activity civil defense

special early and prompt actions aimed at protecting the population, material and cultural property, reduction of possible losses from dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions.

EdwART. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010

See what "Civil Defense Measures" is in other dictionaries:

Civil defense activities- special advance and operational measures aimed at protecting the population and reducing possible losses and destruction of economic facilities, preparing them for sustainable operation in war time, to eliminate the consequences, ... ... civil protection... Conceptual and terminological dictionary

civil defense engineering measures- 36 civil defense engineering and technical measures; ITM GO: A set of design solutions implemented during construction aimed at protecting the population and reducing possible losses and destruction from the effects of enemy attack weapons ...

Engineering and technical measures for civil defense and emergency prevention (ITM GOChS)- a set of design solutions implemented during construction aimed at ensuring, protecting the population and territories and reducing material damage from emergencies of a man-made and natural nature from the dangers arising from the conduct of military ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SP 11-107-98: Procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergency situations" of construction projects- Terminology SP 11 107 98: The procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures for the prevention of emergencies" of construction projects: Accident dangerous man-made accident ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

MDS 11-16.2002: Methodological recommendations for the compilation of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures for the prevention of emergencies" of projects for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures (on the example of projects for the construction of gas stations)- Terminology MDS 11 16.2002: Guidelines on the compilation of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergencies" of projects for the construction of enterprises, buildings and ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SP 11-112-2001: The procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergencies" of urban planning documentation for the territories of urban and rural settlements, other municipalities- Terminology SP 11 112 2001: The procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures for the prevention of emergencies" of urban planning documentation for the territories of urban and ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Civil defense engineering and technical measures- (ITM GOChS) a set of design solutions implemented during construction aimed at ensuring the protection of the population and territories, reducing material damage from man-made and natural emergencies, hazards, ... ... Official terminology

Temporary regulations on the composition of measures to prevent emergencies in a special section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergencies" of urban planning documentation for the city of Moscow- Terminology Temporary regulations on the composition of measures to prevent emergencies in a special section "Engineering civil defense measures. Measures to prevent emergencies" ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

A set of measures taken in order to protect the population, increase the stability of the work of industries and objects of the economy in wartime, prevent or reduce possible destruction and losses of the population as a result of the use of the enemy ... ...

A set of design solutions implemented during construction and reconstruction aimed at ensuring the protection of the population and territories, reducing material damage in emergencies of a man-made and natural nature, as well as from ... ... Emergency Dictionary

Books

• How to plan civil defense and emergency measures at the facility. Tutorial , . V study guide there is the necessary information for the development of an Action Plan for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies and the Civil Defense Plan of the organization (facility). She will help ...

And the dangers arising from hostilities - is urgent problem state and society.

Catastrophes and natural disasters are permanent factors on the development of the economy and political situation... Major accidents and disasters cause greater and often irreparable damage to the environment. The economic costs of eliminating their consequences reach hundreds of billions of dollars.

For Russia, the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations is relevant for a number of reasons:

• Increased risk of technical accidents due to scientific and technical progress
• Increasing population density, increasing impacts and global climate change
• Declining workers' professionalism, falling production discipline, deterioration of production assets

An urgent problem of the state and society is the protection of the population and territories in emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature, as well as from the dangers arising from hostilities or as a result of them.

With the development of society and scientific and technological progress, the role of the state in ensuring the protection of the population and territories from natural disasters, catharstrophs and man-made accidents has increased. To successfully combat these dangerous phenomena, a purposeful state policy is required. To this end, a large number of international and state organizations have been created and are actively functioning all over the world, designed to prevent and eliminate emergencies. Their task is to ensure the national security of the state and its inhabitants. Created in Russia () successfully blended into the system government controlled and became in demand by society.

The development of RSChS has great story and includes several stages. The protection of civilians in the course of armed struggle has always been one of the most important tasks. In Russia, close attention to the issues of protecting the population at the state level, primarily in the conduct of hostilities, began to be paid already during the Civil War.

civil defense

civil defense is a system of measures to prepare for the protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies.

In 1932, created local air defense(MPVO). The main task of the Air Defense Forces is to minimize possible losses and destruction and to protect the population and territories from the effects of conventional weapons (aviation).

During the Second World War, the MPVO performed the following tasks:

• Construction of shelters and shelters
• Conducting emergency recovery work
• Elimination of the consequences of the bombing
• Educating the public on how to defend against air attacks
• Evacuation of the population

The creation of the MVPO ensured during the Second World War the successful protection of the population and objects of the national economy.

In 1961, in connection with the appearance of nuclear weapons, the protection of the population and territories became an even more urgent task. MVPO was transformed into civil defense... The civil defense system was supposed to provide adequate protection of the population and territories from the damaging factors of new weapons mass destruction.

Until 1986, the tasks of the MPVO-GO were:

• Preparation of funds for individual and collective protection population
• Conducting rescue and emergency recovery operations only in wartime conditions.

Prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergency situations in Peaceful time as a task for civil defense were not set.

Beginning in 1974, civil defense began to take part in solving peacetime tasks (extinguishing forest injuries, preventing natural disasters and major accidents).

In 1986, there was a disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. She made many human sacrifices. The civil defense system was not ready for such tasks and a decision was made to reorganize the civil defense system.

Since the prevention and elimination of emergencies is associated with problems of national security in 1990, the Russian Rescue Corps, in 1991 it was transformed into State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations... After a series of transformations in 1994, it was transformed into the Ministry Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (MES).

In reality, the tasks of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies began to be addressed after the adoption on April 18, 1992 by the Government of the Russian Federation of the Resolution “On the Establishment of the Russian population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies ”was transformed into the Unified State System for the Prevention and Response of Emergency Situations (RSChS).

Thus, the EMERCOM of Russia solved the problems of organizing the protection of the population and territories in emergencies of a different nature, and was focused on solving the problems of protection from natural and man-made nature. The civil defense retained the function of planning and implementing measures to protect the population and territories in the event of a threat and in the event of an enemy attack, the prevention and elimination of wartime emergencies.

civil defense

civil defense- a system of measures to prepare for the protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions (Federal Law "On Civil Defense" dated 02/12/98).

V modern conditions civil defense is one of the important elements of Russia's national security, ensuring the survival of the state in wartime.

Since 1992, a new stage in the development of civil defense began in Russia. For the first time, the adopted federal law "On Civil Defense" defined its main tasks:

• educating the population on how to protect themselves from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them;
• evacuation of the population, material and cultural values ​​to safe areas;
• providing the population with shelter and means individual protection;
• carrying out rescue operations in case of danger to the population during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
• priority provision of the population affected by the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them, including medical care, including the urgent provision of the first medical care, urgent provision of housing and other necessary measures;
• fighting fires arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them;
• detection and designation of areas exposed to radioactive contamination, chemical, biological and other contamination;
• disinfection of the population, equipment, buildings, territories and other necessary measures;
• restoration and maintenance of order in areas affected by the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them;
• urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary utilities in wartime;
• urgent burial of corpses in wartime;
• development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving facilities that are essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime;

In the conduct of hostilities, the civil defense and the Armed Forces have in fact one common goal - to jointly protect the rear of the country, which in a broad sense represents the entire territory of the state, not occupied by the enemy and not included in the war zone, with its human and material resources. But, unlike the Armed Forces, civil defense uses purely civilian ones inherent in it alone in order to reduce human and material losses. for the most part passive methods and means.

The general management of the civil defense of the Russian Federation is carried out by the government, which ensures the implementation of a unified public policy in matters of civil defense. Direct management of civil defense is entrusted to the Russian Emergencies Ministry. Decisions made by the ministry within the limits of its powers are binding on state authorities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of affiliation and form of ownership, as well as officials and citizens.

The structure of civil defense at an economic facility

Civil defense at an economic facility is organized with the aim of protecting personnel and the economy of the population living near the facility from natural, man-made and military emergencies.

Head of the civil society object of the economy serves as its leader. He is responsible for the organization of civil defense at his facility and the constant readiness of its forces and means to carry out rescue and other urgent work. The head of the civil defense of the object is subordinate to the relevant officials of the department in charge of which the object is located, and in operational terms - to the higher head of the civil defense at the location of the object. At large enterprises, a full-time deputy head of the civil defense is provided, who in peacetime is the main organizer of all its preparatory activities.

By order of the head of the civil defense department, deputies are appointed for the dispersal and evacuation of workers and employees, the engineering unit and material and technical supply.

Deputy Head of the GO of the facility for dispersal and evacuation usually a deputy head for general affairs is appointed. He is the chairman of the evacuation commission, whose duties are as follows: developing a plan for dispersing workers and employees, organizing the preparation of places in the suburban area and transporting people there, delivering work shifts to the place of work, managing the public order service.

Deputy Head of Civil Defense for Engineering and Technical Affairs- the chief engineer of the enterprise, who directly supervises the main services (emergency technical, fire fighting, shelters and shelters), and also provides technical guidance for rescue and other urgent work.

Deputy Head of Civil Defense for Material and Technical Supply- Deputy head of the facility on these issues. He runs the logistics service.

At all facilities, headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations are created, which are staffed from officials. The chief of the civil defense headquarters, being the deputy chief of the civil defense facility, has the right to issue orders and orders on his behalf. It organizes sustainable management and warning system, intelligence, current and forward planning, combat training of personnel of the formations, controls the implementation of all civil defense measures.

MAIN MEASURES OF CIVIL DEFENSE AND UNIFIED STATE SYSTEM FOR PREVENTION AND ELIMINATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS TO PROTECT POPULATION

ALERT

To notify the population means to warn them of an impending disaster, as well as to convey information about an emergency situation that has occurred. For this, all means of wire, radio and television communication are used.

The radio broadcasting network is widespread in Russia. There is not a single city, large settlement, where there is no radio broadcasting center. The overwhelming majority of enterprises, agricultural facilities, educational institutions have their own local radio centers. They are supplemented by an equally powerful system of republican, regional and regional television centers and repeaters, broadcasting and local radio stations. Such an extensive network, densely saturated with communications, creates favorable conditions for informing the population about emergencies, about the rules of behavior in it.

Howling of sirens, intermittent beeps of enterprises mean the signal "Attention to all!" Having heard him, you must immediately turn on the TV, radio, radio broadcasting network loudspeaker and listen to the message of local authorities or the Civil Defense and Emergencies Department. In such messages, as a rule, instructions are given on what to do in the current situation, what to do to protect yourself from the dangerous consequences of an emergency.

For each case of emergencies, local authorities, together with the Civil Defense and Emergencies, prepare options for text messages. For example, there was an accident at a chemically hazardous facility. One of the options for the message:

"Attention! This is the city's (region's) Civil Emergency Situations Department. Citizens! An accident occurred at the plant with the release of chlorine. A cloud of contaminated air spreads in ... (such and such) direction. The population living on the streets ... (such and such), do not leave the premises. Close windows and doors, seal the apartments. Do not hide in basements, lower floors, since chlorine is 2.5 times heavier than air (creeps along the ground) and enters all low-lying places, including basements. The population living on the streets ... (such and such), immediately leave residential buildings, institutions, enterprises and go to the districts ... (listed ). Before going out, put on cotton-gauze bandages, having previously moistened them with water or 2% baking soda solution. Inform your neighbors. Then proceed in accordance with our instructions. "

In wartime, when an air, chemical or radiation hazard occurs, sirens sound first, that is, the signal "Attention to all!" This is followed by information, for example: "Attention! This is the Civil Emergency Situations Department. Citizens! Air alert! Air alert!" And then very briefly recommendations are given on what to do at home, what to take with you, where to hide. Other, more detailed, information can also be reported.

Now operating system Alert has significant advantages and a number of advantages. Firstly, the sound of sirens makes it possible to immediately attract the attention of the entire population of the city, district, region. Secondly, it can be used both in peacetime and in wartime. Each resident can receive accurate information about the event, about the current emergency, hear a reminder about the rules of behavior in specific conditions. This is solved with the help of centralized warning systems based on communication networks and wire broadcasting (radio broadcasting network), special equipment P-164 and electric sirens. Voice information is transmitted over wired broadcasting networks, through residential and outdoor loudspeakers.

The P-164 equipment is designed to combine all means for bringing sound signals and speech information into a single centralized warning system in cities, rural areas, and at national economy facilities. Using it, you can remotely control electric sirens, circularly (simultaneously) notify officials by apartment and office phones, automatically turn on radio broadcasting nodes and switch them to transmit programs (messages) over the lines of the Russian warning and emergency response system.

In order to promptly notify the population about accidents at nuclear power plants, chemically hazardous enterprises, waterworks and other facilities where the danger of disasters is especially great, so-called local warning systems are being created. They make it possible to promptly notify not only their workers and employees, but also the heads of enterprises, institutions, organizations, educational institutions located near dangerous objects, as well as the population falling into the zones of possible infection, destruction, catastrophic flooding. The boundaries of such zones are naturally determined in advance. All enterprises, institutions and settlements are united in an independent notification system. At the same time, local systems are part of the territorial (republican, regional, regional) centralized notification system.

The main advantage of local systems is their efficiency. In a critical situation, the dispatcher on duty (shift engineer) makes his own decision and immediately gives a signal. Initially, it turns on the sirens of the facility and the nearby residential area, the sound of which means the same signal "Attention to all!" Then follows speech information, explaining the order of actions in the current situation. Mobile sound reinforcement stations can also be used to warn the public.

POPULATION PROTECTION BY EVACUATION,

HER OBJECTIVES

Evacuation is one of the ways to protect the population. This is the removal (or withdrawal) of people from dangerous areas. It can be applied both in peacetime and in wartime. Practice modern life indicates that the population is increasingly exposed to hazards as a result of natural disasters, accidents and disasters in industry and transport.

Take, for example, natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, avalanches, mudflows, landslides, massive forest fires. In these cases, it is almost always necessary to resort to evacuation.

Everyone is notorious for the earthquake in Armenia on December 7, 1988. From gg. Leninakan, Kirovakan, Spitak, Stepanavan, more than 110 thousand children, women and the elderly were evacuated from other destroyed settlements.

Evacuation measures are possible in case of accidents at nuclear power plants, in case of emissions and spills of hazardous chemicals and biologically harmful substances, in case of large fires at petrochemical and oil refineries.

Principles and methods of evacuation

Planning and carrying out the evacuation is carried out on the basis of the principle of the necessary sufficiency and the maximum possible use of the available own forces and means.

The number of people to be evacuated is determined each time by the local authorities, taking into account the recommendations of the civil defense authorities, based on the conditions, nature and scale of the emergency.

During the evacuation, people are taken out (taken out) into the suburban area, i.e. to those areas and settlements where further residence is not dangerous. Their distance can be very different, from several to hundreds of kilometers. Areas (settlements) where the evacuees are accommodated are, as a rule, located near railways and highways, river piers.

In an emergency situation, the timing of evacuation is of particular importance. To reduce them, a combined method is used. It provides for both the export of the population by road, rail, and water transport, and mass withdrawal on foot.

Evacuation measures are planned and carried out according to the production-territorial principle. The evacuation of workers, employees and members of their families is carried out according to the production principle, that is, by enterprises, workshops, departments. The evacuation of the population not associated with production is carried out according to the territorial principle - at the place of residence, through house management and various other housing maintenance organizations. Children usually evacuate with their parents, but in special cases educational institutions and kindergartens are taken out on their own.

The evacuation is organized by the heads of civil defense - the heads of the administrations of cities, districts, heads of enterprises, organizations, institutions. The working body is the GOChS department.

Evacuation authorities

Evacuation commissions are created at enterprises, organizations and institutions. They keep track of the number of workers, employees and their families to be evacuated. They develop documents, contact the district (city) authorities, a prefabricated evacuation point (BOT), an evacuation committee and an evacuation center (AED) in the suburban area.

The prefabricated evacuation point is intended for the collection, registration and organized dispatch of the population. When people are taken out by rail or water transport, BOTs are placed near stations, ports (marinas) and at enterprises that have their own access roads. When the population is taken out by road transport, the BOT is placed on the territory or near those objects, workers and employees of which follow this transport. Each BOT is assigned a serial number, and the nearest institutions and organizations are assigned to it.

