What is ground forces in the army. The ground forces are

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), designed to perform strategic and operational-tactical tasks in land theaters of military operations. In most countries of S. century. form the basis of their military power. According to the combat capabilities of the S. century. are capable of repulsing the invasion of ground armies, large airborne and naval assault forces of the enemy independently or in cooperation with other types of armed forces, inflicting simultaneous massive fire strikes to the entire depth of its operational formation, breaking through the enemy’s defenses, carrying out strategic offensives at high rates, to great depths and secure the occupied territory. The main properties of S. in. as a type of armed forces - great firepower and striking power, high maneuverability and complete combat independence. In the case of the use of nuclear weapons in a war, S. military forces, by virtue of their inherent combat capabilities and properties, are capable of using the results of nuclear strikes to completely defeat enemy groupings and capture areas vital to him.

Soviet S. century. equipped with nuclear and missile weapons, conventional weapons and military equipment, means of communication and transport. They consist of military branches and special troops. The branches of service are: Rocket Troops of the Ground Forces, Artillery, Motorized Rifle Troops, Tank Troops, Airborne Troops, Air Defense Troops of the Ground Troops. Rocket troops form the basis of the combat power of S. century. They are designed to deliver powerful nuclear strikes against any targets located in the tactical and operational depth of the enemy's defenses. Artillery is capable of providing reliable fire support for combined arms formations in all types of combat and operations. Motorized rifle troops together with the tank troops, they are the main striking force of the northern armies. They can make marches over long distances, break through defenses in depth saturated with a large number of anti-tank weapons, maneuver flexibly on the battlefield, develop an offensive at high rates following nuclear strikes or powerful artillery fire, and successfully fight an enemy using modern means of combat. Airborne troops can capture and hold areas in the tactical and operational depth of the enemy and operate successfully at a large distance from the main groupings of the air force. Troops air defense S. v. capable of providing cover for formations and units at low, medium and high altitudes. Special troops include: Engineering Troops, Chemical Troops, Radiotechnical Troops, Signal Troops, Automobile Troops, Road Troops , various services , as well as units and institutions of the rear.

Organizationally, the Soviet S. century. summarized in subdivisions, units, formations and associations. V Peaceful time The highest military-administrative association is the military district. At the head of S. in. stands Commander-in-Chief - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. He is obeyed Main Headquarters S. v., commanders (chiefs) of military branches, heads of special troops, main departments, military schools and research institutions. The commanders-in-chief of the S. in. were: marshals Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov (March-June 1946), I. S. Konev (July 1946 - March 1950, March 1955 - March 1956), R. Ya. Malinovsky (March 1956 - October 1957), A. A. Grechko ( November 1957 - April 1960), V. I. Chuikov (April 1960 - June 1964), from November 1967 - General of the Army I. G. Pavlovsky.

According to the composition of S. century. The United States (army - army) is divided into types of troops and services. The combat arms include troops directly engaged in combat - infantry, armored troops, artillery. Engineer troops, communications troops, army aviation, intelligence and counterintelligence units are considered as branches of the troops and as services, since they provide for the branches of the troops in the conduct of hostilities and at the same time can directly participate in hostilities. Services include: engineering, communications, chemical, artillery and technical, intelligence and counterintelligence, quartermaster, transport, military police, etc. S. in. headed by the minister of the army, appointed from civilians, and the command of the S. v. (headed by the Chief of Staff) on the Continental United States. The chief of staff of the army is appointed from among the generals. In organizational terms, S. century. consist of divisions, corps, armies and army groups. They also include separate brigades of various types, armored cavalry regiments, separate divisions of ground and anti-aircraft missiles, radio engineering troops, as well as special troops trained for sabotage and subversive activities behind enemy lines. Divisions are divided into infantry, mechanized, armored, airborne and airmobile. The army corps has a headquarters, corps units and subunits, 2-4 (or more) divisions. The field army includes: headquarters, army units and several army corps. To strengthen the army, units from the reserve of the main command are attached. An army group is created for a certain period. It includes several field armies and one tactical air command. S. v. The United States is armed with nuclear missile and other modern weapons and military equipment.

