Teacher, what kinds of fairy tales do you know. Development of the creative imagination of preschoolers in the process of composing fairy tales

Fairy tales are different:
Told and untold ...

Let's start with the fact that I will give you the most famous classification of fairy tales.

So, fairy tales are: folk and. Folk - these are those who do not have a specific author, the tale was passed down among the people by word of mouth and no one will say who it was originally written by. An author's tale is a fairy tale that has a specific author. For example, "Black chicken or Underground inhabitants»Is copyrighted because its author is known. This is Anthony Pogorelsky.

Next classification concerns not authorship, but the content of fairy tales. According to this characteristic fairy tales are subdivided into:

1. Fairy tales about animals;

2. Magic;

3. Social and household (satirical and household).

Animal Tales

These are the same tales that should be read by the very first (up to 5-6 years old). They involve permanent characters (, wolf, fox, etc.). Mainly indicated persistent signs animals (the fox is cunning, the bear is strong, the cat is smart, the hare is fearful, etc.). Of these tales, covulative tales stand out - selected according to the principle of plot connection ("Turnip", "Kolobok", "Teremok"). Many of them have a childish language tint (a mouse-nose, a cat - a little white tummy).

Fairy tales

They involve romantic heroes which embody the most best qualities person. Obligatory for this fairy tale: the image of the positive hero + helpers +. The main thing in such tales is the struggle for love, for truth, for good. They are characterized by a rich language, color definitions, negative characters- fantastic (Baba-Yaga, Leshy, Kikimora, Serpent-Gorynych). As for the structure of fairy tales, there must be a fabulous beginning (once upon a time), the middle (the morning of the evening is wiser, how long is it short) and the ending (and I was there, honey - I drank beer).

Social and everyday tales

They are showing real life, social content, ridicule of negative human qualities. High moral qualities do not belong to the rich and high-ranking people, but to representatives of the people (soldier, old man). It is not strength that conquers, but intelligence and skill. Are given sharp negative characteristics master, priest, king and others. Such tales appeared when there was a desire to change the social order, and they expressed the democratic attitude of the people (the author). In social and everyday tales, puns, humor, shape-shifters, laughter, and satire are widely used.

In addition to all of the above, other types of fairy tales appear: personalized- about a specific person who is not invented by the author, but actually exists. Therapeutic- which help to correct the behavior, habits of children (for example, weaning off nail biting).

It is possible that there are some other types of fairy tales, but I only know these. If you also know what fairy tales are, I ask you to supplement this list in the comments.

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Our life is simply impossible to imagine without fairy tales. We get to know them back in early childhood... From fairy tales we learn for the first time that there are good and bad, good and evil in the world. Fairy tales awaken and develop the imagination, teach little man distinguish good from bad, think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him to enter adult life... First, mom reads to us "Turnip" and "Ryaba Chicken", then enters into Magic world tales of Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we already read it amazing fairy tales Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianchi and Evgeny Schwartz. And what kind of fairy tales are there?

Fairy tales are:

1. folk, or folklore;
2. literary, or author's.

Types of children's folk tales

Folk tale came to us from time immemorial. After a hard working day or long winter evenings, with a torch lit in the hut, people folded and listened to fairy tales. Then they retell them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new characters and events. So they were passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were formed not only for the sake of entertainment, in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales, we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, the glorification of courage and bravery, disregard for stupidity, hatred of enemies or mockery of them. A folk tale allows you to feel the connection with the past and gives you the opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.

Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:

1. animal tales;
2. fairy tales;
3. everyday tales.

Animal Tales... From time immemorial, animals have lived next to humans, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters. folk tales... Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such fairytale character immediately becomes clearer to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. According to the genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative (repeating fairy tales). A distinctive feature of a cumulative fairy tale is the repeated repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in "The Turnip" and "The Hen Ryaba".

Fairy tales differ in that their characters act in a fantastic, unreal world, which lives and acts according to its own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures, exciting the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:

• heroic tales related to the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, a man-eater, a giant, a witch, a monster or an evil wizard;
• fairy tales related to the search or use of any magical object;
• fairy tales related to wedding trials;
• tales of the oppressed in the family (for example, about the stepdaughter and the evil stepmother).