Reception evacuation points are created to meet people arriving in the suburban area, their registration and placement in the final settlements.

Intermediate evacuation points (EAP) are assigned for the population evacuated on foot, when the final points of deployment are significantly removed from the city. They are located in settlements located on traffic routes. From there, the population follows on foot or is taken out by transport.

To assist patients, local medical institutions are used, as well as one medical staff to be assigned to the column.

Landing points are organized at railway stations and platforms, in ports and at quays, at the access roads of enterprises. Landing points for vehicles are usually created directly at the BOT.

The landing points are located near the accommodation of the evacuated population.

Evacuation procedure

Timely notification of the population is of great importance for the organized implementation of evacuation. In accordance with pre-developed plans, objects are alerted by the control bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations through local communication lines, through circular call equipment and with the help of other technical and mobile communication means.

Having received the order to start the evacuation, the head of the civil defense facility informs the heads of production departments about this, indicating the time of arrival at the BOT. The latter notify workers and employees, and those - their family members. The non-working population is notified at the place of residence by housing authorities.

Upon learning of the evacuation, citizens should immediately prepare to leave. Take with you the essentials:

personal documents (passport, military ID, marriage certificate, birth of children, pension certificate, money);

food and drinking water for 2-3 days;

clothes, footwear (including warm ones), toiletries;

linen, bedding in case of a long stay in the suburban area.

It is better to take food products for long-term storage: canned food, concentrates, smoked meats, crackers, cookies, cheese, sugar, etc. Drinking water should be poured into a flask, thermos, bottle with a cork. It is advisable to have a mug, cup, spoon, pocket knife, matches, flashlight.

When preparing for an evacuation on foot, it is necessary to prepare such shoes that, when making a march, would not rub their feet and correspond to the season.

If you travel to a suburban area by transport, things and products can be put in suitcases, bags, backpacks. And if you have to walk, put everything in your backpack or duffel bag. Attach tags to each location with your last name, initials, residential address and final evacuation point. In this case, it is more likely that the suitcase or backpack will not be lost.

For children before school age it is necessary to sew tags to clothes and underwear indicating the child's surname, name and patronymic, year of birth, place of permanent residence and the final point of evacuation.

Before leaving the apartment, you must turn off all lighting and heating devices, close the taps of the water and gas networks, windows and vents. Turn on the burglar alarm (if there is one), close the apartment with all locks. If there are elderly, sick people in the family who cannot be evacuated with all family members, this should be reported to the head of the EPS for taking the necessary measures.

By the due date, citizens taken to the suburban area arrive with their belongings at the BOT. Here evacuees are registered. After that, they are distributed to wagons, cars, ships and await boarding. At the appointed time, people are taken to the landing points.

For the export of the population by rail and waterways, not only passenger transport is used, but also freight cars, cargo ships and barges. A more dense loading of wagons is envisaged, as well as an increase in the length of the train.

When transporting people by road, in addition to buses, trucks and trailers adapted for this purpose are used. The use of personal transport is not excluded. All cars do not follow separately, but in a column, if possible, accompanied by the traffic police.

The boarding is organized by the superiors in the carriages and cars. On the way, it is forbidden to switch from car to car, from carriage to carriage at stops without the permission of the elders. Upon arrival at the station (pier), disembarkation is made only at the command of the chief of the echelon, the automobile convoy.

The withdrawal of the population on foot is carried out mainly along the roads, in some cases along the roadsides and marked off-road routes.

Columns of evacuees are formed at enterprises (in institutions, at the place of residence). Their number can be very different. For the convenience of management, the column is divided into parts - collectives of workshops and other production units, and internally it is further subdivided into groups of 20-30 people. A leader is appointed in each column, and a senior in the group.

The average speed is assumed to be no more than 4 km / h. After every 1-1.5 hours of movement, a small halt of 10-15 minutes is envisaged, and after the second half of the crossing - a large halt for 1-2 hours. The entire crossing ends with arrival at the final point of evacuation.

During the march, the evacuees must follow the established order: follow all the commands and orders of the leader of the column and the senior group.

Upon arrival at the destination, everyone is registered for an AED in an organized manner and, accompanied by elders, disperse through the streets and houses. Arrived do not have the right to independently, without the permission of the local evacuation authorities, choose a place to stay and move from one settlement to another.

In the suburban area, medical and consumer services are organized. Children, if necessary, are accommodated in schools and kindergartens. The provision of food and basic necessities is made through the trade and catering service.

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE FACILITIES

One of the most reliable ways to protect the population from the effects of hazardous chemicals in accidents at chemically hazardous facilities and from radioactive substances in case of malfunctions at nuclear power plants, during natural disasters: storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts and, of course, in the case of the use of conventional and modern weapons means of mass destruction is a shelter in defensive structures. Such structures include shelters and anti-radiation shelters (RDA). In addition, the simplest shelters can be used to protect people.

Protective structures at the location can be built-in, located in the basements and basements of buildings and structures, and free-standing, erected outside buildings and structures. They are placed as close as possible to the places of work or residence of people.

In terms of construction time, protective structures are subdivided into those built in advance, that is, in peacetime, and pre-fabricated ones, which are built in anticipation of any emergencies (events) or in the event of a military threat.

Shelters and their main elements

They are characterized by the presence of strong walls, ceilings and doors, the presence of hermetic structures and filter ventilation devices. All this creates favorable conditions for people to stay in them for several days. Entrances and exits are made no less reliable, and in case of blockage - emergency exits (manholes).

The capacity of the shelter is determined by the sum of places for sitting and lying (second and third tiers): small - up to 600, medium - from 600 to 2 thousand, and large - over 2 thousand people.

The shelter will protect a person from the debris of collapsing buildings, from penetrating radiation and radioactive dust, from getting inside the premises of hazardous chemicals and chemicals, bacterial agents, high temperatures during fires, carbon monoxide and other dangerous emissions in emergency situations. For this, the shelters are sealed and equipped with filtering and ventilation equipment. It cleans the outside air, distributes it to the compartments and creates excess pressure (backwater) in the premises, which prevents the penetration of contaminated air through various cracks and leaks.

Long-term stay of people is possible thanks to reliable power supply (diesel power plant), sanitary devices (water supply, sewerage, heating), radio and telephone communications, as well as supplies of water, food and medicine. The air supply system, in turn, will provide people not only with the required amount of air, but will give it the required temperature, humidity and gas composition.

All shelters have two ventilation modes: clean - the outside air is cleaned

from dust; filtering and ventilation - air is passed through absorbing filters, where it is cleaned of all harmful impurities, substances and dust. If the shelter is located in a fire hazardous place (oil refinery) or in an area of ​​possible gas contamination of hazardous chemicals, a third mode is provided - isolation and regeneration (i.e., restoration of the gas composition, as is done on submarines).

The water supply system supplies people with water for drinking and hygiene needs from an external water supply network. In case of failure of the water supply system, an emergency supply or an independent source of water (artesian well) is provided. The emergency supply contains only drinking water (at the rate of 3 liters per day per person). In the absence of stationary tanks, portable containers (barrels, cans, buckets) are installed.

Each protective structure has a sewerage system that allows fecal water to be diverted. The bathroom is placed in a room isolated by partitions from the shelter compartments, and a hood must be installed.

Heating system - radiators or smooth pipes laid along the walls. It works from the heating network of the building under which it is located.

Power supply is necessary to power the electric motors of the air supply system, artesian wells, pumping fecal water, lighting. It is carried out from the city (facility) power grid, in emergency cases - from a diesel power plant located in one of the premises of the shelter. In structures without an autonomous power plant, batteries, various lights, candles are provided.

The food supply is created on the basis of at least two days for each sheltered person.

Medical services are provided by sanitary posts, medical centers of economic facilities.

Each shelter must have a telephone connection with the control center of its enterprise and radio broadcast loudspeakers connected to the city or local radio broadcasting network. The backup means of communication can be a radio station operating in the civil defense network of an object (region).

The shelter must provide the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for the people hiding in it: the content of carbon dioxide in the air - no more than 1%, humidity - no more than 70%, temperature - no higher than 25 "C.

In the room (in the compartments) where people are, two-tier or three-tier benches (bunks) are installed: the lower ones are for sitting, the upper ones are for lying. Places for lying should be at least 20% of the total number of places in the shelter with a two-tier arrangement of bunks and 30% with a three-tiered one.

For built-in shelters, an important part is an emergency exit, which is arranged in the form of a tunnel leading to an uninhabited area and ending in a vertical shaft with a top. The exit from the shelter to the tunnel is equipped with protective-hermetic and hermetic shutters, installed, respectively, from the outer and inner sides of the wall. Heads of emergency exits are removed from the surrounding buildings at a distance of at least half the height of the building plus 3 m (0.5N + 3 m). In the walls of the head with a height of 1.2 m, openings are arranged, which are equipped with louvered grilles that open inward. When the head height is less than 1.2 m, a metal grill is arranged that opens downward.

All shelters are marked with special signs, the size of which is 0.5 x 0.6 m. They are located in a conspicuous place at the entrance and on the outer door. Directions to the hideout are indicated by signs. Signs and pointers are painted white, inscriptions are made in black. The sign indicates the number of the shelter, who owns, who has the keys (position, place of work, telephone).

Anti-radiation shelters,

their purpose and main elements

They are used mainly to protect against radioactive contamination population countryside and small towns. Some of them are being built in advance in peacetime, others are being erected (adapted) only in anticipation of emergencies or the emergence of a threat of an armed conflict.

It is especially convenient to arrange them in basements, basements and first floors of buildings, in household structures - cellars, underground, vegetable stores.

A number of requirements are imposed on the PRU. They must provide the necessary attenuation of radioactive radiation, protect in case of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities, save people's lives in some natural disasters: storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, snow drifts. Therefore, they should be located near the places of residence (work) of the majority of the sheltered. The height of the premises should, as a rule, be at least 1.9 m from the floor to the bottom of the protruding floor structures.

When adapted for shelters, undergrounds, cellars and other similar buried premises, their height can be less - up to 1.7 m. In large PRUs, two entrances (exits) are arranged, in small ones - up to 50 people. - one is allowed. At the entrances, ordinary doors are installed, but they must be sealed at the places where the canvas adjoins the door frames.

The norm of the floor area of ​​the main premises of the PRU per one sheltered is taken, as in the shelter, equal to 0.5 m 2 with a two-tier arrangement of bunks.

A room for storing contaminated street clothes will be equipped at one of the entrances.

The PRU provides for natural ventilation or ventilation with mechanical induction. Natural is carried out through the air intake and exhaust shafts. The openings for the supply air supply are located in the lower area of ​​the premises, the exhaust openings - in the upper area.

Heating of the shelters is arranged in common with the heating system of the buildings in which they are equipped.

Water supply - from the water supply network. If there is no running water, tanks for drinking water are installed at the rate of 2 liters per day per person.

In shelters located in buildings with sewerage, normal toilets are installed with wastewater discharge into the external sewerage network. In small shelters up to 20 people, and where this is not possible, a tightly closed portable container is used to receive sewage.

Lighting - from the electrical network, and emergency - from rechargeable batteries, various types of flashlights and hand-held (bicycle) generators.

PRU, as well as shelters, are indicated by signs, and routes of movement to them are indicated by signs.

The construction of the switchgear is carried out from industrial (prefabricated reinforced concrete elements, brick) or local (wood, stone, brushwood) building materials. It starts with staking out and routing. Then a pit is torn off with a depth of 1.8-2.0 m, a width along the bottom of 1.0 m with a single-row and 1.6 - with a two-row arrangement of places. In soft soils, clothes of steepness (walls) are arranged. The entrances are located at an angle of 90 "to the longitudinal axis of the shelter. The benches are made at the rate of 0.5 m per person. At the end opposite the entrance, a ventilation duct is made or a simple fan is fitted. Soil is poured onto the ceiling with a thickness of at least 60 centimeters.

The adaptation of basement, basement and ground floors of buildings, as well as cellars, basements, undergrounds, vegetable stores and other buried spaces suitable for this purpose, consists in performing work to increase their protective properties, sealing and installing the simplest ventilation.

An increase in the protective properties of the premises, adapted for the PRU, is provided by the device of wall screens (additional walls) made of stone or brick, the laying of bags with soil near the outer walls of the above-ground part of the premises to a height of 1.7 m from the floor level. The protruding parts of the walls of the basements, undergrounds are heaped (sprinkled) with soil to their full height. If necessary, soil is poured on top of the floors. Therefore, it is often necessary to install supporting beams and racks in the PRU premises. All unnecessary openings - doors, windows - are closed up.

Shelters of the simplest type and their design

All these structures are as simple as possible, built with minimal cost time and materials. The slot can be open and closed. It is a ditch 1.8–2 m deep, 1–1.2 m wide at the top, and 0.8 m wide at the bottom. Usually, a crack is built for 10–40 people. Each sheltered person is assigned 0.5 m. Slots are arranged in the form of straight sections located at an angle to each other, the length of each of which is not more than 10 m. Entrances are made at right angles to the adjacent section.

The construction of a slit begins with its breakdown and tracing. To break the gap in the places of its breaks, pegs are driven in, between which a rope is pulled (tracing cord). Tracing consists in excavating small grooves (grooves) along the stretched rope, indicating the contours of the gap. Then remove the sod between the tracing lines and set it aside. The middle part is torn off first. As it deepens, its walls are gradually leveled to the right sizes making them oblique. The angle of inclination depends on the strength of the soil. In weak soils, the walls of the cracks are reinforced with clothes made of poles, slabs, thick boards, brushwood, reinforced concrete structures and other materials. A bench for sitting is arranged along one of the walls, and niches for storing food and containers with drinking water in the walls. A drainage groove with a drainage well is arranged under the floor of the slot.

Overlapping the gap is made of logs, beams, reinforced concrete slabs or beams. A layer of crumpled clay or other waterproofing material (roofing felt, roofing felt, glassine, soft iron) is laid on top and all this is covered with a layer of soil 0.7-0.8 m, then covered with turf.

The entrance is made in the form of an inclined stepped descent with a door. Ventilation ducts made of boards are installed at the ends of the slot.

Filling procedure protective structures

and stay in them

The population takes refuge in protective structures in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, chemical plant, natural disasters (tornadoes, hurricanes) and the outbreak of military conflicts. Vaults must be filled in an orderly and fast manner. Everyone should know the location of the fixed structure and the way to approach it.

It is advisable to indicate the routes of movement with signs installed in prominent places. In order to prevent crowding of people in one place and to separate flows, several routes are usually assigned along the traffic routes.

It is best to place people in a shelter in groups - in workshops, teams, institutions, houses, streets, indicating the appropriate places. A senior is appointed in each group. Those who arrived with children are accommodated in separate compartments or in specially designated areas. They try to arrange the elderly and the sick closer to the air-distributing ventilation pipes.

People must come to the shelter (shelter) with personal protective equipment, food and personal documents. Do not bring bulky items, strong-smelling and flammable substances with you, or bring pets. In the protective structure, it is prohibited to walk unnecessarily, make noise, smoke, go outside without the permission of the commandant (senior), independently turn on and off electric lighting, engineering units, open protective sealed doors, and also light kerosene lamps, candles, lanterns. Emergency light sources are used only with the permission of the shelter commandant for a limited time in case of emergency. In the shelter, you can read, listen to the radio, chat, play quiet games.

It is advisable to eat food when ventilation is turned off. Preferably products without pungent odors and, if possible, in protective packaging (in parchment paper, cellophane, various types of canned food). The following set is recommended for the daily diet of an adult: crackers, biscuits, biscuits in paper or cellophane packaging, canned meat or fish, ready-to-eat, sweets, refined sugar.

For all sheltered people, with the exception of children, sick and weak, during their stay in the protective structure, a certain order of food intake should be established, for example, 2-3 times a day, and at this time water should be distributed if it is limited.

Medical services are provided by sanitary posts and first-aid posts of enterprises, organizations and institutions that have the shelter at their disposal.

In accordance with safety regulations, it is forbidden to touch electrical equipment, cylinders with compressed air and oxygen, enter the premises where the diesel power plant and filter ventilation unit are installed. However, if necessary, the commandant can involve any of the sheltered ones to work on eliminating any malfunctions, maintaining cleanliness and order.

