Civil defense and environmental activities. Shelters and their main elements. The use of additional cartridges

An organization to prepare for the protection and to protect the population from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, originates in Russia since the First World War ( 1914 - 1918), when combat aviation found application in hostilities. During the war, the belligerents for the first time used airplanes and dirigibles to deliver air strikes against settlements located at a considerable distance from the front line. Attempts to destroy the economy and the system government controlled, as well as demoralizing the enemy population with air raids turned out to be promising. Later, in order to deliver strikes against the rear targets of the enemy, a course was taken for the development of military aviation.

During the First World War, in 1915 year, a specialized bomber aviation was created, which began to be used for independent actions - air strikes against the enemy's rear. In this regard, it became necessary to organize the protection of cities from air strikes.

After the increasing frequency of enemy air raids on rear facilities in Russia, they began to develop measures to prevent the raids of "enemy aeronautical assets" on our territory, primarily to Petrograd.

November 30th 1914 year Commander of the 6th Army Adjutant General K.P. Fan der Fleet, by order No. 90, announced a special instruction, according to which the defense of Petrograd and its environs was organized for the first time. Major General G.V. Burman.

8 december 1914 year"Instruction on aeronautics in the area of ​​the 6th army" was put into effect, the air defense of the Russian capital began to be carried out.

Under the leadership of Major General G.V. Burman united the actions of "pilots and military units assigned to protect Petrograd and its region from enemy air attacks." A network of observation posts was deployed to observe the sky and warn about enemy aircraft. At positions around Petrograd and near Tsarskoye Selo, artillery pieces made by special order at the Putilov factory were installed, adapted for firing at aircraft.

Crews trained to combat enemy aircraft were selected from the Gatchina Aviation School.

By April 1915 year the air defense of Petrograd and the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo was replenished with new forces and means.

Along with active air defense measures carried out by the troops, to participate in activities designed to ensure the protection of the population and industrial enterprises from the air attack and the rapid elimination of the consequences of air raids, began to attract the population. This led to the creation of local air defense, relying on the civilian population of the cities.

Thus, the First World War and the emergence of military aviation, especially bomber, laid the foundation for the development of means, air defense, as well as measures for organizing self-defense of the population.

However, not only the appearance of aviation, but also another very significant event what happened during the First World War forced the governments and general staffs of the belligerents to seriously think about the problem of ensuring the security of the rear. It largely determined the nature and directions of development of the system of measures to protect the population in subsequent years.

This event was the use of chemical weapons in the course of hostilities. April 22 1915 year The 4th German Army used a gas-cylinder attack against the Anglo-French position at Ypres for the first time. As a result of the gas attack, 15 thousand people were poisoned, of which more than 5 thousand died on the battlefield, and half of the survivors became disabled. This attack showed the effectiveness of a new type of weapon with a sudden massive use of it.

In the future, both liquid chlorine and mixtures of chlorine with an asphyxiant substance, phosgene, were used in gas attacks.

The use of toxic substances was carried out by artillery. From the middle 1916 year the belligerents began to widely use them in artillery shells.

The threat of chemical warfare, as aviation, artillery and chemical warfare improved, not only did not disappear, but also increased. I had to look effective remedy protection, and it was found - a gas mask.

V 1915 year in Russia, a filtering gas mask was developed, consisting of a rubber helmet designed by the Russian engineer M.I. Kummant and gas mask box Russian chemist N.D. Zelinsky, equipped with activated carbon to absorb vaporous toxic substances.

Gas masks nullified the first success of the German gas attacks at the front. The rear of the country remained virtually defenseless. The whole matter of gas warfare and gas protection was entrusted to the Supreme Chief of the sanitary and evacuation unit, the General of Infantry, Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky, who laid the foundation for the formation of anti-chemical defense in Russia. On his initiative, the production of domestic gas masks was organized.

Thus, the First World War predetermined the creation of new organizational structures to protect our troops, the population and the territory of the rear points from the dangers caused by military confrontation between warring parties.

Immediately after the establishment in Russia in 1917 year new government, the country's leadership was forced to immediately take measures to strengthen the country's air and chemical defense.

So when in February 1918 year German troops, violating the truce, launched an offensive on Petrograd, at this extremely difficult time for the country, all measures were taken for the anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense of Petrograd. An air defense headquarters was created to carry out measures to protect the city in the event of an attack by the aviation of imperial Germany. The direct control of the air defense of Petrograd was carried out by the People's Commissar for Military Affairs N.I. Podvoisky.

The headquarters organized a network of observation posts in the city and its environs. Special points were opened where residents of the city could receive protective masks, anti-gas liquid and reminders indicating how to avoid poisoning with poisonous gases. There were first aid courses. They were headed by the medical and sanitary department under the Petrograd Soviet of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies.

Organization medical care the victims of enemy air raids were assigned to the health authorities and the Military Sanitary Department.

Defined responsibilities for air defense and anti-chemical protection, the headquarters of the air defense entrusted the residents of the city and the house committees (house committees). They, in particular, were tasked with implementing fire-fighting measures and organizing first medical aid to victims, finding the necessary materials for these purposes.

Development of means and methods of anti-chemical protection, production and provision of them personnel army and population was entrusted to the chemical committee of the Main Artillery Directorate.

The population was alerted to the threat of an air attack by the enemy by sirens and horns of enterprises. The behavior of workers and employees and the non-working population during the raid was determined by a special instruction.

Between 20 February and 3 March 1918 year German aviation has repeatedly tried to break through to Petrograd. On March 2, 1918, for the first time in its history, the city was subjected to aerial bombardment... As reported by the Izvestia newspaper, 3 people were killed, 5 wounded, and some material damage was inflicted.

City Defense Revolutionary Committee March 3 1918 year in the appeal "To the population of Petrograd and its environs" he brought to the attention of the population a list of measures for the air and chemical defense of the city.

The main means of protection against toxic substances already at that time was a gas mask. Those who did not have it were instructed to make a mask of 20-30 layers of gauze. Before use, the mask should be moistened with a special solution. These were the first of the most basic chemical protection measures available to all. Similar events during the years of intervention and civil war were carried out in a number of other cities. Particular attention was paid to protecting the cities of Moscow, Tula, Baku, Astrakhan from air strikes, which were in different time in the area of ​​action of enemy aircraft.

