method described in the literature and independently chosen by the student. Regardless of the chosen technique, the sequence of actions given in the guidelines remains unchanged.

The conclusion contains conclusions and proposals arising from the results of the analysis, and provides recommendations to the bank regarding lending conditions. Thus, based on the results of the analysis of the creditworthiness of borrower “Z”, the following conclusions were made:

The borrower organization “Z” is assigned to the 2nd class of creditworthiness - “unstable borrower”.

Topic: Analysis of the financial stability of the organization

The goal of writing a course work on this topic is that the student, having studied the theoretical aspects on this topic, must choose a methodology for analyzing financial stability and, in accordance with it, conduct an analysis of the financial stability of a particular organization.

Introduction

The concept of financial stability. Sources of information for analysis.

Comparative assessment of financial stability analysis techniques.

Analysis of the financial stability of organization Z.

Conclusion.

1. Until now, there is no consensus among economists on the content of the concept of “financial sustainability”. Therefore, in this section it is necessary to consider the discussion on this issue, for example, the definitions of A.D. Sheremet, V.V. Kovalev, O.V. Efimova. etc. and show which of them, from the student’s point of view, is more complete and correct.

The types of sustainability, the factors influencing it, and their classification should also be described.

The main source of analysis of the financial stability of an organization is the balance sheet, but not the only one. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other sources used to assess financial stability.

2. There are various methods for analyzing the financial stability of an organization.

In this section, it is necessary to consider the domestic and foreign methods proposed in the economic literature, for example: Artemenko V.G., Bellendir M.V., Dontsova L.V., Nikiforova N.A., Efimova O.V., Kovaleva V.V. ., Kreinina M.K., Sheremeta A.D. and others, give them short description, identify common points, differences, advantages and disadvantages. This will allow the student to compare different points of view and determine his attitude towards them.

When studying methods for analyzing financial stability using absolute indicators, it is necessary to determine the characteristic that forms the basis of financial stability.

Particular attention should be paid to the sources of reserves, since there are different points of view on this issue. For example, Sheremet A.D. et al. identify three sources of reserve formation, and in foreign practice, and this point of view is shared by V.V. Kovalev, there are two sources. There is also no unity in determining the total amount of reserves.

The assessment of financial stability in absolute terms must be completed with a description of the types of financial situation and the criteria for its determination.

After studying the methods for analyzing financial stability using absolute indicators, it is necessary to move on to considering relative indicators characterizing financial stability. The methodology for calculating indicators, their economic meaning and proposed standards should be outlined.

All of the above will allow the student to choose a methodology for assessing the financial stability of the analyzed organization.

3. This section analyzes the financial stability of a specific organization based on data from accounting or statistical reporting and other information provided to the student by the supervisor.

Financial stability is assessed in the following sequence:

1. Analysis of financial stability in absolute terms:

· determination of sources of reserve formation;

· determination of the total amount of reserves;

· determination of surplus (shortage) of sources for the formation of reserves;

· determination of the type of financial situation.

2. Analysis of financial stability by relative indicators.

3. The coefficients are calculated as of the beginning and end of the reporting period, their dynamics are traced, the coefficients are compared with the standards recommended in the literature, and conclusions are drawn about their compliance and trends.

4. The results of the analysis are summarized, conclusions and proposals are formulated to improve the financial stability of the organization.

5. Digital material in the course work is presented in the form of analytical tables. Thus, on the topic of this course work, the tables given in the appendix can be recommended:

· Table No. 7. Analysis of the financial stability of organization “Z” in absolute terms (Appendix 6).

· Table No. 8. Relative indicators of the financial stability of organization “Z” (Appendix 7).

The calculation of the indicators in the tables is based on the balance sheet of organization “Z” (Appendix 2).

Topic: Analysis of the effectiveness of leasing operations

The goal of writing a course work on this topic is for the student, having studied the theoretical aspects on this topic, to choose a methodology for analyzing the effectiveness of leasing operations and, in accordance with it, to analyze the effectiveness of a leasing operation using the example of a specific organization.

Introduction

1. The concept of efficiency of leasing operations. Sources of information for analysis.

2. Methods for analyzing the effectiveness of leasing operations.

3. Analysis of the effectiveness of leasing operations of organization Y.

Conclusion.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic of the course work, defines the goals of the research, objectives and gives a brief description of the organization using the example of which the work is being carried out.

1. Leasing acts as a mechanism for implementation investment project for the lessee and financial investments for the lessor. The complex economic and legal nature of leasing requires an assessment of the effectiveness of leasing operations from the perspective of all its participants, primarily its main participants - the lessor and the lessee. Depending on who the organization considered in the course work is - the lessor or the lessee, the concept of leasing efficiency and sources of information for analysis are covered. The main source of information for analyzing a leasing operation is the leasing agreement, which contains information about the subject, subjects, conditions of leasing: terms, cost of leased property, settlement procedure between the parties, responsibilities of the parties, etc. The leasing agreement is the main, but not the only source of information for analysis, therefore it is advisable to consider other sources of information.

2. Currently, many methods for analyzing the effectiveness of leasing operations have been developed and published. The most famous include the methods of the following authors: V.D. Gazman, G.V. Savitskaya, E.V. Dektyareva, A.G. Aslanyan, N.Z. Goldstein, E.M. Chetyrkina, V. Maslennikova, E.I. Krylova, I.Ya. Lukasiewicz et al. In this section it is necessary to give a brief description of at least three methods, identify their common points, differences, advantages and disadvantages. After studying the methods, you should choose one of them and analyze the effectiveness of the leasing operation at the enterprise under study in the next section.

3. As mentioned above, the effectiveness of leasing can be considered both from the position of the lessor and from the position of the lessee. Analysis of leasing efficiency is carried out in the following sequence:

- from the lessee:

a) calculation of the discounted value of property when purchased on credit;

b) calculation of the discounted value of property under the terms of the leasing agreement;

c) comparative analysis of the effectiveness of leasing and bank lending for the acquisition of fixed assets;

d) the results of the analysis are summarized, conclusions are formulated on making a decision in favor of leasing or a loan.