S. v. - the oldest branch of the armed forces. In slave states, they consisted of infantry (See Infantry) , and cavalry (see Cavalry) or only from one type of troops. In ancient Egypt, Assyria, Greece and the armies of other states, organizational units (tens, hundreds, etc.) arose. The greatest development of the organization of S. century. received in Ancient Rome, where from the 4th c. BC e. the permanent administrative and combat unit was the Legion , divided into divisions (centuries, cohorts).

During the period of early and developed feudalism in Western Europe(9th-14th centuries) the main genus of S. century. there was a knightly cavalry, the infantry played a supporting role. In Russia, the infantry retained its importance along with the cavalry. From the 14th century in Western Europe there was a revival of the infantry as one of the main branches of the armed forces and artillery appeared. With the creation of permanent mercenary armies in Western Europe (15th century), organizational units arose—companies. , then Polk and (from 8-12 or more companies), and in the 2nd half of the 16th - 1st half of the 17th centuries. - brigades (See Brigade) and Battalion s. After the creation of a permanent army in Russia (16-17 centuries), it was divided into regiments (or orders), consisting of units (hundreds, companies, fifty, dozens, etc.).

In the 17-18 centuries. S. v. various countries, including Russia (since the 18th century), received a harmonious permanent organization (divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, and squadrons). At the same time, as part of S. century. engineers appeared. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. division, and from the beginning of the 19th century. and Corps become combined arms formations of a permanent composition, which included a certain number of units, according to the states, which changed periodically. The number of divisions began to calculate the forces of the S. century. states. In the middle of the 19th century signal troops appeared in the Russian and other armies. In the 19th century mass armed forces were created, built on the principles of a cadre army, the basis of which was the military military. The divisional and corps organization of troops was firmly entrenched; armies are created (See Army) as operational formations.

During World War I (1914-18), S. century. the warring countries made up the bulk of the troops. In the course of the war, armored, automobile, chemical, and air defense troops appeared. The quantitative growth of artillery and the use of automatic weapons greatly increased the firepower of the artillery. Regimental and battalion artillery, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery were created, the number of light and heavy machine guns, bomb throwers (mortars) increased sharply. Vehicles began to be used to transport infantry. The cavalry has lost its role in many countries. S. v. belligerents received great experience conducting front-line and army operations (see Military art, Operational art).

As a result of victory October revolution In 1917, fundamentally new armed forces were created in the country, the basis of which was the military military, which included various types of troops and special troops. The highest tactical formations were rifle and cavalry divisions, and after the Civil War of 1918-20, corps; operational associations - the army.

By the beginning of World War II (1939–45), the number of S. v. in many countries, especially in the armies of the fascist states, the share of tank, mechanized and airborne troops, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery increased, motorization and mechanization of troops continued. Among the capitalist states, the most numerous and best trained socialist institutions. had fascist Germany. Since the beginning of the war, the bulk of the troops of the belligerents were S. v. During the war, as part of the S. century. large operational formations were formed and deployed - fronts (army groups), combined arms and a tank. armies (groups), new tactical formations appeared: artillery divisions and corps, mortar, anti-tank, airborne units and air defense formations and formations. The brunt of the war was borne by the Soviet S. v. With the support of the Air Force and Navy, they defeated the main forces of the land armies of the fascist states and showed complete superiority over them, mastering the art of conducting operations in any theater of military operations to perfection. Armored troops have become the main strike force and the most important operational means for developing an offensive to a great depth and at a high pace; artillery became the basis of the firepower of the S. century. Engineer troops have become an operational means of ensuring the maneuver of the northern air force, breaking through the enemy defenses, forcing water barriers, and creating defensive zones and lines. During the war in S. century. there were over 80% of the total personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces.

After the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 S. v. developed on the basis of the combat experience gained and the further improvement of weapons and military equipment. They were fully motorized and mechanized. Rifle troops (infantry) received new types of weapons and armored combat vehicles, which increased their mobility and made it possible to conduct combat not only on foot, but also directly on combat vehicles. In the Soviet Armed Forces in 1957 rifle and mechanized divisions were transformed into motorized rifle divisions. By this time, the cavalry as a branch of the army had lost its significance in all countries and was disbanded.

