Musical development and education of children: musically aesthetic, rhythmic and development of hearing

How to develop an ear for music in a child

It turns out that people with good ear for music have excellent memory, persistent attention and extraordinary thinking. Many mothers think that in order to develop a child's ear for music, it is necessary to practice a lot and hard. But everything is much simpler! You can develop your musical skills in the form of a game. Working with your baby every day for twenty minutes, you can get very good results.

The voices of loved ones classical music, the sound of rain and the singing of birds - all these sounds bit by bit form ear for music newborn baby. Psychologists have long noticed that it is very harmful for a baby to be in constant silence. He must hear and listen to new sounds, this will provoke active brain activity, which is so important for his development.

To develop hearing in newborns, you can use:

In the first year of life, psychologists recommend using music in various situations. For example, when you are sad - turn on the appropriate music, joyfully - listen to funny compositions, and not be limited to lullabies alone. Thanks to this, it will be easier for the child to determine the mood of the melody in the future.
When the child begins to walk, you can master the rhythm of the melodies. To do this, you need to clap your hands to the beat of the melody. Observing you, the child will soon be able to repeat this without your help.

In the second year of life, you can teach a child to distinguish between low and high sounds. Show him how a mosquito buzzes - this is a high sound, like an elephant trumpets - this is a very low sound. Introduce the kid to the world of animals - show how a cow hums, how a dog barks, how a kitten meows.

Introduce your kid to the sounds of various musical instruments - guitar, piano, violin, organ, flute, accordion. In the music store, you can buy discs with recordings of the sounds of these instruments or download the melodies on the Internet.

This game is ideal for developing the hearing of children from four years old: take kitchen utensils - a saucepan, a glass, a crystal glass, plastic and glass bottles. Holding the tip of the pencil so as not to drown out the sound, tap each object. Let the child get used to these sounds. Ask him to turn away, and knock on one of the objects, the child must guess what kind of sound it is.

Folk songs are our wealth. Sing one of these songs to your child, just sing on old way and drag the letters, otherwise the song will not be as beautiful as it was intended. Our great-grandmothers, bending over the cradles of their children, not only skillfully developed their musical skills, but also calmed them down with the help of their songs.

Remember that in such a matter you cannot rush. From birth, gradually begin to develop your child's ear for music. If he doesn't like something, you shouldn't force it on him, postpone classes for another time. Desire plays a very important role here. Don't insist, be patient. And you will see that your work will not go in vain.

The article was prepared by Elena Barabanova,

specially for Women's Encyclopedia Malinka

If a child has an ear for music, then it is easier for him to learn to sing and play various instruments, and a sense of rhythm helps in dancing.

Music is an integral part of general culture... And it is very important with early childhood develop good taste in the child, give at least minimal knowledge in this area. Music brings harmony to life and develops a child, helps him to open up emotionally, fosters a sense of beauty. Besides music lessons develop thinking, coordination of movements, develop perseverance, attention, discipline, perseverance. Will such qualities harm someone?

Every child has their own musical ability. Some of the kids have an amazing sense of rhythm. Someone knows how to sing a song without falsehood. Some babies have wonderful musical memory... Children with whom it makes no sense to play music at all, because they are "unable", do not exist. Therefore, if the child likes to dance, if the child likes to sing songs, he has a craving for music. And it is worth supporting her - for a start at home, in a playful way.

How to develop musical abilities in children of different ages

Perhaps the simplest thing we can do to develop musical abilities in children is to give them the opportunity to listen to as much of a variety of music as possible.

Child from 1 to 3 years old

Mom's songs. In ancient times, the acquaintance of children with music began with mother's tender lullabies. Try to sing to your baby as much as possible. Let it be lullabies, nursery rhymes or just your favorite songs.

Lots of good music. During the day, when the child is playing, turn on children's songs, classical, folk, ethnic music, sounds of nature ... Watch the reaction of the little listener. If he doesn't like a particular music, suggest something else. Gradually introduce your child to different styles... True, rock and jazz must be dosed. They are too difficult for a child's perception.