After the end of the civil war and foreign military intervention, the country's leadership took necessary measures to strengthen the country's defense capability, since the danger of an armed attack on the country persisted.

In all the leading countries there was an active build-up and improvement of military aviation, its striking power grew. Some military specialists cynically declared about the use of bacteriological and chemical weapons in a future war, about the infliction of surprise bombing strikes on the most important administrative-political and economic centers, military installations, and areas of mobilization of troops. In accordance with the theory of the "air war" of the Italian general G. Douai, it was believed that "the coming war will be waged mainly against the unarmed population of cities and against industrial centers."

This dictated the need to improve and develop the country's air defense, to take effective measures to protect the population from enemy air attacks. Before 1932 year all air defense measures to protect the rear of the country from air strikes were subdivided into active and passive air defense. Active air defense was carried out by the forces and means of the USSR People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs, and passive - by the forces and means of civil organizations, enterprises and the population itself. Only from the end of 1932 the name "passive air defense" was replaced by the name "local air defense".

The country's leadership, starting in the second half of the twenties of the last century, adopted a number of resolutions aimed at creating and strengthening the country's air defense. In November 1925, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK USSR) adopted a resolution "On measures of air defense for new buildings in the 500-kilometer border strip." Within this zone, due to the radius of action of enemy aviation at that time, organizations and institutions were ordered to carry out various engineering and technical measures for anti-aircraft and anti-chemical protection during new construction. This decree also extended to the cities of Moscow, Tula, Kharkov and Kursk.

At the same time, measures were taken to ensure the normal operation of railway transport in the event of a war. For this purpose, the USSR Labor and Defense Council (STO USSR) organized the Air Chemical Defense Service of the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways on August 26, 1926. In accordance with this decree, the construction of special shelters, the creation of special formations - teams, air defense units, training service personnel methods of anti-aircraft and anti-chemical protection.

The next important step on the path of further strengthening the air defense of the Soviet state was the decision of the STO of the USSR "On the organization of air-chemical defense of the country." It was adopted on May 14 1927 year and pursued the goal of strengthening the protection of strategically important areas, airfields, railway and water transport facilities, communications facilities, factories, factories, warehouses and large settlements in case of possible enemy air strikes. The entire territory of the USSR was divided into two parts: the border threatened zone, where passive air defense measures were carried out in full, and the rear of the country, where only organizational work was carried out in this area, and the population was trained. For the first time, large cities were identified as air defense points. They were divided into districts, sections and objects. In turn, air defense facilities were divided, depending on their political, economic and military significance, into two categories: the first and the second.

The organization of air-chemical defense, its leadership on the territory of the border strip was carried out by the command of the military district.

Beginning with 1928 year and the development of the country's air-chemical defense began to be more purposeful. On June 11 of this year, the USSR STO adopted a new decree "On the air defense of the most important points located in the USSR zone threatened by air attacks", which provided for the separation and putting into a defensive state from an air attack of many air defense cities of the country. Particular attention was paid to the protection of the most important administrative, political and industrial centers ¾ Moscow, Leningrad, Minsk, Kiev, Kharkov, Baku.

Government decisions on air defense issues found full reflection in the first Regulations on Air Defense of the USSR, put into effect by order of the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the USSR in 1928. In this Regulation, MPHE activities have not yet been singled out as an independent system.

In 1929, the first passive defense headquarters for air defense of the regions were created in the country's major cities.

In parallel with government measures, developed and social activity in the field of air-chemical defense of the USSR. On May 19, 1924, the Voluntary Society of Friends of the Chemical Defense and Chemical Industry (Dobrokhim) was formed. It promoted chemical knowledge, introduced the population to chemical weapons and means of protection against it.

Dobrokhim's activities were continued on an even larger scale by the Aviakhim defense society, and from January 23 1927 year Osoaviakhim - Union of Societies of Friends of Defense and Aviation and Chemical Engineering of the USSR.

By the mid-20s of the last century, the Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR (SOKK and KP USSR) significantly increased the sanitary and defense work and mass sanitary training of Soviet citizens. To educate the population, first aid circles were created, and sanitary squads were formed. The training of nurses was widely developed.

One of the forms of mass preparation of the population for air and chemical defense was the "defense weeks", which began to be regularly held from 1927 year... In the future, it became a practice to conduct "decades of defense" and "months of defense".

It should be noted that at the end of the 1920s, such a form of mass training of the population for air and chemical defense as citywide exercises, conducted jointly with military units and public organizations, emerged in the country. During the exercise, the acquired knowledge and skills in the field of air defense were tested in practice. The first mass exercises took place in Odessa in 1927, and in May 1928 in Rostov-on-Don.

As a result of the work carried out, by the beginning of the thirties of the last century, serious successes were achieved in the development of passive defense in the country. TO 1932 year there were more than 3 thousand formations of various purposes, dealing with the protection of the population. The population received more than 3.5 million gas masks, several thousand bomb and gas shelters were built in residential areas and industrial enterprises, blackout measures were developed, communication and notification were established. More than 2.5 million workers and employees have been trained in air and chemical protection measures. There were thousands of air chemical defense circles in the country.

During these years, the necessary conditions were mainly created for the transition to a new stage in the construction of the local air defense system, its legislative registration into an independent state system to protect the population of the country from possible air strikes. The need to create such a system was especially acutely felt in the context of the growing threat of a military attack on the USSR. An important step in this direction was the creation in 1932 year urban air defense units. On April 11, 1932, the "Regulations on local air defense units" were approved by the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. It indicated that local air defense units are being created for the engineering and chemical equipment of air defense posts and for eliminating the consequences of an air attack. According to their purpose, they were subdivided into parts of internal surveillance and aeronautical reconnaissance (BHAP), communications, degassing, medical and sanitary, firefighting, engineering and road transport. Organizationally, they consisted of companies, battalions, regiments and brigades. This was the birth of the future military units of the Air Defense Forces and troops civil defense... The next stage in development organizational forms The MPVO was the decree of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 033, which on May 10, 1932, the 6th Directorate of the Red Army headquarters was transformed into the Directorate of the Air Defense of the Red Army with direct subordination to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. The air defense management of the RKKA was entrusted with the practical leadership of the air defense service throughout the country, as well as the unification of the activities of all civilian departments, institutions and public organizations in this area. Other important measures were taken to strengthen the country's air defense.

Finally, 4th of October 1932 year by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the "Regulations on the air defense of the territory of the USSR" were approved.