- from the lessor:

a) analysis of the costs of a leasing operation by their items;

b) forecasting the net present value of income from a leasing operation;

c) calculation and evaluation of indicators net profit, profitability and payback period of investments in leasing operations;

d) the results of the analysis are summarized, conclusions are formulated regarding the decision to conclude a leasing transaction.

Let's look at the analysis of leasing efficiency from the lessee's perspective using the following example. Enterprise Y plans to purchase several passenger cars with a total cost of 1,800 thousand rubles. (including VAT RUB 274,576). The full depreciation period for cars is 5 years (60 months). Depreciation is charged linear method. An acceleration factor of 3 is applied to the leased asset, so the depreciation period, taking into account the acceleration factor, is 20 months. The lease agreement is valid for 20 months, the annual leasing rate is 10%. The validity period of the bank loan is 20 months, the annual rate of the bank loan is 18%, the discount rate is 10%.

We will analyze the effectiveness of the leasing operation in the following sequence:

a) Calculation of the discounted value of property when purchasing on credit is determined by the following formula:

Prepayment;

Periodic loan repayment payment;

Interest on the loan in period t;

Income tax rate;

Tax benefit on loan interest;

Tax benefit for depreciation;

Discount rate;

Residual value of the object at the end of the transaction period

b) calculation of the discounted value of property under the terms of the leasing agreement is determined by the following formula:

periodic lease payment.

V) Comparative analysis the effectiveness of leasing and bank lending for the acquisition of fixed assets is carried out in the analytical table (Appendix 9).

d) If L

In our example, leasing is more profitable, since it allows you to save 531,259 rubles. (1,755,039 - 1,223,780).

To conduct an efficiency analysis from the lessor’s perspective, we recommend using the following formulas:

1) to predict the net present value of income from a leasing operation:

Initial investment.

2) Profitability of leasing operation = , where:

PE - net profit;

Z - costs of the leasing operation.

3) Payback period for leasing costs = , where:

Emergency Wed. - average annual net profit.

Analysis of the effectiveness of leasing operations can be carried out using any method described in the literature and independently chosen by the student.

For other topics of coursework, the approximate content of the topic, sources of information and tasks for their implementation are given.

Topic: Analysis of liquidity and solvency

Introduction:

1. The concept of liquidity and solvency.

2. Analysis of balance sheet liquidity.

3. Analysis of the current solvency of the organization.

4. Analysis of the long-term and overall solvency of the organization

Conclusion.

"Balance sheet"

"Gains and losses report"

"Traffic Report" Money»

Exercise.

Assess the liquidity of the balance sheet of the analyzed organization;

Assess the dynamics of the state of the organization’s current assets, indicate the main changes and possible consequences for the financial stability and solvency of the organization;

Assess the state of the organization’s current obligations, identify the volume and dynamics of overdue debt;

· absolute liquidity ratio;

· quick liquidity ratio;

· current ratio;

· operating capital (net working capital);

· maneuverability of operating capital (net working capital).

Draw conclusions about how changes in liquidity and solvency affect the financial position of the organization.

Topic: Analysis of the organization's business activity

Coursework on the topic may have the following content:

Introduction

1. The concept of business activity of an organization. Business activity criteria.

2. Analysis of the organization’s business activity according to the indicators that determine it.

3. Factor analysis of the coefficient of sustainability of economic growth.

Conclusion.

The following forms received by the student serve as sources of information for analysis: financial statements:

"Balance sheet"

"Gains and losses report".

“Statement of changes in equity”

“Cash Flow Statement.”

Assess the dynamics of the organization’s main performance indicators:

· arrived;

· sales revenue;

· advanced capital.

Compare the rates of their change, evaluate the relationship based on their relationship.

Assess the efficiency of using the organization's resources using a general indicator (resource productivity);

Assess the efficiency of using human labor;

Assess the efficiency of using fixed assets and intangible assets of the organization;

Assess the efficiency of using the organization's current assets;

Assess the degree of sustainability of the organization’s economic growth;

Determine and evaluate the influence on the degree of sustainability of economic growth of factors reflecting the efficiency of financial and economic activities:

· share of reinvested profit in profit before tax (net) profit:

· profitability of sales;

· capital turnover;

Expand the four-factor model for analyzing the sustainability coefficient of economic growth by including factors characterizing the financial condition of the organization:

· security of own working capital;

· liquidity of current assets;

· turnover of current assets;

· ratio of short-term liabilities and equity.

Conduct factor analysis.

Topic: Sales profitability and directions for its growth

Coursework on the topic may have the following content:

Introduction.

2. Factor analysis of the profitability of individual types of products.

3. Analysis of profitability of sales. Factors to increase it

4. Analysis of the relationship between indicators of return on assets, return on sales, and asset turnover.

Conclusion.

The sources of information for analysis are the following forms of financial statements received by the student:

"Balance sheet"

" Gains and losses report"

Costing of the most important types of products.

Exercise. Based on the information provided, you need to:

Assess the level and dynamics of profitability of certain types of products manufactured by the enterprise;

Determine the influence on changes in the profitability of certain types of products factors:

· product prices;

· product cost.

Assess the level and dynamics of sales profitability;

Carry out factor analysis of profitability of sales;

Establish the relationship between indicators of return on assets, return on sales, turnover of the organization's assets, and carry out factor analysis.

Topic: Profitability of production assets and factors for increasing it

Coursework on the topic may have the following content:

Introduction

1. The concept of profitability and its role in assessing the efficiency of economic activity.

2. Comparative assessment of methods for factor analysis of the profitability of production assets.

3. Analysis of the profitability of the production assets of the analyzed organization.

Conclusion.

The sources of information for analysis are the following forms of financial statements received by the student:

"Balance sheet"

"Gains and losses report"

Explanations for the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement

Exercise. Using the information provided you must:

Assess the dynamics of the profitability indicator of production assets;

Carry out a factor analysis of the profitability of production assets using various analysis techniques, compare the calculation results, and give an assessment.