After filling the shelter, by order of the commandant, the flight crew closes the protective-hermetic doors, emergency exit shutters and exhaust ventilation adjusting plugs, turns on the filter ventilation unit to the clean ventilation mode.

For normal conditions inside the shelter, it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity. In winter, the temperature should not exceed 10-15 * ° C, in summer - 25-30 °. Measure with an ordinary thermometer, keeping it at a distance of 1 m from the floor and 2 m from the walls. Measurements are made in the clean ventilation mode every 4 hours, in the filter ventilation mode - after 2 hours. The air humidity is determined every 4 hours. The normal humidity is not higher than 65-70%.

The premises are cleaned twice a day by the sheltered themselves at the direction of the senior groups. At the same time, the sanitary facilities are necessarily treated with a 0.5% solution of a two-tetrabasic calcium hypochlorite salt. The technical rooms are being cleaned by the asylum maintenance team.

In case of detection of the penetration of poisonous or toxic substances together with the air, the sheltered immediately put on respiratory protection, and the shelter is switched to the filter ventilation mode.

In the event of fires occurring near the shelter or the formation of strong concentrations of hazardous chemicals, the protective structure is transferred to the complete isolation mode and the air regeneration unit is turned on.

In cases where the shelters are not enough, their filling can be done with overconsolidation. Then people are placed not only in the main compartments, but also in corridors, aisles, and airlock lobbies.

In such conditions, the stay in the protective structure should be short. As a result of significant heat generation, increased humidity and carbon dioxide content, people may experience fever, increased heart rate, dizziness, and some other painful symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to limit their physical activity, to strengthen medical supervision of their health. There should be a sanitary post in each compartment.

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION MEANS

RESPIRATORY ORGANS

The personal protective equipment of the respiratory system includes filtering gas masks (general, civil, children's, industrial), insulating gas masks, respirators and the simplest means.

Civilian filtering gas masks

To protect the population, the most widely used filtering masks GP-5 (GP-5M) and GP-7 (GP-7V).

Civilian gas mask GP-5 is designed to protect a person from getting into the respiratory system, eyes and face of radioactive, poisonous, emergency chemically hazardous and bacterial agents. The principle of protective action is based on preliminary cleaning (filtration) of the inhaled air from harmful impurities.

The GP-5 gas mask consists of a filtering-absorbing box and a front part (helmet-mask). It does not have a connecting tube. In addition, the set includes a bag for a gas mask and anti-fog films or a special "pencil". The set of the GP-5M gas mask includes a helmet-mask with a membrane box for an intercom.

To select the required height of the helmet-mask (O, 1, 2, 3, 4), you need to measure the head along a closed line passing through the crown, cheeks and chin. Measurements are rounded to 0.5 cm.When measuring up to 63 cm, zero height is taken, from 63.5 to 65.5 cm - the first, from 66 to 68 cm - the second, from 68.5 to 70.5 cm - the third, from 71 cm and more - the fourth.

Before use, the gas mask must be checked for serviceability and tightness.

When examining the face part, you should make sure that the height of the helmet-mask corresponds to the required one. Then determine its integrity, paying attention to the glasses of the spectacle assembly. After that, check the valve box, the condition of the valves. They should not be warped, clogged or torn. The filtering-absorbing box should be free of dents, rust, punctures, and damage in the neck. Attention is also paid to ensure that no grains of the absorber are poured into the box.

The gas mask is assembled like this. V left hand take the helmet-mask by the valve box. Right hand screw the filtering-absorbing box with a screwed neck into the branch pipe of the valve box of the helmet-mask.

Before putting on the new front part of the gas mask, wipe the outside and inside with a clean cloth slightly moistened with water, and blow out the exhalation valves.

If any damage is found in the gas mask, they are eliminated, and if it is impossible to do this, the gas mask is replaced with a serviceable one. The tested gas mask is assembled and placed in a bag: a filtering-absorbing box downward, a helmet-mask on top, which is not bent, only the head and side parts are slightly tucked up so as to protect the glasses of the spectacle assembly.

The gas mask is worn enclosed in a bag. The shoulder strap is thrown over the right shoulder. The bag itself is on the left side, with the flap away from you.

The gas mask can be in the "marching", "ready", "combat" position. In "marching" - when there is no threat of contamination of chemicals, hazardous substances, radioactive dust, bacterial agents. Bag on the left side. When walking, it can be slightly shifted back so that it does not interfere with the movement of the hands. The top of the bag should be at waist level, the flap should be closed. The gas mask is transferred to the "ready" position when there is a threat of infection, after information on radio, television or by the command "Prepare the gas masks!" In this case, the bag must be secured with a belt tape, slightly pushing it forward, unfasten the valve, so that you can quickly use the gas mask.

In the "combat" position - the front part is worn. They do this at the command "Gases!"

A gas mask is considered to be worn correctly if the glasses of the front part are against the eyes, the helmet-mask fits snugly to the face.

The need to exhale strongly before opening the eyes and resuming breathing after putting on the gas mask is explained by the fact that it is necessary to remove the contaminated air from under the helmet-mask if it got there at the time of putting it on.

When wearing a gas mask, breathe deeply and evenly. No need to make sudden movements. If there is a need to run, then this should be started by jogging, gradually increasing the pace.

The gas mask is removed by the command "Take off the gas mask!" To do this, you need to lift the hat with one hand, grab the valve box with the other, pull the helmet-mask down slightly and remove it with a forward and upward movement, put on the hat, turn out the helmet-mask, wipe it thoroughly and put it in the bag.

The gas mask can be removed independently (without a command) only when it becomes reliably known that the danger of injury has passed.

When using a gas mask in winter, coarsening (hardening) of rubber, freezing of the glasses of the spectacle assembly, freezing of the expiratory valve petals or freezing them to the valve box is possible. To prevent and eliminate the listed malfunctions, it is necessary: ​​when in a non-contaminated atmosphere, periodically heat the front of the gas mask by placing it over the side of the coat. If, before putting on the helmet-mask, it is still frozen, you should slightly knead it and, putting it on your face, warm it up with your hands until it fully adheres to the face. When wearing a gas mask, prevent the expiratory valves from freezing by heating the valve box with your hands from time to time, while blowing (with a sharp exhalation) the exhalation valves.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 is one of the latest and most advanced models. It reliably protects against poisonous and many toxic chemicals, radioactive dust and bacterial agents. Consists of a filtering-absorbing box GP-7k, the front of the MGP, anti-fog films (6 pcs.), Insulation cuffs (2 pcs.), A protective knitted cover and a bag. Its weight in a set without a bag is about 900 g (filtering-absorbing box - 250 g, front part - 600 g).

The front part of the IHL is made in three heights. Consists of a volumetric mask with an "independent" obturator in one piece with it, spectacle assembly, intercom (membrane), inhalation and exhalation valve assemblies, fairing, headgear and pressure rings for fixing anti-fog films.

The "independent" seal is a strip of thin rubber and serves to create a reliable seal on the front of the head. In turn, sealing is achieved due to the tight fit of the obturator to the face, and secondly, due to the ability of the obturator to stretch, regardless of the mask body. In this case, the mechanical effect of the face on the head is very insignificant.

The headgear is designed to secure the front part. It has an occipital plate and 5 straps: frontal, two temporal, two buccal. The frontal and temporal lobes are attached to the mask body using three plastic buckles, and the cheek ones - using metal "self-tightening" buckles. On each strap with an interval of 1 cm, step-type stops are applied, which are designed to securely fix them in the buckles. Each stop has a number indicating its serial number. This allows you to precisely fix the desired position of the straps when adjusting the mask. The numbers are numbered from the free end of the strap to the occipital plate.

A knitted cover is put on the filtering-absorbing box, which protects it from dirt, snow, moisture, soil dust (coarse aerosol particles).

The principle of the protective action of the GP-7 gas mask and the purpose of its main parts are the same as in the GP-5. At the same time, GP-7 in comparison with GP-5 has a number of significant advantages both in terms of operational and physiological parameters. For example, the resistance of the filter-absorbing box is reduced, which makes breathing easier. Then, the "independent" seal provides a more reliable seal while reducing the pressure of the facepiece on the head. Reducing breathing resistance and pressure on the head allows you to increase the time you spend in the gas mask. Thanks to this, it can be used by people over 60 years old, as well as people with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.

The presence of an intercom (membrane) in the gas mask provides a clear understanding of the transmitted speech, greatly facilitates the use of communication means (telephone, radio).

The selection of the front part of the required standard size GP-7 is carried out on the basis of the results of measuring the horizontal and vertical head circumference with a soft centimeter tape. The horizontal girth is determined by measuring the head along a closed line running in front along the brow ridges, from the side 2-3 cm above the edge of the auricle and behind through the most protruding point of the head. Vertical girth is determined by measuring the head along a closed line through the crown, cheeks and chin. Measurements are rounded to the nearest 5 mm. According to the sum of two measurements, the required standard size is set (see table 3) - the height of the mask and the position (number) of the rests of the headband straps, in which they are fixed. The first number indicates the number of the frontal strap, the second - temporal, the third - buccal.

Table 3

The position of the headband straps is set when fitting the gas mask. Before putting on the gas mask, you must remove the hair from the forehead and temples. If they get under the shutter, the tightness will break. Therefore, women should smoothly comb their hair back, and remove hairpins, combs, hairpins and jewelry.

To put on the GP-7 correctly, you need to grasp the front part with both hands by the cheek straps so that the thumbs grab them from the inside. Then the chin is fixed in the lower recess of the obturator and, by moving the hands up and back, the headrest is pulled over the head and the cheek straps are pulled up to the stop.

The GP-7V gas mask differs from the GP-7 in that it has a device for receiving water directly in the infected zone.

Children's filtering gas masks.

Their purpose, structure and application procedure

The most common gas masks are PDF-D (preschool, for children from 1.5 to 7 years old) and PDF-Sh (school - from 7 to 17 years old). They have a filtering-absorbing box GP-5. They differ in facial parts: the first has an MD-3 mask of four heights (1, 2, 3,4); the second has two heights (3.4).

The more perfect model is PDF-2D and PDF-2Sh. Their set includes: filtering-absorbing box GP-7k, front part of MD-4, box with anti-fog films and bag.

Gas masks are selected as follows. Measure the horizontal and vertical girths of the head with a measuring tape, rounding off the measurements to 5 mm. According to the sum of measurements, the size of the face part is determined: the height of the mask and the position (number) of the stops of the straps on the head: frontal, temporal, buccal (see Table 4).

Table 4

The amount of the girth of the head, mm			Position of stops
Gas mask PDF-2D
Gas mask PDF-2SH

Adults wear counter gases for children of preschool and primary school age. The child is placed with his back to himself, the hair is collected from the forehead and temples. The front part of the gas mask is taken by the temporal and cheek straps and applied so that the chin is located in the lower recess of the obturator. By moving the hands up and back from the child's face, the headrest is pulled over the head, the cheek straps are fastened. Warranty braids are tied to preschool children.

The use of additional cartridges

to filtering gas masks

As a result of the development of the chemical and petrochemical industries, all branches of the national economy have increased the use of chemicals in production. Many of them are harmful to human health by their properties. Can filter masks be used to protect against hazardous chemicals?

In the absence of chemical warfare agents (OM) in the air, civilian gas masks GP-5 and GP-7, as well as children's gas masks PDF-7, PDF-D, PDF-Sh, PDF-2D, PDF-2Sh protect against such hazardous substances as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, ethyl mercaptan, nitrobenzene, phenol, furfural, phosgene, chlorocyanogen.

In order to expand the capabilities of gas masks to protect against hazardous chemicals, additional cartridges were introduced for them (DPG-1 and DPG-3). Gas masks GP-7, PDF-2D and PDF-2SH, equipped with a filter-absorbing box GP-7k, can be used for protection against iodine radionuclides and its organic compounds.

DPG-3 complete with a gas mask protects against ammonia, chlorine, dimethylamine, nitrobenzene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, phenol, phosgene, furfural, hydrogen chloride, cyanogen chloride and ethyl mercaptan. DPG-1, in addition, also protects against nitrogen dioxide, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide.

Outside air, getting into the filtering-absorbing box of the gas mask, is preliminarily cleaned of aerosols and vapors of hazardous chemicals, then entering additional cartridge, is finally cleared of harmful impurities.

Inside the DPG-1 cartridge there are two layers of charge - a special absorber and hopcalite. DPG-3 has only one absorber layer. To protect the charge from moisture during storage, the necks must be permanently closed: the outer one with a screwed cap with a gasket, the inner one with a screwed-in cap.

The time of protective action in minutes for civilian gas masks GP-7, GP-5, GP-5M without additional cartridges and with additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-3 is shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Name of AHOV	Concentration, mg / l
Dimethylamine
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrochloric acid
Tetraethyl lead
Nitrogen dioxide
Ethyl mercaptan
Ethylene oxide
Methyl chloride
Carbon monoxide
Nitrobenzene
Furfural

Note: Where "O" is written in the table, it means that there is no protection.

The hopcalite cartridge is an additional cartridge for gas masks for protection against carbon monoxide. By design, it resembles DPG-1 or DPG-3.

Equipped with a desiccant and proper hopcalite. The desiccant is a silica gel impregnated with calcium chloride. Designed to absorb water vapor in the air in order to protect hopcalite from moisture, which loses its properties when humidified.

Proper storage and preservation of the gas mask ensure the reliability of its protective action. Therefore, the gas mask must be protected from shocks and other mechanical influences, in which metal parts, including the filter-absorbing box, can be dented, the helmet-mask (mask) is damaged, glass is broken. The exhalation valves should be handled with particular care and should not be removed from the valve housing unnecessarily. If the valves are clogged or stuck together, carefully blow them out.

In case of contamination of the helmet-mask, it is necessary to wash it with water and soap, first disconnecting the filter-absorbing box, then wipe it with a dry clean cloth and dry it. In this case, special attention must be paid to removing moisture (water) from the valve box. In no case should water get into the filtering-absorbing box.

A gas mask that has been in the rain or got wet for another reason should be removed from the bag as soon as possible, wiped thoroughly and dried in the air. In the cold season, when a gas mask is introduced into a warm room, its parts should be wiped after sweating them (after 10-15 minutes). You can only put a gas mask in a well-dried bag. Dampness can lead to rust on the metal parts of the gas mask and reduce the absorption capacity of the gas mask box.

It is necessary to store the gas mask assembled in a bag, in a dry room, at a distance of at least 3 m from heating devices and appliances. For long-term storage, the opening in the bottom of the box is closed with a rubber stopper.

Safety cameras for children.

Their purpose, structure and application procedure

Designed to protect children from 1.5 years of age from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents. KZD-4 or KZD-6 consists of a shell, metal frame, pallet, clamp and shoulder strap.

The camera shell consists of a bag (two pieces of rubberized fabric). The shell contains two diffusion-sorbing elements and two windows - transparent plates. The camera is stiffened by a metal frame.

The protective actions of the chambers are based on the fact that the material of the diffusion-sorbing elements, having porosity, ensures the penetration of oxygen into the chamber and the exit of carbon dioxide from it due to the difference in the concentrations of these gases inside and outside the chamber. Hazardous substances are absorbed by the material and do not enter the chamber.

The child is placed in the cell with his head to the window, feet to the inlet. A bottle with baby food, a toy, and spare diapers are placed in the cell. Seal the inlet thoroughly. You can carry the camera on a strap in your hands or over your shoulder. It can be installed on the chassis of a stroller or on a sled.

Purpose and design of respirators,

rules for their use

Respirators are lightweight respiratory protection against harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust. They are widespread in mines, in mines, in chemically harmful and dusty enterprises, when working with fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. They are used at nuclear power plants, when cleaning scales at metallurgical enterprises, during painting, loading and unloading and other works.

Respirators are divided into two types. The first one is respirators, in which a half mask and a filter element simultaneously serve as a front part. The second one cleans the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to the half mask.

By appointment, they are subdivided into anti-dust, anti-gas and gas-dust protection. Anti-dust protects the respiratory system from aerosols different types, gas mask - from harmful vapors and gases, and gas and dust protection - from gases, vapors and aerosols with their simultaneous presence in the air.

Fine-fiber filter materials are used as filters in anti-dust respirators. The most widespread are polymeric filter materials of the FP type (Petryanov filter) due to their high elasticity, mechanical strength, high dust capacity, and most importantly, because of their high filtering properties.