This act marked the beginning of the creation of the local air defense of the USSR (MPO USSR), designed to protect the population of the country from enemy air attacks. In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of local air defense - the basis of the future civil defense system of the USSR.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Defense were: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and warning about the passing of the threat; the implementation of camouflage of settlements and objects of the national economy from an attack from the air (especially blackout); elimination of the consequences of an air attack, including the use of toxic substances; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organization of first medical and medical aid to victims of an air attack; provision of veterinary care to injured animals; maintaining public order and ensuring compliance with the regime established by the authorities and the Ministry of Defense in threatened areas. The fulfillment of all these tasks was envisaged by the forces and means of local authorities and objects of the national economy. This also determined the name of this air defense system.

The headquarters, services and formations of the Air Defense Forces were created only in those cities and at those industrial facilities that could be within the radius of the enemy's aviation. In such cities and at such facilities, air defense and chemical protection measures were carried out in full.

The organizational structure of the MPVO was determined by its tasks. Since it was an integral part of the entire air defense system of the country, the general leadership of the air defense system in the country was carried out by the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs (since 1934 - the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR), and within the boundaries of the military districts - by their command.

To solve the tasks of the Air Defense Forces, the corresponding forces were organized - military units of the Air Defense Forces, which were subordinate to the command of the military districts. And voluntary formations of the MPVO: in urban areas - district teams, at enterprises - object teams, at house administrations - self-defense groups. The formation of the MPVO was created on the basis of: 15 people from 100 - 300 workers and employees - at enterprises and institutions and from 200 - 500 people residents - at house administrations. District teams consisted of various special formations, and self-defense groups, as a rule, consisted of six divisions: medical, emergency recovery, fire protection, law enforcement and surveillance, degassing and maintenance of shelters. District teams and self-defense groups were subordinate to the head of the police station.

The training of personnel for the Defense Ministry was carried out at special courses in the Defense Ministry, and the training of the population was carried out through the training network of public defense organizations.

Due to the local nature of the activities of the command and control bodies and forces of the Ministry of Defense and the need to concentrate the efforts of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense on training Armed Forces to the war, which was approaching the borders of the USSR, by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of October 7 1940 year, the leadership of the MPVO was transferred to the USSR People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, within which the Main Directorate of the MPVO was created.

Thus, in the pre-war years, a system of measures was mainly taken to protect the population, objects of the national economy and territories of the country from an armed attack by the enemy, eliminate the consequences of his strikes, as well as create the most favorable conditions for the operation of industrial enterprises, transport, and utilities. v war time.

The Great Patriotic War became a severe test for the local air defense 1941 - 1945.

In the very first days, the aviation of fascist Germany, guided by the general plan of "lightning war", subjected dozens of major cities our country: among them Kiev, Minsk, Sevastopol, Odessa, Chisinau, Kaunas, Murmansk.

The enemy tried to disorganize the work of our rear, disrupt mobilization in the western regions of the country, and sow panic among the population.

Mobilizing the Soviet people to defend the country, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 2, 1941 issued a decree "On the general compulsory preparation of the population for air defense." It proposed to cover the entire population of the country in education at the age from 16 to 60 years (men) and from 18 to 50 years (women). The Soviet government entrusted the general management of this preparation to the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the NKVD of the USSR.

Direct leadership on strengthening the MVDO and putting together formations of workers and employees was carried out by the heads of enterprises, who were the heads of the MVDO of their facilities and the party organizations of factories, factories, and railway stations. The headquarters of the MVDO, services and formations were created everywhere.

In order to ensure the rapid restoration of the economy destroyed by the enemy on July 9 1941 year The State Defense Committee adopted a decree "On the formation of urban emergency recovery units in areas declared under martial law." The detachments were created on the basis of construction trusts and administrations, repair services of the executive committees of local councils. In the future, these emergency recovery teams became the basis of the emergency recovery service of the Ministry of Defense, the real force that ensured the uninterrupted operation of the most important objects of the economy, the restoration of the destroyed city utilities.

The measures taken by the country's leadership and local authorities made it possible for the summer and autumn of 1941 to mobilize significant forces and means of the country's rear to strengthen the local air defense of the USSR. United in various formations, teams and self-defense groups, the Soviet people made up a huge army of air defense forces, who stood up to defend the country from enemy air raids. As a result, in the first year of the war, over 80,000 self-defense groups were created in the country and 40 million people were prepared for air and chemical defense, that is, the same number as in the entire pre-war period.

The defense of Kiev, Odessa, Sevastopol, Smolensk and other cities showed that, together with the army and navy, residents who were part of the Ministry of Defense Forces selflessly defended Soviet cities.

During a radical turning point in the war, a huge role in strengthening the country's air defense system was played by the GKO decree of June 16, 1943 "On local air defense", containing a set of measures to increase the number of military formations, strengthen management team and other measures.

In strengthening the MPO significant role also played the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 12 1943 year"On the reorganization of the MPVO formations." It concretized the procedure for creating city battalions in large administrative and industrial centers. Emergency recovery teams were created at 980 especially important facilities, 35% of whose personnel were in the barracks position.

As a result of strengthening the air defense system, the total number of personnel of the country's air defense system by the beginning 1944 year exceeded 6 million people. Moreover, it was based on non-military formations and self-defense groups.

During the period of the defeat of Nazi Germany, the expulsion of enemy troops from the USSR, the liberation from the occupation of European countries, the complete collapse of Nazi Germany and its unconditional surrender, new tasks were solved: big job on the deployment and strengthening of the MPO in the liberated cities and regions of the country; clearing of the territories where the hostilities took place from the remaining and unexploded ordnance; the personnel of the MPVO took part in the restoration of the national economy, disturbed by the war.

In total, more than 30 thousand group and single raids were made on cities and objects in the rear of our country during the war, about 600 thousand high-explosive bombs with a total weight of more than 70 thousand tons and about 1 million incendiary bombs were dropped. The Ministry of Defense has provided protection in shelters and shelters for 25.5 million people.

The health service provided assistance to more than 135.2 thousand affected citizens. Fire service liquidated 10,133 fires and almost 78 thousand fires. The forces of the Air Defense Forces eliminated 2,744 lesions and dismantled over 435 m 3 of debris. Pyrotechnic units of the Air Defense Forces defused 432 thousand high-explosive and incendiary bombs, 523 thousand mines and artillery shells, a huge amount of other ammunition.