Child from 4 to 5 years old

Musical cartoons. There are funny songs in many foreign cartoons... But it would be great to start with good old Russian cartoons. This is "Katerok", " A big secret for a small company "," The Bremen Town Musicians», « flying ship"... The kid will quickly memorize the songs and will sing them with pleasure.

Musical background. When a child draws, paints, sculpts, makes appliqués, turn on the classics for him as a background. It's good if the music matches the theme of the craft.

Games for the development of a musical sense of rhythm in children from 1 to 5 years old

Rhythm is not only music concept... It is found in poetry and even in mathematics. And in general, everything around obeys rhythm: day gives way to night, summer to autumn ... And teaching a child to feel the rhythm is important for his development.

Child from 1 to 3 years old

Clap our hands. For the first exercises, use the most common hand claps. Tell your baby simple, rhythmic rhymes, clearly dividing them into syllables, and clap your hands for every syllable or every second syllable. In these cases, you will end up with a different rhythm. For example, Agnia Barto's poems about toys will do: "U-ro-ni-mi-shku-na-pol o-tor-va-li-mi-shke-la-poo ..." Then take the baby by the arms and help clap him right. As they get older, the child will get better and better at hitting the rhythm on their own.

Tambourine. This wonderful toy should be in the arsenal of every kid. Let the smallest musicians thunder as they please. Towards 3 years old, show your baby that you can not just knock on a tambourine, but also tap out a certain rhythm.

Drum. When you have mastered the tambourine, go to the drum. Try tapping out the rhythm of the poem with your toddler in the same way you used to clapping your hands.

Maracas. This simplest instrument is also very good for hitting rhythm. If you don't have real maracas, two rattles will replace them with success. We take the "rattles" in our hands and arrange together with the baby incendiary dances to your favorite children's songs.

Child from 4 to 5 years old

Tick ​​tock! Play with the alarm clock! Set a loud ticking alarm in front of your child. Pay his attention to how rhythmically the clock ticks: tick-tock, tick-tock. Play along with the clock. And then accompany the watch in every way you can think of: clap, march, wave your hands, shake your head rhythmically, “stomp” a toy on the table, knock with a toy hammer ...

Mini disco. Why don't you arrange a real disco for your child? Play funny nursery rhymes, show him simple dance moves, and let him repeat after you. Dancing perfectly develops a sense of rhythm.

Classes for the development of a child's ear for music

Like any function of the body, the better developed the ear for music, the more it is used and trained. And what is needed for this? Experts believe that best exercise for the development of musical ear - this is singing.

Child from 1 to 3 years old

Let's eat with mom. In order for the baby to want to sing himself, you need to sing with him as often as possible. It is better that these are simple songs that are understandable to the baby. It is important that the songs contain short words that the baby can already pronounce.

Musical games. Collect every sounding gadget in your home: toy musical instruments, a guitar, rattles, a whistle, a plastic jar of cereals ... Consider these objects with your baby and listen to what sounds they make. And then the baby turns away, and the mother tells him a riddle: what sounded now? Then switch places with the child and guess his riddles. This game develops the child's ear for music, memory and attention.

Child from 4 to 5 years old

Karaoke for children. Singing karaoke is great entertainment not only for the baby, but also for the whole family. If in some places the baby is out of tune, correctly sing these pieces with him several times so that he tries to imitate you.

Children's musical instruments: xylophone and children's piano. Often a songbook with sheet music is attached to such toys. If there is none, you can find notes of simple songs on the Internet (or pick up by ear) and make a hint for the kid by drawing colored squares instead of notes corresponding to the xylophone keys (you can also stick colored hint squares on the piano keys). And let the baby train!

Musical fairy tales. This is a wonderful material for developing an ear for music and introducing a kid to culture. For example, good famous fairy tale Sergei Prokofiev "Peter and the Wolf" is a kind of guide to symphony orchestra... There, each character corresponds to his “own” musical instrument: a duck - an oboe, a bird - a flute, a cat - a clarinet, etc. Repeatedly listening to a fairy tale, a child will learn to recognize the timbre of the instruments by ear.

