They belong to independent branches of troops of central subordination. Types of armed forces, types of troops and their purpose

Issues under study:

1. Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

a) ground troops.

b) Navy.

c) Air Force.

a) Rocket troops strategic purpose

b) Space Force

c) Airborne troops

3. Leadership and management of the Armed Forces Russian Federation.

1. Types of armed forces

a) Ground Forces (SV)

These troops lead their history from the princely squads of Kievan Rus; from the archery regiments of Ivan the Terrible, created in 1550; regiments of the "foreign" system, formed in 1642 by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and Peter's regiments, created in the 1680s - "amusing" regiments that formed the basis of the Russian Guard.

As a branch of the armed forces, the ground forces were created in 1946. Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was appointed the first commander in chief of the Russian Ground Forces.
The Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. An analysis of the composition of the armed forces of the leading countries of the world shows that even the maritime powers give priority to the ground forces (the share of the SV in the US Armed Forces is 46%; Great Britain - 48%; Germany - 69%, China - 70%).

Purposeground forces- in cooperation with other types of armed forces, solve the tasks of repelling aggression, protecting the national interests of the country, and also acting within the framework of its international obligations. They form the basis of groupings of troops operating in strategic directions (continental theaters of military operations).

The ground forces are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile launchers, and effective means of reconnaissance and control.

The ground forces include:

types of troops:

motorized rifle;

tank;

Rocket troops and artillery;

Air Defense Forces;

special forces (formations and units):

Intelligence;

Engineering;

Nuclear-technical;

Technical support;

Automotive;

Rear guards;

Military units and institutions of the rear.

Organizationally, the ground forces consist of:

military districts:

Moscow;

Leningradsky;

North Caucasian;

Volga-Ural;

Siberian;

Far East;

combined arms armies;

Army Corps;

Motorized rifle (tank), artillery, machine-gun and artillery divisions;

fortified areas;

Separate military units;

Military institutions, enterprises and organizations.

b) Navy (Navy)

Russia is a great maritime power: its shores are washed by the waters of 12 seas and 3 oceans, and the length of sea borders is 38,807 km.

More than 300 years ago (October 20, 1696) Peter I, in fact, obliged the Boyar Duma to adopt a decree with an optimistic statement “There will be sea vessels!”. Thus began the history of the Russian fleet.

The Navy is a branch of the armed forces designed to conduct combat operations in sea and ocean waters, to deliver nuclear missile strikes against strategic targets deep behind enemy lines, to gain air supremacy in coastal airspace and, when escorted by own ships, to protect coastal territories. from enemy attacks, as well as for landing amphibious assaults and transporting troops.

Today, the Russian Navy consists of fleets:

Northern;

Baltic;

Pacific;

Black Sea and Caspian Flotilla.

The Navy includes naval strategic forces and general purpose forces.

The Navy includes the following forces and arms:

surface forces;

Submarine forces;

Naval aviation;

Coastal missile and artillery troops;

Marine Corps.

Organizationally, fleets include flotillas or squadrons of heterogeneous forces, flotillas or squadrons of submarines, fleet air forces, operational squadrons of amphibious assault forces (only in war time), naval bases, flotillas or divisions of river ships, as well as special units, formations, institutions and other rear units.

A flotilla or squadron of heterogeneous forces includes divisions or brigades of submarines, divisions or brigades, divisions of surface ships with attached naval aviation units.

The submarine flotilla (submarine) includes divisions of submarines for various purposes:

Nuclear submarines (PLA);

Diesel-electric submarines (PLD).

The operational squadron includes divisions or brigades of surface ships, submarines, ships and logistics vessels.

Naval bases (Navy Bases) are territorial associations of the Navy. They included brigades and divisions of ships of anti-submarine defense (SCHU), mine defense (PMO), protection of the water area (OVR), parts of the coastal missile and artillery troops (BRAV) and rear (in the late 1980s as part of the Soviet Navy there were more than 30 naval bases).

The surface forces of the fleet are equipped with:

Combat surface ships: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, patrol and patrol ships;

Small combat surface ships and boats;

mine-sweeping ships;

Landing ships.

Submarine forces of the fleet:

Submarines are nuclear;

Submarines are diesel-electric.

