Post on the topic of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. Named Russian weapons capable of changing the balance of power

Russian weapons / Photo: Press Service of the RF Ministry of Defense

V last years Russia is investing heavily in modernizing its armed forces. On Wednesday, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu presented new plans for their development to the State Duma. In addition to an innovative missile system, it includes new nuclear submarines and one advanced system. air defense.

Here are some of the weapons that affect the balance of the world - and in the Baltics.

RS-28 "Sarmat": "Satan-2"

Missile complex "Iskander-M" / Photo: RIA Novosti, Evgeny Biyatov

In addition to nuclear weapons, Iskanders can be equipped with many different types warheads. Examples include precision bombs capable of piercing concrete bunker walls, cluster bombs, and even electromagnetic missiles to destroy enemy radar systems.

The launched Iskander missile weighs approximately 3.8 tons and moves at a speed of 2,100 meters per second, making it very difficult for enemy air defenses to stop it.

The missile systems are stationed near Kaliningrad, the former Königsberg in East Prussia, which became part of Russia at the end of World War II.

Last week, Iskander missile systems were transported from Luga, near St. Petersburg, to Baltiysk. The missiles have a range of 400 to 500 kilometers, which means they can strike at southeastern Sweden.

In addition, Baltiysk, which is about 40 km west of Kaliningrad, is anchored most of Russian Baltic Fleet.

Tactical missile system OTR-21 "Tochka"

The most modern version, which NATO calls the Scarab C, weighs 1.8 tons and has a range of 185 kilometers. () The missile can be equipped with both a traditional warhead and a tactical nuclear warhead.

The SS-21 is part of the 53rd Missile Brigade stationed in Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad region, said defense analyst Jörgen Elfving, a former lieutenant colonel at the National Defense Institute.

"Every year, according to Russia's plan, two missile brigades undergo rearmament and receive Iskander-M." learning activities NATO and the deployment of alliance troops in Eastern Europe", Says Jorgen Elfwing.

S-400 can track 80 enemy aircraft at the same time

S-400 - new star Russian air defense. The mobile anti-aircraft system is considered the most modern version defense against enemy missiles and aircraft along with the much-touted Israeli Iron Dome system.

Air defense system S-400 "Triumph" / Photo: Press service of the RF Ministry of Defense

The S-400 has a very advanced tracking system that can track 80 missiles and aircraft at the same time. The main task of the S-400 is to neutralize enemy missiles and aircraft before they reach Russian territory.

The anti-aircraft missile system uses three types of missiles:

• 40N6 with a range of 400 km
• 48N6 with a range of 250 km
• 9M96 - variant with a range of 120 km

The launched rocket moves towards the target at a speed of just over 1,000 meters per second.

In 2009, the Russian armed forces announced the deployment of S-400 complexes near the North Korean border. This was done in order to destroy nuclear missiles. North Korea if they approach Russian territory by mistake.

Production of the S-400 began in 2007, and the system was developed in the late 1990s. Since then, at least 152 complexes have entered service.

These complexes are included in the 183rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment, Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad. In the Kaliningrad region, S-400s were deployed in 2012.

I believe that the army is part of the history of the Border Troops, so I decided to delve into this topic, namely to consider and drains military culture in the army and explore the history of the army.

Forty princes, kings and emperors created Russia in a thousand years. Among them were rulers who were weak and unsuccessful, they were skillful and ingenious. The shortcomings of some over the centuries were leveled off by the actions of others. All together have created our Motherland, its power and beauty, its culture and greatness - and we, Russians, will forever remain their unpaid debtors.

In their gigantic thousand-year work, the builders of Russia relied on three great foundations - the spiritual power of the Orthodox Church, the creative genius of the Russian People and the valor of the Russian Army. Evil is insidious and merciless; to contain it, you need not only spiritual, but also military force... We need people who are ready to immediately draw the sword in the name of justice and good in defense of the honor of fellow citizens and the well-being of the Fatherland.

For two centuries, the officer corps has been one of the most educated and cultured groups in society. Science and technology in Russia were largely developed by its representatives. Many of the greatest Russian writers, poets and cultural figures either served as officers themselves at one time, or came from officer families. “Today, a person wearing a military uniform is often perceived by compatriots and peers as intellectually and culturally inferior.”

(O. V. Zolotarev "Army and Culture". M.91)

In recent years, the military-political situation in the world has undergone significant changes; ended " cold war», Russian-American relations have improved. The threat of World War III has grown. Confrontation between East and West has given way to partnership. An important positive trend has emerged in the creation of a European system collective security... There have been other positive developments as well.

However, as the facts show, the danger of war still exists. Moreover, it directly affects the national interests of Russia. This is evidenced by the following factors:

The existence of hotbeds of military conflicts in various parts of the world,

The desire of individual states or groupings to dominate in different regions, using military force in resolving disputed issues,

The presence of a number of states or coalitions of powerful armed forces, high mobilization capabilities, the basing of troops in the vicinity of Russia,

The instability of the political situation in the world, combined with the buildup of their military potential by some states,

Proliferation of weapons mass destruction and the means of its delivery, the possibility of increasing the members of the "nuclear club" - an attempt by some very strong in military-economic relations powers to use means of political and economic pressure or military blackmail against Russia.

Under these conditions, it became an objective necessity for Russia to create qualitatively new Armed Forces, economically less burdensome for the state, much smaller in size and at the same time more effective, capable of ensuring the country's security in any situation. The Russian army was created by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1992 "On the creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense", the Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression and inflict defeat on the aggressor, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international obligations.

