The order of application of siz. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Volgograd State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

In the complex of protective measures, it is important to provide the personnel of the formations and the population with the means individual protection and practical training in the correct, skillful and dexterous use of these means in conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy.

Personal protective equipment of the population is intended to protect against the ingestion of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents into the body, on the skin and clothing. They are classified into respiratory protection and skin protection. The first include filtering and isolating gas masks, respirators, as well as anti-dust cloth masks (PTM-1) and cotton-gauze bandages; to the second - special insulating protective clothing, protective filtering (ZFO) and adapted clothing of the population.

According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into filtering and insulating. The principle of filtration is that the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the human body is cleared of harmful impurities when passing through protective equipment. Personal protective equipment of an insulating type completely isolates the human body from the environment using materials that are impervious to air and harmful impurities. According to the method of manufacture, personal protective equipment is divided into means made by industry, and the simplest ones made by the population from scrap materials. Personal protective equipment can be service equipment, the provision of which is provided for by the tables (norms) of equipment, depending on organizational structure formations, and non-stable, designed to provide formations in addition to service means or in order to replace them.

> Respiratory protection

When an emergency is declared, the entire population must be provided with personal protective equipment. The personnel of the formations, workers and employees receive personal protective equipment at their facilities, the population - in the housing office, DEZ. If there is a shortage of gas masks at the facility, they can be replaced with gas masks and respirators designed for industrial purposes. The rest of the population independently makes anti-dust cloth masks, cotton-gauze bandages and other simple respiratory protection, and various capes, raincoats, rubber shoes, rubber or leather gloves are prepared to protect the skin. Personal protective equipment should be stored at or near workplaces.

The most reliable means of protecting the respiratory organs of people are gas masks. They are designed to protect the respiratory system, face and eyes of a person from harmful impurities in the air. According to the principle of operation, all gas masks are divided into filtering and insulating.

Filtering gas masks are the main means of personal respiratory protection. The principle of their protective action is based on the preliminary purification (filtration) of the air inhaled by a person from various harmful impurities.

Currently in the system civil defense country for the adult population, filtering masks GP-5 are used. For children - DP-6, DP-BM, PDF-7, PDF-d, PDF-sh, as well as a children's protective camera (KZD-4). It should be borne in mind that filtering masks do not protect against carbon monoxide, therefore, to protect against carbon monoxide, it is used additional cartridge

Isolating gas masks (IP-4, IP-5, IP-46, IP-46M) are special means protection of the respiratory system, eyes, skin of the face from all harmful impurities contained in the air. They are used when filtering gas masks do not provide such protection, as well as in conditions of a lack of oxygen in the air. The air necessary for breathing is enriched in insulating gas masks with oxygen in a regenerative cartridge filled with a special substance (sodium peroxide and sodium peroxide). The gas mask consists of: face, regenerative cartridge, breathing bag, frame and bag.

The R-2 respirator is most widely used in the civil defense system. It is a filtering half mask with a headband. The mask is equipped with two inhalation valves and one exhalation valve with a safety shield. The outer part of the half mask is made of green polyurethane foam, and the inner part is made of a thin airtight polyethylene film, into which two inhalation valves are mounted. A filter made of polymer fibers is located between the polyurethane and the polyethylene. The respirator has a nose clip designed to press the half-mask to the face in the area of ​​the nose. The principle of operation of the respirator is based on the fact that when inhaling, the air sequentially passes through the filtering polyurethane layer of the mask, where it is cleared of coarse dust, and then through the filtering polymeric fibrous material, in which the air is purified from fine dust. After cleaning, the inhaled air through the inhalation valves enters the undermask space and into the respiratory system. When you exhale, air from the undermask space comes out through the exhalation valve.

The simplest respiratory protection equipment is made by the population itself. They are recommended as mass media respiratory protection from RV and BS. For protection from 0V, they, like respirators, are unsuitable. The simplest means of respiratory protection include anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1 and cotton-gauze bandages. Everyone should have them at their place of residence or at their place of work.