Household tales... A feature of everyday fairy tales is the reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life... They rise social problems, ridiculed negative human qualities and actions. Elements of a fairy tale may also be present in an everyday fairy tale. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (man, soldier) emerges victorious from all the troubles.

Types of children's literary fairy tales

And what is a literary tale? Have literary tale there is an author, therefore it is also called the author's. This piece of art, which can be written in prosaic or poetic form. The plot of a literary tale can be based on folklore sources, or it can be an exclusively original idea of ​​the author. A literary tale is more diverse in its plot, the narrative in it is richer, it abounds in various literary techniques... In it, as in a folk tale, there is also fiction and magic. But the predecessor author's tale, of course, there was a folk tale, it is too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, the author's individual fantasy, the selection from the treasury of folklore only what the author needs to express and shape his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary tale and a folk tale.

The tales of A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, W. Bianchi, J.R.R. Tolkien and many other remarkable storytellers.

Despite the difference in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - good. After all the twists and turns and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always triumph. There are no evil tales. Fairy tales are only kind. That's why they are fairy tales.

A fairy tale is a specific phenomenon that unites several genres. Russian fairy tales are usually divided into the following genres: about animals, magic and everyday (anecdotal and novelistic). Historically, fairy tales are a rather late phenomenon. The prerequisite for their creation for each nation was the decomposition of the primitive communal system and decline mythological worldview... The most ancient are fairy tales about animals, later fairy tales and anecdotal ones appeared, and even later - novelistic ones.

The main artistic feature of fairy tales is their plot. The plot arose due to the conflict, and the conflict was generated by life. The antithesis between dream and reality always lies at the heart of a fairy tale. Dream triumphs in the world of fairy tales. The tale always appears main character, the action unfolds around him. The hero's victory is an obligatory setting of the plot, the fabulous action does not allow for the violation of chronology or the development of parallel lines, it is strictly sequential and one-line.

Fairy-tale plots can be combined in one story. This phenomenon is called contamination (from Lat. Contaminatio - "mixing.

Fairy-tale plots have the usual epic development: exposition - setting - development of action - culmination - denouement. Compositionally fabulous plot consists of motives. A fairy tale usually has a main, central motive. Fabulous motives are often tripled: three tasks, three trips, three meetings, etc. This creates a measured epic rhythm, a philosophical tonality, and restrains the dynamic swiftness of plot action. But the main thing is that trebling serves to reveal the idea of ​​the plot. Elementary plots consist of only one motive (such, probably, were the ancient myths). More complex view are cumulative plots (from Lat. cumulare - "increase, accumulation") - arising from the accumulation of chains of variations of the same motive. The telling of fairy tales used traditional beginnings and endings - initial and final formulas. They were especially consistently used in fairy tales. The most typical are: In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, he lived ...(start); They made a feast for the whole world. And I was there, drinking honey-beer, flowing down my mustache, but it didn't get into my mouth(ending). The beginning took the listeners away from reality into the world of a fairy tale, and the ending brought them back, jokingly emphasizing that a fairy tale is the same fiction as the same honey beer, which did not get into the mouth.

Fairy tales about animals (or animal epics) stand out on the basis that their main characters are animals. Structurally, the works of the animal epic are diverse. There are one-motive fairy tales ("The Wolf and the Pig", "The Fox Drowns the Jug"), but they are rare, since the principle of repetition is very developed. First of all, it manifests itself in cumulative plots. different kind... Among them - a three-time repetition of the meeting ("Lubyanaya and Ice Hut"). Known plots with a multiple line of repetition ("Wolf-fool"), which sometimes can claim to develop into bad infinity ("Crane and Heron"). But most often, cumulative stories are presented as many times (up to 7 times) increasing or decreasing recurrence. The last link has a resolving ability.