The Armed Forces can also be involved in solving tasks not related to their main mission, but affecting the national interests of Russia. These tasks can be:

Participation together with the internal troops and law enforcement in the fight against organized crime, in the protection of the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens,

Ensuring the collective security of the CIS countries,

Implementation of peacekeeping missions, both in the near and far abroad, and more.

These and other complex tasks Russian troops decide in a specific organizational structure.

Part Armed Forces RF includes the Strategic Missile Forces. Ground troops. Air defense troops. Air Force, Navy, Logistics of the Armed Forces, as well as branches of the central subordination.

The services of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are subordinate to the commanders-in-chief, who are the deputies of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Direct control of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, through the Ministry of Defense. The main body of operational control of the troops and forces of the fleet of the Armed Forces is the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The origins of military culture.

Military affairs in Russia have a rich history. And Russian warriors have always been loved and respected by their compatriots. One of the reasons for this high level spirituality of the Russian military. For centuries, a code of morality has been developed in the Russian army. His non-coming values ​​- loyalty to duty, military honor, dignity, pride in belonging to the profession of defender of the Fatherland - have been preserved as relics and passed down from generation to generation, were tested for strength in battles and were brought up by military labor in Peaceful time... Statesmen, generals, military leaders, officers and generals of the Russian army tirelessly cared about augmenting the glory and traditions of the troops, improving culture, and observing the rules of etiquette. Especially great are the merits in this area of ​​Peter I, P., A. Rumyantsev, G. A. Potemkin, A. V. Suvorov, M. I. Kutuzov, F. F. Ushakov, V. A. Kornilov, P. S. Nakhimova, M.I.Dragomirova, S.O. Makarova, N.D.Skobeleva.

By right leading place in the history of the Russian army is occupied by Peter I ... It was through his reforms that the regular army and navy of Russia were created, the foundations of military culture were laid, traditions and rituals were augmented, a unified system of training and education of officers and soldiers was developed. In it, the study of military affairs was combined with the education of patriotism, discipline, a sense of honor and camaraderie, pride in the military title. "In the service of honor" - this is the main testament of Peter I , which he followed rigorously and demanded the same from officers and soldiers. The tsar-reformer gave to the moral education of the army, the culture of communication a very great importance... He condemned those officers who disdained the soldiers. Here are some of the Peter's commandments:

“Officers are to soldiers, like fathers to children, for that sake, they are also subject to fatherly support”; "The captain must behave with the soldiers, like a father with children, admonishing the dishonest, guiding them with advice and punishing the mercies of the unworthy, distinguishing and loving the good." All this was said two hundred years ago, but it sounds relevant today. Especially Peter I took care of the development of a wide cultural outlook of students of military schools, future officers in the "Essays on the history of the naval cadet corps" it is reported that his students were taught drawing, fencing, dancing. In 1702, at the behest of Peter I on Red Square near the Nikolsky Gate, they began to build the building of a public theater - "Comedy Temple". In December 1703, performances were shown here, which were also attended by students of military schools, undoubtedly having a great influence on aesthetic development future officers. Under Peter I accepted modern look awards - medals and orders. Peter I introduced and special insignia for, courage, and bravery in battle. After the death of the tsar - the reformer, the upbringing and education of officers is still in the center of attention of the Russian autocrats.

Under Anna Ioannovna in 1731 a gentry (noble) corps was established. His students study, along with military subjects, foreign languages, history, geography, jurisprudence.

Catherine's pedagogical views II and one of its main assistants, Lieutenant-General II Betsky, were most vividly expressed in the "New Charter of the Land Cadet Corps", adopted on September 11, 1766. "The root of all good and evil is education," Betsky said. He also believed that the military should first of all be given a brilliant upbringing, and proposed for this to open military schools in which children who had reached the age of 5-6 would be trained. In addition to military subjects, cadets studied: eloquence, history, geography, chronology, languages, morality, natural law, state law, astronomy, drawing, painting, engraving, sculpture, making statues, architecture, music, fencing, dancing. ". Betsky believed that it was necessary with early childhood to maintain in the pupils a tendency to work hard, to create in them the habit of avoiding idleness, to be courteous and compassionate to poverty and unhappiness. The upbringing of the cadets was aimed at their development moral qualities, feelings of humanity and philanthropy. For this purpose, for example, holidays for the poor were arranged, when the cadets had to serve the poor and crippled, listening to the stories of the elders. With the military schools of Betsky, to some extent, one can compare the creation in our country, during the Great Patriotic War s, Suvorov military schools with a seven-year course of study, as well as, in our time, specialized military schools - schools with a two-year course of study after graduation high school... They teach: music, choreography, singing, extensive knowledge in the field of literature and history, art and foreign languages. Famous bosses, musicians, writers, athletes emerged from the walls of the Suvorov schools.

"(V. N. Yagodinsky." Our etiquette "M. 88, pp. 18-20)

(Yasyukov M. I. "Epee and honor" M .: "Knowledge", 1992, p. 23.)