The fleet's submarine forces are equipped with ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and homing torpedoes.

Naval aviation is subdivided into:

Mine-torpedo;

bomber;

Assault;

Intelligence;

Fighter;

Auxiliary.

Naval aviation is capable of striking enemy targets in the depths of defense and destroying enemy surface ships and submarines.

Today, in terms of reforming the Navy, the most important tasks are:

Preservation of the ocean function, including in terms of exploration, data collection, study of the hydrological situation;

Maintaining the stability of naval nuclear forces and creating such regimes for the combat service of ships that would allow, in the event of political crises and military operations, to prevail in the most vulnerable regions from the point of view of ensuring Russia's security, as well as in some key areas of the oceans.

c) Air Force (Air Force)

The Air Force as a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is designed to protect administrative, industrial and economic centers, regions of the country, groupings of troops, important objects from enemy air strikes, to destroy military installations and the rear of the enemy.

The Air Force plays a decisive role in gaining air supremacy. This fundamentally the new kind The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was created in 1998. It included the air force (aviation) and the air defense forces, which previously existed as two separate types.

Speaking about the development of domestic aviation, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the Polytechnic Institute became the first educational institution in Russia, which trained aviators, aviation technicians, and was engaged in the design and creation of aircraft.
In March 1908, on the initiative of the student Bagrov, an aeronautics circle was created. A year and a half later, it already numbered more than a hundred people.

Aeronautics is not only an interesting business, but at that time it was also very fashionable, prestigious, the hobby for which was considered a sign of masculinity and good taste.
The future professor of the St. Petersburg Institute of Railways N.A. On May 6, 1909, Rynin addressed a letter to the dean of the shipbuilding department of the Polytechnic Institute K.P. Boklevsky with a proposal to establish on the basis of this department the teaching of a course of aeronautics.

Konstantin Petrovich Boklevsky on September 9, 1909 sent to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers P.A. Stolypin received a letter with a request to be allowed to open aeronautics courses at the shipbuilding department.

On December 15, 1909, the Council of Ministers decided to open these courses, and a month and a half later, on February 5, 1910, Nicholas II inscribed a short word on the document prepared on this occasion: "I agree."

By the summer of 1911, at the shipbuilding department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, courses were finally formed, which received the official name “Officer Theoretical Aviation Courses named after V.V. Zakharov.
Officer courses produced many gifted pilots. For some of them, aviation has become a matter of a lifetime. Among them, for example, was a graduate of 1916. Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, in the future, an outstanding aircraft designer, awarded the star of the Hero Socialist Labor № 4.

Studying at these courses was prestigious, exciting and very dangerous. According to sad statistics, every 40th student died before graduation.

If theoretical knowledge and the basics of practical skills were received by course participants at the Polytechnic Institute, then a thorough hundred, fattening took place in England. There they also passed the main exam.

Russian pilots received their first baptism of fire during the Balkan War (1912-1913), fighting as part of an aviation detachment on the side of Bulgaria. As a branch of the Russian Air Force, they have existed since 1912.

During the First World War, aviation, having the advantages of attack from the air, received rapid development and was used by all the warring states.
The fight against aviation went in two directions: aircraft against aircraft and ground means against aircraft.

Aviation and facilities development air defense(until 1926 air defense) has always been in a single historical and military-technical unity. In November 1914, to protect Petrograd from aircraft and airships, subunits were created armed with guns adapted for firing at air targets.
The first battery for firing at the air fleet was formed in Tsarskoye Selo on March 19 (5). During the First World War, there were 250 such batteries in Russia. During the four years of the war, anti-aircraft gunners shot down about two thousand aircraft.

In the 1920s to combat air targets, I-1 fighter aircraft designed by N.N. Polikarpov and D.P. Grigorovich, the first regiment of anti-aircraft artillery is being formed. In the 1930s, P.O. Sukhoi I-4, I-4 bis, N.N. Polikarpov I-3, I-5, I-15, I-16, I-153 "Seagull".

Searchlight stations 0-15-2, sound detectors-direction finders ZP-2, search stations "Prozhzvuk-1", anti-aircraft guns (76.2 mm), heavy-caliber anti-aircraft machine guns of the V.A. system were put into service. Degtyarev and G.S. Shpagin (DShK), and KV-KN balloons began to arrive for parts of the air barrier.