For the composition of animal tales great importance has contamination. Only a small part of these tales represent stable plots, but in general, the index reflects not plots, but only motives. Motives are connected with each other in the process of storytelling, but almost never performed separately.

The genre form of the fairy tale was defined in folklore quite late, only after the decline of the mythological worldview. The hero of a fairy tale - a common person, morally and economically disadvantaged as a result of the historical reorganization of the way of life. Actually, the fairy-tale conflict is a family one, it was in it that the social nature of the fairy tale genre manifested itself. Two conflicts of different historical depths - mythological and family - united within the same genre thanks to the image of the protagonist, which in all its modifications combines mythological and real (everyday) features.

From mythology, the tale inherited two types of hero: "tall" (hero) and "low" (fool); the fairy tale itself gives rise to a third type, which can be defined as "ideal" (Ivan Tsarevich). Any type of hero is usually the third, younger brother and bears the name Ivan.

Most ancient type the hero is a hero, miraculously born from a totem. Endowed with a huge physical strength, it expresses the early stage of human idealization. Around the extraordinary strength of the hero. The main role of the heroine of a fairy tale is to be an assistant to the groom or husband. The Fairy Tale is one of the largest narrative forms of classical folklore. All her plots retain the traditional uniformity of composition: your kingdom - road to another kingdom - v another kingdom - road from another kingdom - your kingdom. According to this narrative logic fairy tale unites into a whole (into a plot) a chain of motives.

In the construction of magical and fairy-tale plots, traditional stylistics played a certain role: beginnings, endings, as well as internal formulas of a compositional nature.

The presence of formulas is a clear sign of the style of a fairy tale. Many formulas are of a pictorial nature, are associated with wonderful characters, are their kind of labeling.

The fairy tale actively used a common for many folklore genres poetic style: comparisons, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes; proverbs, sayings, jokes; various nicknames of people and animals. Formulas depicting a wonderful horse, Baba Yaga, are widely known. Some fabulous formulas go back to conspiracies, they persist clear signs magic speech (summoning a wonderful horse,

Household tales. In everyday fairy tales, a different view of a person and the world around him is expressed. Their fiction is based not on miracles, but on reality, people's everyday life.

The events of everyday fairy tales always unfold in one space - conditionally real, but these events themselves are incredible Due to the improbability of events, everyday fairy tales are fairy tales, and not just everyday stories. Their aesthetics requires an unusual, unexpected, sudden development of the action. In everyday fairy tales, purely fantastic characters, such as the devil, Grief, Share, sometimes appear. The plot develops thanks to the hero's collision with magic powers, but with difficult life circumstances. The hero comes out unscathed from the most hopeless situations, because a happy coincidence of events helps him. But more often he helps himself - wit, resourcefulness, even trickery. Everyday fairy tales idealize the activity, independence, intelligence, courage of a person in his life struggle.

The artistic sophistication of the narrative form is not characteristic of everyday fairy tales: they are characterized by brevity of presentation, colloquial vocabulary, dialogue. Everyday fairy tales do not strive to triple motives and generally do not have such developed plots as magic ones. Fairy tales of this type do not know colorful epithets and poetic formulas.

Of the compositional formulas, the simplest beginning is widespread in them Once upon a time, there were as a signal for the beginning of a fairy tale. It is archaic in origin.

Artistic framing of everyday fairy tales with beginnings and endings is optional, many of them begin right from the outset and end with the final touch the plot itself.

Anecdotal tales. Researchers call everyday anecdotal tales differently: "satirical", "satirical-comic", "everyday", "social", "adventurous". They are based on universal laughter as a means of conflict resolution and a method of destroying the enemy. The hero of this genre is a person humiliated in a family or in society: a poor peasant, an employee, a thief, a soldier, an innocent fool, unloved husband... His opponents are a rich man, a priest, a gentleman, a judge, a devil, "smart" older brothers, an evil wife.