An important place in the education of patriotism, loyalty to military duty was given to

Russian army fine arts... And, of course, military bands occupied a special place in the Russian army. This is due to the fact that the army cannot fully live without stately and strict marching music, without the regimental song. Music, as it were, raises above possible death in battle, in peacetime maintains the high military spirit of soldiers, gives a charge of vigor and optimism. General Butovsky said well about this: “We believe that the harsh, sad-pensive and generally depressing appearance of his comrades cannot have a beneficial effect on the peaceful activities of a soldier. To avoid this shortage of people, the chief should patronize all the soldier's amusements that develop daring and fun: games, songs, free gymnastics, amateur performances and even evenings with dancing, if it is convenient to arrange them. It is imperative that the soldier be proud of his beautiful appearance, his uniform, the characteristic manners of the unit in which he serves, and, in general, his dashing ... We must use every opportunity to cause cheerfulness in the soldier's environment, after exhausting exercises, when the unit returns home , you should certainly call the songwriters, make them play music ... Soldier's songs, especially old ones, are full of deep poetry that has a beneficial effect on the soul of a soldier; the glory of the ancestors, sung in these songs, excites young hearts with dreams of lofty deeds. In general, the soldier's song has a great educational value ... Music, art, literature purify and spiritually ennoble a person, form his aesthetic attitude to the world around him, to the beautiful in life. "Some sciences and training in military service, with all the severity of military discipline, with a careful interpretation internal service, with the most careful care of educators, they cannot raise the moral side of the educated to the desired height; the moral improvement of young people is helped, to a large extent, by everything that can refresh, purify and ennoble our spiritual nature ... the development of a feeling for the graceful is an equally necessary and no less serious element in a person's upbringing, like all other basic elements. " the conclusion was made back in 1874. More than a century later, this vital issue should be discussed again.

An important role in the education of patriotism, high moral qualities of Russian soldiers was played by the Russian Orthodox Church... Unfortunately, today it is not enough

"(A. A. Krasnovsky" History of the Russian army "M .:" Voice ", 1992, pp. 13-14).

("The moral foundations of military discipline." M .: 1987, pp. 28-29)

who knows about charitable activities in the army and at the front of military priests. This is another of the "white" spots in our history. Although not a single army in the world has given so many warriors numbered among the saints. How much Russian. And today only the believers know about them. Speaking about churches as centers of patriotic and moral education, it should be noted that they kept not only the religious relics of believers, but also the battle banners of Orthodox units, weapons and armor of military commanders who covered themselves with glory in battles. And the military priests themselves, in addition to liturgical activities, conducted pastoral conversations with soldiers, classes in literature, conducted anti-alcohol propaganda.

Reflecting on duty, honor, dignity, one cannot but recall the most important public institution - officers' meetings and clubs, which were genuine schools of high morality, norms of etiquette, spirituality, and ethics.

In the early 1960s, a circle of officers - engineers emerged in St. Petersburg, who, in their free time from service, gathered in the Peter and Paul Fortress to study military-technical issues, deepen professional knowledge, as well as for communication and recreation. This experience began to quickly spread throughout the troops.

Devotion to the homeland, disinterested fulfillment of military duty, knowledge of one's business, discipline, initiative and firmness, concern for subordinates, camaraderie between colleagues - all these requirements and rules of conduct for officers were constantly in the field of vision of officers' meetings, which had a beneficial effect on life officer corps... Therefore, it was decided to strengthen this tradition and convene a general meeting of army and navy officers. And through the efforts of the best representatives of the officer corps in Russia, its own national school of military education was created, based on deep patriotism, humanism, a high sense of duty and honor. However, the idea of ​​holding military reform at that time it was not given to come true. The first broke out World War, the civil one burst out ... Many traditions of the Russian army were consigned to oblivion. Stroke historical events severed the link of times, which only today we are trying to restore again.

The development of culture is a complex social process. It is closely intertwined historical traditions people, their comprehension and enrichment by their contemporaries, the creation of new cultural property... The dialectic of such inheritance is the continuity of generations. However, this most important regularity in the development of world culture, in fact, was consigned to oblivion already in the first years of Soviet power. The wave of general "renewal" hit the army as well. Together with the elimination of the old, tsarist army destroyed historical heritage Russian army, military traditions, rituals, attributes, names of regiments and ships were canceled. The traditions of Russian military etiquette, which had been collected for centuries, generations, were "put up with a cross", right up to the persecution of their successors. All ideals were overthrown, the traditions of Russian military etiquette were destroyed. As you know, after October revolution military insignia were abolished, and the decree provided for an elective beginning in the army. But, as the lieutenant general of the Russian army, who went over to the side of Soviet power, wrote: "... the army cannot exist without authoritative commanders who exercise the necessary power ...". The experiment stretched out for almost a quarter of a century. Shoulder straps were reintroduced during the Great Patriotic War. In some places, officers' meetings and clubs have been revived. However, there is one "but". Tradition and etiquette are not things that can be introduced and appropriated. They are formed over the centuries, passed down from generation to generation. Unfortunately, many of them were destroyed, along with their carriers - thousands of Russian officers - irrevocably. We are still fixing that fatal mistake trying to get the armies back former glory, to revive its spirituality, to overcome its "rootlessness" in relation to the thousand-year history of our state. And then everything was solved quickly and easily. The old army with its traditions was destroyed, the new one was created by means of both persuasion and coercion. Therefore, it is not surprising that anarchism, partisanship and desertion flourished in it, which were eliminated by brutal measures only by the end of 1920. The tasks of the revolutionary struggle, strengthening discipline and order at times simply boiled down to the execution of the "counter" on the spot. The practice of the death penalty without trial and investigation for betrayal of Soviet power and even the execution of commissars for defectors appeared. The leadership of the Communist Party understood that repressive measures alone could not keep soldiers in new army... The strength of a warrior is given by the conviction of the righteousness of the cause for which he is fighting. The task of political education and upbringing of the Red Army was also called upon to solve the cultural and educational institutions of the Red Army. And they coped with this matter. already in years Civil war work began on the elimination of illiteracy in the Red Army. By the spring of 1922, illiteracy in the Red Army was completely eliminated. It was a big victory on the cultural front. A huge blow to the culture of the army and navy was dealt in the pre-war years, when the Red Army lost more than 40 thousand commanders and political workers of a new generation of military personnel. The most qualified members of the officer corps were subjected to repression. Stalin and his entourage felt the danger posed by literate, boldly thinking, defending their opinions, erudite, highly cultured officers and generals. Participated in their persecution and

(Messur Vakar, total. ed. Grigorieva A. B. "Russian officers", M. 95, p. 8)

cultural institutions. The Stalinist regime managed to break the natural cultural connection and the continuity of generations, to destroy the moral and ethical values ​​that have evolved over the centuries

Much has been said and written about the Great Patriotic War, about the heroism of the Soviet people who defended the independence of our Motherland. Ethics and patriotism of these years are inseparable.