In the early 60s. S. v. The most developed states have adopted nuclear missile weapons, more advanced conventional weapons and military equipment, and modern controls. On the basis of new weapons and equipment, and in accordance with the new conditions for the conduct of hostilities, the organizational structure of units, formations, and large formations of military forces, the methods of their use in combat and operations, as well as training methods, have changed. The appearance of nuclear weapons caused changes in the ratio of the types of armed forces. The Strategic Missile Forces (strategic forces) moved to the forefront, but despite this, the S. V. continue to be one of the leading and most numerous branches of the armed forces. Further development of S. century. is taking into account the improvement of their organizational structure, increasing firepower and increasing maneuverability.

I. G. Pavlovsky.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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GROUND TROOPS- a type of armed forces designed to conduct combat operations mainly on land. They usually include various types of troops, special troops, command and control agencies and services. Organizationally consist of divisions, units, ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

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Type of armed forces designed to conduct combat operations primarily on land. In most countries, ground forces form the backbone of their military power. In a number of states, the ground forces consist of military branches (motorized rifle, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Ground troops

Ground troops have always been the most popular important view Armed Forces of Russia.

The history of the creation of the Ground Forces goes back centuries. It can be said with confidence that the ground forces of our country have always played and continue to play the most important role in achieving victory over the enemy and protecting national interests. Until recently, in Russia, so rich in all sorts of holidays, there was no holiday dedicated to the ground forces. And only by the Decree of the President Russian Federation dated May 31, 2006 No. 549 October 1 was established as the Day of the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation.

The history of the holiday October 1 - Ground Forces Day

And this day was not chosen by chance. It was on October 1, 1550 that a historically turning point in the construction and development of the regular Russian army took place. On this day, the Tsar of All Russia Ivan IV (the Terrible) issued the Sentence "On the placement in Moscow and the surrounding districts of a chosen thousand servicemen", which laid the foundations for the first permanent army, which had signs of a regular army. In accordance with this decree, archery regiments and a permanent guard service, and an artillery detachment is allocated to independent genus troops. The archers were armed with improved artillery, mine-explosive weapons, and handguns. In addition, the recruitment system was streamlined and military service in the local army, the centralized management of the army and its supply was organized, a permanent stay in the service in peaceful and war time.

History of the Russian Ground Forces: creation and development
Ground forces today

A grandiose contribution to the creation and improvement Ground Forces of Russia introduced by Peter the Great. His decree "On the admission to the service of soldiers from free people", announced on November 8, 1699, marked the beginning of the introduction of a recruiting system, which, in essence, meant the formation new army. The recruitment system was territorial in nature: the regiments were assigned to the provinces and maintained at their expense. Each of them was distinguished by its own characteristics, reflected in the banners, in attributes and uniforms, and also had a certain recruitment area, which gave it its name. At the same time, the feeling of fellowship largely contributed to the education of patriotism.

Significant contribution to the development Ground Forces of Russia made by the followers of Peter the Great. In 1763, Russia was divided militarily into five districts, then called "divisions": Livonian, Estonian, St. Petersburg, Smolensk and Ukrainian. Over time, Belarusian, Kazan and Voronezh were added to them. All these "divisions" were a purely territorial association of troops, the regiment was still the highest organizational unit in peacetime. In the same year, a unified structure of infantry regiments was established, each of which had 12 companies (2 grenadiers and 10 musketeers), consolidated into two battalions, and another artillery team.

In 1764, the leadership of the Military Collegium passed into the hands of P.A. Rumyantsev. Under him, in the construction of the Ground Forces, most of all attention was paid to the originality of the Russian military system, to the correspondence of the organizational and staff structure of the troops to the advanced provisions of tactics and strategy, to facilitating the conditions of the soldier's service.

WWII takes history of the development of the Ground Forces special place. Since military operations on the Soviet-German front were carried out mainly on land, the main role in the armed struggle against an experienced and strong enemy belonged to the infantry (rifle troops), armored forces, artillery, formations of other branches of the Ground Forces. Despite the exceptionally difficult conditions at the beginning of the war, the Ground Forces managed to maintain their combat effectiveness, significantly increase their combat capabilities, bleed the enemy in difficult defensive battles and go on a strategic offensive, which ended with the liberation of not only our country, but the entire of Eastern Europe, the complete elimination of the further threat of fascism.

Having endured severe trials during the war years, Ground troops reached such a degree of their development that they could effectively solve all the tasks assigned to them. Their numbers almost doubled, and a flexible and fairly effective structure was formed that met the conditions for conducting an armed struggle against a technically well-equipped enemy army.