The main result of the country's air defense activities in wartime is that it ensured the preservation of the life and health of millions of people, weakened the destructive effect of enemy air strikes. This is a convincing proof of its effectiveness and correct organization. MPVO fully justified its purpose.

The war has shown that the protection of the population, objects of the national economy and territories in emergency situations is one of the most important functions of the state and is the business of the entire people.

The victorious ending of the Great Patriotic War, the transition from war to peace presented the Soviet people with new grandiose and challenging tasks to eliminate the consequences of the war, restore the national economy, and further advance.

The country's leadership took into account that the successful solution of these tasks would require overcoming enormous difficulties, since last war was the most difficult and destructive for our country.

1,710 cities were destroyed, more than 70 thousand villages and villages were turned into ashes, 31,850 industrial enterprises were destroyed in whole or in part; 65 thousand km railways, 4100 railway stations were destroyed, 98 thousand collective farms, 1876 state farms and 2890 MTS were plundered.

A huge amount of work had to be done in order to heal the wounds of the war, to transfer the national economy to a peaceful track.

The personnel of the MPVO took an active part in carrying out restoration work in the national economy. More than 250 large industrial enterprises were put into operation with the participation of subdivisions and units of the MPVO. 205 railway and road bridges were commissioned, over 545 thousand m 2 of highways were repaired, 188 km of water supply and 873 km of sewerage networks, 767 km of communication lines and 405 km of tram lines were restored.

The personnel of the MPVO were widely involved in solving a very acute problem for that time of providing the population living in the territory liberated from the enemy with housing. It was necessary to quickly build and restore houses for the population. And with this task the MPVO coped with honor - 15685 buildings and residential houses were repaired and rebuilt.

Along with the participation of the personnel of the Air Defense Forces units in the restoration of the urban economy and housing, a lot of work was done to clear the liberated territory from unexploded bombs, shells, mines and other "surprises" left by the fleeing Nazis.

During this period, the organizational structure of the MPVO has undergone improvement. By order of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of October 24 1945 year control bodies were significantly reduced, including the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the NKVD of the USSR, the troops of the Ministry of Defense, non-military formations, and the urban units of the Ministry of Defense were disbanded.

Despite organizational changes, work to improve the protection of the population from air attack continued. The training of citizens was carried out in circles according to the 20-hour program "Ready for PVHO" (anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense). This work was carried out mainly by the Voluntary Society for the Assistance of the Army, Air Force and Navy. Knowledge and skills were consolidated through exercises and training. District and city MPVE competitions were an effective form of training. The experience of the post-war activities of the Ministry of Defense was soon in demand in the elimination of the consequences of the Ashgabat earthquake that occurred on the night of October 5-6, 1948. The experience gained in eliminating the consequences of an earthquake had great importance to improve the MPO, the organization and conduct of rescue, emergency recovery and other urgent work in the disaster zone.

October 31 1949 year The Council of Ministers of the USSR approved a new "Statute on the local air defense of the USSR." It defined the goals, objectives, organizational structure of the Ministry of Defense, the main activities carried out on the territory of the country, the role and place of troops and formations of the Ministry of Defense, self-defense groups, the procedure for training personnel in the system of the Air Defense, the responsibilities of ministries, departments and organizations for the Ministry of Defense. To carry out the tasks of the Air Defense Forces, forces were created, including troops and formations. The troops consisted of engineering and anti-chemical units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR central subordination and urban units (usually in a reduced composition). To eliminate the massive destruction, the city's emergency recovery units were intended, the list and number of which were approved by the Councils of Ministers of the republics on the proposal of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In order to ensure early preparation for the protection of the population and employees of enterprises and to increase the reliability of the work of facilities important for defense and the national economy in wartime in 1951 year The Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the approval of standards for the conduct of engineering and technical measures of the MPVO in design and construction." And later, in June 1955, two more important decrees were adopted: "On measures to improve the readiness of the country's air defense defense to protect the population and industrial facilities from atomic weapons" and "On measures to provide medical care to the population in conditions of the use of atomic weapons", in which it was indicated that the preparation of the country for the air defense system should be carried out taking into account the possible use of nuclear weapons by the enemy. The evacuation of the population of large economic and administrative-political centers has been identified as the main method of defense against nuclear weapons. For the first time in the country, universal and compulsory training of the population in anti-nuclear protection was introduced. Particular attention was paid to the organization of timely notification. The country's leadership took measures to strengthen the air defense system, improve its organizational structure and technical equipment, clarify the tasks, which marked the beginning of a qualitatively new stage in the construction of air defense defense as a predecessor of civil defense.

The headquarters of the Ministry of Defense of the country was formed, on the ground - regional, territorial, republican headquarters of the Ministry of Defense.

An important event in improving the air defense system was the approval of the new "Regulations on local air defense of the USSR" in 1956, in which it was for the first time emphasized that the air defense defense system is a system of national defense measures carried out in order to protect the population from atomic weapons and other modern means defeat, the creation of conditions that ensure the reliability of the operation of objects of the national economy in an attack from the air, rescue operations and assistance to the injured, as well as the implementation of urgent emergency recovery work in the lesions.

Particular attention was paid to the fact that the MPHO is organized throughout the country.

An important role in preparing the Air Defense Forces for action in the new conditions was played by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 4, 1959 "On measures to ensure the preparation of the country for local air defense", which provided for measures to improve the warning of the population, 1959 – 1965 years of protective and special structures, the accumulation of mobilization resources and an increase in the combat readiness of military units and formations of the Air Defense Forces, the dispersed deployment of enterprises, shelter in special underground structures of especially important factories, state reserves, the creation of backup for unique and especially important enterprises, the strengthening of the work of DOSAAF, SOKK and KP USSR, universal compulsory education in cities and countryside protection against atomic, chemical and bacteriological weapons.

The implementation of the listed activities has increased the operational readiness of the entire system of air defense, hastened the accumulation of a significant fund protective structures... The MPVO shelters have been tested at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site and have shown high efficiency.

At the end of the 50s of the twentieth century, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons, the question arose about other, more advanced methods and means of protecting the rear, about more reliable security of the population in wartime.

In 1961, on the basis of the Ministry of Defense, a new national system was created in the country - the Civil Defense of the USSR. The basis new system experience, traditions, all the best that have been created over the years of the existence of the MPVO have formed.