Topic: Return on assets and equity as indicators for assessing the efficiency of an organization’s economic activities

Coursework on the topic may have the following content:

Introduction

1. The concept of profitability and its role in assessing the efficiency of economic activity.

2. Factor analysis of return on assets.

3. Factor analysis of return on equity.

4. The relationship between return on assets and equity.

Conclusion.

The sources of information for analysis are the following forms of financial statements received by the student:

"Balance sheet"

"Gains and losses report"

Explanations for the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement

Exercise. Using the information provided you must:

Assess the level and dynamics of return on assets and equity capital;

Carry out a factor analysis of return on assets, determine the influence on changes in return on assets of factors:

profitability (sales)

asset turnover

Determine and evaluate the influence of factors on the value of return on equity:

· profitability (sales);

· asset (capital) turnover;

· financial structure of capital.

Establish the relationship between economic (return on assets) and financial (return on equity) profitability

Methodical instructions.

P - profit;

K - advanced capital (assets);

N - sales revenue;

Sales profitability;

Capital (assets) turnover;

CK - equity capital;

Financial capital structure ratio.

Topic: Main factors and ways to increase return on assets

Coursework on the topic may have the following content:

Introduction

1. The concept of profitability and its role in assessing the efficiency of economic activity.

2. Methods for analyzing a two-factor model of return on assets.

3. Methods for analyzing the three-factor model of return on assets.

4. Methods for analyzing the five-factor model of return on assets.

Conclusion.

The sources of information for analysis are the following forms of accounting or statistical reporting received by students:

"Balance sheet"

"Gains and losses report"

Explanations for the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement

Using the information provided you must:

Assess the level and dynamics of return on assets (capital) of the organization;

Carry out an analysis of return on assets using a two-factor model with the identification of factors:

· profitability of sales;

· asset turnover.

Carry out an analysis of return on assets using a three-factor model, identifying factors:

· profitability of sales;

· capital intensity of fixed capital;

· coefficient of fixation of current assets.

Carry out an analysis of return on assets using a five-factor model, identifying factors:

· payment intensity (labor intensity) of products;

· depreciation capacity of products;

· capital intensity of fixed capital;

· consolidation coefficient working capital.

Methodical instructions.

To complete the task, use models:

two-factor:

Return on capital (assets);

Sales profitability;

Capital (assets) turnover.

three-factor:

F - non-current assets (fixed capital);

E - current assets (working capital);

Sales profitability;

Capital intensity of fixed capital;

Working capital consolidation ratio.

five-factor:

U - wages with accruals;

M - material costs;

A - depreciation;

Payment intensity of sales;

Sales material intensity;

Depreciation of sales.

Main literature

1. Gilyarovskaya L. T. Complex economic analysis of economic activity: textbook / L. T. Gilyarovskaya, D. V. Lysenko, D. A. Endovitsky. - M.: TK Velby, Prospekt, 2010.

2. Lyubushin N.P. Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional / N.P. Lyubushin. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2009.

3. Comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activities of an organization: textbook. manual / Grozina E.V., Bykova T.L., Kuznetsova N.V., Fadeeva A.A. - Irkutsk: Publishing house BGUEP, 2011.

4. Richard Jacques. Audit and analysis of economic activities / Richard Jacques; translated from French - M.: UNITY, 1997.

5. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of an organization: textbook. allowance / G. V. Savitskaya. - Mn. : New knowledge, 2011.

6. Sheremet A. D. Comprehensive analysis economic activity: textbook / A. D. Sheremet. - M.: INFRA-M, 2010.

additional literature

1. Analysis of financial statements: textbook. manual / ed. O. V. Efimova, M. V. Melnik. - M.: Omega-L, 2010.

2. Analysis of financial statements: textbook. allowance / under. ed. M.A. Vakrushina, N.S. Plaskovoy. - M.: Omega, 2010.

3. Analysis of financial statements: textbook. allowance / edited by V.G. Artemenko, V.V. Ostapova. - M.: Omega, 2010.

4. Analysis of economic activity in industry: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Strazheva. - Minsk: Higher School, 2008.

5. Bakanov M.I., Melnik M.V., Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis: Textbook / Ed. M.I. Bakanova. - 5th ed. Reworked And additional - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2010.

6. Barilenko V.I. Analysis of financial statements: textbook. allowance. - M.: KNORUS, 2010.

7. Barngolts S.B., Melnik M.V. Methodology of economic analysis of economic entities. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002.

8. Basovsky L.E., Basovskaya E.N. Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activities: Textbook. manual.-M.: INFRA-M, 2010.

9. Bernstein L. A. Analysis of financial statements: theory, practice and interpretation / L. A. Bernstein.; lane from English - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002.

10. Boronenkova S.A. Management analysis: Textbook. allowance. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.

11. Vasilyeva L. S., Petrovskaya M. V. Financial analysis. - M.: Knorus, 2010.

12. Gerasimenko G.P., Markaryan G.E., Markaryan E.A., Shumilin E.P. Managerial, financial and investment analysis. Workshop. - Rostov n\D: “March”, 2008.

13. Dontsova L. V. Analysis of financial statements / L. V. Dontsova, N. A. Nikiforova. - M.: Business and Service, 2011.

14. Drozdov V.V. Economic analysis: Workshop / V.V. Drozdov, N.V. Drozdova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.

15. Drury K. Introduction to management and production accounting: Transl. from English - M.: Audit. UNITY, 1998.

16. Drury K. Cost accounting using the standard-cost method: Translated from English. / Ed. N.D. Eriashvili. - M: Audit. UNITY, 1998.

17. Ilyenkova N.D. Demand: Analysis and management: Textbook / Under. Ed. I.K. Belyavsky-M.: Finance and Statistics, 2008.

