The NKVD People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR was the central body of state administration of the USSR for combating crime and maintaining public order in 1934 1946, later renamed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. For ... ... Wikipedia

In the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, Speculation and Sabotage (VChK) with large powers, mainly of a repressive nature. WITH… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

STATE SECURITY BODIES in the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917 SNK created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK). In 1922 it was transformed into the State Political ... ... Russian history

In the Soviet state in 1917 91. In December 1917 the Council of People's Commissars created the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, Speculation and Sabotage (VChK) with large powers, mainly of a repressive nature. From February 1918 on the basis of ... encyclopedic Dictionary

See also: Censorship in the USSR and the Chronology of Soviet Censorship Main Directorate for Literature and Publishing House (abbr. Officer Glavlit), a government body of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that carried out censorship ... ... Wikipedia

Commissioner state security 3rd rank special title the highest commanding staff in the state security agencies of the USSR. Contents 1 History 2 Insignia 3 Assignments ... Wikipedia

State Security Commissioner of the 2nd rank is a special rank of the highest commanding staff in the state security bodies of the USSR. Introduced by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 10/07/1935, canceled by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme ... ... Wikipedia

Senior Major of State Security is a special rank of the highest command personnel of the organs of the NKVD and the NKGB of the USSR, introduced on October 7, 1935 by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Previous lower rank: Major of the State ... ... Wikipedia

State Security Commissioner of the 1st rank (correctly: State Security Commissioner of the 1st rank) is a special rank of the highest commanding staff in the state security bodies of the USSR. Introduced by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars ... ... Wikipedia

Special rank of the highest command staff of the GUGB NKVD of the USSR and the NKGB of the USSR. The title was introduced on 9.2.1943 instead of the title of "senior major of state security". State Security Commissioner roughly corresponded to the rank of General ... Wikipedia

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• Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR, Jesse Russell. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) ...
• Personal Guard "of Stalin. Main Directorate of the NKVD, Deryabin, Pyotr Sergeevich. For more than ten years Pyotr Deryabin served in the NKVD-MGB, in the government guard. It was at the end of the Stalinist era, when the security system of the top leadership of the USSR reached ...

In addition to units of the regular army, units of the NKVD troops took an active part in the war. In 1940, the structure of the NKVD of the USSR under the leadership of L.P. Beria included:

1. The leadership of the People's Commissariat with several secretariats.
   1. GUGB with departments:
      • protection of leading party and Soviet workers (24 departments);
      • secret-political (12 branches);
      • counterintelligence (19 branches);
      • special (12 branches);
      • foreign (17 branches);
      • encryption (8 branches).
      • Main economic department with 6 departments for the main sectors of the national economy (industry, agriculture, defense industries, State Sign, etc.). Main transport department with 3 departments.
   2. Main Directorate of Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD. In accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of February 2, 1939, it was divided into 6 departments:
      • Main Directorate of Border Troops;
      • Main Directorate of Troops for the Protection of Railway Structures;
      • Main Directorate for the Protection of Particularly Important Industrial Enterprises;
      • Main Directorate of Convoy Troops;
      • General Directorate of Military Supply;
      • Main Military Construction Directorate.
2. Main Archives Directorate
3. General Directorate of Fire Protection
4. General Directorate of Highways
5. General Administration of Camps (GULAG)
6. General Prison Administration
7. Central Department of Civil Status Acts
8. Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin
9. Office of Prisoners of War and Internees
10. Main Directorate of Workers 'and Peasants' Militia:
    1. Criminal Investigation Department
    2. Department of BHSS
    3. External service department
    4. Political department
    5. Traffic police department
    6. Railway police department
    7. Passport Office
    8. Local Air Defense Division
    9. Scientific and technical department
    10. Department for the fight against banditry (created in April 1941, in October 1941 it became an independent department of the NKVD of the USSR, and then - the department).

In addition, the NKVD of the USSR had 5 special departments in charge of accounting, statistics, communications, equipment, etc. The staff of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR increased by 1940 almost four times compared with 1934 and exceeded 30,000 people.

In February 1941, the state security organs were separated from the NKVD system of the USSR. The People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR was formed. This People's Commissariat consisted of:

1. Intelligence Directorate
2. Counterintelligence Directorate
3. Secret Political Directorate
4. Investigative part (on the rights of management)
5. Office of the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin, which included five departments
6. Human Resources Department
7. The Secretariat
8. Administrative, economic and financial department.

In July 1941, the People's Commissars of State Security and Internal Affairs were again united into the NKVD of the USSR. However, in April 1943, a new division of the USSR NKVD took place into two People's Commissariats - the USSR NKVD and the USSR NKGB and the SMERSH Red Army Counterintelligence Directorate.