In 1933-1934. Russian design engineer P.K. Oshchepkov outlined and substantiated the idea of ​​detecting air targets using electromagnetic waves. In 1934, the first radar station (RLS) "RUS-1" was built - an aircraft radar.

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the creation of new types of combat aircraft began: LaGG-3, MiG-3, Yak-1, IL-2 (the best attack aircraft of World War II), IL-4 (long-range night bomber), Pe-2 (dive bomber).
During the Second World War, the total aviation fleet increased dramatically with a significant improvement in the quality of aircraft. Aviation has become a powerful means of delivering air strikes against targets and groupings of troops, and massed and echeloned combat operations in a wide range of altitudes and flight ranges have become the main principles of its combat use.

The unparalleled heroism and courage of our pilots made it possible to achieve strategic air supremacy during the war. They made more than three million sorties, dropped more than 600,000 tons of bombs on the enemy, and destroyed 48,000 enemy planes. Hero Titles Soviet Union 2420 pilots were awarded, 65 of them - twice, and Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin and Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub - three times.

Anti-aircraft defenses of the Red Army during the war included 25-85 mm cannons and twin or quadruple machine guns. In the course of their combat use, anti-aircraft gunners of the ground forces shot down 21,645 German aircraft, soldiers of the country's air defense units - 7313 aircraft, of which fighter aircraft - 4168, anti-aircraft artillery and other means - 3145.

The experience of the war confirmed the correctness of such basic principles for the use of anti-aircraft weapons, such as massing them in the main directions of operations of friendly troops, building an air defense system in depth with differentiation of weapons of various calibers and purposes, creating anti-aircraft artillery groups, maneuver on a tactical and operational scale.

V post-war years The main direction in the development of the Air Force was the transition from piston aviation to jet aircraft. In April 1946, for the first time in the world, jet fighters Yak-15 and MiG-9 took off. In the mid 1950s. The Air Force was replenished with the first supersonic MiG-19 fighters, Yak-25 fighter-interceptors, Il-28 front-line bombers, Tu-16 long-range bombers and Mi-4 transport helicopters.

Since 1952, the air defense forces have been equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems. This makes it possible to transform anti-aircraft artillery into a new branch of service - the anti-aircraft missile forces of the country's air defense. In 1954, they are formed as a branch of the air defense forces radio engineering troops, and on May 7, 1955, the S-25 anti-aircraft missile system was adopted. On December 11, 1957, the S-75 anti-aircraft missile system was adopted. The complex was created by the teams of KB-1 of the 2nd Main Directorate of the Council of Ministers (now NPO Almaz) and KB-2 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry.

The S-75 air defense system consisted of a missile guidance radar, two-stage anti-aircraft guided missiles, six launchers, on-board equipment and power supplies. This air defense system blocked the capabilities of aircraft and advanced air attack weapons of that time, destroying targets flying at a speed of 1500 km / h, including at an altitude of 22 thousand meters. Within 10 minutes, the division could hit up to 5 targets coming at intervals of 1.5-2 minutes.

The S-75 recorded its first victory on October 7, 1959 in the Beijing area (China). Three anti-aircraft missiles destroyed a high-speed reconnaissance aircraft RB-57D at an altitude of 20,600 meters.

On November 16, 1959, the S-75 once again confirms its excellent combat capabilities by shooting down an American reconnaissance balloon near Volgograd at an altitude of 28,000 meters.

On May 1, 1960, an American Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Senior Lieutenant Francis Powers was shot down near Sverdlovsk. On October 27, 1962, a second American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was destroyed over Cuba.

In Vietnam, the S-75 engages in combat with ground attack aircraft. In the sky of Indochina, the Air Force and the US Navy lost more than a thousand jet aircraft (421 aircraft were shot down in 1972 alone). The S-75 performed well in other military conflicts as well.

Since the early 1960s The air force became missile-carrying and all-weather, the flight speed of fighters was twice the speed of sound. For more than eight years (before the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces), the Air Force was the only type of aircraft capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy targets in remote territories.