Depending on the service life, respirators can be disposable (ShB-1 "Lepestok", "Kama", U-2K, R-2), which after being worked off are unsuitable for further operation. Reusable respirators include filter replacement.

The simplest respiratory protection,

their protective properties,

production and use procedure

Such means of protection include a cotton-gauze bandage and an anti-dust cloth mask (PMM). They reliably protect the human respiratory system (and PTM - the skin of the face and eyes) from radioactive dust, harmful aerosols, and bacterial agents. However, they do not protect against OV and many AHOV.

A cotton-gauze bandage is made as follows. Take a piece of gauze 100 cm long and 50 cm wide; in the middle part of the piece, on an area of ​​30 x 20 cm, an even layer of cotton wool about 2 cm thick is placed; the ends of the gauze free from cotton wool are wrapped along the entire length of the piece on both sides, closing the cotton wool; the ends of the gauze (about 30-35 cm) on both sides in the middle are cut with scissors, forming two pairs of strings; the ties are fastened with stitches of thread (sewn).

If you have gauze but no cotton wool, you can make a gauze bandage. To do this, instead of cotton wool, 5-6 layers of gauze are placed in the middle of a piece of gauze.

When used, a cotton-gauze (gauze) bandage is applied to the face so that its lower edge covers the bottom of the chin, and the upper one reaches the eye sockets, while the mouth and nose should be well closed. The cut ends of the bandage are tied: the lower ends are at the crown of the head, the upper ones are at the back of the head. Anti-dust goggles are used to protect the eyes.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 consists of a body and attachment. The body is made of four to five layers of fabric. For the top layer, coarse calico, staple fabric, calico, knitwear are suitable, for the inner layers - flannel, bumazey, cotton or woolen fabric with fleece (the material for the bottom layer of the mask adjacent to the face should not fade). The fabric may not be new, but it is always clean and not very worn. Fastening the mask is an outcast-infused from one layer of any subtle matter.

SKIN PROTECTORS

Skin protection means include insulating suits (overalls, sets), protective and filtering clothing, the simplest means (work and household clothing), adapted in a certain way. Designed to protect people from the effects of poisonous, toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial agents. They are divided into special and henchmen. And special ones are divided into insulating (airtight) and filtering (breathable).

Insulating type overalls are made of materials that do not allow a drop or a vapor of toxic substances to pass through, provide the necessary tightness and thereby protect a person.

Filter media are made from cotton fabric impregnated with special chemicals. A thin layer of impregnation envelops the threads of the fabric, and the space between them remains free. As a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the vapors of poisonous and toxic substances are retained when passing through the tissue. In some cases, neutralization occurs, and in others, sorption (absorption).

Structurally, these protective equipment, as a rule, are made in the form of jackets with hoods, semi-overalls and overalls.

To protect against hazardous substances in the accident zone, they mainly use insulating type protection means.

For example, the insulating chemical kit KIH-4 (KIH-5) is designed to protect soldiers of gas rescue teams, emergency rescue teams, special units of civil defense units and formations when performing emergency repair and recovery and other urgent work in conditions of high concentrations of gaseous hazardous chemicals (chlorine , ammonia), nitric and sulfuric acids, as well as liquid ammonia.

The emergency protective kit (KZA) is designed for complex protection of rescuers from short-term exposure to open flames, thermal radiation and some gaseous hazardous chemicals. It is used to protect fighters of rescue teams during emergency and rescue operations near a flame source and in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. It is used in combating fire in gas condensate and oil fields. It is available on the equipment of fire-fighting forces in many cities and at individual sites.

In civilian organizations of the GO of the object in units and formations of GO, in the chemical troops and other special forces Armed Forces for a long time, such insulating skin protection equipment as a combined-arms protective kit, a light protective suit have been equipped

L-1, protective overalls.

It must be remembered that all these funds are used in combination with filtering gas masks.

Skin protection products are worn on uncontaminated areas. In insulating products, a person overheats and gets tired quickly. To increase the duration of work at temperatures above + 15 ° C, wet screening (cooling) overalls made of cotton fabric are used, worn over the skin protection. Shielding overalls are periodically moistened with water.

For work in insulating skin protection, maximum permissible periods have been set, depending on the air temperature.

Table 6

Outside air temperature, С °	No wet screen. overalls	In a damp screen. overalls
		More than 3 hours
	More than 3 hours

If the work is carried out in the shade, as well as in cloudy or windy weather, these terms can be increased by about 1.5 times.

They remove protective equipment on non-contaminated terrain or outside the emergency work zone in such a way as to exclude contact of unprotected parts of the body and clothing with their outer side.

The simplest skin protection

In their capacity, industrial clothing can be used primarily: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, sewn in most cases from tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, rough cloth. They are able not only to protect against contact with the skin of radioactive substances in accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities, but also from drops, vapors and aerosols of many hazardous chemicals. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against droplet liquid chemicals and hazardous chemicals in winter up to 1 hour, in summer - up to 30 minutes.

Of the items of household clothing, raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric covered with PVC film are most suitable for this purpose.

Winter things can also provide protection for up to 2 hours: coats made of coarse cloth or drape, quilted jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. It all depends on specific weather and other conditions, concentration and state of aggregation of hazardous substances.

After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear can also provide protection: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather, denim clothing, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

To protect your feet, it is best to use rubber boots for industrial or household use, rubber boots, galoshes. You can also use shoes made of leather and imitation leather, but preferably with rubber galoshes. Rubber products are capable of not letting drip-liquid chemicals and hazardous substances pass through for up to 3-6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, you can use tarpaulin mittens.

Women are advised to give up skirts and wear pants. In order for ordinary clothing to better protect against vapors and aerosols of hazardous chemicals and chemicals, it must be impregnated with a special solution, as is done when preparing protective filtering clothing (ZFO). Only fabrics are to be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories to it (chest flap, hood, gloves, socks), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents (OP-7, OP-10, "Novost", "Astra", etc.) used for washing clothes. Alternatively, you can use mineral and vegetable oils for this.

In the simplest means of skin protection, you can overcome contaminated areas of the terrain, leave the areas where the spill or release of hazardous chemicals. For a certain period specified funds protect the human body from direct contact with drops, aerosols and vapors of harmful and toxic substances, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of injury.

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION.

Designed to prevent or reduce the impact of damaging factors.

These means include: individual dressing package, individual first-aid kit, individual anti-chemical package.

An individual dressing package is used to apply primary dressings to wounds. It consists of a bandage (10 cm wide and 7 m long) and two cotton-gauze pads. One of the pads is sewn near the end of the bandage motionlessly, and the other can be moved along the bandage.

When using the package, they take it in the left hand, grab the cut edge of the outer cover with the right hand, jerk off the gluing and take out the package in waxed paper with a pin. A pin is taken out of the fold of the paper shell and temporarily pinned in a conspicuous place to the clothes. Carefully unfold the paper shell, take the end of the bandage, to which a cotton-gauze pad is sewn, into the left hand, and a rolled bandage into the right hand and unfold it. This releases the second pad, which can move along the bandage. The bandage is stretched, spreading the arms, as a result of which the pads are straightened.

One side of the pad is stitched with red threads. The person providing assistance, if necessary, can touch only this side with his hands. The pads are placed on the wound with the other, unstitched side. For small wounds, the pads are placed one on top of the other, and for extensive wounds or burns - next to each other. In the case of through wounds, one pad is used to close the inlet and the other to the outlet, for which the pads are moved apart to the required distance. Then they are bandaged with a circular bandage, the end of which is secured with a pin.

The outer cover of the bag, the inner surface of which is sterile, is used for applying sealed dressings. For example, with a lumbago.

Individual first aid kit (AI-2) contains medical protective equipment and is intended to provide self-help and mutual assistance in case of injuries and burns (to relieve pain), to prevent or weaken the defeat of radioactive, poisonous or chemical substances, as well as to prevent infectious diseases.

The first aid kit contains a set medical supplies distributed over the slots in a plastic box. The size of the box is 90 x 100 x 20 mm, weight is 130 g. The following medications are placed in the nests of the first-aid kit.

Gneed about # 1 - the analgesic agent (promedol) is in a syringe-tube. It is used for bone fractures, extensive wounds and burns by injection into the soft tissues of the thigh or arm. In extreme cases, the injection can be done through clothing.

Gnezd about number 2 - means for the prevention of poisoning with organophosphate toxic substances (OM) - antidote (taren), 6 tablets of 0.3 g. It is located in a red round case with four semi-oval protrusions on the body. In conditions of the threat of poisoning, they take an antidote, and then put on a gas mask. When signs of poisoning appear and increase (blurred vision, the appearance of severe shortness of breath), another pill should be taken. Re-admission is recommended no earlier than after 5-6 hours.

Gnezd about number 3 - antibacterial agent number 2 (sulfadi-methoxin), 15 tablets of 0.2 g. It is located in a large round pencil case without coloring. The tool should be used for gastrointestinal upset that occurs after radiation injury. On the first day, 7 tablets are taken (in one dose), and in the next two days - 4 tablets. This drug is a means of preventing infectious diseases that may arise due to the weakening of the protective properties of the irradiated organism.

Gnezd about number 4 - radioprotective agent number 1 (cystamine), 12 tablets of 0.2 g. It is located in two pink pencil cases - octahedrons. Take it for personal prophylaxis with the threat of radiation damage, 6 tablets at once and better for 30-60 minutes. before irradiation.

Repeated intake of 6 tablets is allowed after 4-5 hours in case of being in an area contaminated with radioactive substances.

Gnezd about No. 5 - antibacterial agent No. 1 - antibiotic of a wide spectrum of action (chlortetracycline hydrochloride), 10 tablets, 1,000,000 units each. It is located in two tetrahedral foam-las without coloring. It is taken as a means of emergency prophylaxis in case of the threat of infection with bacterial agents or in case of infection with them, as well as in case of injuries and burns (to prevent infection). First, they take the contents of one pencil case - 5 tablets at once, and then after 6 hours they take the contents of another pencil case - also 5 tablets.

Gnezd about No. 6 - radiation protective agent No. 2 (potassium iodide), 10 tablets. It is located in a white tetrahedral pencil case with longitudinal semi-oval notches in the sides of the edges. The drug should be taken one tablet daily for 10 days after the accident at a nuclear power plant and in the case of human consumption of fresh milk from cows grazing on radioactively contaminated areas. The drug prevents the deposition of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland, which enters the body with milk.

Gnezd about No. 7 - antiemetic agent (etaperazine), 5 tablets of 0.004 g each. It is located in a blue round case with six longitudinal protruding stripes. Take 1 tablet for head bruises, concussions and contusions, as well as immediately after radiation exposure in order to prevent vomiting. If nausea continues, take one tablet every 3-4 hours.

For children, the doses are reduced. For example, children under 8 years of age are given 1/4 of the adult dose for one dose, children from 8 to 15 years old — 1/2 of the adult dose. This applies to any of the listed medicines, except radioprotective agent No. 2 and pain reliever given in full dose.

Individual anti-chemical packages(IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10) are intended for disinfection of drop-liquid OB and some hazardous chemicals that have got on the body and clothing of a person, on personal protective equipment and on tools.

IPP-8 consists of a flat glass bottle with a capacity of 125-135 ml, filled with a degassing solution, and four cotton-gauze swabs. The entire package is in a plastic bag. When using, it is necessary to open the package shell, remove the bottle and tampons, unscrew the bottle cap and moisten the tampon abundantly with its contents. With a moistened swab, carefully wipe open skin areas suspicious of infection and a helmet-mask (mask) of a gas mask. Moisten the swab again and rub it against the edges of the collar and cuff that are adjacent to the skin. When processing with liquid, a burning sensation of the skin may occur, which quickly passes and does not affect well-being and performance. It must be remembered that the liquid in the packet is poisonous and hazardous to the eyes. Therefore, the skin around the eyes should be wiped with a dry swab and rinsed with clean water or 2% baking soda solution.

IPP-9 is a cylindrical metal vessel with a screw cap. When using the bag, the lid is put on its bottom part. To moisten the sponge (it is here instead of cotton-gauze tampons), you need to drown the punch that opens the vessel until it stops and, turning the bag over, shake it 2-3 times. Use a moistened lip to wipe the skin of the face, hands, and contaminated areas of clothing. After that, pull the punch out of the vessel back as far as it will go and screw on the cap. The package can be used for reprocessing.

IPP-10 is a cylindrical metal vessel with a nozzle lid with stops, which is attached to a strap. There is a punch inside the lid. When using the package, turn the lid, move it off the stops and, hitting it, open the vessel (under the lid). Remove the lid and pour 10-15 ml of liquid into the palm through the hole formed, treat the front of the face and neck. Then pour another 10-15 ml of liquid and treat the hands and neck from behind. Cap the bag and store for reprocessing.

If there are no anti-chemical bags, drops (smears) of OM can be removed with paper tampons, rags or a handkerchief. It is enough to treat parts of the body or clothing with plain water and soap, provided that no more than 10-15 minutes have passed since the drops hit the body or clothing.

SANITATION OF PEOPLE

Sanitary treatment is the removal of radioactive substances, neutralization or neutralization of agents, pathogenic microbes and toxins from the skin of people, as well as the personal protective equipment, clothing and footwear they wear. Processing can be partial or complete.

Partial sanitization, as a rule, is carried out directly in the zone (focus) of infection or immediately after leaving there. In this case, everyone independently removes radioactive substances, neutralizes hazardous chemicals, chemical agents and bacterial agents that have fallen on open skin, clothing, shoes and protective equipment.

When contaminated with radioactive substances, it is performed in the following order: the clothes are shaken out, swept, beaten out; shoes are wiped with a damp cloth; open areas of the neck, hands are washed; the front part of the gas mask is wiped and only then removed. If you were wearing a respirator, PTM, cotton-gauze bandage, they are also removed. Then they wash their face, rinse their mouth and throat.

When there is not enough water, you can wipe open areas of the body and the face of the gas mask with a damp swab, and only in one direction, turning it over all the time. In winter, uninfected snow can be used for these purposes.

In case of infection with liquid hazardous chemicals, chemical agents, an individual anti-chemical package is used for partial sanitization.

First, open skin areas are treated, and then contaminated areas of clothing and shoes. If there is no PPI, you need to rinse everything thoroughly with warm water and soap.

When infected with bacterial (infectious) agents, partial sanitization begins with shaking off clothes, sweeping shoes. Then open areas of the body are treated with a solution from the PPI. All this is carried out while wearing a gas mask (PTM, cotton-gauze bandage). If there is no bag, use disinfectant solutions and water and soap.

Partial sanitization does not provide complete disinfection and thus does not guarantee people protection from hazardous substances. Therefore, as soon as possible, complete sanitization is carried out.

During a complete sanitization, the whole body is washed with warm water with soap and a washcloth, linen and clothes must be changed. It is carried out at stationary washing stations, in saunas, shower pavilions or at specially deployed washing platforms and special treatment points. In summer, complete sanitization can be carried out in non-contaminated flowing water bodies.

All washing points and platforms, as a rule, have three sections: dressing, washing and dressing. In addition, at the washing point there may be a department for decontamination of clothes. Persons arriving for sanitization are removed before entering the dressing room. outerwear and protective equipment (except for the gas mask) and put them in the indicated place. Here, they take off their linen, undergo a medical examination, dosimetric control, and those who are suspected of having infectious diseases are measured their temperature.

Clothes contaminated with radioactive substances above the permissible standards, as well as hazardous chemicals, chemical agents and bacterial agents, are folded into rubber bags and sent to the clothes disinfection station.

Before entering the washing department, the affected take off their gas masks and treat the mucous membranes with a 2% solution of baking soda. Each is given 25-40 g of soap and a washcloth. It is especially necessary to wash your head, neck and hands thoroughly. 2 people wash under each shower mesh at the same time. The water temperature is 38-40 ° С.

When infected with bacterial agents, before entering the dressing room, clothes are irrigated with a 0.5% solution of monochloramine, and hands and neck are treated with a 2% solution. Then, having received a washcloth and soap, they remove the gas mask and go to the washing department.

After leaving it, a secondary medical examination and dosimetric control are performed. If the radioactive contamination is still higher than the permissible levels, people are returned for reprocessing.