During the Great Patriotic War the main links of the system of internal affairs bodies have not undergone significant changes. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 22, 1941 "On martial law", it was established that in areas declared under martial law, the functions of state authorities in the field of protection, ensuring public order and state security were transferred to military councils of fronts, armies, military districts , and where they were absent - to the high command of the military formations. In accordance with this, the internal affairs bodies were transferred to the full subordination of the military command.

NKVD troops

Components of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR (1938)	Number, people
Border troops	117 468
Internal troops, including:	148 269
Operational parts Convoy units Railroad protection parts Parts for the protection of industrial facilities Anti-aircraft artillery and anti-aircraft machine gun subunits and air defense units	25 120 28 800 50 200 41 149 3 000
Military schools	13 238
Military warehouses	1 851
Total	280 826

Let's compare such data. In 1853, i.e. in tsarist times, Russia's internal guard numbered 145,000. In 1938, i.e. 85 years later, the internal troops of the Soviet state numbered 148,269 people. Thus, these indicators, despite the change in political regimes, have remained practically unchanged. These data refute many publications that the number of internal troops in the 30s in the USSR increased significantly due to repressions.

On February 2, 1939, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a decree according to which the Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR was divided into six main directorates. In this regard, the post of Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR for troops was established. From 1939 to 1958, General of the Army II Maslennikov, Colonel Generals AN Apollonov and SN Perevertkin were in this position.

The reorganization carried out in 1939 contributed to the concretization of the leadership of the troops. At the same time, she clearly suffered from gigantomania and led to the creation of a rather cumbersome central apparatus. In subsequent years, the number of military directorates within the NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR decreased. Already in February 1941, the Main Directorate of Troops for the Protection of Railway Structures and the Main Directorate of Troops for the Protection of Particularly Important Industrial Enterprises were merged into one Main Directorate. With the aim of numerically reducing the apparatus, at the same time, the Main Directorate of the Convoy Troops was reorganized into the Directorate of the Convoy Troops.

After the reorganization was carried out, all the components of the NKVD troops continued to be strengthened. Parts of the operational mission are being strengthened, especially in the border military districts, where the number of operational regiments is brought to twelve.

In 1939-1940, the internal troops, together with border guards, took part in the war with Finland. In order to ensure the fastest advancement of the Red Army units and create normal conditions for the work of the rear, by a joint order of the USSR People's Commissars of Defense and Internal Affairs of the USSR of December 26, 1939, 7 NKVD regiments of the USSR and one reserve regiment with a total strength of 1500 people each were formed, which performed tasks on rear protection. The command of the NKVD regiments was carried out by the assistants of the army commanders for the protection of the rear, assigned by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. These regiments were formed on the basis of border units with the inclusion of units of internal troops in them.

On the procedure for using the NKVD regiments, the Commander-in-Chief sent a directive to the troops that the NKVD regiments "in any case, do not throw into battle to help the advanced infantry units", and use only to protect military rear services and roads to them from detours and destruction by the enemy.

The Great Patriotic War brought significant changes to the service of the internal troops. So, in Brest Fortress Along with other units, the 132nd separate convoy battalion of the NKVD troops was stationed before the war. With the beginning of the battles, its fighters and commanders became a part of this immortal garrison, courageously defending the fortress to the last opportunity. On the walls of the barracks of this particular unit, the unknown hero left the inscription: "I am dying, but I am not surrendering! Farewell to the Motherland! July 20, 1941". Participation in the heroic defense of Leningrad is a glorious page in the military history of the internal troops. On the distant and near approaches to the city, battles were fought by the 1st, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd divisions of the NKVD troops, which included units of the border and internal troops.

The divisions of the NKVD were similar in structure to the army rifle divisions. By the beginning of the war, 6 divisions were formed and 9 more were being formed. However, before the start of the war, they were never fully staffed. At the end of the war, the number of NKVD troops increased sharply. There were 53 divisions and 28 brigades of the NKVD, not counting the border troops. To some extent, the NKVD troops corresponded to the German SS troops, since they represented an autonomous entity and performed similar functions. But unlike the SS troops, the NKVD troops rarely fought on the front line and did not have heavy weapons.

Sources of: "Lubyanka. VChK-KGB". Collection of documents, 1997.

> Changing the role, structure and functions of security agencies in the context of the transfer of the USSR state administration system to wartime

> Formation of the NKVD of the USSR, its structure and functions

At a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on February 20, 1934, after a report by J.V. Stalin, it was decided to organize a union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs with the inclusion of the reorganized OGPU.