18. Kovalev A.I. Marketing analysis. - M.: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2009.

19. Kovalev V.V., Volkova O.N. Analysis of the organization's economic activities. - PBOYUYA Grizhenko E.M., 2010.

20. Krylov E.I., Zhuravkova N.D. Analysis of the effectiveness of investment and innovation activities of an enterprise: Textbook. allowance. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2010.

21. Lyubushin N.P., Leshcheva V.B., Dyakova V.G. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of an organization: Textbook. A manual for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2008.

22. Markaryan E. A. Economic analysis of economic activity: textbook. - 2nd, correct. and additional / E. A. Markaryan, G. P. Gerasimenko, S. E. Markaryan. - Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2010.

23. Middleton D. Accounting and financial decision making: Translated from English / Ed. I.I. Eliseeva. - M.: Audit, UNITY, 1997.

24. Needles V. et al. Principles of accounting: Transl. from English /Ed. I'M IN. Sokolova. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999.

25. Pozhidaeva T.A. Analysis of financial statements: textbook. allowance. - M.: KNORUS, 2011.

26. Prykina L.V. Economic analysis of the organization: Textbook for universities. : UNITY-DANNA, 2010.

27. Pyastolov S.M. Economic analysis of enterprise activities. - M.: Academic lessons, 2009.

28. Scone T. Management accounting: Transl. from English / Ed. N.D. Eriashvili. - M.: Audit. UNITY, 1997.

29. Titov V.I. Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities of an enterprise: Textbook. - M.: ITK "Dashkov and K°", 2009.

30. Management accounting: Textbook. allowance / Ed. HELL. Sheremet. -3rd ed., revised. and additional M.: FBK-Press, 2008.

31. Chechevitsina L.N. Economic analysis: Textbook. allowance. - Rostov N/D: Phoenix Publishing House, 2010.

32. Sheremet A.D. Enterprise finance: management and analysis: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional / A. D. Sheremet, A. F. Ionova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2010.

33. Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis: Textbook. - 2nd ed., additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2011.

34. Sheremet A.D., Daderkina E.N. Management analysis at communication enterprises: Proc. allowance. - M.: Publishing House RBC-PRESS, 2008.

35. Sheremet A.D., Negashev E.V. Methodology financial analysis activities commercial organizations. - M.: INFRA-M, 2006.

36. Shim Jay K., Siegel Joel G. Methods of cost management and cost analysis: Transl. from English - M.: "Filin", 1996.

37. Economic analysis: situations, tests, examples, tasks, selection of optimal solutions, financial forecasting: textbook. manual / ed. M. I. Bakanova, A. D. Sheremeta. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2010.

38. Economic analysis: Textbook for universities/Ed. Ya.T. Gilyarovskaya. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2009.

Annex 1

Approximate topics of coursework

1. Economic analysis as the basis for justifying the business plan and development strategy of the organization.

2. Economic analysis is the basis for making management decisions.

3. The system for the formation of economic indicators and their use in comprehensive economic analysis.

4. Analysis in the budget planning system.

5. Analysis in the business planning system.

6. Analysis in the marketing system.

7. Analysis of production and sales volumes.

8. Analysis of product renewal and its quality.

9. Analysis of the technical and organizational level and other production conditions.

10. Analysis and assessment of the level of organization of production, labor and management.

11. Analysis of labor productivity.

12. Analysis of the use of labor resources of the enterprise.

13. Analysis and assessment of the impact on changes in production (sales) volume of extensiveness and intensity of use of production resources.

14. Analysis of the use of production capacity of the enterprise.

15. Analysis of capital productivity.

16. Analysis of equipment use.

17. Analysis of the efficiency of use of fixed assets.

18. Fixed assets of the organization: analysis of their structure, movement, technical condition.

19. Analysis of intangible assets.

20. Analysis of the efficiency of use of material resources.

21. Analysis of the enterprise's provision of material resources and their use.

22. Analysis of cost of sales.

23. Analysis of material costs.

24. Analysis of direct labor costs.

25. Analysis of the wage fund.

26. Analysis of costs for production maintenance and management.

27. Features of the analysis of direct and indirect costs.

28. Features of the analysis of fixed and variable costs.

29. Analysis of cost behavior and the relationship between costs, sales volume and profit.

30. Break-even analysis and assessment of the margin of financial safety.

31. Analytical capabilities of the “direct costing” system.

32. Analytical capabilities of the “standard-cost” system.

33. Analysis of the financial results of the organization.

34. Factor analysis of profit.

35. Analysis of the “quality” of profit. Influence accounting policy organizations for profit.

36. Analysis of the organization's business activity.

37. Analysis of the efficiency of using working capital.

38. System of working capital turnover indicators.

39. General assessment of the financial condition of the organization, measures of financial recovery.

40. System of profitability indicators, methods for their determination and ways to improve them.

41. Profitability of production assets and factors for increasing it.

42. Sales profitability and directions of its growth.

43. Main factors and ways to increase return on assets.

44. Return on assets and equity as indicators for assessing the effectiveness of an organization’s economic activities.

45. Methods of factor analysis of profitability indicators.

46. ​​DuPont multifactor model and its use in analysis.

47. Use of automation tools in complex economic analysis.

48. Inventory analysis.

49. Analysis of financial investments.

50. Analysis of receivables and payables.

51. Cash analysis.

52. Methodology for analyzing financial condition using financial ratios.

53. Method of analysis net assets organizations.

54. Analysis of liquidity and solvency.

55. Analysis of the financial stability of the organization.

56. Analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness.

57. Assessment of potential bankruptcy.

58. Analytical diagnostics of the probability of bankruptcy of an organization.

59. Domestic experience in forecasting financial difficulties.

60. Analysis of the organization’s position on the securities market.

61. Analysis of the organization's market activity.

63. Analysis of the organization's equity.

64. Analysis of the organization's debt capital.

65. Analysis of the effectiveness of raising borrowed capital. The effect of financial leverage.

66. Analysis in managing business and financial risks.

67. Risk assessment based on an analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise.

68. Methods and techniques for comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of economic activities.

69. Analysis of leasing activities.

70. Analysis of the effectiveness of leasing operations.

71. Analysis of investment efficiency.

72. Analysis of the organization’s investment activities.

73. Analysis of retail turnover.

74. Analysis of sales costs in trade organizations.

75. Features of profit analysis in trading.

Appendix 2

Balance sheet of the borrower organization Z

Appendix 3

Table 4

Indicators of the current (short-term) solvency of the borrowing organization “Z”