The post-war period is characterized by the official organizational design of the Ground Forces as a branch of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and later by profound qualitative changes in them.

main feature creation and development of the Ground Forces in the post-war period was that it was carried out under the influence of scientific and technological progress and was ensured by a close alliance of science and production in the interests of creating effective weapons, improving military equipment and weapons.

Ground troops- this is the most numerous and diverse service of the Armed Forces in terms of armament and methods of combat operations, designed to repel enemy aggression in continental theaters of military operations, protect the territorial integrity and national interests of the Russian Federation. The role and importance of the Ground Forces in ensuring the military security of our state in modern conditions have not decreased. Having strategic nuclear forces, Russia is to some extent guaranteed against unleashing large-scale aggression against our country. However, in Lately The main threat to the world is local wars and armed conflicts, including those unleashed by international terrorists and various kinds of extremists.

Therefore, the training of the Ground Forces, their development on present stage is aimed at increasing readiness to fulfill the tasks of localizing and resolving military conflicts of a regional and local scale, adequately respond to modern threats and challenges, including manifestations of terrorism, and guarantee Russia's military security under any scenario. This involves working out various options the use of formations, formations and units of the Ground Forces: from the use of limited groupings of troops to resolve crises, to the use of the entire arsenal of means of armed struggle in military conflicts of a regional and local scale.

Today Ground troops organizationally consist of motorized rifle and tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops, as well as special troops: reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare (EW), engineering, RCB Protection, technical support, protection of the rear, units and organizations of the rear. At the heart of them combat strength- motorized rifle, tank divisions and brigades (including mountain), brigades (regiments) of military branches and special troops, organized in the army and front-line (district) groupings of troops (forces).

With high firepower, operational mobility and security, Ground troops they are a flexible operational-strategic force capable of winning victories on the battlefield as a result of highly maneuverable actions, conducting effective and accurate fire. And as military analysts predict Ground troops they will soon receive a more perfect organizational structure and new types of weapons, which in their properties and capabilities will significantly exceed the existing ones. The military is trying to carry out reforms in ground forces, to enhance the capabilities of an individual soldier so that their combat potential can be compared with a modern unit. And there are all possibilities for such transformations. And, therefore, as a result, our troops will become even stronger and more powerful, and Russia will become an invincible power!

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Don State Technical University

(DSTU)

College of Economics, Management and Law

ESSAY

On the topic of:

Ground troops.Creation historyania, purpose, structure

Completed by a 1st year student of the C-1-4 group

Vladislav Morozov

Lecturer: Gekman L.D.

Rostov-on-Don

Ground Forces (SV)- a type of armed forces (AF) of many states of the world, along with the navy (forces) and the air force (fleet).

In some countries, they may be called ground forces, the Army (for example, the US Army). Traditionally, they consist of infantry, cavalry, artillery, motorized and mechanized units, units, formations and associations. They may also have their own aviation units, called Ground Forces Aviation or Army Aviation and Air Defense Forces.

The ground forces are the most numerous type of armed forces of any state, and it is on them that the main burden falls in any armed conflict and war.

Ground Forces (SV) - a type of armed forces of the USSR, was intended to conduct combat operations mainly on land, the most numerous and diverse in terms of weapons and methods of combat operations. According to its combat capabilities, it is capable of independently or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces to conduct an offensive in order to defeat enemy groupings of troops and seize its territory, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, repel the enemy’s invasion, its large air and naval assault forces, firmly hold the occupied territories, areas and frontiers. In its composition, the SV have various types of troops, special (special purpose (special forces)) troops and services. In organizational terms, the SV consists of subdivisions, units, formations and associations.

SV were divided into types of troops (motorized rifle troops, tank troops, airborne troops, missile troops and artillery, troops of military air defense (arms of service), army aviation, as well as units and subunits of special (special purpose (special forces)) troops (engineering, communications, radio engineering, chemical, technical support, rear protection).

History of creation CV

The Ground Forces (SV) of Russia at all stages of the existence of our state played the most important, and often decisive role in achieving victory over the enemy, protecting national interests, the history of the creation of the SV goes back far into the depths of centuries.