In the 1960s-1970s. Fundamentally new aircraft with a wing sweep that can be changed in flight are being created. Aircraft are equipped with powerful bomber, rocket and cannon weapons, advanced radio-electronic equipment.
On July 28, 1961, the S-125 (Neva) low-altitude air defense system was adopted, and on February 22, 1967, the S-200 (Angara) system was adopted.

In 1979, the ZRSS-300 was adopted.

Organizational structure of the Air Force

Aviation - designed to destroy air and ground targets of enemy troops using conventional and nuclear weapons.

Far:

Bomber;

Intelligence;

Special.

Frontline:

Bomber;

Fighter-bomber;

Fighter;

Transport; special.

Military transport.

Air defense fighter aircraft:

- Anti-aircraft missile forces of air defense - designed to carry out anti-aircraft missile defense and cover objects in the corresponding zones.

- Radiotechnical Air Defense Troops- designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of an air enemy, issue warning information about the beginning of his attack, control over compliance with the procedure for using airspace.

2. Types of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

a) Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN)

The first use of domestic rocket technology took place in 1717. At this time, a signal rocket was adopted by the Russian army, which was used for 100 years.

TO early XIX v. permanent and temporary missile units were formed as part of the Russian artillery. Our troops used rocket weapons in the Caucasus in 1827 and in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. The experience of using rocket weapons showed that, along with the advantages, the rockets also had disadvantages: low firing accuracy and low reliability. This led to the fact that in the 30s and the first half of the 40s. 19th century this weapon was hardly ever used.

In the second half of the XIX century. methods are being developed for using combat missiles to defend naval bases from enemy ships, launchers are being designed, bench tests of missiles are being carried out, and the manufacture of missiles on an industrial basis is proposed. In the 1960s the first missile division was created, which became part of the infantry formation.

Due to the fact that rocket weapons began to be significantly inferior to the rapidly progressing cannon artillery in all the most important combat properties, the further use of combat missiles was recognized as inexpedient. V late XIX v. combat missiles were completely removed from service with the Russian army.

However, at this time K.E. Tsiolkovsky, I.V. Meshchersky, N.E. Zhukovsky and other scientists developed the foundations of the theory of jet propulsion. In the 20s. 20th century there is a unification of the creative efforts of rocket scientists and the formation of rocket research and development organizations, as well as sections of interplanetary communications.

The need to create combat missiles with a long range was dictated by the requirements developed in the 1930s. theory of a deep offensive operation, however, things did not go further than theoretical developments - the state did not have funds for these works.

In 1939, a new rocket weapon was used for the first time in the world in a combat situation. During the defeat of the Japanese troops on the Khalkhin-Gol River, from August 20 to 31, the first link of missile-carrying fighters in the history of aviation successfully operated.

In 1939-1940. during the Soviet-Finnish war, rockets mounted on bombers were used.

Before the start of the Great Patriotic War in the USSR, about 50 ballistic missiles were developed, including up to 40 with liquid engines, 2 with solid-fuel jet engines and 8 with combined jet engines.

From 1941 to 1945, they were put into service and successfully used different kinds rocket projectiles. The creation of high-explosive fragmentation rockets M-13 (132 mm) and a 16-round self-propelled rocket launcher BM-13 (known as "Katyusha") in the ground forces deserves the most attention.

After the Great Patriotic War, Soviet scientists (I.V. Kurchatov, M.V. Keldysh, A.D. Sakharov, Yu.B. Khariton and others) created atomic weapons. At the same time, the development of the creation of means of its delivery was going on.

The year of birth of the Strategic Missile Forces is considered to be 1959. The creators of intercontinental strategic missiles, liquid-propellant jet engines, control devices and complex ground equipment were joint ventures. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, V.N. Chelomei, V.P. Makeev, M.K. Yangel and others. By 1965, intercontinental missiles R-16, R-7, R-9 and medium-range missiles R-12, R-14 were created and put on combat duty.

The formation of the Strategic Missile Forces took place on the basis of the best and most famous formations and units of various types of the Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War, with the involvement of the forces and means of many educational institutions, scientific centers Air Force, Navy, Army.
A new stage in the technical equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the creation and putting on combat duty of the RS-16, RS-18, PC-20 missile systems. In these systems, the designers used fundamentally new technological solutions that made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the missile's combat use and enhance its protection from enemy strikes. Over its history, the Strategic Missile Forces have been armed with over 30 types of various missile systems.