Indicators	At the reporting date
1. Current assets thousand rubles, total: 1.1. Cash 1.2. Short-term financial investments 1.3. Short-term receivables 1.4. Other current assets 1.5. Reserves
2. Current liabilities, thousand rubles.
3. Absolute liquidity ratio: (1.1.+1.2.) : 2.
4. Quick ratio: (1.1.+1.2.+1.3.+1,4) : 2.
5. Current ratio:

Appendix 4

Table 5

Indicators of financial stability of the borrower organization “Z”

Appendix 5

Thus, according to the sum (190) points, borrower “Z” belongs to the 2nd class of creditworthiness - “unstable borrower”.

Appendix 6

Table 7

Analysis of the financial stability of organization "Z" in absolute terms, thousand rubles.

Indicators	At the reporting date
1. Own capital
2. Non-current assets
3. Long-term liabilities
4. Short-term loans and borrowings
5. Accounts payable to suppliers and contractors
7. Availability of own working capital
8. Availability of own and long-term borrowed sources of reserve formation
9. The total value of the main sources of reserve formation
10. Surplus (shortage) of own working capital for the formation of reserves
11. Excess (shortage) of own and long-term borrowed sources of reserve formation
12. Excess (shortage) of the total amount of the main sources of reserve formation
13. Three-component indicator of the type of financial stability

Appendix 7

Table 8

Analysis of the financial stability of organization "Z" by relative indicators

Indicators	Regulatory restriction	At the reporting date
1. Own capital, thousand rubles.
2. Balance sheet currency, thousand rubles.
3. Borrowed capital - total, thousand rubles.
3.1. accounts payable, thousand rubles.
3.2. short-term liabilities, thousand rubles.
3.3. Long-term liabilities, thousand rubles.
4. Non-current assets, thousand rubles.
5. Current assets, thousand rubles.
5.1. Inventories, thousand rubles
6. Independence (autonomy) coefficient
7. Dependency coefficient
8. Financial risk ratio
9. Financial stability ratio
10. SK maneuverability coefficient
11. SOS reserve supply ratio
12. Coverage ratio of current assets SOS

Table 9

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of leasing and bank lending for the purchase of fixed assets, rub.

Index
Lease payment
Tax benefit for leasing
After-tax cost of leasing
Discounted leasing cost
Bank loan
Repayment of a credit
Loan balance
Interest on loan
Total payment amount
Tax benefit on loan interest
After-tax cost of loan
Depreciation
Tax benefit for depreciation
After-tax cost of the property
Discounted value of the object

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This textbook reveals the basic concepts, goals and objectives of complex economic analysis, its methods, techniques and methods of information processing. An analysis of all aspects of the enterprise’s economic activity is also consistently presented: starting from the organizational and technical level of production, the condition and use of fixed assets and production capacity, and ending with an analysis of the financial condition and business activity of the enterprise. In addition, the authors pay special attention to marketing analysis, since without studying micro- and macroenvironmental factors, it is difficult for enterprises and organizations to plan their activities and work effectively in the market. In addition to theoretical information, the textbook provides methods for calculating key indicators.

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Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity (CEA) can be considered as one of the types of economic analysis, as a stage in the development of analytical science, as a basis for searching and mobilizing reserves for increasing the efficiency of economic activity.

FEA is a complete and comprehensive analysis that provides for a systematic study of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, determining the relationship and interdependence of individual areas of its work, calculating indicators and factors of production in order to identify intra-economic reserves.

Analysis of economic activity is increasingly becoming systemic . The implementation of the principle of systematicity presupposes the presentation of the object of study as a system for which the goals and operating conditions are determined. Economic activity can be considered as a system consisting of three interrelated elements: resources, production process and finished products. The input of this system is material flows of resources (means and objects of labor) and flows of labor resources, and the output is flows of finished products. The production process translates a system's input into its output. The goal of the enterprise is to achieve a certain level of profitability, and the task of system analysis is to examine all the private factors that provide more high level profitability.

To conduct a system analysis, it is necessary to develop a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize the activities of the enterprise.

The main value of systemic economic analysis is that in the process of its implementation a logically sound scheme is constructed that corresponds to the internal connections of indicators and factors.

The relationship between the main groups of indicators of an enterprise’s economic activity determines the scheme and sequence of their comprehensive analysis, which represents the totality of the analysis of individual aspects of activity (implementation principle of complexity , or comprehensiveness). The main thing in a comprehensive analysis is the linking of individual sections (blocks) with each other, the analysis of the relationship and mutual dependence of these sections and the conclusion of the analysis results into general performance indicators.

General block diagram of FEA developed HELL. Sheremet , it is based on an information model of economic activity, i.e., a model for the formation of economic indicators and factors (Fig. 7.1).

technical and organizational level, foreign economic, social and natural production conditions

use of basic production means

size and structure advanced capital

use material resources

production costs

use of labor and its payment

capital productivity (business activity)

product sales

profits and product profitability

profitability enterprise assets

financial condition enterprises

Rice. 7.1. Scheme for analyzing the main groups of indicators in the FEA system

The indicator system consists of 11 groups (blocks).

All economic indicators of economic activity of enterprises are based on technical and organizational level of production (block 1) , which is characterized by the quality of products and equipment used, the progressiveness of technological processes, the technical and energy equipment of labor, the degree of specialization and cooperation, the duration of the production cycle, the rhythm of production, the level of organization of production and management.

The technical side of production is not directly the subject of economic analysis. But economic indicators are studied in close interaction with production technology and technology, its organization, and economic analysis in this case takes on the character technical and economic analysis.