And the most wonderful game will be a home concert in which the whole family will take part. We take a guitar, or a flute, or harmonica, we give out to the rest a tambourine, maracas, wooden spoons, a drum - and we all sing our favorite song together. The neighbors may not like this "cacophony" too much, but your ensemble doesn't get together often, right? After all, the charge of positive emotions that the baby, yourself and your loved ones will receive is very important. And the understanding that another advantage of music is the introduction of bright moments into life that will definitely be remembered for a long time.

You might be interested in tests

Do you want to develop your child's ear for music? It turns out that potentially all children have an ear for music. The whole problem is that due to the lack of the correct musical education, this gift is ruined. But how does one need to deal with a child correctly in order to develop, if not absolute, then at least just a good ear?

Remember that when we teach a child to speak, we read books to him, tell fairy tales, nursery rhymes. And Small child constantly observes facial expressions, facial expressions, lip movements, etc. If we want to achieve a cleaner speech, then we stop lisping and distorting words after the child. Little children always imitate their parents, and the process of imitation also plays an important role.

Therefore, if you want to instill a love of music in a child, then show him your own positive example... Even if you have never held musical instruments in your hands, then you definitely had to sing. And even more often you listened to your favorite music. So start with this. Listen to good quality music that you yourself like. It can be emotional classical music, dance, folk, and even light rock.

No one has canceled the singing of lullabies or nursery rhymes either. Even in the womb, the child is able to feel the vibrations of the mother's voice. Sing a lot, sing heartily, sing softly and loudly. Expand your repertoire and after birth the child will recognize and love your voice.

When the boy grows up a little, you can offer him instruments: drums, pipes, children's guitars, a metallophone, a synthesizer. The main thing here is for the child to take part and create the music himself, and not just passively listen. Of course, you have to be patient before young talent will start outputting coherent melodies.

It would be nice to go with the child to children's concerts, musical performances watching relevant cartoons. Songs need to be selected with good plots, tk. they shape the child's outlook.

Vocal lessons with a child can be carried out from the moment when he just begins to repeat the words. Simple syllables can already be chanted "ma-ma-ma", "tu-tu-tu", "yes-yes-yes", etc.

Oddly enough, a toddler can be taught to sing by letting him just scream. Do not jerk him when he shouts at the entrance or in the arch of the house, where there is an echo. This will help your child learn to listen and enjoy their voice.

To teach the baby to distinguish between low, medium and high sounds, you can show on the instrument how a bear sounds, a bird sings, or a person speaks.

The baby is stressed at birth. The abrupt change in being that awaits him outside the mother's womb could become even more severe stress, but nature made sure that from the first days of life children adapt to new reality gradually. Hearing and vision in a baby is not yet the same as in adults - it will take time for them to develop and become full. When a newborn begins to hear and see how development processes proceed and how long they take, we will consider in detail in this article.

The baby is born very small and defenseless. Nevertheless, nature took care of him, providing everything necessary for a comfortable existence and gradual maturation.

How does a newborn's hearing develop?

Science says that the child begins to hear already at 16-17 weeks of development, that is, while still being a 4-month-old fetus. He hears well the music, voices and other sounds that surround his mother. When he is born, from the very first days of his life he is able to recognize those sounds and melodies that he heard most often, especially his mother's voice.

At first, newborn babies react only to loud sounds, but they do not pay attention to quiet voices or a bubbling TV - this is normal and does not mean that the baby has a hearing loss. You can check it with light hand claps next to the child's ear or ringing rattles. The fact that he heard these sounds will be indicated by his reaction in the form:

• movements of arms and legs;
• changes in facial expressions;
• eye movements;
• flinching or fading.

So when does a newborn start to hear? We now know what is still in the womb. He will turn his head in search of a sound source only by the end of the 3rd month - by this time he will have learned to hold his head, and the thirst for knowledge of the world around him will contribute to the development of hearing and vision. By the age of 5 months, the baby will already be able to react to intonation and distinguish the voices of others.