On July 10, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the formation of the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs", which included the creation of the Main Directorates of State Security, Workers 'and Peasants' Militia, Border and Internal Security, fire protection, forced labor camps and labor settlements and some other services. For the second time in the history of the Soviet state, the state security and internal affairs bodies were united into one department (recall that the first time this was done in 1922-1923, when the NKVD of the RSFSR and the GPU was headed by F.E.Dzerzhinsky). Yagoda Genrikh Grigorievich was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

It should be noted that the implementation of the reorganization under consideration undoubtedly had its own reasons and, according to the plan, was aimed at achieving quite reasonable goals.

So, firstly, there is a need to eliminate the judicial function of the OGPU (i.e., extrajudicial consideration of criminal cases) in order to strengthen the rule of law, as well as to dispel the bourgeois myth that the Soviet regime can exist only on the basis of extrajudicial suppression.

Secondly, the situation in the country made it possible to abandon the methods of combating the "mass counter-revolution", from conducting "general searches" and move on to traditional investigative actions based on factual data.

Thirdly, it was planned to free the state security agencies from their unusual functions to concentrate efforts on intelligence and counterintelligence.

Fourthly, the time has come to improve the quality of the investigative work so that the offender is exposed and cannot cast a shadow on the investigation. At the same time, a categorical prohibition was provided on the power of power to make up for the shortcomings of the professional training of intelligence officers, the lack of evidence or the inability to use them. He assumed the wasps to be regarded as a crime, and even to the point of execution, any intimidation of an arrested person, forgery or falsification of investigative materials.

Unfortunately, as subsequent years have shown, all these reasonable attitudes remained good intentions, moreover, they were implemented exactly the opposite.

The newly created NKVD of the USSR is entrusted with the following tasks:

ensuring public order and state security, protecting socialist property, registering acts of civil status, border guards, maintaining and guarding correctional institutions.

To solve these problems, the following are created as part of the NKVD: the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB), the Main Directorate of Workers 'and Peasants' Militia (GU RKM), the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GU PVO), the Main Directorate of Fire Protection (GUPO), the Main Directorate of Correctional labor camps (ITL) and labor settlements (GULAG), Civil Status Acts Department (REGISTRY OFFICE), Administrative and Economic Department, Financial Department (FINO), Personnel Department, Secretariat, Special Authorized Department.

In total, according to the staff of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR, there were 8211 people.

The work of the GUGB was led by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR G.G. Berry. The main operational units of the former OGPU of the USSR were included in the structure of the GUGB NKVD of the USSR: the Special Department (OO) counterintelligence and the fight against hostile actions in the army and navy, the Secret Political Department (SPO), the fight against hostile political parties and anti-Soviet elements, the Economic Department (ECO ) the fight against sabotage and sabotage in the national economy, the Foreign Department (INO) intelligence abroad, the Operations Department (Operod), the protection of party and government leaders, searches, arrests, external surveillance, the Special Department (Special Department) encryption work, ensuring secrecy in departments, Transport department (TO) fight against sabotage, sabotage in transport, Accounting and statistical department (USO) operational accounting, statistics, archive.

Subsequently, reorganizations and renaming of both directorates and departments were repeatedly carried out. We'll take a closer look at these reorganizations later on.

September 1936 Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR. December 1938 L.P. Beria was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Millions were exiled to the Gulag camps and hundreds of thousands (in about 30 years) were sentenced to capital punishment. Most of these people were convicted by NKVD troikas - a special phenomenon of the Soviet court. In many cases - mainly during the Yezhov period - evidence did not play a special role, an anonymous denunciation was enough for the arrest. The use of the "Physical Dialectic of Punishment" was sanctioned by a special decree of the state, which opened the door to numerous abuses in the counting of arrested persons and employees of the NKVD itself. These operations resulted in hundreds of mass graves later discovered throughout the country. Documentary evidence proves the "planned system" of mass executions. Such plans showed the number and ratio of victims (officially, "enemies of the people") to certain areas. The families of the repressed, including children, were to be automatically repressed, according to the order of the NKVD No. 00486.

The trials were organized against persons of non-Russian nationalities (including, Ukrainians, Tatars, Germans and many others accused of "bourgeois nationalism", "fascism", etc.) and religious leaders. The peoples of a certain ethnic group could be forcibly resettled, especially those who, during the Second World War, actively and en masse collaborated with the Nazi invaders, acted as saboteurs and saboteurs in the rear of the Red Army. However, the Russians, as the most big nation in the USSR, nevertheless, were most victims of the NKVD. But at the same time, the employees of the NKVD themselves became not only executioners, but also victims. Most of the NKVD employees (several thousand), including the entire command staff, were executed in the 30s and 40s.

Since 1939, the NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with accounting for the private and junior commanding staff of the reserve of the Red Army.