In the dressing room, everyone receives their decontaminated clothing or spare.

Duration of sanitation within 30 minutes. (undressing - 5, washing in the shower - 15, dressing - 10).

If there are no well-equipped sanitary and washing points, then complete sanitization is carried out in baths, shower pavilions, retrofitted in such a way that the flow of people moves in only one direction and there are no intersections.

INCREASING PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES

HOUSES (APARTMENTS)

It is possible to increase the protective properties of a house (apartment), first of all, by observing fire-prevention measures. Do not store kerosene, gasoline, or other flammable liquids or materials at home. Take them to a safe place. This is equally important for those who live in a multi-storey building, and for those of their own.

All attics, stairwells, vestibules, storage rooms should be freed from bulky and unnecessary things. If sawdust, peat, foliage, moss are used as insulation in the attic, they must be removed and replaced with non-combustible materials - sand, slag, dry earth, clay. Moreover, the layer should be 5-10 cm, as the overlap will allow.

In the event of a radiation or chemical accident dangerous facility it is necessary to seal the premises: glue the cracks in the windows, vents, close up the hoods, hang blankets, panels from thick fabric or foil material on the door. In case of possible radioactive contamination, everyone must have respirators or at least cotton-gauze bandages, as well as an individual AI-2 first aid kit with drugs that weaken the effect of radiation (radioprotectors).

In the event of a chemical accident, before engaging in sealing, it is necessary to put on a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with water, and better with a 2% solution of baking soda (with the threat of chlorine poisoning) or 5% citric acid solution (with a threat of poisoning ammonia).

To provide first aid, you must have home first aid kit... It should contain everything you need: dressings (bandages, napkins, dressing bags), iodine, ammonia, nitroglycerin, validol, analgin, besalol, valerian tincture, potassium permanganate, boric acid, bactericidal adhesive plaster, cotton wool, a glass of polyethylene for taking medications. To stop bleeding, it is advisable to have a rubber band or cloth twist.

Water and food must also be protected.

To receive the necessary information about the impending danger, the receiver and TV set must be constantly switched on. In the event of a power outage, you must have a battery-operated radio.

PROTECTION OF FOOD PRODUCTS, FOODS

AND WATER FROM POLLUTION

The main way to protect food, fodder and water from contamination is to isolate them from the external environment. Therefore, a certain degree of protection is created already when sealing storage places, storerooms, cellars, basements and tartars.

Radioactive substances falling on the surface of unpackaged products or through cracks and leaks of containers penetrate inside: into bread and crackers - to the depth of the pores; bulk products (flour, cereals, granulated sugar, table salt) - in the surface (10-15 mm) and underlying layers, depending on the density of the product. Meat, fish, vegetables and fruits are contaminated with radioactive dust, aerosols from the surface. In liquid products, large particles settle to the bottom of the container, and small particles form suspensions.

The greatest danger is the ingress of radioactive substances into the body with contaminated food and water, since their intake in excess of the norm causes radiation sickness.

AHOV and toxic substances pose a danger to contamination of unprotected food, water, fodder in all variants of their state: droplet-liquid, solid, in the form of fog and smoke, in gaseous and vaporous. These substances penetrate into packaging materials made of wood to a depth of 5-10 mm, plywood - 3-4 mm and impregnate tarpaulin, cardboard, four-, five-layer paper, many polymer films, sack cloth. Dissolving and absorbing, they contaminate unprotected foods.

Food in the bacteriological focus, when stored in open areas and in unsealed rooms, is at risk of infection with infectious agents. In contaminated areas, bacterial formulations retain their damaging properties for a long time, especially at low temperatures and in cloudy weather (several weeks or more). They can survive on the interior surfaces of rooms and containers, as well as in various food products where microorganisms actively multiply. For example, the causative agent of cholera in raw milk lasts 1-6 days (before souring), in boiled milk, up to 10 days, in butter up to 20-30 days, on black bread from 1 to 4 days, on white bread from 1 to 26 days , on potatoes - up to 14 days.

Tara has great importance in the protection of food. According to their protective properties it is divided into three categories: the highest, the first and the second. The highest is the one that protects against radioactive, chemically hazardous emergency, toxic substances and bacterial agents. These are hermetically sealed metal, glass and some types of wooden and polymer containers: flasks with a rubber ring gasket; welded steel and wooden barrels; cans for canned food; cans with a removable lid and a rolled-on gasket; aluminum tubes; glass jars with tin lids; narrow-necked bottles, hermetically sealed with metal capsules or sealed with dense cork or polyethylene stoppers and aluminum caps; bags made of combined material, paper, foil, polyethylene.

The container of the first category protects food from bacterial agents and radioactive substances: wooden dry barrels; wooden boxes with polyethylene liners; cans, bags made of combined material (for packaging concentrates, cereals, milk); PVC bottles for vegetable oil. Boxes, wooden drums without polyethylene liners, multilayer paper bags and others like them belong to the second category and protect food only from radioactive substances.

The most promising as a covering material is a relatively cheap film made of high pressure polyethylene (low density).

To protect against contamination, drinking water supplies stored at home should be kept in sealed glass or metal containers (thermos, cans, decanters or jars with ground corks). It is advisable to replace this water with fresh water every day. Water can also be stored in containers made of synthetic films, in buckets and tubs, covered with plastic, plastic or other plastic materials.

Protection of food and fodder in rural conditions is achieved by storing them in sealed rooms, using protective containers (packaging) and special vehicles for transportation, as well as sheltering with special or improvised materials.

For sealing various storages, cracks in their ceilings and walls are covered with clay (cement, lime) mortar. In wooden rooms, gaps are dug with moss, tow or rags and plastered. The walls of these premises are covered with earth from the outside. The windows are tightly laid with bricks and covered with clay or covered with shields on both sides, the space between which is covered with earth (sand). Some of the windows may remain open. For these windows, removable shields are made, sheathed with tar paper or other dense material. It is better to do this from the inside: it is safer, more convenient and well preserved. The gaps between the details of the windows must be smeared with putty or some kind of well-preserved mortar.

Doors are repaired, upholstered with tar paper, rubberized or foil material. A gasket made of an elastic material is attached to the door frame: spongy rubber, foam rubber, felt. On the inside of the doorways, curtains are made of dense material or straw mats, which are pressed tightly against the door frame by means of slats. Doors that are used on a daily basis should have a vestibule of such a size that, when entering it, you can first close it behind you, and then open the next door. There should be a place in the vestibule for storing contaminated clothes, overalls, and changing shoes.

The ventilation system must meet all protection requirements: doors or dampers can open and close freely, but at the same time be tightly fitted. Filters made of improvised material are placed in the ventilation pipe: burlap or matting in several layers. The ventilation system should be controlled only from the premises.

The most reliable protection of products is provided when they are stored in warehouses in metal and glass containers with hermetically sealed lids and stoppers. Canned products are reliably protected from all means of destruction. Fats and pickles should be stored in wooden barrels with tightly fitted lids, and frozen fish, oil, bulk products - in multilayer containers (cardboard boxes, boxes lined from the inside with several layers of plastic wrap or thick paper),

Fresh meat, milk, fruits can be stored for a short time in barrels with tight-fitting lids, as well as in earthenware. In an uncooled room, they are allowed to be stored only in canned form.

Silo stored in towers is reliably protected from almost all damaging factors. But it is advisable to cover the silage in pits and trenches with a layer of straw 5-10 cm thick and then cover it with 20-40 centimeters of earth.

During the harvesting period, a large amount of grain products, vegetables and fodder is in the field in open areas, on currents, under sheds and can be freely infected. In this regard, it is necessary to perform a number of works to protect the products. For example, for temporary storage in a field in an elevated dry place, a site is selected that is cleared of debris, grass, compacted and dug in with a ditch 20 cm deep. When storing grain products on the site, shields are installed on its sides. The joints between them are carefully sealed. From above, the grain is covered with straw, and then with a tarp, rubberized cloth or film material. Potato heaps and other roots and tubers in the field are covered with 20-30 cm thick reed or straw mats, and then covered with soil 20-30 cm thick.

Stacks (stacks) of hay, straw are covered with tarpaulins, foil, a layer of non-forage straw or branches. The thickness of the layer should be at least 15 cm. When covered with a tarpaulin or film, the edges are pressed tightly to the ground with stones, logs, earth. If the haystack is covered with straw or branches, then clamping poles, tied in the upper part, are laid on them. Haystacks are dug in (plowed) around the perimeter to a width of 3 m. In winter, a layer of ice can be frozen on the haystacks.

First of all, they cover feed located on the territory of livestock farms or near them. For dairy cows, the supply of sheltered feed should be calculated for at least 3 months.

The creation of water reserves is of particular importance in conditions of possible contamination. In order to prevent hazardous substances from entering it, it is necessary to know how to protect water sources.

In the water supply system, water is considered protected, as it is purified and disinfected at waterworks. The implementation of measures to prevent water contamination at the points of water intake and in the distribution network is carried out by organizations in charge of the water supply system.

Reliable water protection is achieved in artesian wells, it is enough just to seal the water tower.

It is almost impossible to protect open reservoirs (rivers, lakes, ponds) from infection. Therefore, they can be used in emergency situations only with the permission of the medical service or sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

To obtain purified water from contaminated open reservoirs, shore wells can be built no closer than 10-15 m from the water's edge, buried below the water level in the reservoir.

If it is necessary to use open reservoirs for watering livestock, care should be taken that animals cannot pick up radioactive dust and other harmful substances that have settled there from the bottom. For this, a flooring is made of boards or logs, along the edge of which a grate is placed near the water, which does not allow animals to enter the water. Fences are arranged along the edges of the lattice, preventing watering outside the equipped area.

To protect the spring, a capturing is arranged - a structure for receiving spring water and excluding its contamination. When it is equipped, the water outlet is cleared, the pit is torn off, its walls and bottom are strengthened. If necessary, water lifting means are installed. The depth of the pit and its dimensions are determined depending on the need for water supply and the capacity of the spring. For more reliable protection, the structure is covered with clay, a cover is arranged and all this is covered with soil. On an ascending spring, the side and upper walls are made waterproof, the fourth, facing the water outlet, is covered with a layer of pebbles, crushed stone or other coarse-grained material. To drain water and fill containers, a drain pipe or tray is installed.

Shaft wells in most cases require additional equipment. Only in this case, residents will be able to safely take water from them. First of all, there should be a dense log house, and even better, reinforced concrete rings with a canopy (house) with a well-closing lid. The height of the log house above the ground is at least 1 m. The cover is made of two layers of boards (criss-cross) with a layer of tarpaulin, tarpaulin or film material in several rows, and it is desirable to upholster it with sheet metal. Around the log house, a layer of soil with a depth of at least 20 cm is removed, instead of which a layer of clay (clay castle) with a width of 1.5-2 m is laid and compacted. A layer of crushed stone, gravel, sand or pebbles with a thickness of at least 10-15 cm is poured on it For this purpose, asphalt or concrete can be used.

To protect the well from the ingress of contaminated atmospheric precipitation, a drainage ditch is dug around it. Instead of a canopy, it is good to build a closed booth made of boards or wattle-fence, coated with clay, in which to build a gate, and let the handle out. The rope, fixed on the gate roll, should be thrown over the block attached to the beam installed above the gate. A bucket bow is attached to the free end of the rope to raise water from the well. A trough with a special hook on the edge is installed above the log house. As it rises, the bucket clings to the hook, the water is poured into the tray and through it through the drain pipe into the placed dishes. The device of the well thus protects the well itself, the water lifting device and the water from contamination.

The need for water for drinking, household and other needs is quite large. So, a person needs 2-3 liters per day for drinking, up to 3 liters for washing, and 4-5 liters for cooking and processing food. When washing in a bath or sanitizing, up to 45 liters are consumed per person. Baking bread requires consumption for 1 kg of 1 l of water, washing - for 1 kg of linen up to 40 l of water. The minimum daily water requirement for livestock is 20-30 liters per head of cattle, 4-5 liters for small horned livestock, and 6-8 liters for pigs.

Regardless of the availability of water sources, it is necessary to have water reserves created in advance. At enterprises and in some settlements, large reserves of water are stored in underground reservoirs equipped with a chimney and a pump. To prevent the ingress of harmful and toxic substances, radioactive and other dust, and other undesirable elements, filters or special valves are installed on each pipe. To avoid freezing of water in winter, the gap between the upper and lower covers of their hatches is filled with insulation material. And they can be sawdust, shavings, straw, mineral wool, foam rubber, etc.

Fire-fighting tanks can be used for storing water after they have been appropriately disinfected and sealed. Water supplies can also be stored in cisterns, barrels, special containers and other tightly closed metal and wooden containers installed indoors or under a canopy.

Tanks with water supplies must be kept in compliance with sanitary requirements and carefully guarded.

ORGANIZATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS

AND PLANTS FROM INFECTION

The most reliable way to protect animals from radioactive contamination is to keep them in livestock buildings, appropriately equipped. They must be sealed and strengthened the protective power of walls, entrances, windows. Ventilation should be with filters or a new forced ventilation system installed.

For sealing in brick buildings, holes and cracks in walls, ceilings, windows are coated with clay, cement or lime mortar, and in wooden rooms they are dug with moss, tow, rags and plastered. A layer of sand or slag is poured onto the ceiling. Excess windows are covered with bricks, sandbags or shields. For natural light, some windows are left uncovered. Removable shields are made on them. In the window of the dairy room, instead of one glass link, a sheet of iron is inserted with a hole for a hose, with the help of which the milk is pumped into the milk tanker. At the end of pumping milk, the opening is closed with a latch.

In the livestock buildings prepared in this way, a stock of fodder is created for 5-7 days. On the territory of the farm, at the distance of the fire break, a covered stock of roughage is being prepared.

The minimum daily norms of feed and water per head of cattle: 5-6 kg of hay or 4-5 kg ​​of hay, plus 1-2 kg of concentrates, 20-30 liters of water. For small ruminants - 0.5 kg of hay, 4-5 liters of water. Pigs - 2-3 kg of concentrates, 6-8 liters of water.

Evacuation to safe areas is carried out by motor vehicles, tractor trailers or by hauling. For driving over contaminated terrain, it is better to use hard-surface roads or areas with low grass. In order to prevent animals from eating infected grass, a protective mask, a bag, a bag should be put on the muzzle of each of them, and in the absence of a snout, a rope should be tied around the muzzle. While the animals are indoors, dairy calves are allowed to visit them. A minimum number of people (2-3 people per room) are left for service in the premises, and in the presence of dairy cows - 4-5 people for 150-200 animals. People only come in for feeding, watering and milking. The first feeding and milking is carried out 4-6 hours after the cows have sheltered, then once a day. During this period, it is recommended to feed the cows with one hay and reduce the daily water intake by 2-3 times. Animals can stay in sealed rooms for an average of 24-36 hours (in summer, these periods are reduced, and in cold weather and with wind they increase). After the specified time has elapsed, the room should be ventilated for 2 hours.

Livestock grazing in contaminated areas and mowing of grasses for fodder is allowed only after careful radiation control. Local authorities, sanitary and epidemiological supervision, and the medical service are taking all measures to prevent the production of contaminated and unusable livestock products.

If a hazardous chemical is released, the animals must be driven into the livestock housing immediately. If this cannot be done, drive them away to one of the sides, perpendicular to the direction of movement of the poisonous cloud.

Seal the room as quickly as possible: tightly close windows and doors, ventilation openings. If it is not possible to urgently deliver food, then at first you will have to make do with those who will be inside the premises by this time. For a watering place, it is better to use closed sources - artesian wells. Outdoor water troughs should be closed with tight covers, plastic wrap or turned upside down.

Indoors, in order to improve the microclimate, you should use a bedding with increased moisture capacity. In this state, animals can be up to one and a half days. Further, depending on the situation, the premises must be ventilated. Alarms requiring ventilation include an increase in the body temperature of cows by 1-1.5 degrees and an increase in carbon dioxide content by more than 5% (a lit match goes out immediately).

It should be borne in mind that in a closed room where animals are located, a temperature and humidity backwater is created, which prevents the penetration of gaseous toxic substances into the interior. Moreover, ammonia, moisture accumulating inside the room, as well as an increase in air temperature, contribute to the destruction of harmful substances.