“It is customary for everyone to live and burn.

But then you will only immortalize life,

When to light and greatness

You will draw a path with your sacrifice. "

And now, the current young generation of soldiers and officers is being brought up on cultural traditions, rituals, and inexorable ideals that arose in those difficult years for our people and country.

Military rituals and traditions of etiquette

Military culture, culture of everyday life, communication, behavior and etiquette ... They are not brought in from outside, but are brought up day by day, developed everyday life army. Memories that once the concepts of military honor, culture, etiquette stood above many other values, about how high the status of an officer, a soldier, due to their profession was once, is perhaps the only thing that could now support self-esteem in the army environment. But in order to feel like the heir to the bearers of the former halo of nobility, honor, halo of traditions of Russian military etiquette, dignity, personal culture, one must be the successor of the military traditions of Russia. And in order to continue military traditions, you need to know them. I will cite, for example, some of the well-established traditions of Russian military etiquette and military rituals, which, repeating from year to year, have come down to our days in the process of service, entering both everyday military life and accompanying us on solemn or mourning occasions.

In the annals of the military glory of our army, many pages are devoted to military rituals. On the battlefields of the Civil and the Great Patriotic War, they were a proven means of forming and hardening the fighting spirit, strengthening fraternal unity and the inviolable cohesion of soldiers and commanders. The military rituals vividly embodied the heroism, courage and courage shown by the defenders of the Motherland in battles against the enemies of Russia. It is impossible, of course, to remain silent about the influence of the "Soviet period" in the history of Russia on the formation and creation of ideology in the Armed Forces of the former

(B. Pasternak "Death of a Sapper" M. 1983, p. 16).

Soviet Union. Soviet military rituals, which developed with the active participation of V.I. Lenin, became traditional, acquired a vivid emotional form, and were filled with socialist content. Many of them have become nationwide, nationwide.

Love for weapons, skillful use of them in battle is a glorious tradition of Russian soldiers, which goes back to ancient times. An expression of this tradition was the ceremonial ritual of presenting weapons to young soldiers. It symbolizes the transfer of the defense of the Motherland from one generation to another. Receiving a personal weapon, a young warrior, who has already studied it and has a good command of it, vows to be in constant readiness to fulfill his duty to the Motherland with honor. In recent years, a tradition has been established in the Armed Forces - young soldiers take a solemn oath of allegiance to the Motherland at the monuments of military glory, in places of heroic battles for freedom and independence. This tradition is not new. Its roots can be traced back to the time of the great liberation military campaigns of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky for the freedom of the Russian land, for the honor of the people, for a just cause. Later, in the first Russian "Charter of military cannon and other matters related to military science," the ritual of taking an oath of allegiance to the tsar was enshrined. In Peter's military regulations it was noted that victory is brought by "good order, brave hearts, a weapon of reference", attention was paid to the development of such qualities as courage, fearlessness, courage. Old military rituals that embodied national patriotic traditions have not been forgotten. Great place in military education, the ritual of taking the military oath was allotted. This ritual held a special place in the system of military rituals in the 19th century. The oath, or solemn vow, was given by each serviceman upon accession to the throne of the new sovereign. The ritual took place in a solemn atmosphere - in a church or at a gathering place in the presence of both a high military commander and the highest clergy. The troops arrived in formation with banners, and the priests gave them a brief admonition. Swearing an oath, the soldiers swore allegiance to the monarch and fatherland, unquestioning obedience to their superiors. Having given an oath to the new monarch, the army became an obedient instrument of his foreign and domestic policy. The first Red Army detachments, going into the battle for Soviet power, swore to the people, the party, the Motherland to fearlessly and selflessly fight for the workers 'and peasants' Republic, for the "bright ideals of communism." And even if the ideals of the warriors of previous generations are different, but the goal is the same before and now: to serve with faith and truth.

(Rush K. B. "For the glory of the Fatherland" M. 90, p. 13,15)

to the fatherland, to protect both statehood and the borders of their Motherland, to defend their people, to fight for freedom, to believe in a happy and peaceful "tomorrow" of their children. The day of taking the oath is the beginning of the military path, a memorable day in the life of a soldier. Always and everywhere to be faithful to your Sacred Oath is the demand of the Motherland, the people.

Military music, a soldier's trumpet have some kind of magical effect. Music calls into battle, like a battle banner, like a call for a commander - this is what war veterans, military musicians, and the warriors themselves say. A. V. Suvorov well understood the role and importance of music for the education of a high moral and fighting spirit in the army. He showed constant concern for increasing its effectiveness, persistently sought to increase the number of military musicians, even at the expense of front-line soldiers. Suvorov said: “Music is necessary and useful in battle. Music doubles the army. With the banners unfurled and loud music, I took Ishmael. Music in war helps soldiers to withstand, instills strength and courage, does not allow to become hardened, to die in soul. The importance of music and battle songs in military rituals is great. Music has been included in military rituals since their inception. Of all the elements of the figurative form of rituals, music is the most stable.