Today, 6 types of complexes that meet modern requirements are in service. The reform of the armed forces provides for the presence in combat strength only one universal missile system, both stationary and mobile, Topol-M.

Over the entire history of the existence of the Strategic Missile Forces, more than 1000 missile launches have been carried out. In the context of the implementation of the SALT-1 Treaty, in the period from August 26 to December 29, 1988, 70 missiles were eliminated by launching.

b) Space Forces (KB)

Space units appeared in the USSR in 1957. It is customary to consider October 4, the day of the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, as a birthday. For more than two years they were part of the ground forces. In December 1959, the space units were reassigned to the Strategic Missile Forces. It looked completely logical: the first launch vehicles for launching spacecraft into orbit were created on the basis of intercontinental ballistic missiles.

In 1964, the Central Directorate of Space Facilities of the Ministry of Defense (TSUKOS) was established as part of the Strategic Missile Forces. In 1970, his status was upgraded to the Main Directorate (GUKOS) and a decision was made to withdraw him from the Strategic Missile Forces within two years. But only in November 1981, i.e. more than ten years later, GUKOS became an independent structure of the Ministry of Defense. In July 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the creation of the Military Space Forces of the Russian Federation as an independent branch of the military. Since November 1, 1997, the Military Space Forces are subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces in the form of a separate department and are called the Launch and Control Forces of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The main tasks of KB are:

Conducting information and reconnaissance activities in outer space;

Identification of threats to national security emanating from space (through space);

Destruction of warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy.

KB includes:

spaceports:

Baikonur;

Plesetsk;

Free;

The main control center for spacecraft them. G. S. Titova;

connections and parts:

Missile attack warnings;

control of outer space;

Anti-missile defense.

c) Airborne Troops (VDV)

At the dawn of the development of aeronautics, in 1911 (November 9), the Russian artillery officer Gleb Kotelnikov received a security certificate for a “special satchel for aviators with an automatically ejected parachute”, which fixed the priority in the invention of the world's first parachute. In 1924 G.E. Kotelnikov received a patent for the invention of a light parachute pack.

Second of August 1930 at the exercises of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District near Voronezh, a paratrooper unit consisting of 12 people was parachuted - this date is considered the birthday of the Airborne Forces.

By the directive of the headquarters of the Red Army of March 18, 1931 in the Leningrad military district in the city of Detskoye Selo (Pushkin), a freelance experimental airborne assault detachment was created. It was the world's first parachute formation. In September 1935, during the maneuvers of the Kiev military district, the most massive parachute landing (1200 people) of the 30s was used.

From the first days of its existence, the paratroopers were where it was most difficult, where courage and high professionalism were required. In August 1939, the 212th Airborne Brigade took part in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River.

From February to March 1940, the 201st and 204th airborne brigades participate in a military conflict with Finland. In June 1940, the 201st Airborne Brigade landed in the Belgrade region, in the Izmail region paratroopers of the 201st Brigade landed by parachute, the goal was to prevent the destruction of important communications and ensure the unhindered advance of the Red Army.

In the spring of 1941, the Airborne Forces were reorganized. On the basis of five airborne brigades, airborne corps were created, and in June 1941, the Airborne Forces Directorate.
The geography of the combat path of paratroopers during the Great Patriotic War is extensive. On all the most important sectors near Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, on the Dnieper, in Karelia, in Hungary and Austria, landing units and formations fought bravely. For courage and heroism during the war years, all airborne formations were awarded the rank of guards.

In June 1946, the Airborne Forces were withdrawn from the Air Force, and the post of Commander of the Airborne Forces was established.
Today, the events in Hungary (November 1956) and Czechoslovakia (August 1968) can be assessed differently, but the paratroopers did everything possible to ensure that the order of the Soviet government was carried out quickly, accurately and with minimal losses. In 1979, the personnel of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division took control of the most important state facilities and the military garrisons of Kabul in a day, which ensured the unimpeded entry of the main group of ground forces into Afghanistan.