The level of economic indicators is significantly influenced by natural conditions. Natural and climatic factors have a significant impact on the results of operations in a number of sectors of the economy, especially in agriculture and the mining industry. The degree of use of natural resources largely depends on the state of technology and organization of production and is studied along with indicators of the technical and organizational level of production.

Economic indicators characterize not only technical, organizational and natural conditions, but social aspects activities of the enterprise, its foreign economic relations ( state of the markets for financing, resources, products).

Depends on these conditions degree of use of production resources: means of labor (block 2); objects of labor (block 3); labor itself (block 4).

Intensity of use of production resources manifests itself in such general indicators as capital productivity of fixed production assets, material intensity of products, and labor productivity.

The efficiency of use of production resources is manifested in three dimensions: in the volume and quality of products produced and sold (block 5), in the amount of consumption or expenditure of resources (cost) (block 6); in the amount of resources used, i.e. fixed and current assets advanced for economic activity (block 7).

Comparison of indicators production volume and cost characterizes the value profits, product profitability and costs per 1 ruble of products (block 8), production volume and the amount of advanced fixed and working capital - asset (capital) turnover (block 9).

The resulting indicators together determine level of return on assets (block 10) . The level of profitability in the numerator of the formula reflects not only the profit from the sale of products, but also other financial results.

Financial condition of the enterprise (block 11) characterized by indicators of liquidity, solvency, financial stability.

Each block of FEA is a separate, rather complex section of the analysis, for which goals and objectives, an information base are determined, a system of indicators is formed, and a flowchart is developed. All these issues are studied in the course “Comprehensive Economic Analysis of Economic Activities.”

Concept and classification of reserves

There are two concepts of reserves:

reserve stocks (for example, raw materials, supplies), the availability of which is necessary for the continuous rhythmic activity of the enterprise;

reserves as not yet used opportunities for production growth and improvement of its quantitative indicators.

Reserves can be measured as the difference between the achieved and possible level of resource use based on the accumulated production potential of the enterprise.

The main directions of searching for reserves: reserves in inventories, reserves in losses; reserves in costs; reserves in the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Reserves are classified according to various criteria.

1. By sources of production efficiency. IN modern conditions The bottleneck in the development of production can be labor, material and especially financial resources.

2. From the position of the enterprise, depending on sources of education distinguish between external and internal reserves. External reserves are understood as general national economic reserves, as well as sectoral and regional reserves.

3. By the most important factors for increasing the intensification and efficiency of production. Improving the process of functioning of the resources used: production technology, labor organization, management organization, improving reproduction and accelerating the turnover of general enterprises, accelerating the turnover of current assets.

4. According to the final results, which are affected by reserves (reserves for increasing production volume, improving the range of products, improving their quality, reducing costs, increasing product profitability, increasing the level of profitability and strengthening the financial position).

5. By stages of the reproduction process(supply, production and sales of products).

6. By stages of creation and operation of products(at the pre-production stage - at the stage of design and technological preparation of production, at the production stage - during the development of new products and technologies, at the operational stage - in the process of consuming products).

7. By terms of use reserves are divided into current and future.

8. By detection methods- into obvious and hidden.

Conditions for identifying and mobilizing reserves:

massive search for reserves;

identification of the leading link in increasing production efficiency;

identifying bottlenecks in production;

accounting for the type of production;

simultaneous search for reserves at all stages of the life cycle of an object or product;

determination of the completeness of reserves.

Lecture notes by O.N. Galchina (Topic 7)

Name: Comprehensive analysis of economic activities.

The textbook is written in full accordance with the course program "Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity" for the specialty "Accounting, analysis and audit". The textbook is a logical continuation of the course "Theory of Economic Analysis".
The book is a complete methodological guide to conducting a comprehensive analysis of economic activity. Written by Honored Professor of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, who has extensive experience in generalizing the theory and practice of domestic and foreign accounting and who was the first to develop the theory and methodology of comprehensive economic analysis of enterprises.
The textbook is intended for students of economic universities and can be used by managers at all levels, accountants and economists, as well as applicants for professional accountant and auditor certificates.