After the passage of a wave of poisonous gases, a veterinary examination of the animals is carried out. The injured are provided with medical assistance. In some cases, the forced slaughter of animals is carried out. After a veterinary examination, a decision is made on the use of meat, skins and internal organs.

To prevent the appearance of infectious diseases among animals, veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out aimed at increasing the resistance of the animal body. To this end, it is necessary to maintain certain conditions for keeping and feeding animals, keep the premises and territory of farms clean, regularly disinfect them, and also exterminate insects and rodents as possible carriers of infectious diseases.

The main means that provide the most effective protection of animals from infectious diseases are preventive vaccinations, i.e. active and passive immunization. Active immunization is carried out by introducing a vaccine to an animal, as a result of which, after a certain time, the body becomes immune (immune) to the disease against which the vaccine was made. Vaccines provide a fairly long-term (6-12 months or more) immunity. Passive immunization is the introduction into the body of animal sera that provide short (up to 2 weeks) immunity immediately after their introduction. Serums are used for urgent prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Measures to eliminate the epidemic (epizootic) focus are carried out in two stages.

The first is before determining the type of pathogen. Quarantine is announced, the boundaries of the infection zone are established, samples are taken and sent to the laboratory to determine the type of pathogen. The animals are transferred to stall keeping. Measures are being taken to decontaminate the territory of farms, buildings, fodder and prevent contamination of animals through food and water. When the skin is infected, veterinary treatment is carried out, control over the slaughter of livestock is carried out. The farms are equipped with a sanitary gate and a chamber for decontaminating workwear. Markets, entertainment establishments, educational institutions may be closed. Restrict the movement of people and vehicles.

The second - after identifying the pathogen. Quarantine is either left or replaced by the observation regime (for infectious diseases that are not transmitted from patient to healthy). Quarantine is left for anthrax, glanders, plague, encyphalomyelitis, cholera, psittacosis, typhus and diseases that have not previously been encountered. With some diseases, a threatened zone is established around the quarantine area (its depth in case of African swine fever can reach 100-150 km). In this area, careful veterinary supervision and strict veterinary and sanitary control over stock depots, meat processing plants, refrigerators, and feed mills are carried out. Restrict the movement of vehicles and people. Warning signs are posted on all roads leading to the quarantine area. Observation is administered for brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratyphoid fever. At this time, a system of isolation restrictions and treatment-and-prophylactic measures aimed at preventing the spread of the disease is being organized.

In the process of veterinary treatment of animals, radioactive dust is removed from the outer covers of their bodies, harmful and poisonous substances that have got on the skin, as well as pathogens of infectious diseases, are removed or rendered harmless.

The site for veterinary treatment is equipped at the border of the epizootic focus or on the territory of the latter, if its area is large, but with the obligatory disinfection of the site.

The size of the site is determined by the number of livestock to be processed simultaneously. Approximately one animal needs up to 30 m 2. Plan it in such a way that at least 5-6 large animals can be processed on it according to the flow system. The site is divided into "dirty" and "clean" halves. Here they arrange a corral for contaminated livestock, turning into a split, and then into a corridor 0.8-0.9 m wide with machines for processing animals. Ditches are dug along the corridor edges and, for the convenience of the service personnel, they are closed from above with poles, boards, and at a distance of 10 m - a sewage pit. So that there is no dirt, a flooring of boards, poles and other materials is arranged in the machines. If necessary, a field slaughterhouse will be equipped near the site.

There are two ways of processing animals: dry and wet. Dry is usually used when the skin is contaminated with radioactive dust. For this, a veterinary disinfection machine and vacuum cleaners are used.

Wet processing is more common. It consists in the fact that the skin of animals is treated with aqueous solutions of detergents (surfactants) or washed with water under a pressure of 2-3 atm. A 0.3% solution of SF-2 or SF-2U powder, 0.3% solution of an emulsifier SP-7 or SP-10 is used as a detergent. In the absence of these agents, aqueous solutions of Novost powder, sulfanol, and common fatty soaps are used.

The livestock to be processed is first sent to the corral, from where, through a split in groups of 5-6 animals, they are sent to the pens. Here, each animal is treated on both sides with an appropriate solution using shower brushes. To avoid injury to people, such brushes are attached to a stick 80-100 cm long, along which a hose is placed. The solution flows through it to the brush. First, the tail is processed, then the head, neck, back, sides, front and hind limbs. After the cleaning solution, the animal is washed with clean water. When animals are infected with infectious agents, the body surface is treated with disinfectant solutions until the entire wool cover and skin are completely wetted. The animals treated in this way are driven into a side pen and kept there for an hour, after which they are again driven into the pens, washed with warm water and transferred to a clean half.

In the clean half, the animals are provided with medical assistance, preventive vaccinations are given, if necessary. In the event of an epiphytotic disease - a mass disease of plants, the first thing to do is to monitor crops and other lands in order to timely detect their defeat, infection or destruction. The equipment is prepared for the processing of grain products, crops, and transport for the transport of food, food raw materials and other products.

With radioactive contamination of the area, it is almost impossible to protect the plants in the field. Therefore, the main activities in crop production in this case will be aimed at reducing damage.

In a field where more than 50% of the harvest is expected to die, crops are replanted, and if this is not possible, it is advisable to harvest the green mass from these fields for silage and hay. In fields where crop loss is less than 50%, crop management is improved to maximize yield. If the fallout of radioactive substances occurred before sowing, it is necessary to plow with a full rotation of the layer to the maximum possible depth in order to dispose of the top contaminated soil layer in such a way that during subsequent conventional plowing, the infected layers do not rise to the surface. Particular attention is paid to increasing yields on the least infested soils to obtain the maximum amount of "clean" crops. It is advisable to plow unproductive meadows and pastures.

Harvesting should be done primarily from the least polluted fields. To prevent secondary pollution, grain, piles of potatoes and root crops must not be left open for a long time. It is necessary to exclude separate harvesting of grain and switch to direct combining at the highest possible cut. When harvesting hay, reduce re-tedding, turning and raking of windrows. Harvesting of forage crops (grass, corn, sunflower) must be carried out by machines that provide simultaneous mowing and loading of the plant mass into vehicles.

All crops harvested from contaminated areas must be sorted in accordance with the norms of safe use: for food purposes, for feed, for technical processing. Industrial crops and oilseeds are removed from fields of any degree of pollution and sent for processing.

Crop pathogens include fungi, bacteria and viruses. The most common plant diseases are cereal rust, potato late blight, rice blast.

Damage can be reduced by carrying out a number of agrotechnical and agrochemical measures. Agrotechnical ones allow preventing the massive spread of plant diseases and their appearance in subsequent years. These include: mandatory crop rotation in crop rotation; deep winter plowing; cleaning fields from post-harvest residues; right choice sowing dates; tight harvest time. Agrochemical - create conditions that prevent the effects of pathogens on plants and contribute to the development of plants. These measures include the application of trace elements and mineral fertilizers to the soil, liming of acidic soils, the use of fungicides (chemicals that destroy pathogens or prevent their development) and insecticides (chemicals that destroy pests).

The treatment of crops with pesticides is carried out after the identification of the type of pathogen or insect pest in the plant protection laboratory. Depending on the properties of the pesticide, plant species and the nature of their infection, crops are sprayed, pollinated or treated with aerosols. The best results are obtained by treatment at the beginning of the onset of the disease. For the complete destruction of the causative agent of the disease or insect pest, it is necessary to carry out 2-3 treatments.

Disinfection of contaminated products is carried out by chemical and physical methods. So, the surface of a haystack contaminated with anthrax spores is treated twice every 24 hours with a 4% formaldehyde solution. In grain, non-spore microorganisms can be destroyed by processing it in a grain dryer at an increased temperature conditions... Forage contaminated with anthrax spores is destroyed. Food contaminated with spore forms of microbes is also destroyed, and food contaminated with non-spore forms is disinfected by boiling.

Created by 09 Jan 2013

An organization to prepare for the protection and to protect the population from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, originates in Russia since the First World War ( 1914 - 1918), when combat aviation found application in hostilities. During the war, the belligerents for the first time used airplanes and dirigibles to deliver air strikes against settlements located at a considerable distance from the front line. Attempts to destroy the economy and the system of government, as well as to demoralize the enemy's population with air raids, turned out to be promising. Later, in order to deliver strikes against the rear targets of the enemy, a course was taken for the development of military aviation.

During the First World War, in 1915 year, a specialized bomber aviation was created, which began to be used for independent actions - air strikes against the enemy's rear. In this regard, it became necessary to organize the protection of cities from air strikes.

After the increasing frequency of enemy air raids on rear facilities in Russia, they began to develop measures to prevent raids of "enemy aeronautical assets" on our territory, primarily to Petrograd.

November 30th 1914 year Commander of the 6th Army Adjutant General K.P. Fan der Fleet, by order No. 90, announced a special instruction, according to which the defense of Petrograd and its environs was organized for the first time. Major General G.V. Burman.

8 december 1914 year"Instruction on aeronautics in the area of ​​the 6th army" was put into effect, the air defense of the Russian capital began to be carried out.

Under the leadership of Major General G.V. Burman united the actions of "pilots and military units assigned to protect Petrograd and its region from enemy air attacks." A network of observation posts was deployed to observe the sky and warn about enemy aircraft. At positions around Petrograd and near Tsarskoye Selo, artillery pieces made by special order at the Putilov factory were installed, adapted for firing at aircraft.

Crews trained to combat enemy aircraft were selected from the Gatchina Aviation School.

By April 1915 year the air defense of Petrograd and the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo was replenished with new forces and means.

Along with the active measures of air defense carried out by the troops, the population began to be attracted to participate in measures designed to ensure the protection of the population and industrial enterprises from air attacks and the rapid elimination of the consequences of air raids. This led to the creation of local air defense, relying on the civilian population of the cities.

Thus, the First World War and the emergence of military aviation, especially bomber, laid the foundation for the development of means, air defense, as well as measures for organizing self-defense of the population.

However, not only the appearance of aviation, but also another very an important event what happened during the First World War forced the governments and general staffs of the belligerents to seriously think about the problem of ensuring the security of the rear. It largely determined the nature and directions of development of the system of measures to protect the population in subsequent years.

This event was the use of chemical weapons in the course of hostilities. April 22 1915 year The 4th German Army used a gas-cylinder attack against the Anglo-French position at Ypres for the first time. As a result of the gas attack, 15 thousand people were poisoned, of which more than 5 thousand died on the battlefield, and half of the survivors became disabled. This attack showed the effectiveness of a new type of weapon with a sudden massive use of it.

In the future, both liquid chlorine and mixtures of chlorine with an asphyxiant substance, phosgene, were used in gas attacks.

The use of toxic substances was carried out by artillery. From the middle 1916 year the belligerents began to widely use them in artillery shells.

The threat of chemical warfare, as aviation, artillery and chemical warfare improved, not only did not disappear, but also increased. It was necessary to look for an effective means of protection, and it was found - a gas mask.

V 1915 year in Russia, a filtering gas mask was developed, consisting of a rubber helmet designed by the Russian engineer M.I. Kummant and gas mask box Russian chemist N.D. Zelinsky, equipped with activated carbon to absorb vaporous toxic substances.

Gas masks nullified the first success of the German gas attacks at the front. The rear of the country remained virtually defenseless. The whole matter of gas warfare and gas protection was entrusted to the Supreme Chief of the sanitary and evacuation unit, the General of Infantry, Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky, who laid the foundation for the formation of anti-chemical defense in Russia. On his initiative, the production of domestic gas masks was organized.

Thus, the First World War predetermined the creation of new organizational staff structures to protect our troops, the population and the territory of the rear points from the dangers caused by the military confrontation between warring parties.

Immediately after the establishment in Russia in 1917 year the new government, the country's leadership was forced to immediately take measures to strengthen the country's air and chemical defense.

So when in February 1918 year German troops, violating the truce, launched an offensive on Petrograd, at this extremely difficult time for the country, all measures were taken for the anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense of Petrograd. An air defense headquarters was created to carry out measures to protect the city in the event of an attack by the aviation of imperial Germany. The direct control of the air defense of Petrograd was carried out by the People's Commissar for Military Affairs N.I. Podvoisky.

The headquarters organized a network of observation posts in the city and its environs. Special points were opened where residents of the city could receive protective masks, anti-gas liquid and reminders indicating how to avoid poisoning with poisonous gases. There were first aid courses. They were headed by the medical and sanitary department under the Petrograd Soviet of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies.

The organization of medical assistance to victims of enemy air raids was entrusted to the health authorities and the Military Sanitary Department.

Defined responsibilities for air defense and anti-chemical protection, the headquarters of the air defense entrusted the residents of the city and the house committees (house committees). They, in particular, were tasked with implementing fire-fighting measures and organizing first medical aid to victims, finding the necessary materials for these purposes.

The development of means and methods of anti-chemical protection, the production and provision of them to the personnel of the army and the population was entrusted to the Chemical Committee of the Main Artillery Directorate.

The population was alerted to the threat of an air attack by the enemy by sirens and horns of enterprises. The behavior of workers and employees and the non-working population during the raid was determined by a special instruction.

Between 20 February and 3 March 1918 year German aviation has repeatedly tried to break through to Petrograd. On March 2, 1918, for the first time in its history, the city was subjected to aerial bombardment... As reported by the Izvestia newspaper, 3 people were killed, 5 wounded, and some material damage was inflicted.

City Defense Revolutionary Committee March 3 1918 year in the appeal "To the population of Petrograd and its environs" he brought to the attention of the population a list of measures for the air and chemical defense of the city.

The main means of protection against toxic substances already at that time was a gas mask. Those who did not have it were instructed to make a mask of 20-30 layers of gauze. Before use, the mask should be moistened with a special solution. These were the first of the most basic chemical protection measures available to all. Similar events during the years of intervention and civil war were carried out in a number of other cities. Particular attention was paid to protecting the cities of Moscow, Tula, Baku, Astrakhan from air strikes, which were in different time in the area of ​​action of enemy aircraft.

After the end of the civil war and foreign military intervention, the country's leadership took the necessary measures to strengthen the country's defense capability, since the danger of an armed attack on the country remained.

In all the leading countries there was an active build-up and improvement of military aviation, its striking power grew. Some military specialists cynically declared about the use of bacteriological and chemical weapons in a future war, about the infliction of surprise bombing strikes on the most important administrative-political and economic centers, military installations, and areas of mobilization of troops. In accordance with the theory of the "air war" of the Italian general G. Douai, it was believed that "the coming war will be waged mainly against the unarmed population of cities and against industrial centers."

This dictated the need to improve and develop the country's air defense, to take effective measures to protect the population from enemy air attacks. Before 1932 year all air defense measures to protect the rear of the country from air strikes were subdivided into active and passive air defense. Active air defense was carried out by the forces and means of the USSR People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs, and passive - by the forces and means of civil organizations, enterprises and the population itself. Only from the end of 1932 the name "passive air defense" was replaced by the name "local air defense".

The country's leadership, starting in the second half of the twenties of the last century, adopted a number of resolutions aimed at creating and strengthening the country's air defense. In November 1925, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK USSR) adopted a resolution "On measures of air defense for new buildings in the 500-kilometer border strip." Within this zone, due to the radius of action of enemy aviation at that time, organizations and institutions were ordered to carry out various engineering and technical measures for anti-aircraft and anti-chemical protection during new construction. This decree also extended to the cities of Moscow, Tula, Kharkov and Kursk.

At the same time, measures were taken to ensure the normal operation of railway transport in the event of a war. For this purpose, the USSR Labor and Defense Council (STO USSR) organized the Air Chemical Defense Service of the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways on August 26, 1926. In accordance with this decree, the construction of special shelters, the creation of special formations - teams, air defense detachments, training of service personnel in methods of anti-aircraft and anti-chemical protection was provided for at railway stations.

The next important step on the path of further strengthening the air defense of the Soviet state was the decision of the STO of the USSR "On the organization of air-chemical defense of the country." It was adopted on May 14 1927 year and pursued the goal of strengthening the protection of strategically important areas, airfields, railway and water transport facilities, communications facilities, factories, factories, warehouses and large settlements in case of possible enemy air strikes. The entire territory of the USSR was divided into two parts: the border threatened zone, where passive air defense measures were carried out in full, and the rear of the country, where only organizational work was carried out in this area, and the population was trained. For the first time, large cities were identified as air defense points. They were divided into districts, sections and objects. In turn, air defense facilities were divided, depending on their political, economic and military significance, into two categories: the first and the second.