Military registration desks as part of the lower militia apparatuses operated throughout the war and in post-war years... In October 1940, the NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with the extremely responsible task of providing local air defense.

In the pre-war years, reforms of the organs and subdivisions of the NKVD of the USSR were carried out, which were of a military-strategic nature and aimed, first of all, at strengthening the country's defense capability. In this regard, we can mention the reorganization of the Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR, carried out on the basis of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of February 2, 1939, as a result of which it was divided into six main directorates of the NKVD of the USSR: border troops, troops for the protection of railway structures, troops for protection of especially important industrial enterprises, convoy troops, military supply of troops, military construction administration of troops. Within the framework of the GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR, camps were created for special, defense, industrial, railway and highway construction, for the construction of airfields, the construction and operation of enterprises in the mining and metallurgical, fuel, chemical, pulp and paper industries.

In 1939, work began on the organization of military units for the fire-fighting of the NKVD of the USSR in the largest industrial centers: Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev and Baku. Their total number was planned to be quite impressive - 26,800 fighters, including 51 companies in Moscow - 10,500 servicemen. Various measures were outlined to strengthen the fire protection in general.

Establishing order in transport was of great importance for strengthening the defense capability: reducing accidents, combating theft of transported valuables, preventing sabotage, suppressing attempts by enemy intelligence services to establish subversive work. The creation of the railway militia in 1937 was aimed at achieving these goals. She was entrusted with the maintenance of public order, the fight against crime, the implementation of the passport regime and other similar duties. The GUGB, the Transport Department of the NKVD of the USSR concentrated their efforts on the operational security service of the communication lines. In 1938, in order to timely identify spies, terrorists, saboteurs, full-time operatives of the GUGB NKVD began to be appointed to the posts of train chiefs.

In the pre-war years, mobilization work within the system of the NKVD organs became much more active. So, in particular, in the fall of 1938, organizational and mobilization departments were created in all large police departments, one of the tasks of which was to prepare the RKM bodies for the implementation of their functions in conditions of mobilization and wartime. On April 20, 1939, the Mobilization Department of the NKVD of the USSR was formed. Soon a command training was organized, military training of personnel of the NKVD organs was established.

On August 7, 1941, the Economic Directorate (ECU) of the NKVD of the USSR was entrusted with providing operational services to the aviation, machine-tool, chemical, oil, coal, rubber industries, enterprises of the people's commissariats of ammunition, weapons, tank building, communications, as well as power plants. On December 5, 1941, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, shipbuilding, textile, light, food, fish, meat and dairy, forestry, pulp and paper industries were added to this list, and in February 1942 the People's Commissariats of Agriculture of the USSR and the RSFSR, the People's Commissariats of the state farms of the USSR and the RSFSR , People's Commissariats of Procurements of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Material Reserves under the SNK of the USSR, then the People's Commissars of Trade of the USSR and the RSFSR, "Tsentrosoyuz", the People's Commissariats of Construction, the building materials industry, construction battalions employed in industry (about 400 thousand people), the offices of military representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense (NPO ) at defense enterprises, FZO schools and vocational schools.

The country's top leadership ordered the NKVD to help the people's commissariats in organizing the militarized guard of industrial enterprises and railway structures, increasing the number of NKVD troops by 10,060 people for this purpose. The access control at military factories was tightened, and a start was made for the forced implantation of anti-sabotage awareness at defense facilities.

Experienced operational workers of the EKO NKVD - UNKVD were seconded to each of these factories, who were engaged in recruiting anti-sabotage information, removing anti-Soviet elements from explosive workshops, organizing operational services for security departments, paramilitary guards and fire brigades. From the autumn of 1941 to the end of 1942, there was an active process of acquiring anti-sabotage agents at the most important military-economic facilities of the Urals and other regions of the country.

Former Polish citizens were not allowed to enter defense facilities. The special settlers employed at the objects of the national economy were allowed to be used only in construction and ancillary work, in the mechanical workshops of industrial enterprises (with the exception of explosive ones).

All persons who were previously surrounded by the enemy or who lived in the territory occupied by the Germans were forbidden to be allowed to work as part of the factory guard, in oil refining and chemical industries, in explosive and assembly shops, to be in warehouses, loading and unloading areas with explosive products. It was allowed to use them in groups in mechanical workshops, in ancillary work. Only after the completion of a full check and in the absence of compromising materials on them, the NKVD - NKGB authorities decided the issue of the possibility of using each one in the above industries and in the protection of factories.

Prisoners of the ITL could work at explosive factories only in the preparatory (cleaning, washing, drying of shells, mines, bombs) and the final phases of production (stowage of ammunition). Similar restrictions extended to former kulaks, Germans, members of former anti-Soviet groups and trends (Trotskyists, rightists).