Old rituals are filled with new content, the order and forms of their implementation change, but musical basis persists for centuries. Music is one of the most potent decoration components of military rituals. It is safe to say that the perception of the ideological content of military rituals, those heroic ideas that they carry depends largely on the bright and skillful musical arrangement... Music performed by military spiritual bands gives the military ritual exactly the form through which its essence is most vividly expressed. She brings a special solemnity to rituals, creates an elated, festive mood, inspires, inspires, unites military personnel. Music is able to fulfill an organizing and disciplining role, synchronizing and rhythmizing the movement of warriors, helping to develop precise, clear and coordinated actions. A special place in the system of military rituals belongs to marching music. In the combat and marching march, the elastic rhythm and cheerful mood are especially emphasized. Ritual music is simple and expressive, it organically merges with elements of military rituals and is easy to remember, its ideological content is recognized by the warriors easily and quickly. Field reviews, passage in the ranks and other military rituals

(Rush K. B. "For the glory of the Fatherland" M. 90, p. 15)

". (OV Zolotarev "Army and Culture". M. 91, p. 18).

accompanied by songs. “A soldier without a song, or without a gun,” said A. V. Suvorov. This apt remark has not lost its significance in our days. A.M. Gorky saw in the soldier's song a source of vigor and fighting spirit. Music sounds when taking the oath, taking out the Battle Banner, presenting awards and military relics, when carrying out combat reviews, parades, when divorcing the guards, during other rituals. Along with the use of symbols, skillful execution of marching techniques, clear and figurative sounding command speech, the song helps to make the ritual a real art phenomenon.

Conclusion

V modern conditions when the fundamental foundations of our society are changing, when the social situation in the state is heated to the limit, the Armed Forces must remain a bulwark of stability and confidence. This largely depends on the command staff of the Armed Forces. The most important condition is the improvement of the organizational activities of the command staff, its professional competence, a responsible attitude to the fulfillment of military duty, high exactingness towards oneself and people, combined with care for them. This is facilitated by purposeful daily work on military, legal and moral education personnel, strict observance of the rules established by the laws and military regulations of the Russian Federation, the constant concern of commanders and chiefs about improving the life of their subordinates, improving their cultural, household and medical services, the struggle for moral purity relationships. The directions of educational work discussed above are directly related to the state of the soldier in the usual and war time... Ignoring the above aspects leads to a sharp deterioration in the mental state of a soldier in battle and a significant decrease in the effectiveness of his combat activities.

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ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: CURRENT STATE, MAIN DIRECTIONS AND PROSPECTS OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

1. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main types and types of troops.

2. Prospects for the development of types and types of the Armed Forces of Russia in the XIX century.

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense" and the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, in the structure of the military organization of modern Russia, its army and navy, there are 3 types of Armed Forces and 3 types of troops. The types of the Armed Forces are distributed according to their spheres of action: land, air and water. Accordingly, the Ground Forces, the Air Force and the Navy have been created and are successfully functioning in our country. The main types of troops include: Strategic Missile Forces, Aerospace Defense Forces, Airborne Forces. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation is General of the Army Sergei Shoigu.

The Ground Forces (Land Forces) are the most numerous and diverse in terms of weapons and methods of warfare, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to repel enemy aggression in the continental theaters of military operations, to protect the territorial integrity and national interests of Russia.

The ground forces consist of motorized rifle and tank forces, missile and artillery troops, air defense troops, reconnaissance formations and military units, radiation, chemical and biological defense troops, and signal troops.

Motorized rifle troops are the most numerous branch of the army, constituting the backbone of the Ground Forces and the core of their battle formations. Together with the tank forces, they perform the following main tasks:

On the defensive - by holding occupied areas, lines and positions, repelling enemy strikes and inflicting defeat on his advancing groupings;

In an offensive (counteroffensive) - to break through the enemy's defenses, defeat the groupings of his troops, capture important areas, lines and objects, forcing water obstacles, pursuing a retreating enemy;

They conduct oncoming battles and battles, operate as part of naval and tactical airborne assault forces.

The basis motorized rifle troops make up motorized rifle brigades with high combat independence, versatility and firepower. They are capable of conducting combat operations in the conditions of the use of both conventional means of warfare and weapons of mass destruction in various physical, geographical and climatic conditions, day and night.

Tank troops - branch of the military and the main striking force Ground forces... They are mainly used in conjunction with motorized rifle troops in the main directions and perform the following main tasks:

On the defensive, it provides direct support to motorized rifle troops when repelling an enemy offensive and delivering counterattacks and counterattacks;

In the offensive - to deliver powerful cleaving strikes to great depths, develop success, defeat the enemy in oncoming battles and battles.

The basis of the tank forces is made up of tank brigades and tank battalions of motorized rifle brigades, which are highly resistant to the damaging factors of nuclear weapons, firepower, high mobility and maneuverability. They are able to make the most of the results of fire (nuclear) destruction of the enemy and in a short time to achieve the ultimate goals of combat and operations.

Rocket Forces and Artillery (RV and A) are a branch of the Ground Forces, which is the main means of fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy in the course of combined-arms operations (combat operations). These troops are designed to perform the following main tasks:

Conquest and retention of fire superiority over the enemy;

The defeat of his nuclear weapons, manpower, weapons, military and special equipment;

Disorganization of systems of command and control of troops and weapons, reconnaissance and electronic warfare;

Destruction of long-term defensive structures and other infrastructure facilities;

Disruption of the operational and military rear services;

Destruction of tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy that broke into the depths of the defense, etc.