> Skin protection

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering. Insulating means of protection, leather are made of airtight materials, usually special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Sealed protective equipment covers the whole body and protects against vapors and 0V drops, leaking - only against OM drops. Along with protection from OM, they protect the skin and uniforms from infection with radioactive substances and BS. The insulating means of skin protection include protective overalls and a suit, a light protective suit L-1 and a combined-arms protective kit.

Protective overalls consist of a one-piece jacket, trousers and a hood. The suit differs from the overalls in that the jacket with a hood and trousers are made separately. The set of overalls and a suit also includes a comforter, rubber boots and rubber gloves.

Lightweight protective suit L-1 consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a comforter. The dimensions of the L-1 are similar to those of the protective overalls (suit). L-1 is used in the intelligence units of the civil defense.

The combined-arms protective kit (O3K) consists of a protective raincoat OP-1 and protective stockings and gloves. Protective gloves for winter - two-fingered, summer - five-fingered (rubber). The protective raincoat has sleeves and a hood. The sole of the protective stockings has a rubber base. Stockings are worn over ordinary shoes and are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt with ribbons.

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by discipline: "LIFE SAFETY"

topic: "PROCEDURE FOR USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION MEANS"

Lipetsk 2011

I. COMPOSITION AND PURPOSE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION MEANS

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect people from getting inside the body, on the skin and clothing of radioactive and toxic substances and bacterial agents.

Personal protective equipment is classified into respiratory protection and skin protection.

Respiratory protective equipment includes:

b Gas masks (filtering and insulating);

b Respirators;

b Anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1;

b Cotton-gauze bandages.

Skin protection products include:

b Protective kits;

b Overalls and suits made of special rubberized fabric;

b Capes;

b Rubber boots and gloves;

b Various improvised means.

According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into:

1. Filtering;

2. Insulating.

According to the manufacturing method, personal protective equipment is divided into means:

1) Manufactured by industry;

2) The simplest, made by the population from scrap materials.

II. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT, THEIR PURPOSE AND RULES OF USE

The most reliable means of protecting the respiratory organs of people is a gas mask. It is designed to protect the respiratory system, face, eyes, and sometimes the scalp from harmful impurities in the air in the form of steam, fog, gas, smoke, drops, microbes and their toxins.

All gas masks, according to the principle of operation, are divided into filtering and insulating. A person who has put on a filtering gas mask breathes with pre-purified air, and whoever has put on an insulating gas mask breathes a mixture of oxygen in the cylinder and exhaled air after it has been cleaned of moisture and carbon dioxide.

Filtering gas masks.

The main filtering gas masks include civilian gas masks GP-5 (GP-5M and GP-7 (GR-7V)).

Civilian gas mask GP-5 is designed to protect a person from getting into the respiratory system, on the eyes and face of radioactive, poisonous and emergency chemical hazardous substances, bacterial agents.

To select the required size of the helmet-mask (0, 1, 2, 3, 4), it is necessary to measure the head along a closed line passing through the crown, cheeks and chin; measurements are rounded to the nearest 0.5 cm.

The GP-5M gas mask differs from the GP-5 by the presence of a helmet-mask ShM-66U with a membrane box for an intercom, in the face of which cutouts are made for the auricles, which ensures normal audibility.

The gas mask is worn enclosed in a bag. The shoulder strap is thrown over the right shoulder, and the bag itself is lowered to the left side, with the flap away from itself.

The gas mask can be in the following positions: "marching", "ready", "combat". The gas mask is in the "stowed" position when there is no threat of infection. At the same time, the top of the bag should be at the level of the waist, the flap should be closed. A gas mask is put into the "ready" position when there is a threat of infection, after information on the radio or on the command "prepare gas masks!" In this case, the bag is fastened with a belt strap, moves slightly forward, the valve is unfastened so that you can quickly use the gas mask. The front part is put on in the "combat" position. This is done by the command "gases!" or by other orders, as well as independently if signs of an infection are detected.

When transferring a gas mask to a combat position, you must:

Hold your breath and close your eyes;

Take off the hat and pinch it between your knees or put it next to it;

Remove the helmet-mask from the bag, take it with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are on the outside, and the rest are on the inside. Bring the helmet-mask to the chin and with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, pull it over the head so that there are no folds at the top;

Exhale fully, open your eyes and resume breathing;

Put on a hat, button up the bag and fasten it to the torso, if this has not been done before.