By the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 13 1961 year the "Provision on the Civil Defense of the USSR" was adopted. It was determined that “Civil defense is a system of national defense measures, carried out in advance in Peaceful time in order to protect the population and the national economy of the country from nuclear missile, chemical, bacteriological weapons, to carry out rescue and emergency recovery operations (SNAVR) in the centers of destruction, which is built on the territorial-production principle. "

Also, the content of the work of all its links, the basic rights and obligations of officials in the civil defense system was determined, the foundations of management were developed. The "Regulations on the Civil Defense of the USSR" determined the basic principles of protecting the population from weapons mass destruction... As the main method of protecting the population, it was envisaged to disperse and evacuate it.

The principle of a differentiated integrated approach to the protection of the population was adopted as a basis. In accordance with it, in peacetime, shelters were built for the largest working shift of enterprises, which should continue to work in wartime in categorized cities. The rest of the urban population was subject to evacuation to the suburban area, in which the creation of a fund was envisaged. anti-radiation shelters for the local and evacuees.

Particular attention was paid to the protection of water sources, food, fodder, farm animals. In the case of the use of weapons of mass destruction, it was envisaged to carry out mass rescue operations in the centers of destruction.

The theory and practice of civil defense were built taking into account the existing views on the conduct of war with the use of nuclear weapons.

The basis of a probable model future war A model was taken in which the direct conduct of hostilities (and, accordingly, the use of weapons of mass destruction) is preceded by the so-called "special period", during which the conflicting parties can carry out the necessary preparatory measures. Its duration was assumed from several days to several months.

In accordance with this, all civil defense measures were divided into three groups: the first group included measures taken in advance, in peacetime; the second group included activities carried out during the "special period"; the third group included activities carried out in wartime.

Civil defense management in ministries, departments, industrial and production associations and at national economic facilities was carried out directly through the headquarters and civil defense services, as well as through the existing structures of management bodies. Civil defense headquarters became the main governing bodies.

For the implementation of all civil defense measures in cities, appropriate services were created (taking into account the experience of the Ministry of Defense): communications, engineering, fire-fighting, medical, public order protection, protection of animals and plants, communal-technical, sanitary treatment of people and disinfection of clothing, trade and food, shelters and shelters, material and technical supply, emergency technical, motor transport, energy, etc.

New approaches to the organization of rescue operations in the centers of nuclear destruction required a manifold increase in forces. For these purposes, the number of civil defense military units was increased (without increasing the total number of personnel).

The number and number of non-military formations increased sharply. Their structure and training system have undergone major changes. The main among them were the territorial consolidated rescue and object detachments of civil defense.

Questions were developed quite successfully medical protection population. This became possible thanks to active participation in this work of the Ministry of Health of the USSR and the country created on the basis of its medical service for civil defense. In a short time, a stock was created medical supplies protection, a large number of special medical units in the field (first aid teams, sanitary squads, etc.).

Stocks of funds were created in large volumes individual protection population (gas masks, respirators, etc.).

The issues of operational training were raised to a new level in comparison with the MEPO. Much attention was paid to the development of operational plans for civil defense. It has become a daily practice to conduct large command post exercises in civil defense. As a rule, such exercises were held every year in the republic, territory, region.

The preparation of the population took a special place. In 1966, a new 21-hour civil defense training program was introduced - a universal compulsory minimum of knowledge. Workers, office workers, collective farmers were trained directly at enterprises, on collective and state farms. Classes were conducted not by public instructors, but by the heads of workshops, departments, services, foremen, that is, the leaders trained their subordinates.

At the beginning 70s In the twentieth century, the military-strategic situation changed somewhat. The potential enemy adopted the "concept of the first disarming strike." Along with strategic offensive forces on foreground medium-range missiles (1000 - 5500 km), deployed in Western Europe... Low flight time (10-12 min.) Made them ideal remedy a swift strike at selected targets. In reality, there was a threat of a sudden nuclear attack on the territory of the USSR. Under these conditions, civil defense has become one of the most important factors in strategic balance.

The current situation demanded that changes be made to the activities of the Civil Defense of the USSR, first of all, to increase the effectiveness of protecting the population. For this, it was necessary to increase the fund of protective structures and create a reliable warning system for the entire population of the country, drastically reduce the time for the transition of civil defense from peaceful to martial law, take a set of measures to increase the stability of the national economy in wartime, increase the useful value of the civil defense system in Peaceful time.

A more versatile set of measures was envisaged in cities and at facilities that could be exposed to enemy strikes. They can be conditionally summarized into three groups that make up the content of the main tasks of civil defense:

the first group of measures related to the direct protection of the population from the means of destruction of the enemy;

the second group of measures aimed at increasing the stability of the functioning of the economy and reducing the possible damage to the national economy when the enemy uses nuclear weapons and other means of destruction;

the third group included measures for the preparation of forces and means for eliminating the consequences of an enemy attack and for carrying out rescue and other urgent emergency recovery operations in the centers of destruction.

At the same time, life required the introduction of significant amendments to the organization and procedure for planning and implementing events. During this period, a number of important government decrees and other policy documents on civil defense issues were adopted.

One of the main documents was the new Regulations on Civil Defense of the USSR, approved by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 18, 1976, No. 201-78.

In the new Regulation, it was determined that the Civil Defense of the USSR is an integral part of the system of national defense measures aimed at protecting the population from weapons of mass destruction and other means of attack by the enemy. Based this definition For the first time, all civil defense measures were ordered to be carried out in concert with other measures of a defense nature. In terms of importance, civil defense was brought to the level of armed protection, to a qualitatively new level of solving its problems.

All organizational work of the central leadership, headquarters and civil defense bodies was aimed at improving the principles, means and methods of protecting the population, was done huge contribution in the development and implementation of engineering and technical measures to protect the population and economy of the country from weapons of mass destruction.

At the same time, a number of other measures were envisaged to ensure the protection of the population: the organization of notification of the danger of an enemy attack; organization of radiation, chemical and bacteriological (biological) observation, reconnaissance and laboratory control; carrying out sanitary and hygienic, preventive and anti-epidemic measures; reduction of stocks of flammable, explosive and potent toxic substances in cities and at national economy facilities; creation of protected stocks of food, clothing, medicines, medical equipment, essential items and other material and technical means; training the population in ways of protection and others.