From the beginning of 1988, the Airborne Forces began to carry out special operations. Thanks to the actions of the paratroopers, massacres were prevented in Azerbaijan and Armenia, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia, Transnistria and Tajikistan.

The combat effectiveness of the paratroopers was clearly manifested in the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya. The paratroopers of the 6th company of the 104th parachute regiment of the 76th guards airborne division covered themselves with unfading glory, not flinching in front of the superior forces of the militants.

MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

General leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out Supreme Commander.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Defense" establish that the President of Russia is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

He leads the implementation of:

Defense policy;

Approves the concept, plans for the construction and use of the army and navy;

Appoints and dismisses the highest military command (from the commander of the unit and above);

Assigns the highest military ranks;

Issues decrees on the conscription of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service;

Declares a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the Russian Federation;

Gives orders to the Armed Forces to conduct military operations, and also exercises other powers assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Government of the Russian Federation supervises the activities of subordinate federal bodies the executive branch for ensuring military security, their mobilization training, organizes the equipping of the armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation with weapons, military and special equipment, the provision of materiel, resources and services, and also exercises general management of the operational equipment of the territory of the Russian Federation in the interests of defense.

Other federal authorities organize and bear full responsibility for the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them to ensure military security.

The management of the armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation is carried out by the heads of the relevant federal executive bodies.

The direct leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is entrusted to Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation across Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which implements the policy in the field of construction of the RF Armed Forces in accordance with the decisions supreme bodies state power of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is given the exclusive right to order weapons and military equipment, including for other power structures, to manage the rear in the common interest, to train personnel, etc.

The main body of operational command and control of the troops and forces of the fleet of the RF Armed Forces is General base. He exercises leadership in matters of planning, the use of troops for defense purposes, the improvement of the country's operational equipment, its mobilization preparation, and the coordination of plans for the construction of other troops to solve the main task - the defense of Russia.

CONCLUSION. The Armed Forces of Russia are an important structure of the state, designed to protect its interests from encroachments from outside, as well as from attempts to destroy it from within. The organization of military development and leadership of troops are aimed at maintaining peace and strengthening the independence of Russia.

Modern Russian Armed Forces have three types: Navy, Air Force, Ground Forces. Ground Forces - Troops the main objective which to defend and fight on land. The Ground Forces include such types of troops as: tank, motorized rifle, military air defense, artillery and missile troops, army aviation. It also includes rear services and military units. Also spec. troops: reconnaissance, engineering, electronic warfare, communications, radiation. Biological and chemical protection, technical support, security and automotive rear services.

Navy (FMF)- troops designed to protect, monitor security and fight in water areas. The navy consists of the following branches of forces: marines, underwater, surface, coastal defense troops and naval aviation. It also includes ships and ships, units and subunits of the rear, special forces.

Air Force (Air Force)- troops designed to protect, control the country's airspace. Now, with the ability of aircraft to fly over the entire territory in a short time, these troops are becoming a very important link in our defense. The Air Force consists of the following branches of the armed forces: anti-aircraft missile troops, aviation, radio engineering troops, logistics institutions and special troops. Aviation has its own types of troops: assault, bomber, reconnaissance, air defense fighter aviation, special and transport.

In addition to types, troops in the Russian Federation are also divided into clans. On the this moment there are three more types of troops: Strategic Missile Forces, Space Forces, Airborne Forces.

Airborne Troops (VDV)- this is an effective branch of the armed forces, designed to capture the enemy by air and conduct combat operations behind enemy lines with an inconspicuous airlift. They consist of airborne divisions, brigades, separate units and institutions. The Airborne Troops are the elite of the Armed Forces.

Strategic Rocket Forces- These are troops designed to deter nuclear aggression and control the enemy's nuclear forces. They are responsible: firstly, for maintaining the combat readiness of the existing grouping of troops, maximizing the service life of missile systems, secondly, for completing the development and deployment of modern missile systems at the required pace, and thirdly, for developing scientific and technological areas.

space troops- a branch of the armed forces intended to ensure the security of the Russian Federation in the space sphere. The main tasks set by the country's leadership for Space Forces: firstly, bringing information to the top military-political leadership of the country about a missile attack, secondly, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military and scientific purposes, thirdly, missile defense of Russian cities.