Hearing development chart from birth to 1 year

Hearing abnormalities

You should not try to diagnose your child with a bad hearing on your own - entrust this matter to a specialist. However, you should always be observant. Your baby needs to be seen by a doctor if you notice any of the following:

• the child does not react in any way to sharp loud sounds;
• the baby does not express any emotions when you talk to him (more in the article:);
• at the age of 4 months he is not interested in musical toys, conversations of others and other sources of sounds;
• the child often touches his ears (this symptom may also indicate increased pressure or infection).

It is also useful to know what complications with hearing in a newborn lead to. If your baby's health is important to you, keep the following factors in mind:

• rubella or measles during pregnancy;
• passion for alcohol and drugs;
• taking antibiotics and other toxic medications during pregnancy.

Abnormal childbirth can also lead to a child's hearing impairment. Do not be afraid to play it safe: if you see that any of the above signs are beginning to appear, immediately draw the attention of your local pediatrician to them. Many health problems can be successfully solved precisely due to the fact that they were discovered on time.

How is vision formed?

This article tells about typical ways of solving your questions, but each case is unique! If you want to know from me how to solve your particular problem - ask your question. It's fast and free!

Vision in a newborn also functions from the first days of life, although it is immediately blurred and forms during the first year. After giving birth, children see, but everything is different: some are already ready to learn the world through sight, while others just squint and cover their eyes.

Visual acuity in a newborn also differs from that of an adult (0.005-0.015) - during the first months it reaches an indicator of 0.01-0.03. The development of vision is closely interconnected with the formation of the centers of the brain, eyeball and retina. The so-called macular spot (a fragment of the retina on which one hundred percent vision of 1.0 is achieved) is not yet available in the newborn.

For 1 year, the baby's vision is finally formed. This process consists of the following stages:

1. Immediately after birth, the child sees only gray tones and can only distinguish between light or darkness.
2. In 1 month, large objects stand out against a general fuzzy background.
3. At 2 months - formation central vision... The kid can already focus his gaze on objects, and not even look at them motionless, but "slide" over them, follow the moving people with his eyes.
4. At 3 months, the baby begins to distinguish between red and yellow.
5. At 4 months, the baby already sees well. He also distinguishes other colors, but without shades; he examines with interest his pens and toys, which he can already grab and hold. He has not yet been able to estimate the distance to objects, as well as their volume (for example, he may try to grab a drawn flower).
6. At 5 months, the child can distinguish all colors. Confidently grabs toys and pulls them into his mouth, which indicates the development of coordination of movements.
7. At 6 months, the photosensitivity of children's eyes approaches that of an adult (2/3 of the level of an adult).
8. At 7-8 months, the baby can distinguish geometric shapes.
9. At 8-12 months children's eye is already able to distinguish between parts of objects and shades of colors (we recommend reading :).

By the end of the first year, vision is fully formed. A child sees the world around him like adults. Now it is worth taking care to preserve this vision.

Vision development chart from birth to 1 year

Possible pathologies of vision

In order for a child to have deviations in the formation of vision, serious reasons are needed. They are usually associated with the course of pregnancy. Poor vision or blindness can be caused by:

• rubella, which the mother had had while carrying the baby;
• toxemia, toxoplasmosis or toxocariasis.

Close observation of the child's behavior will help to quickly recognize the developing pathology. Mom can independently conduct a simple test: close one eye to the baby and show the toy, and then repeat it with the other eye. If everything is in order with the baby's eyes, he will definitely react to a beautiful object. By the end of the first month of life, he should already be able to focus his gaze at least for a short time.

Many children can mow a little for up to six months - this is normal, since binocular vision will form only by 6 weeks, and the baby will begin to see consciously after 12 weeks. Then he will begin to work synchronously with both eyes, and while he does not know how to do this, it may seem as if he is looking with each eye separately. If after 6 months nothing has changed, you should be concerned about the likelihood of developing strabismus and consult a doctor. Unaesthetic appearance- not the main danger of strabismus. If left uncorrected, it can lead to blindness.