V 1976 year the government decided to entrust the Civil Defense of the USSR with the task of increasing the stability of the functioning of the national economy in wartime. At this stage in the development of the Civil Defense of the USSR, this problem was defined as one of the most important. Measures for its implementation were carried out before. However, they were carried out, as a rule, at the level of objects of the national economy and on individual issues, in connection with which the problem of increasing stability on the scale of the industry and, moreover, on the scale of the national economy of the country could not be solved. Now, in order to practically implement this task in the system of the Civil Defense of the USSR, the State Planning Committee of the USSR, ministries and departments, allied and autonomous republics, territories, regions and cities were created by special governing bodies. In the regions (territories), large cities and at the objects of the national economy, commissions on sustainability were created, which included the main specialists of the objects of the national economy and representatives of territorial planning bodies.

In March 1979, on the initiative of the USSR State Planning Committee and the Directorate of the Head of the USSR Civil Defense, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the approval of general requirements for increasing the stability of the work of the branches of the national economy in wartime" the economy of the country, its sectoral and territorial links: ensuring the protection of the population and its life in wartime; rational distribution of productive forces on the territory of the country; preparation of branches of the national economy and industry for work in wartime conditions; preparation for the implementation of work to restore the national economy in wartime conditions; preparation of the national economy management system for solving wartime problems.

Based on these requirements in 1980 – 1981 During the years in the ministries, departments of the USSR and the Union republics, sectoral and republican requirements were developed.

Profound changes were made to the training system for the leadership of civil defense bodies. It covered the training of all categories of personnel of headquarters, services, civil defense forces, national economic facilities, as well as training the entire population in methods of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

The civil defense of the USSR during these years was one of the best such systems in the world. Potential opponents also admitted this. A rather powerful state system was created with its own strict organizational structure. The national character of civil defense? its main advantage and difference from similar systems of foreign states.

At the same time, over time, serious costs came to light in the style of work of civil defense bodies. When conducting civil defense activities, a quantitative approach began to prevail at the expense of quality. Tens of thousands of various complex exercises and other events were planned annually without taking into account real opportunities in their material and technical support, in a simplified setting. Many of the activities carried out turned out, for obvious reasons, ineffective, and in some cases useless. The problem of the restructuring of civil defense was brewing, which was due to the increase in the number and scale of the emerging emergencies natural and technogenic character.

It became obvious that civil defense cannot limit its activities to the framework of wartime. Its potential, forces and means should be used with greater efficiency in peaceful conditions in the elimination of the consequences of accidents, disasters and natural Disasters.

Experience in eliminating the consequences of an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant v 1986 year demanded the adoption of a number of urgent measures to further improve the country's civil defense system, its development in terms of the direct solution of tasks to protect the population from emergencies caused by natural disasters, major accidents and catastrophes.

Such measures were determined by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 886-213 of July 30, 1987 "On measures to radically restructure the civil defense system":

entrusting civil defense with the tasks of protecting the population in peacetime from the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters and carrying out rescue and other urgent work in the course of their elimination;

creation of mobile units special protection at the regional level, as well as mobile formations and civil defense units of constant readiness for emergency actions in emergency situations;

the creation in all republics, territories, regions, cities, districts of collegiate governing bodies? permanent emergency commissions (PCC), etc.

Spitak earthquake in Armenia in 1988 year reaffirmed that civil defense is not ready to solve the problems of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies. In this regard, it was decided to create a special state system to protect the population and territories from emergencies.

The formation of the state system for the prevention and action in emergency situations began with the creation in 1989 in the structure of the Government of the USSR special body- The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations, and then in December 1990 - the State System for Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations.

Somewhat later, in 1990, the Russian Rescue Corps was created in the RSFSR, as a state committee, transformed in 1991 into the State Committee Russian Federation for emergencies, and in November 1991 year on its basis and on the basis of the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR, the State Committee of the RSFSR for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters (GKChS of the RSFSR) was created, which was entrusted with the coordination of the activities of public administration bodies of the RSFSR for the protection of the population and national treasure, including from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities. Troops, organizations and institutions of civil defense stationed on the territory of the RSFSR were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Committee.

From that time to the present, all the activities of the civil defense of the Russian Federation, its development are associated with the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the RSFSR, and then the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters, created on its basis.

In April 1992 year The Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations was created, later transformed into a unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations (RSChS), later transformed into the Unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations. All these years, the task of civil defense, its forces and means, in addition to the main task of protecting the population from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities, was participation in the elimination of natural and man-made emergencies.

On May 8, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree "On Civil Defense", in which the general leadership of civil defense in the Russian Federation was entrusted to the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, who, ex officio, became the head of the country's civil defense. The Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was appointed his first deputy.

The decree provided for the recruitment of civil defense troops with military personnel on a voluntary basis - under a contract, which made it possible to increase the manning of the troops. The headquarters of civil defense received a new name - headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations (headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergencies). The renaming of the headquarters emphasized that the problems of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, along with the problems of civil defense, are becoming the tasks of these headquarters. The measures taken managed to increase the potential of the country's civil defense.

Further events confirmed this. The most indicative was the participation of civil defense forces in 1995 – 1996 years in humanitarian operations in the Chechen Republic. Consolidated detachments, formed on the basis of military units of civil defense, in the conditions of hostilities carried out rescue operations, work to provide humanitarian assistance, evacuate internally displaced persons, restore life support systems, provide the population with priority life support with bread, water, medicines, electricity, gas, collapse of damaged buildings and structures that cannot be restored, dismantling and removal of rubble, detection and destruction of explosive objects.

12th of February 1998 year The State Duma adopted the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" (No. 28-FZ). For the first time in the history of Russia, the problems of civil defense were regulated by a legislative act.

The law determined the tasks, the legal basis for their implementation and the powers of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, bodies executive power subjects of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, organizations in the field of civil defense. Specified the federal law consolidated the concept of civil defense as a system of measures to prepare for the protection and to protect the population, material and cultural property on the territory of the Russian Federation from dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of a natural and man-made emergency; tasks in the field of civil defense; principles of organization and conduct of civil defense; powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense, including the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation and federal bodies executive power, executive power bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and organizations; the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense; civil defense management, bodies in charge of civil defense management; civil defense forces, the fundamentals of the civil defense forces and the procedure for financing civil defense activities.

In order to improve the organization of civil defense, by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 3 1998 year No. 1149 "On the procedure for assigning territories to civil defense groups" approved the Procedure for assigning territories to civil defense groups, which defines the main criteria and rules for assigning territories to civil defense groups.