The state security bodies paid special attention to the protection. Complex operational groups consisting of employees of the EKO of the NKVD - NKGB, passport police departments carried out systematic inspections of factories, revealed serious shortcomings, informed the secretaries of district committees, city committees, regional committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, heads of the central apparatus of the NKVD - NKGB of the USSR. So, at the Vorovskiy Sverdlovsk plant, where the final assembly of the famous Katyushas (product M-13) was carried out, an inspection found that instead of the required six security posts, there were only two with six shooters armed with one old Berdan gun. Taking into account the extreme importance and secrecy of the plant, the UNKVD suggested that its administration conclude an agreement with the police department and provide six security posts with departmental militia, which was done.

The fires caused enormous damage to the country's defense. Them at industrial facilities in Sverdlovsk region in 1941 there were 156, in 1942 -255. The Directorate of the USSR NKVD in the Sverdlovsk Region examined 139 defense facilities, checked the activities of 120 fire departments, 287 people were brought to criminal responsibility for violation of fire-prevention measures, and 1988 were brought to administrative responsibility. intentions.

There were also acts of sabotage at industrial facilities and railway transport: laying a rail on the railroad bed, setting fire to a stack of wood prepared for the production of aircraft plywood, throwing a piece of iron into the powder mass at plant No. 98 NKB in the city of Molotov (now Perm), which led to destruction of the production hall. Their perpetrators were not German intelligence agents, but people offended by the Soviet regime.

On May 2, 1942, at one of the military factories, a covered wagon was supplied, the floor of which was impregnated with a substance ignited from friction. Prior to this incident, at another plant, spontaneous combustion of a special package, in which there were loaded shells, occurred. The examination found that the boards of this package are impregnated with white phosphorus and carbon disulfide.

Deputy People's Commissar for State Security Kobulov, speaking at the II party conference of the central apparatus of the NKGB of the USSR in January 1945, admitted: “We also had shortcomings in our work. There were incidents at the enterprises of the military industry, suspicious of sabotage, but since these incidents were accompanied by destruction and left almost no traces after themselves, the enemy's hand was not opened. "

The employees of the NKVD - NKGB bodies made their feasible role in ensuring the safety of the industry. Lacking a clear idea of ​​the intentions of the German special services in the initial period of the war, the state security bodies carried out a wide range of measures to protect all objects of the national economy from possible sabotage actions of the enemy.

Despite the one-sidedness of the tasks set before the political departments of the NKVD of the USSR, created in the fall of 1939, the political apparatus made a significant contribution to the education of patriotism and devotion to the motherland. This can be confirmed by the numerous statements of the NKVD officers about being sent to the active army with the beginning of the White Finnish campaign. According to local reports, in some regions this has resulted in a very acute situation with frames. On an even larger scale, the entry of employees of the NKVD agencies as volunteers to the front was observed with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

The organs of the NKVD of the USSR made a significant contribution to the fight against sabotage and reconnaissance groups of the enemy. Their exposure and neutralization were carried out by various methods and means.

In pursuance of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 24, 1941, by order of the NKVD of the USSR of June 25, "On measures to combat parachute assaults and saboteurs in the front-line", a headquarters was organized in the NKVD of the USSR, and in the NKVD-UNKVD - operational groups and the formation of fighter battalions began ... On June 27, it was decided to create one destroyer battalion in each district of Moscow and the Moscow region. By order of the NKVD of the USSR of July 9, 1941, the tasks of the destroyer battalions were clarified, it was prescribed to increase the number of each to 500 people. The soldiers were freed from mobilization, from work in enterprises (with salary retention) and transferred to the barracks position. The NKVD personnel department assigned 15 security officers to each of the 35 destroyer battalions for various command positions, relieving them of all other duties. Fighter battalions were quickly formed in other regions as well. So, in the Leningrad region in July 1941, there were 168 destroyer battalions, in the Orel region - 75, in the Stalingrad region - 66. By the end of July, there were over 1,500 destroyer battalions in the front line. Barrage detachments and military units attached to special departments to search for deserters combed the area in the front-line zone, set up barriers, etc. From the beginning of the war to October 10, 1941, barrage detachments detained more than 650 thousand soldiers who had lagged behind their units and fled from the front. ...

By mid-September 1941, 2 fighter regiments, 8 fighter battalions, 17 fighter groups with a total strength of 6453 people were operating on the territory of the Murmansk region. To help the extermination battalions, a wide network of assistance groups was organized, formed mainly from reindeer herders, hunters, fishermen, trackmen, line supervisors and schoolchildren. The groups were used to monitor the air, during round-ups, combing the area, while patrolling in settlements and other operations carried out by the NKVD.