In all troops there is such a thing as "rear". The rear are institutions and organizations that serve the army in the field, but are outside the sphere of military operations. It includes the headquarters of the Logistics, several main and central directorates, services, as well as government bodies, troops and organizations of central subordination, rear structures and branches of the Armed Forces, military districts and fleets, associations, formations and military units. The rear allows you to coordinate the life and actions of people outside the war zone.

Airborne
Strategic Missile Forces Command Supreme Commander Vladimir Putin Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov military forces Military age from 18 to 27 years old Service life on call 12 months Employed in the army more than 1 million people stock 20 000 000 Finance Budget 1517.91 billion rubles (2011) Percentage of GNP 3.02% (2011) Industry Domestic providers Almaz-Antey
UAC-UEC
Russian helicopters
OAO Sukhoi
Uralvagonzavod
Sevmash
GAZ Group Annual export 10 billion US dollars(2010) Applications Story military history Ranks Military ranks

Part Russian Armed Forces aircraft types include: Ground troops , Air Force , Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops , Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Forces; central bodies of military command; Rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops not included in the types and types of troops.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, appointed for position and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and military establishment and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces .

The current Minister of Defense is Shoigu, Sergey Kuzhugetovich.

General base

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and organs; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

At the same time, Yeltsin attempted to create national guard RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of not more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy parts National Guard at 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad(two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and districts. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September in Moscow in the ranks National Guard about 15 thousand people managed to sign up, most of them - military personnel USSR Armed Forces. In the end, the project fell on Yeltsin's table decree"On the provisional regulation on the Russian guard", however, it was never signed.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation entered management , associations , connections , military units , institutions, military schools, enterprises and organizations Armed Forces of the USSR, at the time of May 1992, located on the territory of Russia, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of Transcaucasian Military District , Western , Northern and Northwestern Group of Forces , Black Sea Fleet , Baltic Fleet , Caspian flotilla, 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people.

As part of the reform armed forces v General Staff the concept of the Mobile Forces was developed. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer Sun entirely on contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and the 136th, while it was not possible to reduce the brigades to a single state (even the battalions as part of one brigade), nor to staff them according to the states of wartime. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996) Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After Chechnya, he was appointed the new Minister of Defense Igor Rodionov, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. has been undertaken new attempt create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:

• constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
• reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
• storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
• cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation Sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number Sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the Joint Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as Airborne Troops. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from the composition of these units (in in full force fought only one motorized rifle brigade from Siberian Military District) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war at the expense of the personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their units. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

Russian troops in South Ossetia

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of ​​the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. Based MVO , LenVO , Baltic and Northern fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; based on part of the PUrVO, SKVO and the Caspian Flotilla - South; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District , DVO and Pacific Fleet- East. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the financial resources were urgently transferred.

However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of ​​creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.

Armed Forces after the Second South Ossetian War

Navy

Independent branches of the military

Aerospace Defense Troops

Strategic Rocket Forces

Airborne Troops

Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Column of T-80 tanks

Traditionally, starting from the middle XX century v USSR Armed Forces almost completely absent foreign military equipment and armament. A rare exception was the products of the socialist countries (for example, Czechoslovakian 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). V the USSR a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs armed forces any weapons and equipment. In the years cold war its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented values: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

At present, the ground forces are armed with tanks T-64 , T-72 , T-80 , T-90; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1 , BMP-2 , BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1 , BMD-2 , BMD-3; armored personnel carriers BTR-70 , BTR-80; armored cars GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Dot and Iskander; air defense systems Beech , Thor , Pantsir-S1 , S-300 , S-400.

Fighter jets are in service with the Air Force. MiG-25 , MiG-29 , MiG-31 , Su-27 , Su-30; frontline bombers Su-24 and Su-34; attack aircraft Su-25; long-range and strategic missile-carrying bombers Tu-22M3 , Tu-95 , Tu-160. Aircraft are used in military transport aviation An-22 , An-70 , An-72 , An-124 , IL-76. Special aircraft used: air tanker IL-78, air command posts IL-80 and IL-96-300PU, early warning aircraft A-50. The Air Force also has combat helicopters. Mi-8 , Mi-24 various modifications, Mi-35 M, Mi-28 H, Ka-50 , Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. Su-35S multi-role fighters and T-50(factory index).