WITH 1999 year the reform of the civil defense forces began, carried out in accordance with the main provisions military reform In Russian federation. Were formed rescue centers, the Plan for the Construction of Civil Defense Forces and the Program for Arming the Civil Defense Forces for the period up to 2005 were developed and approved. The reform of the troops was carried out taking into account the transition from the principle of their use to cover individual objects to the principle of covering territories. This required a significant increase in the mobility of formations and military units, the level of their technical equipment and professional training.

5 January 2004 year The President of the Russian Federation approved the "Foundations of a single public policy in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2010 ". This document laid the foundations for preparing the state for civil defense in the new political and socio-economic conditions, defined the tasks, main directions and ways of implementing this policy.

During these years, the structure of the civil defense plan was clarified, which is now called the Civil Defense and Population Protection Plan. In accordance with the Federal Law of August 22 2004 year No. 122, the institute of chiefs of civil defense was abolished, civil defense services were liquidated, powers in the field of civil defense were divided between the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies. Civil defense was entrusted with the task of preventing and eliminating emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, which is now being solved by both the RSChS and civil defense.

The main directions of improving the civil defense system at that time were:

the integration of civil defense with the RSChS, the maximum possible provision of their organic connection and complementarity;

implementation new policies in the field of civil defense, which provides for the development of new approaches to protecting the population, taking into account the changed nature of modern wars and armed conflicts;

improving the training of civil defense forces, ensuring their readiness to eliminate various emergencies, due to the convergence of the nature and scope of tasks in peacetime and wartime.

In order to further develop the civil defense forces in 2011 year On the basis of formations, military units and organizations of civil defense forces, rescue military units of the EMERCOM of Russia were formed, their tasks, the procedure for use, the organization of activities, the procedure for manning and training were determined. Rescue military formations have become permanent readiness units, their ability to carry out emergency rescue operations has increased by 1.5 - 2 times, their equipment has improved, mobility has increased, and readiness for use both in peacetime and in wartime in the existing staff structure has increased.

Civil defense of the Russian Federation on the present stage constitutes part of the national security and defense system of the country and is intended to protect the population, material and cultural values ​​from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities, as well as to protect the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies and terrorist acts.

The organization and conduct of civil defense are one of the most important functions of the state, constituent parts of defense construction. This provision proceeds from the constitutional rights and obligations of the individual, society and the state to protect against external and internal threats. By organizing and conducting civil defense as constituent parts of defense construction, ensuring security, the state performs three most important functions:

ensuring the protection and life of the population, rescue and assistance to victims (social);

preservation of mobilization human resources and military-economic potential of the country (defense);

preservation of objects essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy, the survival of the population, protection of material and cultural values ​​(economic).

September 3 2011 year Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. Pr-2613 approved the foundations of a unified state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2020 year.

Carrying out a unified state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense is an important task to improve defense construction, ensure the security of the state and the purposeful activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and organizations in the implementation of protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies.

For a timely response to persisting and prospective threats, the main directions of the unified state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2020 are:

development of the legal and regulatory framework in the field of civil defense;

improvement of the civil defense management system;

improving the methods and means of protecting the population, material and cultural values ​​from the dangers arising during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies;

development of civil defense forces;

preservation of objects necessary for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime;

improvement of the system of education of the population, training of officials and workers in the field of civil defense;

development of international cooperation in the field of civil defense.

And the dangers arising from hostilities - is urgent problem state and society.

Catastrophes and natural disasters are permanent factors on the development of the economy and political situation... Major accidents and disasters cause greater and often irreparable damage to the environment. The economic costs of eliminating their consequences reach hundreds of billions of dollars.

For Russia, the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations is relevant for a number of reasons:

• Increased risk of technical accidents due to scientific and technical progress
• Increasing population density, increasing impacts and global climate change
• Declining workers' professionalism, falling production discipline, deterioration of production assets

An urgent problem of the state and society is the protection of the population and territories in emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature, as well as from the dangers arising from hostilities or as a result of them.

With the development of society and scientific and technological progress, the role of the state in ensuring the protection of the population and territories from natural disasters, catharstrophs and man-made accidents has increased. To successfully combat these dangerous phenomena, a purposeful state policy is required. To this end, a large number of international and government organizations designed to prevent and eliminate emergencies. Their task is to ensure the national security of the state and its inhabitants. Created in Russia () successfully blended into the system of public administration and became in demand by society.

The development of RSChS has great story and includes several stages. The protection of civilians in the course of armed struggle has always been one of the most important tasks. In Russia, close attention to the issues of protecting the population at the state level, primarily in the conduct of hostilities, began to be paid already during the Civil War.

civil defense

civil defense is a system of measures to prepare for the protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies.

In 1932, created local air defense(MPVO). The main task of the Air Defense Forces is to minimize possible losses and destruction and to protect the population and territories from the effects of conventional weapons (aviation).

• Construction of shelters and shelters
• Conducting emergency recovery work
• Elimination of the consequences of the bombing
• Educating the public on how to defend against air attacks
• Evacuation of the population

The creation of the MVPO ensured during the Second World War the successful protection of the population and objects of the national economy.

In 1961, in connection with the appearance of nuclear weapons, the protection of the population and territories became an even more urgent task. MVPO was transformed into civil defense... The civil defense system was supposed to provide adequate protection of the population and territories from the damaging factors of new weapons of mass destruction.

• Preparation of funds for individual and collective protection population
• Conducting rescue and emergency recovery operations only in wartime conditions.

Prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies in peacetime as a task for civil defense were not set.

Beginning in 1974, civil defense began to take part in solving peacetime tasks (extinguishing forest injuries, preventing natural disasters and major accidents).

In 1986, there was a disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. She made many human sacrifices. The civil defense system was not ready for such tasks and a decision was made to reorganize the civil defense system.

Since the prevention and elimination of emergencies is associated with problems of national security in 1990, the Russian Rescue Corps, in 1991 it was transformed into State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations... After a series of transformations in 1994, it was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (MES).

In reality, the tasks of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies began to be addressed after the adoption on April 18, 1992 by the Government of the Russian Federation of the Resolution “On the creation of Russian system prevention and action in emergency situations ”, which in 1995 after the adoption of the federal law“ On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies ”was transformed into the Unified State System for the Prevention and Response of Emergency Situations (RSChS).