No one takes such stories for reality, otherwise they would have caused only a feeling of indignation. An anecdotal tale is a funny farce, the logic of the development of its plot is the logic of laughter, which is opposite to the usual logic, eccentric. The anecdotal tale took shape only in the Middle Ages. She absorbed the late class contradictions: between wealth and poverty, between peasants. In fairy tales, a realistic grotesque is used - a fiction based on reality. The tale uses the technique of parodying, comic word creation. Anecdotal tales can have an elementary, one-motive plot. They can also be cumulative ("Stuffed fool", "Good and bad"). But their especially characteristic property is a free and mobile composition, open to contamination.

Short stories. Everyday novelistic tales brought a new quality to narrative folklore: interest in inner peace person.

The theme of fairy tales-short stories is personal life, and the characters are people connected by premarital, marital or other family relations. The heroes of novelistic tales are separated lovers, a slandered girl, a son expelled by a mother, an innocently persecuted wife. In terms of content, the following groups of subjects are distinguished in this genre: about marriage or marriage ("Signs of a princess", "Unsolved riddles"); about the test of women ("Dispute about the loyalty of a wife", "Seven Years"); about robbers ("The Robber Groom"); about a foregone conclusion of the predicted fate ("Marko Bogaty", "Truth and Krivda"). Often the plots are "wandering", developed in different time and among many nations.

In the Russian fairy tale, many short stories came from folk books XVII-XVIII centuries along with extensive translated literature - chivalric romances and stories. Novelistic tales have a structure similar to magic ones: they also consist of a chain of motives of different contents. However, unlike fairy tales, short stories do not depict the hero's entire life, but only some episode from it.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. A fictional story of a fantastic, adventure or everyday character.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is "an attitude towards disclosing the truth of life with the help of a conditional poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality."

A fairy tale is an abstracted form of local tradition, presented in a more concise and crystallized form: The original form of folklore tales are local traditions, parapsychological stories and tales of miracles that arise in the form of ordinary hallucinations due to the invasion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a type of oral storytelling with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends, which M.-L. Von Franz, takes the tale beyond the limits of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only a poetic fiction or a play of fantasy; through the content, language, plots and images, the cultural values ​​of its creator are reflected in it.

For a long time, fairy tales were close and understandable to the common people. Fantasy was intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, and self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales, justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no accident that A. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem! "

The composition of the fairy tale:

1. Initiation. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, lived-were ...”).

2. The main part.

3. The ending. ("They began to live - to live well and make good money" or "They arranged a feast for the whole world ...").

Any fairy tale is focused on a socio-pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages action, and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

The fairy tale differs from other prosaic genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic principle manifests itself in the idealization of positive characters, and in the vivid depiction of the "fairy world", and in the romantic coloring of events.

The wisdom and value of a fairy tale lies in the fact that it reflects, reveals and allows one to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life sense generally. From point of view everyday meaning the tale is naive, from the point of view of the meaning of life - deep and inexhaustible.

The most important ideas, main problems, plot pivots and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in fairy tales. different nations... In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although it is not completely uniform. So, with the problem-thematic approach, tales dedicated to animals, tales of unusual and supernatural events, adventure tales, social tales, anecdote tales, shape-shifting tales and others are distinguished.

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Fairy tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Household tales.

Animal Tales

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, make peace. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totemic beast, the patron saint of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, a bear that became a hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving insults (the tale "The Bear"). The further the belief goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays an important role. The wolf is wise and cunning in beliefs, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology turns into art in it. The tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence - the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Animals in the Pit").

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. Such tales are based on a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is surreal, but also its very nature (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden." usually occur with the help of magical creatures or items.

Household tales

The reproduction of everyday life in them becomes a characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often lies in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always aroused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

A fairy tale is a miracle! A wonderful world, familiar from childhood, where good always triumphs over evil. Talking animals and dragons, brave heroes and beautiful princesses live on the pages of fairy-tale books, good fairies and evil sorcerers. Fairy tales urge not only to believe in miracles, but also teach kindness, responsiveness, not to succumb to difficulties, listen to parents and not judge others by their appearance.