October 1, 1550 was a historical turning point in the construction and development of the regular Russian army. On this day, the Tsar of All Russia Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Grozny) issued a Sentence (Decree) “On the deployment of a selected thousand servicemen in Moscow and the surrounding districts”, which, in fact, laid the foundations for the first permanent army, which had signs of a regular army. In accordance with the decree, archery regiments ("firearms infantry") and a permanent guard service were created, and the "outfit" of artillery was singled out as an independent branch of the military.

The archers were armed with improved artillery, mine-explosive weapons, and handguns. In addition, the system of recruitment and military service in the local army was streamlined, the centralized management of the army and its supply were organized, and permanent service in peacetime and wartime was established.

In relation to the branches of the military, the archers were mainly infantry. An insignificant part of the streltsy army was cavalry, called stirrup archers. According to the place and conditions of service, the streltsy army was divided into "elective" (Moscow) and city (served in other cities). By the end of the 16th century, the archery army as a whole numbered 20-25 thousand people.

In peacetime, the archers carried out garrison and guard duty, guarded the border, in wartime they took part in the most important campaigns and battles. The archers received their baptism of fire during the siege and capture of Kazan (1552). Thanks to the reform, Ivan IV the Terrible managed to significantly increase the number and raise the combat effectiveness of the troops. Having such an army, the Russian state was able to solve a number of foreign policy tasks: eliminate the constant threat from the Kazan kingdom, conquer Astrakhan, reach the Terek, and begin the conquest of Siberia. The decisive contribution to the creation and improvement of the Russian Army was made by Peter 1.

His decree "On the admission to the service of soldiers from free men", announced on November 8, 1699, marked the beginning of the introduction of a recruiting system, which, in essence, meant the formation of a new army. The recruitment system was territorial in nature: the regiments were assigned to the provinces and maintained at their expense. Each of them was distinguished by its own characteristics, reflected in the banners, in attributes and uniforms, and also had a certain recruitment area, which gave it its name. At the same time, the feeling of fellowship largely contributed to the education of patriotism.

The territorial recruitment system had a positive effect on the combat effectiveness of the Russian army: recruitment in these conditions was easier to bear and the regiments quickly acquired the necessary adhesion. The soldier transferred all his affection to the regiment that became his native - his second family and to the regimental partnership. The Northern War with Sweden, which lasted 25 years, largely "reworked" the combined militia into a real regular army, which inscribed the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava (1709) in a bright page in the history of the Fatherland and the Ground Forces. In the course of the war, the newly recruited regiments, remaining in marching conditions for many years, eventually turned into a permanent army - one of the best in Europe at that time. The followers of Peter 1 also made a significant contribution to the development of the Russian Army. In 1763, Russia was divided militarily into five districts, then called "divisions": Livonian, Estonian, St. Petersburg, Smolensk and Ukrainian. Over time, Belarusian, Kazan and Voronezh were added to them. All these "divisions" were a purely territorial association of troops, the regiment was still the highest organizational unit in peacetime. In the same year, a unified structure of infantry regiments was established, each of which had 12 companies (2 grenadiers and 10 musketeers), consolidated into two battalions, and another artillery team.

In 1764, the leadership of the Military Collegium passed into the hands of P.A. Rumyantsev. Under him, as well as later under G.A. Potemkin, in the construction of the SV, most attention was paid, firstly, to the originality of the Russian military system, secondly, to the compliance of the organizational and staffing structure of the troops with the advanced provisions of tactics and strategy, and thirdly, to alleviate the conditions of service of the soldier. The implementation of precisely these principles of the construction of the SV allowed the outstanding Russian commanders A.V. Suvorov and M.I. Kutuzov. Their bright victories and military talent and now serve as an example worthy of imitation. Suvorov's "The Science of Victory" was a vivid example of advanced Russian military-theoretical thought of the 18th century in matters of the basic principles of tactics and methods of training and education of soldiers. Many provisions of this instruction have not lost their significance to this day and are embodied in modern principles of training and education of military personnel. In the second half of the 18th century, higher tactical formations appeared in the Ground Forces - divisions and corps. In 1768, the field army (Land Forces) was divided into eight divisions and three guard corps, for which permanent quartering areas were determined. Each division consisted of three types of troops: infantry, cavalry and artillery. A major role in the development of the Russian Army was played by the reform of the military command and control system carried out in early XIX century.