A gas mask is considered to be worn correctly if the glasses of the front part of the glasses are against the eyes, the helmet-mask fits snugly to the face. The need to make a strong exhalation before opening the eyes is explained by the fact that it is necessary to remove the contaminated air from under the mask, if it got there at the time of putting it on.

When wearing a gas mask, breathe deeply and evenly. No need to make sudden movements. If you need to run, then the pace is increased gradually.

The gas mask is removed by the command "take off the gas mask!" To do this, you need to raise the hat, take the valve box with the other hand, slightly pull the helmet-mask down and remove it with a forward and upward movement, put on the hat, unscrew the helmet-mask, wipe it thoroughly and put it in the bag.

In winter, to prevent the rubber from hardening, periodically heat the face of the gas mask by placing it under the side of a coat, jacket, etc. When wearing a gas mask, you can heat the valves with your hands, while blowing them out with a sharp exhalation.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 is one of the latest models. It reliably protects against many toxic and chemically hazardous substances, radioactive dust and bacterial agents. Compared to the GP-5, it has a number of advantages: reduced breathing resistance, an "independent" shutter (shutter) provides more reliable sealing and at the same time reduces the pressure of the face on the head. This made it possible to increase the time spent in a gas mask and use it for people over 60 years old, patients with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The presence of an intercom provides a clear understanding of speech.

The front part of the gas mask is made in three heights. The selection of the necessary is carried out on the basis of the results of measuring the horizontal and vertical head circumference with a soft measuring tape. Vertical girth is a closed line measurement across the crown of the head, cheeks and chin. Horizontal girth - measurement of the head along a closed line passing in front along the brow ridges, from the side - 2-3 cm above the edge of the auricle and from behind - through the most protruding point of the head. Measurements are rounded to the nearest 0.5 cm.

When putting on a gas mask, it is necessary to remove hair from the forehead and temples. If they get under the shutter, the tightness will break. Therefore, women should smoothly comb their hair back, remove hairpins, combs, hairpins and jewelry.

To put on the GP-7 correctly, you need to take its front part with both hands by the cheek straps so that the thumbs grab them from the inside. Then fix the chin in the lower recess of the obturator and, by moving your hands up and back, pull the headgear over your head, pulling the cheek straps all the way.

The GP-7V gas mask differs from the GP-7 in that it has a device for receiving water.

Additional cartridges. The tests carried out have shown that civilian gas masks GP-5 and GP-7, as well as children's gas masks PDF-7, PDF-D, PDF-1, PDF-2D, PDF-2, along with protection from OV, protect against some hazardous chemicals, such , such as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, nitrobenzene, phenol, phosgene, cyanogen chloride, etc.

In order to expand the capabilities of gas masks to protect against hazardous chemicals, additional hopcalite cartridges (DPG-1 and DPG-3) have been created for them. Inside the DPG-1 cartridge there are two layers - a special absorber and hopcalite. DPG-3 has one absorber layer. Outside air, getting into the filtering-absorbing box of the gas mask, is preliminarily cleaned of aerosols and vapors of hazardous chemicals, then entering an additional cartridge, it is finally cleared of harmful impurities.

The cartridge has a cylindrical shape and looks like a filter-absorbing box of gas masks GP-5, GP-7. At the bottom of it, an internal thread is cut for connection to the filtering-absorbing box GP-5 or GP-7.

Respirators.

They are lightweight respiratory protection against harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust. They are widely used in mines, in mines, at chemically hazardous and dusty enterprises, when working with fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. They are used at nuclear power plants, when cleaning scales at metallurgical enterprises, during painting, loading and unloading and other works.

There are two types of respirator:

® Respirators in which a half mask and a filter element simultaneously serve as a front part;

® Respirators that purify the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to a half mask.

Respirators are subdivided into:

® Anti-dust;

® Gas mask;

® Gas and dust protection.