The fighters of the destroyer battalions were entrusted with very important tasks. From 9 to 13 and from 23 to 25 December 1941, 235 fighters of the Murmansk fighter regiment, Monchegorsk, Kandalaksha, Kirov fighter battalions, Kola and Murmansk fighter companies carried the protection of the Kirov railway from Murmansk to Straits station during the passage of a special train with the Minister of Foreign Affairs Great Britain by Eden.

In December 1941, at the suggestion of the NKVD, the State Defense Committee made a decision on compulsory "filtering" of servicemen who had escaped from captivity or escaped from the encirclement, who were sent to special collection and transit points created in each army for testing activities.

Counterintelligence also obtained information about German agents and saboteurs by interviewing residents of the liberated and front-line areas, from trophy documents, testimonies of arrested and surrendered agents, prisoners of war, reports of state security agents operating in the rear of the German troops, statements of civilians.

To combat the German agents deployed to the Soviet rear and equipped with radio stations, radio direction-finding services were formed. Radio intelligence also intercepted and decoded radio messages from the command of the German troops. Counterintelligence work was assisted by the documentary technology service, which, with the help of examinations, verified the authenticity of documents and supplied the agents deployed behind the front line with cover documents. During the war years, the activity of the PC service (correspondence transcription) did not stop: card indexes were drawn up for all persons who maintained written communication with foreign countries, foreign embassies and consulates in the USSR.

On July 6, 1941, by order of the State Defense Committee, military censorship was introduced in the country, carried out by the forces of the NKVD.

The operational accounting service, at the request of other state security bodies, was engaged in the preparation of certificates about the persons being developed. Registered by the NKVD, which was in charge of the country's archival service, consisted of citizens on the basis of social origin, intelligence reports and investigative materials. From February 1944, the state security agencies introduced the new kind operational accounting; instead of one form of registration, three were established - undercover business, form-file and registration-supervisory business. The reorganization of the operational accounting was carried out in connection with the growth of the intelligence apparatus and the activities of the state security bodies in the territory liberated from the German occupation.

The special services of the USSR were forced to intensify not only the fight against enemy agents, but also against banditry, especially since the gangs were mainly led by either enemy agents or former employees of German police bodies from among Soviet citizens.

One of the first results of the work of the military counterintelligence of the NKVD was summed up on October 10, 1941. “Special NKVD departments and NKVD barrage detachments for the protection of the rear detained 657,364 servicemen, of which: spies - 1505; saboteurs - 308; traitors - 2621; cowards and alarmists -2643; distributors of provocative rumors - 3987; skirmishers - 1671; others - 4371 ".

In addition to the enemy's manpower and equipment destroyed in the battles, the internal troops of the NKVD for the entire period of the Great Patriotic War conducted 9,292 operations to combat banditry, as a result, 47,451 were killed and 99,732 bandits were captured, and a total of 147,183 criminals were rendered harmless. In addition, the border troops liquidated 828 gangs in 1944-1945, with a total number of 48 thousand bandits. During the war, the NKVD railway troops guarded about 3,600 objects at all railways country. Troops sentry escorted trains with military and valuable national economic goods.

The above facts, of course, do not exhaust the topic of the participation of the NKVD organs in strengthening the country's defense capability on the eve and during the war years. However, even on their basis, it can be argued that the NKVD organs played a significant role in this.

This chapter examines the role of the NKVD, but later on we will see the reorganization that was necessary in wartime conditions, and we will also analyze in great detail the activities of the state security agencies.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NKVD OF THE USSR AT THE END OF 1939

I. Management, secretariats and secretariat staff.

1. Leadership of the NKVD of the USSR.

2. Secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR:

Reception of the NKVD of the USSR

Reception Commissar

Codification department.

3. Secretariat of the Special Meeting under the People's Commissar:

Division 1 (checking investigative cases submitted to the CCA, familiarization and drawing up conclusions)

Section 2 (organization of CCO meetings, registration of minutes of meetings and transfer of extracts and cases to 1 c / o, execution control)

Section 3 (consideration of applications and complaints of convicts).

4. Special technical bureau under the People's Commissar

(use of c / c with special technical knowledge).

5. Special bureau under the People's Commissar:

1 department (development and publication teaching materials on checkwork and work of foreign intelligence services)

Section 2 (drawing up characteristics and reference materials on leaders, statesmen and public and political figures cap. countries)

6. Control and Inspection Group under the People's Commissar.

7. Special Commissioner

(investigation into the affairs of the NKVD officers).

8. Secretariat of the first deputy. NKVD USSR for GUGB (Merkulov).

1 department (operational)

Section 2 (consideration of incoming applications).