The Manifesto of Tsar Alexander 1 of September 8, 1802 established ministries instead of collegiums, including the Ministry of the Army. Subsequently, after the abolition of serfdom, the structure of the Russian army, the methods of its recruitment, the organization and armament of troops, and the system of training military personnel were reformed. Instead of the recruiting system, an all-class (universal) military service was introduced. In the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, significant qualitative changes took place in the armament of the SV. Smooth-bore guns disappeared, machine guns appeared, artillery was re-equipped, wire telegraph and new engineering tools were actively introduced.

All this led to changes in their organizational and staff structure, and also led to the emergence of new forms and methods of military operations. A new system of military command and control bodies was created (Military Collegium, Quartermaster Unit, and then the General Staff), and a coherent system of training command personnel was established. In the middle of the 19th century, the ground forces of Russia were divided into field, local, auxiliary, reserve, fortress and Finnish troops, as well as irregular (Cossack) units, state militia and reserve. They included four types of troops: infantry (82%), cavalry (9%), artillery (7.5%) and engineering troops (1.5%).

First world war(1914-1918) led to further changes in the structure of the Russian Army. On the eve and during the war, they consisted of infantry, cavalry and artillery, which were considered the main branches of the military. Engineering troops (sapper, pontoon, communications, telegraph, radiotelegraph), aviation and aeronautics were considered auxiliary. In addition to those listed, there were also railway troops, irregular Cossack troops and the state militia. During this period, the construction of the NE of Russia was carried out in the most difficult conditions of wartime and the growing economic and political crisis. Attempts to deploy multimillion-strong ground forces, provide them with modern weapons and staff with trained military personnel ran into the country's low economic opportunities, and the consequences of erroneous official views on the nature of the armed struggle negatively affected its results.

As the course of hostilities showed, this was the main reason for the heavy losses of the Russian army. But even in such unfavorable conditions, with skillful command, the ground groupings managed to achieve impressive success. For example, the so-called Brusilovsky breakthrough has not yet lost its significance from the point of view of military art - the offensive of the troops of the South-Western Front (1916) under the leadership of cavalry general A.A. Brusilov. The front had an almost equal ratio of forces and means with the enemy, and success was achieved due to the careful preparation of the operation, the decisive massing of forces and means in the breakthrough sectors, and the suddenness of the transition to the offensive.

It is noteworthy that the Western allies were able to solve the problem of breaking through the positional defense and developing tactical success into operational success only at the final stage of the war - in the fall of 1918. The experience of the First World War pointed to the expediency of a new for that time system of command and control of the army, which included links: Headquarters - front - field army. The improvement of the established system of administration was carried out in the right direction - in order to ensure the unity of administration in political, economic and military relations. However, the Russian military-political leadership managed to achieve significant results in resolving this key issue only towards the end of the war. After the socialist revolution of 1917, the old Russian army lost its combat capability, and in a short time a new Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was created, which underwent a baptism of fire in the conditions civil war and military intervention. The period of military construction between the two wars - the civil and the Great Patriotic Wars - is considered one of the most fruitful, having made a significant contribution to the development of the organizational structure of the Army and increasing the level of their technical equipment. One of major achievements in the field of construction of the SV was the creation of a new type of troops in the Ground Forces - motorized mechanized (since 1934 - armored vehicles), which played a crucial role in achieving victory over Nazi Germany. On the eve of the war, the number of armored troops increased by 7.4 times. Their main formations were divisions, which were part of the mechanized corps.

During this period, the SV included infantry, cavalry, artillery, armored troops, engineering troops and signal troops. However, due to the fact that the control of those branches of the armed forces that were customarily attributed to the SV was carried out by different control bodies (inspectors of the Red Army, the General Staff, the main and central departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense), formally they were not yet an independent type of the Armed Forces. The highest formation of the Ground Forces before the war was the combined arms army, which included 2-3 rifle corps, a mechanized corps (in the border districts), as well as units and subunits of aviation, artillery, engineering troops, communications and security.