What are the fairy tales

A fairy tale is a narrative with fictional characters and a plot, which is of an everyday, heroic or magical character. They are folklore (compiled by the people), literary (include features of folk tales, but belong to one author) and author's (written by one specific author). Folklore tales are divided into magical, everyday and about animals.

Folklore

Before reaching the reader, they pass a long way... They are passed down orally from generation to generation until some collector of legends writes them down on paper. It is believed that the heroes of the first narratives were the Earth, the Sun, the Moon and others natural phenomena, and the images of people and animals began to be used later.

The folk tales have enough simple structure: proverb, beginning and end. The text is easy to read and does not contain compound words... But despite its apparent simplicity, it retains all the richness of the Russian language. Folklore tales are easily perceived even by little ones, which makes them the best choice for reading before bed. This will not only prepare the child for sleep, but also gently teach life values.

The main signs of a fairy tale:

1. Fabulous stamps "Once upon a time", "In a certain kingdom."
2. Use of proverbs and sayings.
3. Obligatory victory of good in the final.
4. The tests that the heroes pass are educational and moral character.
5. The animals saved by the hero help him to get out of difficult situations.

Household

The action takes place in Everyday life, not "in the distant kingdom", But in an ordinary town or village. The life of that time, features and habits are described. The heroes are the poor and merchants, spouses, soldiers, servants and gentlemen. The plot is based on ordinary life situations and conflicts, which the heroes have to solve with the help of skill, ingenuity and even cunning.

Everyday fairy tales ridicule human vices, greed, stupidity, ignorance. The main message of such stories is that one should not be afraid of work, not be lazy and confidently overcome obstacles. Treat others with kindness, be responsive to the grief of others, do not lie and do not skimp. For example, "Porridge from an ax", "Turnip", "Daughter-seven years old".

About animals

Animals are often the characters. They live and communicate like people, talk and play pranks, quarrel and make peace. Among the characters, there is no clear division into positive and negative heroes ... Each of them is endowed with one hallmark, which is played out in the plot of the tale. A cunning fox, an evil wolf, a hardworking hare, and a wise owl. Such images are understandable to children, and give ideas about intelligence and stupidity, about cowardice and courage, about greed and kindness.

Magic

What is a fairy tale? This mysterious world filled with magic and magic. Where animals, nature and even objects can speak. The composition is more complex, it includes an introduction, an opening, a central plot, a climax and a denouement. The plot is based on overcoming any difficult situation or the return of loss. For example, "Frost", "Finist clear falcon", "Cinderella".

The world of the characters is unusually diverse. G lavish heroes have everything positive qualities, that is, such as kindness, generosity, responsiveness, courage. They are opposed by evil, greedy and selfish negative heroes. In the fight against enemies goodies help from wonderful helpers and magic items. The ending is certainly happy. The hero returns home with honors, having overcome all adversity and obstacles.

Literary

Has a specific author but is closely related to folklore. A literary tale reflects the author's view of the world, his ideas and desires, while folk tales demonstrate generalized values. The writer empathizes with the main characters, expresses sympathy for individual actors and openly ridicules negative characters.

The plots of folk tales are often the basis.

• the hero's belonging to the world of magic;
• hostility between foster parents and children;
• the hero is helped by nature, living beings and magical attributes.

To imitate folk tales, the same principles are applied: a fairy-tale setting, talking animals, three-fold repetitions and vernaculars. The images of the main characters of folk tales are often used: Ivan the Fool, Baba Yaga, Tsar Koschey and others. The author strives for more detail, characters and personal qualities the characters are spelled out in detail, the environment is close to reality and two generations are necessarily present: the older (parents) and the younger (children).

TO striking examples a literary tale can be attributed to the work of A. Pushkin " gold fish", G. Andersen" The Snow Queen”And Ch. Perrault“ Puss in Boots ”.

Whatever the fairy tale, its goal is to teach the child not to despair, boldly take on tasks, respect someone else's opinion. Considering vivid illustrations, it is easy to come up with your own plot based on an already familiar story. Even an adult will find it useful to break away from the usual cycle of days and immerse himself in wonderful world magic.