9. Control and inspection group at the deputy. NKVD of the USSR.

10. Secretariat Deputy. NKVD USSR (Chernyshev).

11. Department for organized recruitment of labor at the deputy. NKVD.

12. Inspection for boiler supervision under the NKVD of the USSR.

13. Permanent Technical Commission under the NKVD of the USSR.

14. Sector of capital works under the NKVD of the USSR.

15. Railway department and water transportation of the NKVD of the USSR:

1 department (operational planning of transportation)

Section 2 (control room).

16. Consumer goods sector of the NKVD of the USSR:

1 branch (planning and accounting and prices)

Section 2 (production and quality inspection).

II. Main Department of State Security.

1. 1 department of the GUGB (protection of leading party and Soviet workers) - as part of 1 department of the GUGB: political department, 24 departments, a school, commandant's offices of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the NKVD of the USSR.

2.Department 2 of the GUGB (secret-political)

Division 1 (Trotskyists, Zinovievites, leftists, rightists, Myasnikovites, Shlyapnikovites, expelled from the CPSU (b) and work abroad)

Section 2 (Mensheviks, anarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Bundists, Zionists, clerics, provocateurs, gendarmes, counterintelligence officers, punitive forces, White Cossacks, monarchists)

Division 3 (fight against Ukrainian, Belarusian, Finno-Ugric nationalities)

4 - "- (undercover development on a / c political parties, Dashnaks, Turkic-Tatar-Mongolian ethnic groups, Georgian people, Musavatists and nationalists)

5 - "- (writers, print, publishing houses, theaters, cinema, art)

6 (academies of sciences, research institutes, scientific societies)

7 (autopsy and development to-r formations among students, the system of the People's Commissariat for Education and children of the repressed)

8 (People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR and the RSFSR and its educational institutions)

9 (NKYu, Verhsud, Prosecutor's Office, People's Commissariat for Social Security and their educational institutions)

10 (fight against the church-sectarian congregation)

11 (sports organizations, voluntary societies, clubs, sports publishing houses)

12 (CCA, police, fire protection, military registration and enlistment offices and reserve command and control)

3.3 department of the GUGB (counterintelligence):

1 branch (Germany, Hungary)

2 (Japan, China)

3 (England)

4 (France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain)

5 (Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia)

6 (Poland)

7 (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark)

8 (USA and South American countries)

9 (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and internal cash)

10 (white guard elements)

11 (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)

12 (NKID embassy and consulates)

13 (ECCI, MOPR)

14 (Vneshtorg, trade mission)

15 (foreign tourists and VOKS)

Part of the UEC

UEC Political Department

16, 17, 18, 19 departments of the UEC.

4.4 department of the GUGB (special):

1 branch (headquarters)

2 (reconnaissance)

3 (aviation)

4 (technical troops)

5 (motorcycle technical parts)

6 (artillery, cavalry and artillery units)

7 (infantry, cavalry and artillery units)

8 (political agencies)

9 (contentment organs)

11 (NKVD troops)

12 (org-mob)

Next part

5. 5th department of the GUGB (foreign):

1 branch (Germany, Hungary, Denmark)

2 (Poland)

3 (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland)

4 (England)

5 (Italy)

6 (Spain)

7 (Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece)

8 (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Svalbard)

9 (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)

10 (USA, Canada, South America, Mexico)

11 (Japan, Manchuria)

12 (China, Xinjiang)

13 (Mongolia, Tuva)

14 (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan)

15 (technical intelligence)

16 (operative technique)

6. 7 department of the GUGB (encryption, protection of state secrets):

1, 2, 3 departments (protection of state secrets, verification and registration of those admitted to secret work and documents)

4 compartment (decryption)

5 (research, development and accounting of ciphers, compilation of NKVD ciphers, training cipher workers)

6 (cipher code of the NKVD)

7 (organizational management of the periphery, development of instructions and regulations on secret-encryption and undercover work)

8 (encryption)

7. Investigative part of the GUGB.

III. Main Economic Department.

1. Leadership.

2. Joint secretariat of the GEM.

3.1 department of the power plant (industry):

1 department (power plants and electrical industry)

2 (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy)

3 (heavy engineering and machine tool construction)

4 (light and textile industry)

5th department (timber industry)

6 (food industry)

7 (local industry, Narkomhoz, building materials industry and enterprises of the AHU NKVD)

4.2 department of the GEM (defense industry):

Division 1 (People's Commissariat of Ammunition)

2 (People's Commissariat of Arms)

3 (shipbuilding)

4 (chemical industry)

5 (automotive and tank industry)

5.Department 3 of the SEU (agricultural)

Division 1 (People's Commissariat of the USSR and the RSFSR)

2 (People's Commissars of the USSR and the RSFSR)

3 (agricultural universities, research institutes and animal husbandry)

4 (People's Commissariat of the USSR, Department of State Reserves)

5 (People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR and RSFSR)

6 (Tsentrosoyuz)

7 (NKF USSR, State Bank and Spetsbank)

6. 4th department of the State Power Plant (supervision of the state sign and refineries).