The organization of air-chemical defense, its leadership on the territory of the border strip was carried out by the command of the military district.

Beginning with 1928 year and the development of the country's air-chemical defense began to be more purposeful. On June 11 this year, the USSR STO adopted a new decree "On the air defense of the most important points located in the USSR zone threatened by air attacks", which provided for the separation and putting into a defensive state from an air attack of many air defense cities of the country. Particular attention was paid to the protection of the most important administrative, political and industrial centers ¾ Moscow, Leningrad, Minsk, Kiev, Kharkov, Baku.

Government decisions on air defense issues were fully reflected in the first Regulations on Air Defense of the USSR, put into effect by order of the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the USSR in 1928. In this Regulation, MPHE activities have not yet been singled out as an independent system.

In 1929, the first passive defense headquarters for air defense of the regions were created in the country's major cities.

In parallel with government measures, developed and social activity in the field of air-chemical defense of the USSR. On May 19, 1924, the Voluntary Society of Friends of the Chemical Defense and Chemical Industry (Dobrokhim) was formed. It promoted chemical knowledge, introduced the population to chemical weapons and means of protection against it.

Dobrokhim's activities were continued on an even larger scale by the Aviakhim defense society, and from January 23 1927 year Osoaviakhim - Union of Societies of Friends of Defense and Aviation and Chemical Engineering of the USSR.

By the mid-20s of the last century, the Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR (SOKK and KP USSR) significantly increased the sanitary and defense work and mass sanitary training of Soviet citizens. To educate the population, first aid circles were created, and sanitary squads were formed. The training of nurses was widely developed.

One of the forms of mass preparation of the population for air and chemical defense was the "defense weeks", which began to be regularly held from 1927 year... In the future, it became a practice to conduct "decades of defense" and "months of defense".

It should be noted that at the end of the 1920s, such a form of mass training of the population for air and chemical defense as citywide exercises, conducted jointly with military units and public organizations, emerged in the country. During the exercise, the acquired knowledge and skills in the field of air defense were tested in practice. The first mass exercises took place in Odessa in 1927, and in May 1928 in Rostov-on-Don.

As a result of the work carried out, by the beginning of the thirties of the last century, serious successes were achieved in the development of passive defense in the country. TO 1932 year there were more than 3 thousand formations of various purposes, dealing with the protection of the population. The population received more than 3.5 million gas masks, several thousand bomb and gas shelters were built in residential areas and industrial enterprises, blackout measures were developed, communication and notification were established. More than 2.5 million workers and employees have been trained in air and chemical protection measures. There were thousands of air chemical defense circles in the country.

During these years, the necessary conditions were mainly created for the transition to a new stage in the construction of a local air defense system, its legislative registration into an independent state system to protect the country's population from possible air strikes. The need to create such a system was especially acutely felt in the context of the growing threat of a military attack on the USSR. An important step in this direction was the creation in 1932 year urban air defense units. On April 11, 1932, the "Regulations on local air defense units" were approved by the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. It indicated that local air defense units are being created for the engineering and chemical equipment of air defense posts and for eliminating the consequences of an air attack. According to their purpose, they were subdivided into parts of internal surveillance and aeronautical reconnaissance (BHAP), communications, degassing, medical and sanitary, firefighting, engineering and road transport. Organizationally, they consisted of companies, battalions, regiments and brigades. This was the birth of the future military units of the Ministry of Defense and Civil Defense. The next stage in the development of organizational forms of the Air Defense Forces was the decree of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 033, which on May 10, 1932, the 6th Directorate of the Red Army headquarters was transformed into the Directorate of the Air Defense of the Red Army with direct subordination to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. The air defense management of the RKKA was entrusted with the practical leadership of the air defense service throughout the country, as well as the unification of the activities of all civilian departments, institutions and public organizations in this area. Other important measures were taken to strengthen the country's air defense.

Finally, 4th of October 1932 year by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the "Regulations on the air defense of the territory of the USSR" were approved.

This act marked the beginning of the creation of the local air defense of the USSR (MPO USSR), designed to protect the population of the country from enemy air attacks. In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of local air defense - the basis of the future civil defense system of the USSR.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Defense were: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and warning about the passing of the threat; the implementation of camouflage of settlements and objects of the national economy from an attack from the air (especially blackout); elimination of the consequences of an air attack, including the use of toxic substances; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organization of first medical and medical aid to victims of an air attack; provision of veterinary care to injured animals; maintaining public order and ensuring compliance with the regime established by the authorities and the Ministry of Defense in threatened areas. The fulfillment of all these tasks was envisaged by the forces and means of local authorities and objects of the national economy. This also determined the name of this air defense system.

The headquarters, services and formations of the Air Defense Forces were created only in those cities and at those industrial facilities that could be within the radius of the enemy's aviation. In such cities and at such facilities, air defense and chemical protection measures were carried out in full.

The organizational structure of the MPVO was determined by its tasks. Since it was an integral part of the entire air defense system of the country, the general leadership of the air defense system in the country was carried out by the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs (since 1934 - the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR), and within the boundaries of the military districts - by their command.

To solve the tasks of the Air Defense Forces, the corresponding forces were organized - military units of the Air Defense Forces, which were subordinate to the command of the military districts. And voluntary formations of the MPVO: in urban areas - district teams, at enterprises - object teams, at house administrations - self-defense groups. The formation of the MPVO was created on the basis of: 15 people from 100 - 300 workers and employees - at enterprises and institutions and from 200 - 500 people residents - at house administrations. District teams consisted of various special formations, and self-defense groups, as a rule, consisted of six divisions: medical, emergency recovery, fire protection, order protection and surveillance, degassing and maintenance of shelters. District teams and self-defense groups were subordinate to the head of the police station.

The training of personnel for the Defense Ministry was carried out at special courses in the Defense Ministry, and the training of the population was carried out through the training network of public defense organizations.

Due to the local nature of the activities of the command and control bodies and forces of the Ministry of Defense and the need to concentrate the efforts of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense on preparing the Armed Forces for a war that was approaching the borders of the USSR, the USSR Council of People's Commissars of October 7 1940 year, the leadership of the MPVO was transferred to the USSR People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, within which the Main Directorate of the MPVO was created.

Thus, in the pre-war years, a system of measures was mainly taken to protect the population, objects of the national economy and territories of the country from an armed attack by the enemy, eliminate the consequences of his strikes, as well as create the most favorable conditions for the operation of industrial enterprises, transport, and utilities. in wartime.

The Great Patriotic War became a severe test for the local air defense 1941 - 1945.

In the very first days, the aviation of fascist Germany, guided by the general plan of "lightning war", subjected dozens of large cities of our country to massive bombings: among them Kiev, Minsk, Sevastopol, Odessa, Kishinev, Kaunas, Murmansk.

The enemy tried to disorganize the work of our rear, disrupt mobilization in the western regions of the country, and sow panic among the population.

Mobilizing the Soviet people to defend the country, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 2, 1941 issued a decree "On the general compulsory preparation of the population for air defense." It proposed to cover the entire population of the country in education at the age from 16 to 60 years (men) and from 18 to 50 years (women). The Soviet government entrusted the general management of this preparation to the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the NKVD of the USSR.

Direct leadership on strengthening the MVDO and putting together formations of workers and employees was carried out by the heads of enterprises, who were the heads of the MVDO of their facilities and the party organizations of factories, factories, and railway stations. The headquarters of the MVDO, services and formations were created everywhere.

In order to ensure the rapid restoration of the economy destroyed by the enemy on July 9 1941 year The State Defense Committee adopted a decree "On the formation of urban emergency recovery units in areas declared under martial law." The detachments were created on the basis of construction trusts and administrations, repair services of the executive committees of local councils. In the future, these emergency recovery teams became the basis of the emergency recovery service of the Ministry of Defense, the real force that ensured the uninterrupted operation of the most important objects of the economy, the restoration of the destroyed city utilities.

The measures taken by the country's leadership and local authorities made it possible for the summer and autumn of 1941 to mobilize significant forces and means of the country's rear to strengthen the local air defense of the USSR. United in various formations, teams and self-defense groups, the Soviet people made up a huge army of air defense forces that stood up to defend the country from enemy air raids. As a result, in the first year of the war, over 80,000 self-defense groups were created in the country and 40 million people were prepared for air and chemical defense, that is, the same number as in the entire pre-war period.

The defense of Kiev, Odessa, Sevastopol, Smolensk and other cities showed that, together with the army and navy, residents who were part of the MVDO formations selflessly defended Soviet cities.

During a radical turning point in the war, a huge role in strengthening the country's air defense system was played by the GKO decree of June 16, 1943 "On local air defense", containing a set of measures to increase the number of military formations, strengthen management team and other measures.

In strengthening the MPO significant role also played the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 12 1943 year"On the reorganization of the MPVO formations." It concretized the procedure for creating city battalions in large administrative and industrial centers. At 980 especially important facilities, emergency recovery teams were created, 35% of whose personnel were in barracks.

As a result of strengthening the air defense system, the total number of personnel of the country's air defense system by the beginning 1944 year exceeded 6 million people. Moreover, it was based on non-military formations and self-defense groups.

In the period of the defeat of fascist Germany, the expulsion of enemy troops from the USSR, the liberation from the occupation of European countries, the complete collapse of fascist Germany and its unconditional surrender, new tasks were solved: a lot of work was done to deploy and strengthen the Air Defense Forces in the liberated cities and regions of the country; clearing of the territories where the hostilities took place from the remaining and unexploded ordnance; the personnel of the MPVO took part in the restoration of the national economy, disturbed by the war.

In total, during the war, more than 30 thousand group and single raids were made on cities and objects in the rear of our country, about 600 thousand high-explosive bombs with a total weight of more than 70 thousand tons and about 1 million incendiary bombs were dropped. The Ministry of Defense has provided protection in shelters and shelters for 25.5 million people.

The health service provided assistance to more than 135.2 thousand affected citizens. The fire fighting service has liquidated 10,133 fires and almost 78,000 fires. The forces of the Air Defense Forces eliminated 2,744 lesions and dismantled over 435 m 3 of debris. Pyrotechnic units of the Air Defense Forces defused 432 thousand high-explosive and incendiary bombs, 523 thousand mines and artillery shells, a huge amount of other ammunition.

The main result of the country's air defense activities in wartime is that it ensured the preservation of the life and health of millions of people, weakened the destructive effect of enemy air strikes. This is a convincing proof of its effectiveness and correct organization. MPVO fully justified its purpose.

The war has shown that the protection of the population, objects of the national economy and territories in emergency situations is one of the most important functions of the state and is the business of the entire people.

The victorious ending of the Great Patriotic War, the transition from war to peace posed new grandiose and complex tasks for the Soviet people to eliminate the consequences of the war, restore the national economy, and further advance.

The country's leadership took into account that the successful solution of these tasks would require overcoming enormous difficulties, since the past war was the most difficult and destructive for our country.

1,710 cities were destroyed, more than 70 thousand villages and villages were turned into ashes, 31,850 industrial enterprises were destroyed in whole or in part; 65 thousand km railways, 4100 railway stations were destroyed, 98 thousand collective farms, 1876 state farms and 2890 MTS were plundered.

A huge amount of work had to be done in order to heal the wounds of the war, to transfer the national economy to a peaceful track.

The personnel of the MPVO took an active part in carrying out restoration work in the national economy. More than 250 large industrial enterprises were put into operation with the participation of subdivisions and units of the MPVO. 205 railway and road bridges were commissioned, over 545 thousand m 2 of highways were repaired, 188 km of water supply and 873 km of sewerage networks, 767 km of communication lines and 405 km of tram lines were restored.

The personnel of the MPVO were widely involved in solving a very acute problem for that time of providing the population living in the territory liberated from the enemy with housing. It was necessary to quickly build and restore houses for the population. And with this task the MPVO coped with honor - 15685 buildings and residential houses were repaired and rebuilt.

Along with the participation of the personnel of the Air Defense Forces units in the restoration of the urban economy and housing, a lot of work was done to clear the liberated territory from unexploded bombs, shells, mines and other "surprises" left by the fleeing Nazis.

During this period, the organizational structure of the MPVO has undergone improvement. By order of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of October 24 1945 year control bodies were significantly reduced, including the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the NKVD of the USSR, the troops of the Ministry of Defense, non-military formations, and the urban units of the Ministry of Defense were disbanded.

Despite organizational changes, work to improve the protection of the population from air attack continued. The training of citizens was carried out in circles according to the 20-hour program "Ready for PVHO" (anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense). This work was carried out mainly by the Voluntary Society for the Assistance of the Army, Air Force and Navy. Knowledge and skills were consolidated through exercises and training. District and city MPVE competitions were an effective form of training. The experience of the post-war activities of the Ministry of Defense was soon in demand in the elimination of the consequences of the Ashgabat earthquake that occurred on the night of October 5-6, 1948. The experience gained in eliminating the consequences of an earthquake was of great importance for improving the air defense, organizing and conducting rescue, emergency recovery and other urgent work in the disaster zone.

October 31 1949 year The Council of Ministers of the USSR approved a new "Statute on the local air defense of the USSR." It defined the goals, objectives, organizational structure of the Ministry of Defense, the main activities carried out on the territory of the country, the role and place of troops and formations of the Ministry of Defense, self-defense groups, the procedure for training personnel in the system of the Air Defense, the responsibilities of ministries, departments and organizations for the Ministry of Defense. To carry out the tasks of the Air Defense Forces, forces were created, including troops and formations. The troops consisted of engineering and anti-chemical units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR central subordination and urban units (usually in a reduced composition). To eliminate the massive destruction, the city's emergency recovery units were intended, the list and number of which were approved by the Councils of Ministers of the republics on the proposal of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In order to ensure early preparation for the protection of the population and employees of enterprises and to increase the reliability of the work of facilities important for defense and the national economy in wartime in 1951 year The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the approval of standards for the conduct of engineering and technical measures of the MPVO in design and construction." And later, in June 1955, two more important decrees were adopted: "On measures to improve the readiness of the country's air defense defense to protect the population and industrial facilities from atomic weapons" and "On measures to provide medical care to the population in conditions of the use of atomic weapons", in which it was indicated that the preparation of the country for the air defense system should be carried out taking into account the possible use of nuclear weapons by the enemy. The evacuation of the population of large economic and administrative-political centers has been identified as the main method of defense against nuclear weapons. For the first time in the country, universal and compulsory training of the population in anti-nuclear protection was introduced. Particular attention was paid to the organization of timely notification. The country's leadership took measures to strengthen the air defense system, improve its organizational structure and technical equipment, clarify the tasks, which marked the beginning of a qualitatively new stage in the construction of air defense defense as a predecessor of civil defense.

The headquarters of the Ministry of Defense of the country was formed, on the ground - regional, territorial, republican headquarters of the Ministry of Defense.

An important event in the improvement of the Air Defense Forces was the approval of the new "Regulations on Local Air Defense of the USSR" in 1956, in which it was for the first time emphasized that the Air Defense Forces is a system of national defense measures carried out in order to protect the population from atomic weapons and other modern means of destruction, creating conditions that ensure the reliability of the operation of national economic facilities in conditions of an air attack, rescue operations and assistance to the injured, as well as the implementation of urgent emergency recovery operations in the affected areas.

Particular attention was paid to the fact that the MPHO is organized throughout the country.

An important role in preparing the Air Defense Forces for action in the new conditions was played by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 4, 1959 "On measures to ensure the preparation of the country for local air defense", which provided for measures to improve the warning of the population, 1959 – 1965 years of protective and special structures, the accumulation of mobilization resources and an increase in the combat readiness of military units and formations of the Air Defense Forces, the dispersed deployment of enterprises, shelter in special underground structures of especially important factories, state reserves, the creation of backup for unique and especially important enterprises, the strengthening of the work of DOSAAF, SOKK and KP USSR, universal compulsory training in cities and rural areas in protection against atomic, chemical and bacteriological weapons.