Great importance in the pre-war period was given to the rearmament of formations and units of the Army. New artillery systems with improved tactical and technical characteristics were created and began to enter the troops, including the BM-13 (Katyusha) volley fire system, which had no analogues in the world, KV-1 and T-34 tanks, the latest tools engineering weapons, automatic small arms, anti-tank rifles, sniper rifles, etc. True, the Soviet Union did not have enough time on the eve of the war to organize their mass production and fully meet the needs of the troops. And yet, the Ground Forces had everything necessary to conduct an armed struggle against the aggressor. By the beginning of the war, they had 303 divisions (including 211 rifle, mountain rifle, motorized rifle and cavalry, 61 tank and 31 motorized), 3 separate brigades, over 110 thousand guns and mortars, about 23 thousand. tanks, and their share of the total strength of the Armed Forces was 79%. The Great Patriotic War occupies a special place in the history of the development of the SV. Since military operations on the Soviet-German front were carried out mainly on land, the main role in the armed struggle against an experienced and strong enemy belonged to the infantry (rifle troops), armored forces, artillery, formations of other military branches. Despite the exceptionally difficult conditions that prevailed at the beginning of the war, the SV managed to maintain combat effectiveness, significantly increase their combat capabilities, bleed the enemy in difficult defensive battles and go on a strategic offensive, which ended with the liberation of not only our country, but all of Eastern Europe, the complete elimination of further the threat of fascism.

Having withstood severe trials during the war years, the ground forces reached such a degree of development that they could effectively solve all the tasks assigned to them. Their numbers almost doubled, and a flexible and fairly effective structure was formed that met the conditions for conducting an armed struggle against a technically well-equipped enemy army. SVs developed mainly along the lines of strengthening strike and firepower, which was ensured primarily by the growth of armored troops and artillery. Thus, the share of armored and mechanized troops increased from 4.4% (1941) to 11.5% (1945), and the share of RVGK artillery from 12.6% (1941) to 20.7% (1943). During the war years, the technical equipment of the SV changed radically. The number of guns and mortars in the active army has increased by almost 3 times, tanks of new types - by 7-10 times, submachine guns - by about 30 times. In general, the armament of the SV has been updated by more than 80%. Moreover, many types of weapons and equipment surpassed foreign ones in their characteristics. The organizational structure of formations, formations and units of the Army was constantly changing in relation to the changing conditions of the armed struggle and new opportunities for equipping them with weapons and military equipment. The experience of the Great Patriotic War shows that even in the difficult conditions of wartime it is possible to successfully solve all the problems of the construction and development of the army. However, this requires the presence of the following basic conditions: a clear program of action; logistical and human resources; firm leadership of the troop building process; tension of all forces of the military-industrial complex. These conditions must, in our opinion, also be observed when carrying out modern transformations in the Armed Forces and the Ground Forces. The post-war period is characterized by the official organizational design of the SV as a branch of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and later by profound qualitative changes in them. With the end of the Great Patriotic War, the SV remained the most numerous and the most heterogeneous type of the Armed Forces in its composition. Their number at the final stage of the war amounted to almost 10 million people, and after demobilization by the end of 1948 - about 2.5 million.

Ground Forces, was engaged in their construction, development, and also led the operational, combat and mobilization training. In March 1946, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, by order of the Chief of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces, the Main Command of the Ground Forces was formed.

Its creation corresponded to the established practice of world military construction, when the armed forces are divided into types according to their intended purpose, taking into account their areas of application: land, sea, air. The importance of creating a new governing body for the Ground Forces was also emphasized by the appointment of their first Commander-in-Chief, Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov. Subsequently, the Land Forces were led by other well-known our military leaders: Marshals of the Soviet Union Konev I.S. (1946 - 1950, 1955 - 1956), Malinovsky R.Ya. (1956 -- 1957), Grechko A.A. (1957 -- 1960), Chuikov V.I. (1960 -- 1964), Petrov V.I. (1980 - 1985), generals of the army Pavlovsky I.G. (1967 - 1980), Ivanovsky (1985 - 1989), Varennikov V.I. (1989 -- 1991), Semenov V.M. (1991 -- 1996), Kormiltsev N.V. (2001 --2004). Despite the obvious expediency of creating and having the High Command of the Ground Forces in the SV, it was disbanded three times (1950, 1964, 1997), and the functions of managing the SV were transferred to the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. Each such disbandment was explained by the need to eliminate parallelism in work, eliminate duplicating controls, increase efficiency, and so on.

However, life itself proved the weakness of these arguments, and each time after a short time the High Command of the SV was restored again (1955, 1967, 2001). Guided by the principles of expediency and common sense, I would like to hope that this will not happen in the future. The main feature of the construction and development of military forces in the postwar period was that it was carried out under the influence of scientific and technological progress and was ensured by a close alliance of science and production in the interests of creating effective weapons, improving military equipment and weapons in accordance with the growing requirements of war, and the transition to an integrated automation of command and control of troops and weapons systems. During this period, it was possible to achieve a generally proportional and harmonious development of the weapons systems of the Army.