Dust respirators protect the respiratory system from aerosols different types, gas mask - against harmful vapors and gases, gas and dust protection - against gases, vapors and aerosols, while their presence in the air.

Depending on the service life, respirators are disposable (ShB-1 "petal", "Kama", U-2K, R-2), reusable (RPG-67, RU-67M). secondly, the replacement of filters is provided.

The simplest respiratory protection.

When there is neither a gas mask nor a respirator, you can use the simplest means of protection - an anti-dust cloth mask (PTM), a cotton-gauze bandage. They reliably protect the human respiratory organs (and PTM - the skin of the face and eyes) from radioactive dust, harmful aerosols, and bacterial agents.

The PTM-1 mask consists of two main parts - the body and the mount. Inspection holes are made in the body, into which glasses or plates of plexiglass, celluloid or some other transparent material are inserted.

The body of the mask is made of 4-5 layers of fabric. The top layer is made of loose fabric - coarse calico, staple, cotton or knitted fabric, plaid, etc. The inner layers (there can be 2-3) are made of denser fabrics - paper, flannel, bikes, children's piqué, cloth, cotton or woolen fleece canvases. The bottom layer can be made of satin, knit and other non-fading fabrics.

Attaching the mask is made from one layer of any fabric, preferably from lining or underwear.

A cotton-gauze bandage is made as follows:

® Take a piece of gauze 100 * 50cm;

® In the middle of the piece, on an area of ​​30 * 20 cm, lay an even layer of cotton wool about 2 cm thick;

® Cotton-free ends of gauze (about 30-35cm) on both sides are cut in the middle with scissors, forming two pairs of ties;

® Ties are fastened with thread stitches (sewn over).

If you have gauze but no cotton wool, you can make a gauze bandage. To do this, instead of cotton wool, 5-6 layers of gauze are placed in the middle of the piece.

When used, a cotton-gauze (gauze) bandage is applied to the face so that the lower edge covers the bottom of the chin, and the upper edge reaches the eye sockets, while the mouth and nose should be well closed. The cut ends of the bandage are tied: the lower ends are at the crown of the head, the upper ones are at the back of the head. Anti-dust goggles of various devices are used to protect the eyes. You can also make glasses yourself.

In order for the protection against hazardous chemicals to be more reliable, for example, if a cloud of chlorine is approaching, it is recommended to moisten the dressing with a 2% solution of baking soda, and to protect against ammonia - with a 5% solution of citric (acetic) acid.

It is not recommended to use cotton-gauze bandages for a long time.

A cotton-gauze bandage and an anti-dust cloth mask do not protect against many AHOV.

III. SKIN PROTECTION MEANS, THEIR PURPOSE AND RULES OF USE

In conditions of radiation, chemical and bacteriological contamination, in case of accidents associated with the storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals, natural disasters, sabotage, contributing to the infection of vast territories with high concentrations of harmful substances and for a long time, there is an urgent need to protect the human body.

According to their purpose, skin protection products are divided into:

® Special (timetable);

® Help.

Special (service) means.

Special means of skin protection are designed to protect the personnel of the formations during rescue and emergency recovery operations in the centers of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological damage (destruction, accidents and disasters).

According to the principle of protective action, they are:

® Insulating (airtight);

® Filtering (breathable).

Structurally, these protective equipment, as a rule, are made in the form of jackets with hoods, semi-overalls and overalls.

To protect against chemicals and hazardous substances in the area of ​​chemical contamination, they use mainly insulating-type protective equipment.

Isolating means of protection.

Insulating type overalls are made of materials that do not allow a drop or a vapor of toxic substances to pass through, thereby providing the necessary tightness.

The isolating means of protection include: a light protective suit L-1, protective overalls and a suit, a combined-arms protective kit.

Lightweight protective suit L-1 protects the skin from OM, RV and BS during various works. The suit is made in three sizes (the first is for people up to 165 cm in height; the second is from 165 to 172 cm; the third is above 172 cm).

Protective jumpsuit consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. It is made of rubberized fabric. It is used to protect the skin when working in conditions of severe infection.

The set of a protective suit includes a jacket, trousers, rubber gloves, boots and a comforter.