During the transition to a market economy in Russia, the role and tasks of the accounting service of commercial organizations (enterprises) changed radically. This is primarily due to a significant expansion of the rights of enterprises, which can now choose their own accounting policies, determine partners and types of transactions. business contracts, lead joint activities, create subsidiaries and dependent organizations, etc. When making decisions on these issues, enterprise management has to weigh and compare their consequences, which requires constant contact with accounting specialists. When entering into relationships with partners, enterprises must confirm their financial stability and solvency, which involves the presentation of certain accounting financial statements, which become public, i.e. accessible to all interested business entities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 6
Chapter 1. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS 9
1.1. Goals and content of management analysis 9
1.2. Comprehensive management analysis and strategic decisions 17
Chapter 2. COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MONITORING OF BUSINESS PLANS 26
2.1. The structure of the business plan and the role of analysis in the development of key indicators 26
2.2. Budget planning (budgeting) and analysis of budget execution 34
Chapter 3. MARKETING ANALYSIS IN THE SYSTEM OF COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS 54
3.1. Goals and content marketing research 54
3.2. Objects of marketing analysis 56
3.3. Marketing analysis methods 57
Chapter 4. ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND PRODUCT SALES 67
4.1. Analysis of the organization's income 67
4.2. Analysis of production volume indicators 73
4.3. Analysis of production and sales volume 77
4.4. Analysis of product structure and its impact on sales revenue 84
4.5. Analysis and assessment of the impact of the use of production resources on sales volume 87
4.6. Analysis of the impact of sales volume on changes in sales profit 95
Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL AND OTHER CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 98
5.1. Analysis of the level of technology, production technology and product quality 98
5.2. Analysis of the level of organization of production and labor 104
5.3. Analysis of enterprise management efficiency 108
5.4. Analysis of foreign economic relations of the enterprise 115
5.5. Analysis of social conditions and the use of human factors 118
5.6. Analysis of environmental management and protection environment 122
Chapter 6. ANALYSIS OF COSTS AND COST OF SALES 136
6.1. Cost management: goals and content 136
6.2. Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the organization’s expenses 140
6.3. Factor analysis of cost of sales. Analysis of the impact of cost on sales profit 141
6.4. Analysis of cost behavior and the relationship between costs, turnover and profit 156
Chapter 7. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AND SALES PROFITABILITY 169
7.1. Profit as an indicator of business efficiency 169
7.2. Horizontal and vertical analysis of profit according to the income statement 178
7.3. Factor analysis of financial results 180
7.4. Profit quality analysis. The impact of accounting policies on profit 188
7.5. Analysis of the use of net profit by owners 194
7.6. Calculation and factor analysis of profitability of sales and costs 197
7.7. Methods for forecasting and optimizing profits 201
Chapter 8. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF NON-CURRENT ASSETS. FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 211
8.1. Analysis of the composition, structure and dynamics of non-current assets 211
8.2. Analysis of the dynamics and technical condition of fixed assets 217
8.3. Calculation of indicators for the use of fixed assets...223
8.4. Analysis and assessment of performance indicators for the use of fixed assets 228
8.5. Fundamentals of Investment Analysis 231
Chapter 9. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF CURRENT ASSETS 247
9.1. Analysis of the structure, dynamics of current assets and sources of their formation 247
9.2. Analysis of own working capital and assessment of the enterprise’s provision with them 257
9.3. Analysis of turnover of current assets (funds) 266
9.4. Indicators for assessing the efficiency of using working capital 275
Chapter 10. ANALYSIS OF RETURN ON ASSETS AND EQUITY CAPITAL 279
10.1. System of profitability indicators and methods for their determination. Profitability and its role in assessing the efficiency of business activities 279
10.2. Calculation of net assets and their role in assessing the use of equity capital 286
10.3. Modeling return on assets indicators as a basis for multifactor analysis 292
10.4. Methods of factor analysis of return on assets and equity 295
Chapter 11. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATUS AND SOLVENT CAPACITY 306
11.1. general characteristics financial condition on the balance sheet 306
11.2. System of indicators of financial condition and methods for their determination 314
11.3. Cash flow analysis 325
11.4. Methodology for analyzing financial condition using financial ratios 342
11.5. Analysis of an organization's creditworthiness based on financial ratios 354
11.6. Features of the methodology for financial analysis of insolvent organizations 357
Chapter 12. METHODS OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY EFFICIENCY 376
12.1. Comprehensive analysis as the basis for a comprehensive assessment of business performance 376
12.2. Methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of economic activities 384
12.3. Methods for comparative rating assessment of the financial condition of commercial organizations 389
12.4. An example of a methodology for comparative rating assessment of the financial condition of issuers (distance method) 402
Appendix 1. Basic forms of financial statements 410
Appendix 2. Calculation of key indicators for the enterprise for two years 413
Additional special literature for the course “Comprehensive analysis of economic activities” 414

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Volgograd State Agrarian University"
D. A. Korobeinikov

COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

for undergraduate students in the direction 080100.62 “Economics”

profile "Accounting, analysis and audit"
Workshop

Volgograd

Volgograd GAU

UDC 330(075.8)

BBK 65.053ya73

Reviewers:

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Finance, Accounting and Auditing, Volgograd Branch of the Moscow Institute of Humanities and Economics L.A. Nakonechnikov; Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Analysis and Finance, Volgograd State Agrarian University A.A. Karpova

K-68 ^ Comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise : workshop for undergraduate students in the direction 080100.68 “Economics” of the profile “Accounting, Analysis and Audit” / D.A. Korobeinikov. – Volgograd: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Volgograd State Agrarian University, 2013. - 72 p.
ISBN
Practical tasks are presented in tabular form, covering the basic sections of the discipline “Comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise”, methodological instructions for their implementation, requirements for the content and execution of conclusions and proposals based on the results of the analysis.

The workshop is intended for higher education students educational institutions(bachelors) studying in the direction 080100.62 “Economics” profile “Accounting, analysis and audit”.

UDC 330(075.8)

BBK 65.053ya73

ISBN

© FSBEI HPE Volgograd State Agrarian University, 2013

YES. Korobeinikov, 2013

INTRODUCTION
In the context of the versatility and complexity of economic relations between economic entities, the priority and role of economic analysis increases significantly, the main content of which is a comprehensive systematic study of the economic and financial mechanism of the organization.

Comprehensive economic analysis, carried out, as a rule, by employees of the accounting or financial services of an organization, is an integral element of the management system, a means of identifying unused reserves and developing a program for their implementation, a forecasting and planning tool, and performs control functions. At the same time, the applied aspects of the use of standard analysis techniques require their adaptation in relation to the specific operating conditions of organizations in a particular industry, including agricultural production. Additional difficulties are created by the continuous process of reforming the accounting and reporting system, coupled with transformations of the information base of analysis. All this requires the use of new approaches to assessing financial and economic processes, teaching students new methods of economic analysis, taking into account the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.

The textbook aims to instill in undergraduate students studying in the field of study 080100.62 “Economics” the profile “Accounting, Analysis and Audit”, skills in the applied use of methods of economic analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises in the agro-industrial sector. The course of comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise is taught at final stage bachelor's training and is based on knowledge of finance theory, accounting theory, economic theory, theories of economic analysis, accounting and financial reporting.

The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the program academic discipline“Comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise” and covers the content of the main sections of the course. All applied tasks are adapted to the content of standard reporting forms on the financial and economic status of commodity producers in the agro-industrial complex, which makes it possible to carry them out using materials from real-life agricultural enterprises.

^ PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF PRACTICAL LESSONS
Completing practical assignments in the discipline “Comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise” is important integral part educational process in the preparation of bachelors in the direction 080100.62 “Economics”, develops the skills of students’ independent work with economic information and has as its goal:

Deepening and systematizing the knowledge acquired by the student while listening to a course of lectures, self-study scientific and educational literature;

Formation among undergraduate students of a holistic understanding of the complex analysis of economic activity as the most important management function, comprehension and understanding of the basic methods of economic analysis and their application at different stages of the process of developing and making management decisions;

Development of skills to substantiate the main directions of complex analysis, determine the sequence and relationship of their implementation, prepare initial data for calculating analytical indicators and carry out their calculation taking into account existing methods and the current regulatory framework;

Developing the ability and practical skills to analyze and evaluate various areas of production, economic, financial and investment activities of agricultural enterprises, interpret the results obtained, identify patterns and development trends, substantiate conclusions and comprehensively assess the effectiveness of economic activities.

In the process of performing practical assignments, students study annual reports, registers of synthetic and analytical accounting, business plans of real-life agricultural enterprises and generalize theoretical knowledge in general educational, technological and special disciplines acquired over the years of study.

Practical tasks are completed by the student independently according to the data of the farm where he completed his last internship. Before closing the next control module workbook must be submitted to the teacher to check the correctness of the calculations, the logic and completeness of the conclusions based on the results of the analysis of the activities of the enterprise under study (the results are taken into account when issuing a rating).

Completing practical assignments will allow students to acquire both general scientific and professional competencies: master the skills of independent work in collecting and processing initial data, organize and perform calculations based on standard methods to determine analytical indicators characterizing the activities of business entities, perform analysis and interpretation of financial, accounting and other information contained in the reporting, be ready to use the information obtained during the analysis to justify management decisions.
^ ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL

TASKS
Since practical tasks are completed by each student based on data from a specific enterprise, an important condition is correct selection source materials. Offered in textbook the tasks are structured in such a way that to solve them, there is sufficient data contained in the reporting forms on the financial and economic condition of commodity producers in the agricultural sector (the annual report of the agricultural enterprise). However, for an adequate interpretation of the results obtained and the formation of substantiated conclusions reflecting cause-and-effect relationships, patterns and trends in the development of the object of study, it is necessary to involve additional information(analytical and synthetic accounting registers, planning and regulatory documentation of the enterprise, etc.).

Based on the results of solving the proposed tasks, analytical tables should be compiled, their analysis carried out, substantiated conclusions drawn and proposals made aimed at optimizing certain aspects of the enterprise’s activities. For analysis, the student uses materials for at least 2-3 years, independently selects and studies economic and specialized literature.

Conclusions and proposals for each table and topic as a whole should follow from the analysis of previous material and contain the main results of the study and be specific. The presentation must be clear, consistent and logical; reflect the content of the work done, its theoretical and practical significance. They show how the assigned tasks were solved and what can be recommended to improve the aspect of the enterprise’s activity under study. It is advisable to present conclusions and proposals in the form of separate points or paragraphs, and it is necessary to strive for concise and precise wording.

^ CONTENT OF PRACTICAL TASKS

BY MAIN SECTIONS OF DISCIPLINE
Topic 1. Analysis of the use of land resources.
Exercise 1. Study the indicators of the structural characteristics of agricultural land, assess the changes that have occurred in terms of the enterprise’s provision of land resources and compliance with production specialization (Table 1.1)

Table 1.1

Indicators of the availability and structural characteristics of agricultural land in ____"____________"


Indicators	20__	20__	Absolute deviation
Total land area, ha
including area of ​​agricultural land
of them hayfields etc.
Share of agricultural land in the total land area (agricultural development of the land fund), %
Share of arable land in the total land area (plowed area), %
Share of arable land in the area of ​​agricultural land (cultivation of agricultural land), %
Share of cultivated arable land in the total area of ​​arable land (arable land + fallow lands + fallow lands), %
Share of perennial plantings in the total area of ​​agricultural land, %
Share of the area of ​​natural forage lands in the area of ​​agricultural land, %
Share of crop area in arable land area, %
Share of irrigated land area in agricultural land area, %
Share of the area of ​​improved hayfields in the total area of ​​hayfields, %
Share of cultivated pasture area in the total pasture area, %

Task 2. Study indicators of the intensity of use of agricultural land and assess the changes that have occurred (Table 1.2). Additionally, characterize the intensity of use of agricultural land in terms of the structure of the land fund and its transformation over the period.

Table 1.2

Analysis of intensity of agricultural land use

V ____"____________"


Indicators	20__	20__	Deviations
			absolute	growth rate, %
Accounted for per 100 hectares of agricultural land: Fixed assets, thousand rubles. Labor costs. thousand person-hours Production costs in crop production, thousand rubles.
Accounted for per 100 hectares of arable land: Energy capacity, hp Tractors of all brands, pcs.
Accounted for per 100 hectares of grain crops by combine harvesters, pcs.
Load of arable land per worker engaged in agricultural production, ha Including for a crop worker

Task 3. Study general, specific and auxiliary indicators of the efficiency of use of agricultural land, assess the changes that have occurred (Table 1.3). When formulating conclusions, in addition to dynamic comparisons, it is necessary to compare data on several farms with similar conditions for soil fertility, that is, to conduct a comparative analysis.

Table 1.3

Analysis of the efficiency of agricultural land use

V ____"____________"


Indicators	20__	20__	Deviations
			absolute	growth rate, %
Gross production per 1 hectare of agricultural land, thousand rubles. including in crop production
Revenue from sales per 1 hectare of agricultural land, thousand rubles. including in crop production
Gross income per 1 hectare of agricultural land, thousand rubles. including in crop production


^ End of table 1.3


Net income per 1 hectare of agricultural land, thousand rubles. including in crop production
Profit from sales per 1 hectare of agricultural land, thousand rubles. including in crop production
Productivity, c/ha cereals sunflower open ground vegetables etc.
Produced per 100 hectares of agricultural land, c cattle meat in live weight sheep meat in live weight wool
Produced per 100 hectares of arable land pig meat in live weight, c
Produced per 100 hectares of grain crops eggs, thousand pcs. poultry meat in live weight, kg