Along with nuclear missile weapons, which became the main means of armed struggle, tanks and artillery were intensively improved and modernized, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, helicopters, anti-aircraft missile defense systems and other modern weapons appeared. Scientific and technological progress initiated significant changes within the Ground Forces. After the war, the types of troops that became part of the Ground Forces were clearly defined, and they themselves received their own governing bodies.

Air defense troops, army aviation (aviation of the Ground Forces) became new branches of the armed forces, rifle troops turned into motorized rifle troops, artillery into rocket troops and artillery. Beginning in 1992, such large-scale transformations took place in the Ground Forces as part of the reform of the Armed Forces that their appearance changed significantly. Moreover, at first, far from better side, because at the beginning military reform in fact, it came down to a reduction in the Armed Forces and the Ground Forces as well. So, from 1989 to 1997, associations, formations, military units and organizations stationed in the territories of eight military districts were transferred from the NE to the CIS countries, troops were withdrawn from four groups of troops, 17 armies, 8 army corps, 104 divisions were reduced. The number of staff during this period decreased by more than 1 million 100 thousand military personnel, including 188 thousand officers were reduced (dismissed from military service). And only starting from 1997, the reform began to be carried out more purposefully, in accordance with the approved five-year plans for the construction and development of the Ground Forces.

SV structure

Taking into account the purpose and tasks to be solved, the Ground Forces have been brought to a three-component structure, which makes it possible to minimize the costs of their maintenance and adequately respond to military threats of various scales.

First component- military command and control bodies, formations and military units of constant readiness, capable of performing tasks in peacetime states without understaffing and designed to solve problems, together with other troops (forces), in local (border) military conflicts. The closest attention is now being paid to this component of the military forces in matters of staffing them with contract servicemen, modern weapons, military equipment, materiel, and ensuring the effectiveness and quality of combat training. In addition, it is planned to continue to increase the number of formations and units of constant readiness in the composition of the ground forces.

Second component- these are formations and military units of reduced strength, BHVT and personnel, capable of performing limited combat missions in peacetime states and designed to build up groupings of troops in a local (regional) war.

Third component-- strategic reserves designed to reinforce groupings of troops in a regional war. At present, the share of the Ground Forces in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation does not exceed 30%, which is the lowest figure compared to other armies in the world. The ground forces organizationally consist of motorized rifle and tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops, which are branches of the armed forces, as well as special troops (reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare, engineering, NBC protection, technical support, rear protection, rear units and organizations). Their combat strength is based on motorized rifle, tank divisions and brigades (including mountain divisions), brigades (regiments) of military branches and special forces, organized in the army and front (district) groupings of troops (forces).

ground forces military force

The formations and formations of the Ground Forces are the main component of the military districts: Moscow (MVO), Leningrad (LenVO), North Caucasus (SKVO), Volga-Ural (PUrVO), Siberian (SibVO), Far Eastern (FOR).

Motorized rifle troops- the most numerous branch of the armed forces, which forms the basis of the Ground Forces and the core of their battle formations. They are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile systems and installations, effective means of reconnaissance and control.

Tank forces- the type of troops and the main striking force of the Ground Forces. They are used mainly in the main directions for delivering powerful cutting blows to the enemy to a great depth. Possessing great stability and firepower, high mobility and maneuverability, tank troops are able to make full use of the results of nuclear and fire strikes, and in a short time reach end results combat and operations.

Rocket troops and artillery- a branch of the Ground Forces, which is the main means of fire and nuclear destruction in front-line and army (corps) operations and in combined arms combat. Designed to destroy nuclear weapons, manpower, artillery, other fire weapons and enemy targets.

Air defense troops- a branch of the Ground Forces designed to repel enemy air attacks and protect groupings of troops and rear facilities from air strikes.

Special Troops- military formations, institutions and organizations designed to ensure the combat activities of the Ground Forces and solve their inherent special tasks. The successful fulfillment of the tasks set before them by the combined-arms formations is ensured by special troops (engineering, radiation, chemical and biological defense, and others) and services (weapons, rear).

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