Nuclear weapon

RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"

Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapon carriers after the United States. Back to top 2011 as part of the strategic nuclear forces there were 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009 there were about 16 thousand warheads. Deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: for its delivery are used intercontinental ballistic missiles , submarine ballistic missiles and strategic bombers. The first element of the triad is concentrated in Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. Naval strategic forces are represented by missiles R-29R , R-29RM , R-29RMU2, carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar" , 667BDRM "Dolphin". Preparing to adopt a missile R-30 and SSBNs project 955 Borey. Strategic aviation is represented by aircraft Tu-95MS and Tu-160 armed with cruise missiles Kh-55.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces carried out from federal budget of Russia item of expenditure "National Defense".

In 2011, the Russian military budget amounted to 1520.62 billion rubles, which is 14.3% of all budget expenditures and 3.02% of GDP.

"In 2012, financing of the state defense order is planned at the level of 1.769 trillion rubles, in 2013 - 2.236 trillion rubles, in 2014 - 2.625 trillion rubles," Ivanov said at the meeting. military-industrial commission under the Russian government.

During the discussion in the Russian government of the budget for 2013, a final agreement was reached with the Ministry of Defense. Thus, in 2013, Russian budget expenditures will amount to 13.4 trillion rubles, in 2014 - 14.6 trillion, and in 2015 - 15.3 trillion.

The evolution of Russia's military budget
	2000	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
Defense spending, billion rubles	▲ 140.8	▲ 1 637	▼ 1 274	▲ 1 517	▲ 1 660	▲ 2 101
In % of total budget expenditures	▲ 16.5	▲ 20.0	▼ 12.5	▲ 14.3	▲ 14.8	▲ 17.3
In % of GDP	▲ 2.63	▲ 4.19	▼2.84	▲ 3.02	▼2.97	▲ 3.39

Expenditure items for the military budget for 2011 :

# ETC	Name	Amount of funds (billion rubles)	VC 2010
01	Military establishment	1115,2	117,1
02	Mobilization and non-military training	6,7	144,8
03	Mobilization preparation of the economy	4,9	100,0
04	Preparation and participation in ensuring the collective security and peacekeeping	0,5	5,8
05	Nuclear weapons complex	26,9	143,8
06	Implementation of international treaties in the field military-technical cooperation	4,8	117,8
07	Applied Defense Research	166,6	110,1
08	Other issues in the field of national defense	191,4	143,8

Military service

Distinguish between the current mobilization reserve (the number of people to be called up in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be called up in troops(force) in case mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). V 2010 the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) was 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will decrease by 4 times by 2050 and amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of members

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2880 thousand, listed in armed forces in 1992 (−65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During military reform 2008 positions ensigns and midshipmen were subjected to reduction, were also liquidated about 170 thousand officer positions, whereby the share of officers in states amounted to about 15%, but later decree President, the established number of officers was brought up to 220 thousand people.

In staffing Sun includes enlisted and junior officers ( sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central and district bodies of military administration in military positions provided by the staff of certain divisions, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state there are military personnel transferred to the disposal commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacancies or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.

Structure The number of personnel Military authorities Apparatus MO 10 500 General base 11 300 Types and independent types of troops Ground troops 395 000 Air Force 148 000 Navy 142 000 Strategic Missile Forces 120 000 Aerospace Defense Troops 150 000 Airborne 35 000

Cash allowance

Cash allowance military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2011 No. 992 “On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract”.

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military post and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

• for seniority
• for excellent qualification
• for work with information constituting a state secret
• for special conditions of military service
• for the performance of tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
• for special achievements in service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, there are annual bonuses for conscientious and effective performance. official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.

Typical military position	Salary amount
In the central military administration
Head of the main department	40 000
Department head	31 500
Team leader	29 000
Senior officer	28 000
In the troops
Commander of the military district	40 000
Combined Arms Commander	37 000
brigade commander	29 000
Regiment commander	26 500
Battalion commander	24 000
Company commander	22 000
Platoon commander	20 000

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.