The combined arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, rubber boots and protective gloves... To protect against vapors, special uniforms are put on under the set.

The protective raincoat comes in five sizes (the first is for people up to 165 cm in height; the second is from 165 to 170 cm; the third is from 170 to 175 cm; the fourth is from 175 to 180 cm; the fifth is above 180 cm). the raincoat can be worn as a jumpsuit, cape or worn in sleeves.

Filtering means of protection.

Filtering protection means are made of cotton fabric impregnated with special chemicals. As a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the vapors of poisonous and toxic substances, when passing through the fabric, are retained by impregnation. In some cases, neutralization occurs, and in others sorption (absorption).

Filtering means include a set of protective filtering clothing ZFO. The main purpose of this kit is to protect human skin from the action of OM vapors. The kit also provides protection against aerosol substances.

The simplest means of skin protection.

As the simplest means of protecting the skin can be used, first of all, industrial clothing: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, made mostly of tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, rough cloth. They are able to protect against skin contact not only with radioactive substances during accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation-hazardous facilities, but also against drops, vapors and aerosols of many hazardous chemicals. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against dripping liquid hazardous chemicals in winter up to 1 hour, in summer - up to 30 minutes.

Of the items of household clothing, the most suitable for this purpose are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric covered with PVC film, complete with a cotton-gauze bandage or PTM-1.

Winter things can also provide protection: coats made of coarse cloth or drape, quilted jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. these items can protect up to two hours, depending on specific weather and other conditions, concentration and state of aggregation of hazardous chemicals.

After appropriate processing, other types of protection can also be provided. outerwear: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather, denim clothing, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

For foot protection, it is best to use industrial or household rubber boots, rubber boots and galoshes. You can also use shoes made of leather and leatherette, but it is advisable to wear rubber galoshes over them. Rubber products are capable of not letting drip-liquid AHOV pass through for up to 3 - 6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, you can use tarpaulin mittens, tie a scarf on your head, or wear a hat with earflaps.

In order for ordinary clothing to better protect against vapors and aerosols of hazardous chemicals, it must be impregnated with a special solution. Only fabrics are to be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories to it (valve, hood, gloves, socks, etc.), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents used for washing clothes. Alternatively, mineral and vegetable oils are used.

poisonous radiation contamination bacteriological

IV. MEDICAL DEVICES FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION

Individual first-aid kit AI-2 is designed to prevent the development of shock, radiation sickness, lesions caused by organophosphorus substances, as well as infectious diseases. Placed in a plastic flat package orange(more often).

The AI-2 includes seven therapeutic and prophylactic drugs (funds):

® Analgesic agent in a syringe tube;

® an agent used for organophosphate poisoning;

® radioprotective agent №1;

® radioprotective agent No. 2;

® antibacterial agent No. 1;

® antibacterial agent No. 2;

® antiemetic.

The individual anti-chemical package IPP-8 is intended for degassing skin and clothing in case of damage by organophosphate compounds, blistering agents (mustard gas), for disinfection, washing off radioactive substances from the skin.

IPP-8 includes:

® Glass vial containing degassing liquid;

® Hermetically sealed plastic bag containing five gauze pads and instructions.

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In accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, holidays and days off were established in 2017. Due to the transfers in November to the Day national unity Russians will have three days of rest:
. the 3rd of November- work / school day - pre-holiday - abbreviated;
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The trip had been planned for a long time. And the weather ultimately played a cruel joke: it rained all day on Monday. " He almost ruined our lives, but we heroically wrapped ourselves up and drove off.", -- is talking Anna Panchikhina, the head of the movement. By the way, almost all the volunteers who went to the shelter this time are newcomers to the movement. Anya tries to make every activist be able to take part in the trip, even if he came to "Good Hands" relatively recently.

Today the head of the department celebrates the anniversaryof cardiology with functional diagnostics FUV VolgSMU, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, member of the Presidiums of the Board of the Russian Cardiological Society, the Society of Heart Failure Specialists of the Russian Federation, the Association for Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology, Chairman of the Regional Department of the Russian Cardiological Society, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Yuri Mikhailovich Lopatin!

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