Organizationally rocket troops and artillery consists of rocket, rocket, artillery brigades, including mixed, high-power artillery battalions, rocket artillery regiments, separate reconnaissance divisions, as well as artillery of combined-arms brigades and military bases.

Air Defense Forces (Air Defense Forces) - a branch of the Ground Forces designed to cover troops and objects from enemy air attack when combined-arms formations and formations of operations (combat operations) are conducted, regroupments (march) and location on the spot. They are responsible for the following main tasks:

Air defense alert;

Conducting reconnaissance of the air enemy and alerting the covered troops;

Destruction of enemy air attack weapons in flight;

Participation in the conduct of missile defense in theaters of operations.

Organizationally, the air defense forces of the ground forces consist of military command and control bodies, air defense command posts, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio-technical formations, military units and subunits. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons in the entire range of heights (extremely small - up to 200 m, small - from 200 to 1000 m, medium - from 1000 to 4000 m, large - from 4000 to 12000 m, and in the stratosphere - more than 12000 m) and flight speeds.

Reconnaissance formations and military units belong to the special forces of the Ground Forces and are designed to perform a wide range of tasks in order to provide commanders (commanders) and staffs with information about the enemy, the state of the terrain and the weather for making the most rational decisions on an operation (battle) and preventing surprise

enemy actions.

Engineering troops are special troops designed to perform the most difficult tasks of engineering support for combined arms operations (combat operations), requiring special training of personnel and the use of engineering weapons, as well as for inflicting losses on the enemy through the use of engineering ammunition.

The troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection (RChBZ) are special troops designed to carry out a complex of the most complex measures aimed at reducing losses of large formations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring the fulfillment of their combat missions when operating in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination.

The basis RChBZ troops constitute multi-functional separate brigades of RChBZ, which include subdivisions capable of performing the whole range of RCB protection measures.

Signal troops are special troops designed to deploy a communications system and provide command and control of large formations, formations and subunits of the Ground Forces in peacetime and wartime. They are also entrusted with the tasks of operating systems and automation equipment at control points.

Air Force.

According to its purpose and tasks, the Air Force aviation is subdivided into long-range, military transport, operational-tactical and army aviation, which include: bomber, assault, fighter, reconnaissance, transport and special aviation. Organizationally, the Air Force aviation consists of air bases that are part of the Air Force formations, as well as other units and organizations directly subordinate to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief. Long-range aviation is a component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces (SNF). The core of the aircraft fleet is made up of Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic missile carriers, Tu-22MZ long-range missile-bombers, Il-78 tanker aircraft and Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft.

Anti-aircraft missile forces (ZRV) are a branch of the Air Force. They are armed with anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) and anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM), which is the main fire force in the air (aerospace) defense system. The air defense missile systems of the air force consist of anti-aircraft missile regiments (anti-aircraft missile regiments), which are organizationally part of the air force formation, the aerospace defense brigade, as well as units and organizations directly subordinate to the commander-in-chief of the air force.

Modern Russian anti-aircraft missile systems S-300, S-400, anti-aircraft missile-gun system (ZRPK) "Pantsir-S1" are capable of destroying various air targets, including hitting the warheads of ballistic missiles.

Radio-technical troops (RTV) are a branch of the Air Force. They are armed with radio equipment (RTS) and automation equipment complexes (KSA). Designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of an air enemy and issue radar information about the air situation within the radar field to the command and control bodies of the Air Force and other types and branches of the Armed Forces, to control points for combat aircraft, air defense systems and electronic warfare (EW) when they solve tasks of peaceful and wartime.

The VVS RTVs consist of radio technical regiments (RTP), which are organizationally part of the VVS formation, the VKO brigade, as well as other units and organizations directly subordinate to the VVS Civil Code.

Special Forces of the Air Force are designed to support the combat activities of large formations, formations and units of the Air Force. Organizationally, units and subdivisions of special forces are part of the air force formations, formations and units.

The navy is the main component and basis of the maritime potential of the Russian state, a service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies in the World Ocean by military methods, to maintain military-political stability in the seas adjacent to it, military security from sea and ocean directions.

The navy is one of the instruments of the state's foreign policy.

The main tasks of the Navy are:

Deterrence from the use of military force or the threat of its use against the Russian Federation and its allies from sea and ocean directions, including participation in strategic nuclear deterrence;

Defense of the interests of the Russian Federation in the World Ocean by military methods;

Maintaining the naval potential of the Russian Federation in readiness for intended use;

Control over the activities of the naval forces of foreign states and military-political blocs in the seas adjacent to the country's territory;

Revealing, preventing and preventing military threats, repelling aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies from sea and ocean directions, participating in actions to prevent and localize armed conflicts in the early stages of their development, etc.

The modern Russian Navy is organizationally composed of the Baltic, Northern, Pacific, Black Sea fleets and the Caspian flotilla. The fleets include submarine and surface forces, coastal troops and naval aviation. They are armed with the most modern nuclear and diesel submarines, large and small ships, missile-carrying aircraft, including sea-based ones.

Airborne Forces (Airborne Forces) - a branch of the Armed Forces, which is a means of the Supreme High Command and is designed to cover the enemy by air and perform tasks in his rear to disrupt troop control, capture and destroy ground elements of high-precision weapons, disrupt the advancement and deployment of reserves, violate rear and communications work and other tasks.

The Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces) are a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main component of the strategic nuclear forces of Russia. Designed for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently by massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or several strategic aerospace sectors and forming the basis of the enemy's military and military-economic potential.

The Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) are a fundamentally new branch of the military, which is designed to ensure Russia's security in the aerospace sphere. The troops solve a wide range of tasks, the main of which are:

Providing the highest levels of control with reliable information about the detection of ballistic missile launches and warning about a missile attack;

The defeat of the warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy attacking important government facilities;

Protection of command posts (CP) of the highest echelons of state and military command, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from strikes by means of aerospace attack (SVKN) of the enemy within the affected zones;

Monitoring space objects and identifying threats to Russia in space and from space, and, if necessary, countering such threats;

Launching spacecraft into orbits, etc.

The current complex international situation requires the further development of all branches and branches of the Russian Armed Forces. It is no coincidence that Russian President V. Putin has set seven specific tasks in the field of military development in the next seven years before the power bloc and the Security Council. The President pointed out the need to further optimize the composition, structure and deployment of troops and forces that make up the military organization of the state.

By 2017, the share of modern weapons of the Russian army should be at least 30%, and by 2020 - from 70 to 100%. According to the Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, General of the Army Valery Gerasimov, by 2015 the development of a new tank, an infantry fighting vehicle and an armored combat vehicle will be completed. By 2016 - a promising aviation complex, the S-500 anti-aircraft missile system and a corvette, by 2018 - a new generation destroyer. Annual deliveries to the troops are planned from 70 to 100 aircraft, more than 120 helicopters, 8-9 surface ships and submarines, and up to 600 armored vehicles. In total, by 2020, promising and modern designs weapons, military and special equipment will be reequipped over 400 formations and military units. The Chief of the General Staff noted that the priorities in the rearmament plans are the strategic nuclear forces, the Aerospace Defense Forces, communications, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, command and control systems, as well as precision weapons systems.

In 2010, the President of the Russian Federation approved the State Armament Program (GPV) for the period from 2011 to 2020. More than 19 trillion rubles are provided for the implementation of the SAP. rubles. This made it possible in 2011 to purchase 36 strategic ballistic missiles, 2 strategic missile submarines, 20 strategic air-launched cruise missiles, 5 spacecraft, 35 aircraft, 109 helicopters, 3 multipurpose nuclear submarines, 1 combat surface ship and 21 anti-aircraft missile complex.

Along with the supply of new weapons, the modernization of existing weapons is envisaged. Until 2020, the troops will receive more than 2.5 thousand units of modernized weapons and military equipment, which, in terms of their main characteristics, will not be inferior to modern models.

In addition, the plan provides for improving the serviceability of the existing equipment in service. By 2016, it will be increased in the Ground Forces to 85%, in the Air Force - up to 80%, and in the Navy - up to 78%. By 2020, the serviceability of the Navy's weapons will be up to 85%. For the first time this year, contracts will begin to be concluded with industrial enterprises for the entire life cycle of serially supplied weapons.

For the new weapons, the construction of airfields, strategic missile forces positioning areas, naval bases and other infrastructure has been planned and scheduled over the years.

Each unit and military unit will be staffed in advance with officers, warrant officers and junior specialists trained in the operation and combat application of this technology.

By 2016, it is planned to equip 316, and by 2020 - 495 military camps. It is planned to build over 3 thousand different objects on their territory. These are barracks, military vehicle parks, canteens, as well as training, sports and domestic facilities. At the same time, the vacated military camps and facilities will be transferred to local authorities. The transfer of objects is expected to be completed in 2017.

Along with equipping the army with new weapons, the country is getting rid of outdated types of military equipment and weapons. So, in particular, the total number of tanks of various modifications will be reduced to 2 thousand units. Thus, the number of tanks compared to 2005 will be reduced by almost 10 times. Further development and enhancement of the combat capabilities of tank forces will be carried out mainly by equipping them with more advanced types of tanks, which optimally combine such important combat properties as high firepower, maneuverability and reliable protection.

With the rearmament of the Armed Forces, there is a gradual departure from the policy of modernizing military equipment towards the purchase of new models of it.

Support priorities have been given to the Southern Military District. First of all, there will be sent anti-aircraft missile systems "BUK-MZ", complexes "TOP" of various modifications, as well as multiple launch rocket systems "Smerch", "Grad" and "Uragan".

The missile brigades of the Western Military District will be equipped with Iskander tactical missile systems.

The Air Force is also equipped with new weapons. The newest fifth-generation fighter T-50 (PAK FA is a promising front-line aviation complex) will enter service with the Russian Air Force in 2017.

After 2016, the Russian Air Force will also begin purchasing MiG-35 fighters. The MiG-35 is cheaper to operate, it is easier to train pilots for flights on it than on the Su-27 and Su-30. The MiG-31 interceptor fighters will serve in the Air Force until at least 2028, and then, if necessary, their resource can be extended for another five to ten years.

From 2020, the Russian Air Force will begin to receive a new long-range bomber - a promising long-range aviation complex (PAK DA). At the same time, the "strategists" will be able to work on the current aircraft until 2028-2030.

The subsonic PAK DA will be able to perform the tasks that are now being solved by three types of aircraft in service in Long-Range Aviation: Tu-160, Tu-95MS and Tu-22MZ. In addition, the Russian Ministry of Defense plans to purchase about 40 Il-78 tanker aircraft with a new engine.

In the near future, the Russian Ministry of Defense will also determine the possibility of further use of the An-70 military transport aircraft of joint Russian-Ukrainian production. This will happen after the tests are completed.