Thus, the EMERCOM of Russia solved the problems of organizing the protection of the population and territories in emergencies of a different nature, and was focused on solving the problems of protection from natural and man-made nature. The civil defense retained the function of planning and implementing measures to protect the population and territories in the event of a threat and in the event of an enemy attack, the prevention and elimination of wartime emergencies.

civil defense

civil defense- a system of measures to prepare for the protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions (Federal Law "On Civil Defense" dated 02/12/98).

V modern conditions civil defense is one of the important elements of Russia's national security, ensuring the survival of the state in wartime.

• educating the population on how to protect themselves from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them;
• evacuation of the population, material and cultural values ​​to safe areas;
• providing the population with shelters and personal protective equipment;
• carrying out rescue operations in case of danger to the population during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions;
• priority provision of the population affected by the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them, including medical care, including the urgent provision of first aid, the urgent provision of housing and the adoption of other necessary measures;
• fighting fires arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them;
• detection and designation of areas exposed to radioactive contamination, chemical, biological and other contamination;
• disinfection of the population, equipment, buildings, territories and other necessary measures;
• restoration and maintenance of order in areas affected by the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them;
• urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary utilities in wartime;
• urgent burial of corpses in wartime;
• development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving facilities that are essential for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime;

In the conduct of hostilities, civil defense and the Armed Forces actually have one common goal - to jointly protect the rear of the country, which in a broad sense represents the entire territory of the state not occupied by the enemy and not included in the war zone with its human and material resources... But, unlike the Armed Forces, civil defense uses purely civilian ones inherent in it alone in order to reduce human and material losses. for the most part passive methods and means.

The general management of the civil defense of the Russian Federation is carried out by the government, which ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in matters of civil defense. Direct management of civil defense is entrusted to the Russian Emergencies Ministry. Decisions made by the ministry within the limits of its powers are binding on state authorities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of affiliation and form of ownership, as well as officials and citizens.

The structure of civil defense at an economic facility

Civil defense at an economic facility is organized with the aim of protecting personnel and the economy of the population living near the facility from natural, man-made and military emergencies.

Head of the civil society object of the economy serves as its leader. He is responsible for the organization of civil defense at his facility and the constant readiness of its forces and means to carry out rescue and other urgent work. The head of the civil defense of the object is subordinate to the relevant officials of the department in charge of which the object is located, and in operational terms - to the higher head of the civil defense at the location of the object. At large enterprises, a full-time deputy head of the civil defense is provided, who in peacetime is the main organizer of all its preparatory activities.

By order of the head of the civil defense department, deputies are appointed for the dispersal and evacuation of workers and employees, the engineering unit and material and technical supply.

Deputy Head of the GO of the facility for dispersal and evacuation usually a deputy head for general affairs is appointed. He is the chairman of the evacuation commission, whose duties are as follows: developing a plan for dispersing workers and employees, organizing the preparation of places in the suburban area and transporting people there, delivering work shifts to the place of work, managing the public order service.

Deputy Head of Civil Defense for Engineering and Technical Affairs- the chief engineer of the enterprise, who directly supervises the main services (emergency technical, fire fighting, shelters and shelters), and also provides technical guidance for rescue and other urgent work.

Deputy Head of Civil Defense for Material and Technical Supply- Deputy head of the facility on these issues. He runs the logistics service.

At all facilities, headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations are created, which are staffed from officials. The chief of the civil defense headquarters, being the deputy chief of the civil defense facility, has the right to issue orders and orders on his behalf. It organizes sustainable management and warning system, intelligence, current and forward planning, combat training of personnel of the formations, controls the implementation of all civil defense measures.

Civil defense activities

special early and prompt actions aimed at protecting the population, material and cultural values, reducing possible losses from dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions.

EdwART. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010

See what "Civil Defense Measures" is in other dictionaries:

Civil defense activities- special advance and operational measures aimed at protecting the population and reducing possible losses and destruction of economic facilities, preparing them for sustainable operation in wartime, to eliminate the consequences, ... ... civil protection... Conceptual and terminological dictionary

civil defense engineering measures- 36 civil defense engineering and technical measures; ITM GO: A set of design solutions implemented during construction aimed at protecting the population and reducing possible losses and destruction from the effects of enemy attack weapons ...

Engineering and technical measures for civil defense and emergency prevention (ITM GOChS)- a set of design solutions implemented during construction aimed at ensuring, protecting the population and territories and reducing material damage from emergencies of a technogenic and natural character from the dangers arising from the conduct of the military ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SP 11-107-98: Procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergency situations" of construction projects- Terminology SP 11 107 98: The procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures for the prevention of emergencies" of construction projects: Accident dangerous man-made accident ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

MDS 11-16.2002: Methodological recommendations for the compilation of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures for the prevention of emergencies" of projects for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures (on the example of projects for the construction of gas stations)- Terminology MDS 11 16.2002: Guidelines on the compilation of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergencies" of projects for the construction of enterprises, buildings and ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SP 11-112-2001: The procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergencies" of urban planning documentation for the territories of urban and rural settlements, other municipalities- Terminology SP 11 112 2001: The procedure for the development and composition of the section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures for the prevention of emergencies" of urban planning documentation for the territories of urban and ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Civil defense engineering and technical measures- (ITM GOChS) a set of design solutions implemented during construction aimed at ensuring the protection of the population and territories, reducing material damage from man-made and natural emergencies, hazards, ... ... Official terminology

Temporary regulations on the composition of measures to prevent emergencies in a special section "Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergencies" of urban planning documentation for the city of Moscow- Terminology Temporary regulations on the composition of measures to prevent emergencies in a special section "Engineering civil defense measures. Measures to prevent emergencies" ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

A set of measures taken in order to protect the population, increase the stability of the work of industries and objects of the economy in wartime, prevent or reduce possible destruction and losses of the population as a result of the use of the enemy ... ...

A set of design solutions implemented during construction and reconstruction aimed at ensuring the protection of the population and territories, reducing material damage in emergencies of a man-made and natural nature, as well as from ... ... Emergency Dictionary

Books

• How to plan civil defense and emergency measures at the facility. Tutorial , . V study guide there is the necessary information for the development of an Action Plan for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies and the Civil Defense Plan of the organization (facility). She will help ...