The implementation of the above measures increased the operational readiness of the entire air defense system, accelerated the accumulation of a significant fund of protective structures. The MPVO shelters have been tested at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site and have shown high efficiency.

At the end of the 50s of the twentieth century, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons, the question arose about other, more advanced methods and means of protecting the rear, about more reliable security of the population in wartime.

In 1961, on the basis of the Ministry of Defense, a new national system was created in the country - the Civil Defense of the USSR. The new system is based on experience, traditions, all the best that has been created over the years of the existence of the Ministry of Defense Industry.

By the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 13 1961 year the "Provision on the Civil Defense of the USSR" was adopted. It determined that “Civil defense is a system of national defense measures, carried out in advance in peacetime in order to protect the population and the national economy of the country from nuclear missile, chemical, bacteriological weapons, lesions, which is built on the territorial-production principle. "

Also, the content of the work of all its links, the basic rights and obligations of officials in the civil defense system was determined, the foundations of management were developed. The "Statute on the Civil Defense of the USSR" determined the basic principles of protecting the population from weapons of mass destruction. As the main method of protecting the population, it was envisaged to disperse and evacuate it.

The principle of a differentiated integrated approach to the protection of the population was adopted as a basis. In accordance with it, in peacetime, shelters were built for the largest working shift of enterprises, which should continue to work in wartime in categorized cities. The rest of the urban population was subject to evacuation to the suburban area, in which the creation of a fund was envisaged. anti-radiation shelters for the local and evacuees.

Particular attention was paid to the protection of water sources, food, fodder, farm animals. In the case of the use of weapons of mass destruction, it was envisaged to carry out mass rescue operations in the centers of destruction.

The theory and practice of civil defense were built taking into account the existing views on the conduct of war with the use of nuclear weapons.

The probable model of a future war was based on a model in which the direct conduct of hostilities (and, accordingly, the use of weapons of mass destruction) is preceded by the so-called "special period", during which the conflicting parties can carry out the necessary preparatory measures. Its duration was assumed from several days to several months.

In accordance with this, all civil defense measures were divided into three groups: the first group included measures taken in advance, in peacetime; the second group included activities carried out during the "special period"; the third group included activities carried out in wartime.

Civil defense management in ministries, departments, industrial and production associations and at national economic facilities was carried out directly through the headquarters and civil defense services, as well as through the existing structures of management bodies. Civil defense headquarters became the main governing bodies.

For the implementation of all civil defense measures in cities, appropriate services were created (taking into account the experience of the Ministry of Defense): communications, engineering, fire-fighting, medical, public order protection, protection of animals and plants, communal-technical, sanitary treatment of people and decontamination of clothing, trade and food, shelters and shelters, material and technical supply, emergency technical, motor transport, energy, etc.

New approaches to the organization of rescue operations in the centers of nuclear destruction required a manifold increase in forces. For these purposes, the number of civil defense military units was increased (without increasing the total number of personnel).

The number and number of non-military formations increased sharply. Their structure and training system have undergone major changes. The main among them were the territorial consolidated rescue and object detachments of civil defense.

The issues of medical protection of the population were developed quite successfully. This became possible thanks to the active participation in this work of the USSR Ministry of Health and the country's civil defense medical service, created on the basis of it. In a short time, a stock of medical protective equipment was created, a large number of special medical units in the field (first aid teams, sanitary squads, etc.).

In large volumes, stocks of personal protective equipment were created (gas masks, respirators, etc.).

The issues of operational training were raised to a new level in comparison with the MEPO. Much attention was paid to the development of operational plans for civil defense. It has become a daily practice to conduct large command post exercises in civil defense. As a rule, such exercises were held every year in the republic, territory, region.

The preparation of the population took a special place. In 1966, a new 21-hour civil defense training program was introduced - a universal compulsory minimum of knowledge. Workers, office workers, collective farmers were trained directly at enterprises, on collective and state farms. Classes were conducted not by public instructors, but by the heads of workshops, departments, services, foremen, that is, the leaders trained their subordinates.

At the beginning 70s In the twentieth century, the military-strategic situation changed somewhat. The potential enemy adopted the "concept of the first disarming strike." Along with strategic offensive forces on foreground medium-range missiles (1000 - 5500 km), deployed in Western Europe... Their short flight time (10–12 minutes) made them ideal for a swift strike at selected targets. In reality, there was a threat of a sudden nuclear attack on the territory of the USSR. Under these conditions, civil defense has become one of the most important factors in strategic balance.

The current situation demanded that changes be made to the activities of the Civil Defense of the USSR, first of all, to increase the effectiveness of protecting the population. To do this, it was necessary to increase the fund of protective structures and create a reliable warning system for the entire population of the country, sharply reduce the time for the transition of civil defense from peaceful to martial law, take a set of measures in the field of increasing the stability of the national economy in wartime, increase the useful value of the civil defense system in Peaceful time.

A more versatile set of measures was envisaged in cities and at facilities that could be exposed to enemy strikes. They can be conditionally summarized into three groups that make up the content of the main tasks of civil defense:

the first group of measures related to the direct protection of the population from the means of destruction of the enemy;

the second group of measures aimed at increasing the stability of the functioning of the economy and reducing the possible damage to the national economy when the enemy uses nuclear weapons and other means of destruction;

the third group included measures for the preparation of forces and means for eliminating the consequences of an enemy attack and for carrying out rescue and other urgent emergency recovery operations in the centers of destruction.

At the same time, life required the introduction of significant amendments to the organization and procedure for planning and implementing events. During this period, a number of important government decrees and other policy documents on civil defense issues were adopted.

One of the main documents was the new Regulations on Civil Defense of the USSR, approved by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 18, 1976, No. 201-78.

In the new Regulation, it was determined that the Civil Defense of the USSR is an integral part of the system of national defense measures aimed at protecting the population from weapons of mass destruction and other means of attack by the enemy. Based this definition For the first time, all civil defense measures were ordered to be carried out in concert with other measures of a defense nature. In terms of importance, civil defense was brought to the level of armed protection, to a qualitatively new level of solving its problems.

All organizational work of the central leadership, headquarters and civil defense bodies was aimed at improving the principles, means and methods of protecting the population, a great contribution was made to the development and implementation of engineering and technical measures to protect the population and economy of the country from weapons of mass destruction.

At the same time, a number of other measures were envisaged to ensure the protection of the population: the organization of notification of the danger of an enemy attack; organization of radiation, chemical and bacteriological (biological) observation, reconnaissance and laboratory control; carrying out sanitary and hygienic, preventive and anti-epidemic measures; reduction of stocks of flammable, explosive and potent toxic substances in cities and at national economy facilities; creation of protected stocks of food, clothing, medicines, medical equipment, essential items and other material and technical means; training the population in ways of protection and others.

V 1976 year the government decided to entrust the Civil Defense of the USSR with the task of increasing the stability of the functioning of the national economy in wartime. At this stage in the development of the Civil Defense of the USSR, this problem was defined as one of the most important. Measures for its implementation were carried out before. However, they were carried out, as a rule, at the level of objects of the national economy and on individual issues, in connection with which the problem of increasing stability on the scale of the industry and, moreover, on the scale of the national economy of the country could not be solved. Now, for the purpose of practical implementation of this task in the system of the Civil Defense of the USSR, the State Planning Committee of the USSR, ministries and departments, union and autonomous republics, territories, regions and cities, special governing bodies have been created. In the regions (territories), large cities and at the objects of the national economy, commissions on sustainability were created, which included the main specialists of the objects of the national economy and representatives of territorial planning bodies.

In March 1979, at the initiative of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and the Office of the Chief of Civil Defense of the USSR, a resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the approval of general requirements for increasing the stability of the work of the branches of the national economy in wartime" the economy of the country, its sectoral and territorial links: ensuring the protection of the population and its life in wartime; rational distribution of productive forces on the territory of the country; preparation of branches of the national economy and industry for work in wartime conditions; preparation for the implementation of work to restore the national economy in wartime conditions; preparation of the national economy management system for solving wartime problems.

Based on these requirements in 1980 – 1981 During the years in the ministries, departments of the USSR and the Union republics, sectoral and republican requirements were developed.

Profound changes were made to the training system for the leadership of civil defense bodies. It covered the training of all categories of personnel of headquarters, services, civil defense forces, national economic facilities, as well as training the entire population in methods of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

The civil defense of the USSR during these years was one of the best such systems in the world. Potential opponents also admitted this. A rather powerful state system was created with its own strict organizational structure. The national character of civil defense? its main advantage and difference from similar systems of foreign states.

At the same time, over time, serious costs came to light in the style of work of civil defense bodies. When conducting civil defense activities, a quantitative approach began to prevail at the expense of quality. Tens of thousands of various complex exercises and other events were planned annually without taking into account the real possibilities for their material and technical support, in a simplified setting. Many of the activities carried out turned out, for obvious reasons, ineffective, and in some cases useless. The problem of restructuring civil defense was brewing, which was due to the increase in the number and scale of emerging natural and man-made emergencies in the 80s of the last century.

It became obvious that civil defense cannot limit its activities to the framework of wartime. Its potential, forces and means should be used with greater efficiency in peaceful conditions in the elimination of the consequences of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.

The experience of eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 year demanded the adoption of a number of urgent measures to further improve the country's civil defense system, its development in terms of the direct solution of tasks to protect the population from emergencies caused by natural disasters, major accidents and catastrophes.

Such measures were determined by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 886-213 of July 30, 1987 "On measures to radically restructure the civil defense system":

entrusting civil defense with the tasks of protecting the population in peacetime from the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters and carrying out rescue and other urgent work in the course of their elimination;

creation of mobile units special protection at the regional level, as well as mobile formations and civil defense units of constant readiness for emergency actions in emergency situations;

the creation in all republics, territories, regions, cities, districts of collegiate governing bodies? permanent emergency commissions (PCC), etc.

Spitak earthquake in Armenia in 1988 year reaffirmed that civil defense is not ready to solve the problems of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies. In this regard, it was decided to create a special state system to protect the population and territories from emergencies.

The formation of the state system for the prevention and action in emergency situations began with the creation in 1989 in the structure of the Government of the USSR special body- The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations, and then in December 1990 - the State System for Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations.

A little later, in 1990, the Russian Rescue Corps was created in the RSFSR, as a state committee, transformed in 1991 into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Emergency Situations, and in November 1991 year on its basis and on the basis of the RSFSR Civil Defense Headquarters, the State Committee of the RSFSR for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters (GKChS of the RSFSR) was created, which was entrusted with the coordination of the activities of the state administration bodies of the RSFSR for the protection of the population and national wealth, including including from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities. Troops, organizations and institutions of civil defense stationed on the territory of the RSFSR were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Committee.

From that time to the present, all the activities of the civil defense of the Russian Federation, its development are associated with the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the RSFSR, and then the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters, created on its basis.

In April 1992 year was created Russian system prevention and action in emergency situations, later transformed into the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations (RSChS), later transformed into the Unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations. All these years, the task of civil defense, its forces and means, in addition to the main task of protecting the population from the dangers arising during the conduct of hostilities, was participation in the elimination of natural and man-made emergencies.

On May 8, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree "On Civil Defense", in which the general leadership of civil defense in the Russian Federation was entrusted to the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, who, ex officio, became the head of the country's civil defense. The Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was appointed his first deputy.

The decree provided for the recruitment of civil defense forces with military personnel on a voluntary basis - under a contract, which made it possible to increase the staffing of the troops. The headquarters of civil defense received a new name - headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations (headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergencies). The renaming of the headquarters emphasized that the problems of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, along with the problems of civil defense, are becoming the tasks of these headquarters. The measures taken managed to increase the potential of the country's civil defense.

Further events confirmed this. The most indicative was the participation of civil defense forces in 1995 – 1996 years in humanitarian operations in the Chechen Republic. Consolidated detachments, formed on the basis of military units of civil defense, in the conditions of hostilities carried out rescue operations, work to provide humanitarian assistance, evacuate internally displaced persons, restore life support systems, provide the population with priority life support with bread, water, medicines, electricity, gas, collapse of damaged buildings and structures that cannot be restored, dismantling and removal of rubble, detection and destruction of explosive objects.

12th of February 1998 year The State Duma adopted the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" (No. 28-FZ). For the first time in the history of Russia, the problems of civil defense were regulated by a legislative act.

The law defined the tasks, the legal basis for their implementation and the powers of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, organizations in the field of civil defense. The specified federal law consolidated the concept of civil defense as a system of measures to prepare for the protection and to protect the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of a natural and man-made emergency. ; tasks in the field of civil defense; principles of organization and conduct of civil defense; powers of the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense, including the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies and organizations; the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense; civil defense management, bodies in charge of civil defense management; civil defense forces, the fundamentals of the civil defense forces and the procedure for financing civil defense activities.

In order to improve the organization of civil defense, by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 3 1998 year No. 1149 "On the procedure for assigning territories to civil defense groups" approved the Procedure for assigning territories to civil defense groups, which defines the main criteria and rules for assigning territories to civil defense groups.

WITH 1999 year the reform of the civil defense forces began, carried out in accordance with the main provisions military reform In Russian federation. Were formed rescue centers, the Plan for the Construction of Civil Defense Forces and the Program for Arming the Civil Defense Forces for the period up to 2005 were developed and approved. The reform of the troops was carried out taking into account the transition from the principle of their use to cover individual objects to the principle of covering territories. This required a significant increase in the mobility of formations and military units, the level of their technical equipment and professional training.

5 January 2004 year The President of the Russian Federation approved the "Fundamentals of a unified state policy in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2010". This document laid the foundations for preparing the state for civil defense in the new political and socio-economic conditions, defined the tasks, main directions and ways of implementing this policy.

During these years, the structure of the civil defense plan was clarified, which is now called the Civil Defense and Population Protection Plan. In accordance with the Federal Law of August 22 2004 year No. 122, the institute of chiefs of civil defense was abolished, civil defense services were liquidated, powers in the field of civil defense were divided between the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies. Civil defense was entrusted with the task of preventing and eliminating emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, which is now being addressed by both the RSChS and civil defense.

The main directions of improving the civil defense system at that time were:

the integration of civil defense with the RSChS, the maximum possible provision of their organic connection and complementarity;

implementation new policies in the field of civil defense, which provides for the development of new approaches to protecting the population, taking into account the changed nature of modern wars and armed conflicts;

improving the training of civil defense forces, ensuring their readiness to eliminate various emergencies, due to the convergence of the nature and scope of tasks in peacetime and wartime.

In order to further develop the civil defense forces in 2011 year On the basis of formations, military units and organizations of civil defense forces, rescue military units of the EMERCOM of Russia were formed, their tasks, the procedure for use, the organization of activities, the procedure for manning and training were determined. Rescue military formations have become permanent readiness units, their ability to carry out emergency rescue operations has increased by 1.5 - 2 times, their equipment has improved, mobility has increased, readiness for use both in peacetime and in wartime in the existing staff structure has increased.

Civil defense of the Russian Federation on the present stage constitutes a part of the national security and defense system of the country and is intended to protect the population, material and cultural values ​​from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities, as well as to protect the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies and terrorist acts.

The organization and conduct of civil defense are one of the most important functions of the state, constituent parts of defense construction. This provision proceeds from the constitutional rights and obligations of the individual, society and the state to protect against external and internal threats. By organizing and conducting civil defense as constituent parts of defense construction, ensuring security, the state performs three most important functions:

ensuring the protection and life of the population, rescue and assistance to victims (social);

preservation of mobilization human resources and military-economic potential of the country (defense);

preservation of objects essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy, the survival of the population, protection of material and cultural values ​​(economic).

September 3 2011 year Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. Pr-2613 approved the foundations of a unified state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2020 year.

Carrying out a unified state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense is an important task to improve defense construction, ensure the security of the state and the purposeful activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and organizations in the implementation of protection of the population, material and cultural valuables on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies.

For a timely response to persisting and prospective threats, the main directions of the unified state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2020 are:

development of the legal and regulatory framework in the field of civil defense;

improvement of the civil defense management system;

improving the methods and means of protecting the population, material and cultural values ​​from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies;

development of civil defense forces;

preservation of objects necessary for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime;

improvement of the system of education of the population, training of officials and workers in the field of civil defense;

development of international cooperation in the field of civil defense.