In modern conditions, the decisive factor in the development of ships is their ability to interact with other types of armed forces, including within the framework of international forces, massively use precision weapons, use modern information means and systems, have high stealth, protection from air attack and combat stability.

On the eve of the Navy Day in 2013, at the Severnaya Verf shipyard (St. Petersburg), the laying ceremony of the first serial corvette of project 20385 for the Russian Navy took place. The mortgaged ship received the name "Agile". According to the State Armaments Program until 2020, a total of 16 such corvettes should be delivered to the fleet. They will be built both at Severnaya Verf and the Amur shipyard.

The combat strength of the fleet will soon be supplemented by other ships, in particular, helicopter carriers of the Mistral type.

The contract for the construction of two helicopter carriers for the Russian Navy was signed in June 2011. The first ship, laid down in France on February 1, 2012, is to enter service with the Russian fleet in 2014. The second ship "Sevastopol" is expected to be received by the Russian Navy in 2015.

The Mistral universal dock ship has a displacement of 21 thousand tons, the maximum hull length is 210 meters. The ship is capable of speeds over 18 knots (about 33 kilometers per hour). The cruising range is up to 20 thousand nautical miles (about 37 thousand kilometers). The number of the crew is 160 people, in addition, the helicopter carrier can take on board another 450 people. The air group includes 16 helicopters, of which six can be simultaneously deployed on the take-off deck.

Last year in Kaliningrad, at the Baltic shipyard Yantar, the laying ceremony for the new frigate Admiral Butakov took place. In total, it is planned to build 6 frigates of project 11356 for the fleet by 2016. These ships with a displacement of about 4 thousand tons will have a wide range of applications in the far sea zone, both in solo voyages and as part of full-fledged groups. Already in 2014, the Russian Navy will replenish its composition with two new frigates "Admiral Grigorovich" and "Admiral Essen".

In addition to surface ships, new submarines will also be added to the naval forces. The third in the line of Yasen multipurpose nuclear submarines, designed by the Malakhit St. Petersburg Marine Engineering Bureau, will be the submarine, which was named Novosibirsk by the order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. The ships of this series will become the embodiment and concentration of the unique latest Russian developments in the field of military weapons, weapons, technical and radio-electronic complexes, and main power plants. The project provides for many technical solutions that were not previously used in domestic submarine shipbuilding.

The fleet was replenished with the lead Borei-class Project 955 nuclear-powered missile carrier Yuri Dolgoruky. Before joining the fleet, Yuri Dolgoruky had to work for several years as a test bench for testing the new strategic nuclear weapon Bulava and a number of systems and assemblies planned for installation on other nuclear-powered ships of Project 955, which are also to become part of the Navy.

The active development of the Russian submarine fleet is also evidenced by plans to carry out the modernization program for nuclear multipurpose submarines of the Northern and Pacific fleets by 2020. This will significantly improve the characteristics of radio-technical weapons and the characteristics of on-board weapon systems. Thus, along with the creation and deployment of the construction of nuclear multipurpose submarines, the combat readiness of the multipurpose nuclear submarines of existing projects and their main armament is simultaneously ensured.

In general, the development of the Navy over the next two decades will be aimed at ensuring Russia's military security from ocean and sea directions. By 2030, the Navy must be able to reliably defend Russia's national interests in any area of ​​the World Ocean and to ensure that the tasks of strategic nuclear and non-nuclear deterrence are resolved.

Also, the country's leadership is taking the most serious measures to reform and equip the Strategic Missile Forces, the Airborne Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces with new types of weapons and military equipment.

The GPV plan provides for the improvement and modernization of the combat training base. Within five years, it is planned to create in each military district one interspecific training center, the formation of modern mountain, land and sea aviation ranges. It is planned to equip more than 700 formations and military units with modern technical training aids. The loading of landfills will be increased to 250 days a year and 18 hours a day. The implementation of these measures will significantly improve the quality of combat training of troops and raise the indicators of combat proficiency (flight time of flight personnel, crew overlapping, practical driving mileage) to the level of the armed forces of leading foreign states, and even higher in some indicators.

The plan provides for consistent measures to create decent conditions for passing military service... Already in 2013, equipping the barracks with showers and tea rooms began, and the installation of washing machines began. Organized the transfer of canteens with a capacity of more than 150 people to catering with elements of the buffet. In order to increase the attractiveness of military service for soldiers and sergeants who have served on conscription, the implementation of benefits for their preferential admission to universities, grants for training in Russian and foreign business schools, as well as preferences for entering the civil service will be provided.

The plan pays special attention to improving the social status of servicemen, military pensioners and their family members.

The state is making efforts to provide the needy military personnel with housing. Since 2014, a transition to one-time cash payments is envisaged to provide servicemen with permanent housing. For servicemen under the contract, it is planned to build up the stock of service housing. Social support for military pensioners is planned to be provided by an annual increase in their pensions by at least 2% above the inflation rate.

When considering the first question, it is important to focus the audience's attention on the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to explain the fundamental differences between the branches and types of troops, and to talk about their features. In the second question, it is advisable to focus on the prospects for the development of the types and types of troops of the Russian army, ways of their modernization and re-equipment. At the end of the lecture, it is necessary to explain the reasons prompting Russia to take care of its military security in modern conditions.

1. Putin V. To be strong: guarantees of national security for Russia. - Russian newspaper... - 2012, February 20.

5. The state armaments program of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020 has undergone significant changes. - HBO. - 2012, February 7.

Captain of the 1st rank of the reserve Viktor KIRILLOV, Doctor of Political Science, Professor