To facilitate correct development vision in a newborn, it is necessary from the very early age use simple techniques:

• you need to try to keep the child more upright - this way it is easier for him to focus his gaze;
• when the newborn begins to see well, you should not move him quickly, you need to give him time to concentrate;
• objects or faces should be at a distance of about 40 cm from the baby's face, in order to avoid the development of strabismus;
• do not allow poor lighting in the children's room.

Psychologists advise, in order to avoid stressful moments, the mother and all relatives with whom the child lives, if possible, not to change the appearance - hairstyle, glasses, mustache and beard. Even facial expressions are recommended not to diversify too much. At first, it is better to keep the appearance familiar to the newborn.

People are not born with an ear for music; it must be trained and nurtured for a long time and correctly.

All children are born with the prerequisites for an ear for music., and the possibilities of its development are practically endless. Hearing loss is as rare as congenital blindness. Without it, we, for example, would not recognize people by their voice. Non-verbal characteristics of speech sometimes give us much more information than spoken words.

The vast majority of people hearing is developed enough to play music and achieve excellent results without special intensive training to develop their abilities.

Playing the instrument requires self-dedication from the child and his parents. Are you ready for this?

2 If the child, as they say, “the bear stepped on the ear,” then there is nothing you can do about it!

The problem is that very often musical ability is judged by a person's singing ability. Can't you sing? It means that you have "a bear stepped on your ear", you have "no hearing."

It is important to bear in mind that problems such as "unclean" intonation of individual sounds and musical phrases by no means always indicate a lack of musical ability. Often, children, especially small ones, do not know how to control their voice, vocal cords, as a result of which they cannot accurately convey the sound of a note or melody that exists in their minds in an absolutely correct version. This gives rise to the widespread misconception that a child who sings out of tune is devoid of musical ear in principle.

How to develop a child's musical ability?

Listen to music together while the baby is still in the tummy

Sing songs to the baby - from lullabies to cheerful marches

Learn baby songs and melodious adult songs with your toddler

Show your kid musical cartoons

Buy children's tools and show you how to use them

Play music games on your gadgets.

3 The kid will listen to classical music only if he is accustomed to it from the cradle.

If classical music is often played in the house, the child will perceive it well. But it should not be imposed on the child, otherwise it will cause rejection. Play the classics, but little by little, for 5-10 minutes. Don't turn on the music loudly, watch the baby's reaction. He does not like? Turn off: either your baby has not yet grown to such music, or it does not suit him on a psycho-emotional level.

4 Studying music is an empty pastime and should only be done by those who have decided to make a career in this area.

There is an opinion that if we “deprive a child of childhood”, it’s only for the sake of professional activities. But after all, music lessons are extremely useful at the level of general development!

Musical education is very necessary for all children for their development. Musical children are better developed memory, visual perception, speech, coordination of hearing and movements, fantasy. In addition to mastering the skill of playing an instrument, the child trains memory and perseverance. becomes more disciplined. Music education has positive influence on general development... But before you take your toddler to a specialized school, think about the workload that you add to both the child and yourself. After all, not all children (and parents) are ready to accept and endure it.

5 There are "difficult" and "light" musical instruments, and it is better to take the first steps on "light" ones, such as drums.

All instruments are complex, playing them requires the development of hearing, memory, and rhythm. For example, to play on percussion instruments you need a well-developed sense of rhythm... Many children who come to enroll in music school, it is not perfect enough. Brilliant coordination is also needed. By the way, without it on any instrument anywhere ...

Classics that every kid should hear:

P.I. Tchaikovsky, music for the ballet "The Nutcracker"
P.I. Tchaikovsky, plays from the "Children's Album"
P.I. Tchaikovsky, plays from the cycle "Seasons"
V.A. Mozart, "Little Night Serenade"
E. Grieg, suite "Per-Gucht"
F. Chopin, works of the parents' choice
ON. Rimsky-Korsakov, "Scheherazade"
V.A. Mozart, Symphony No. 40, 1 movement
L. Beethoven "To Eliza"