7.5 department of the GEM (aviation industry):

Division 1 (aircraft industry)

2 (motor construction)

4 (capital construction and the apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Aviation Industry)

8.6 department of power plant (fuel):

1 compartment (oil)

2 (coal, peat, shale, gas)

9. Investigative part of the SEU.

IV. Main Transport Administration.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3.1 department of GTU (railway transport):

Section 1 (Central Department of the Locomotive and Carriage Facilities, Central Electrification Department, Operational Management, Research Institute, Scientific and Technical Council)

2 (Central departments: tracks, traffic, freight, passenger, communications and telegraph. Sleeping car trusts and impregnation sleepers)

3 (Central Supply Directorate and departments: economic planning, financial, accounting with a mechanized accounting factory)

4 (steam locomotive repair trusts, car repair factories and mechanical engineering, central forestry department)

5 (Guzheldorstroy and other construction organizations, defense construction, track and construction research institutes)

6 (Central mobotdel, development of a mobplan for organs of the 1st department of the GTU)

7 (Moscow transport universities, technical schools and other educational institutions, the Central Department of educational institutions of the NKPS, printing houses, publishing houses)

8 (secretariats, legal departments, management of the NKPS with all its subsidiary enterprises and a motor depot. Transanupr. With all organizations Soyuztranstorgpit, Central Administrative District, OAH, Lokomotiv, ShUKS, TsBZh)

9 (management of the DTO 12 railway center, Metropolitan, Central Committee of the Union of the railway center)

10 (management of ATO 12 railways of the South and Caucasus)

11th department (management of the DTO of the railways of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East)

12 (management of the DTO East Asian railways)

13 (accounting and statistical)

14 (organizational issues and personnel)

15 (provision of cars with a special standard)

16 (operative search on railway transport)

17 (reconnaissance of transport facilities).

4.2 department of GTU (water transport):

1 department (foreign navigation vessels, foreign missions of the Narkommorphlot, Sovfrakht and foreign vessels)

2 (sea, passenger, dry cargo, oil tanker fleets and seaports. Servicing the relevant central departments of the People's Commissariat for Morphology)

3 (industry, construction, supply, security, educational institutions. Servicing the relevant departments and departments of the People's Commissariat for Morphology)

4 (river shipping companies, routes, ports and marinas of the South-North, Volga-Kama ports. Servicing the relevant departments and departments of the People's Commissariat for River Fleet)

5 (the same for the Eastern Directorate of the River Fleet)

6 (planning, industry, construction and supply. Servicing the relevant departments and departments of the People's Commissariat of the Fleet)

7 (Glavsevmorput and its local authorities)

5.3 department of GTU (communications, highways, GVF):

1 department (People's Commissariat of Communications: central telegraph, telegraph and telephone management, central long-distance telephone exchange, radio control, periphery)

2 (People's Commissariat of Communications: 1 and postal administration, construction and management departments, research institutes, field communications)

3 (People's Commissariat of Communications: educational institutions and the All-Union Radio Committee)

4 (GUSHOSDOR NKVD USSR, trusts, Soyuzdorproekt, Moscow design and survey office, Soyuzdorsnab NKVD and Glavdorupr under SNK RSFSR)

5 (educational institutions of the GUSHOSDOR NKVD, MADI, technical school, workers' faculty and DORNII)

6 (GUGVF with all departments and educational institutions)

7 (Main Directorate of Hydrometeorological Service under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, Central Weather Institute, Moscow Hydrometeorological Institute, Hydrometeorological Service Publishing House)

6. Investigative part of the State Technical University.

V. 1 c / o (accounting and statistical):

1 department (accounting for agents and agent developments)

2 (registration of confiscated and storage of arrested persons' belongings, imposition and removal of arrest from property and living space)

3 (registration of investigative cases and arrested persons, execution of decisions on cases of the central office)

4 (execution of decisions of the CCA and control over the account of exile and convicts)

5 (operational statistics)

6 (Central card index: alphabetical accounting of a politically unreliable element, identification based on materials from the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD)

7 (All-Union wanted state criminals and fingerprinting)

8 (reception, registration and processing of complaints and applications for convicted persons)

9 (shared archive)

10 (investigative archive)

11 (special archive)

12 (undercover archive)

13 (archive of personal files of agents and former employees of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD)

14 (general office archive)

15 (registration of repressed foreigners)

16 (operational reference)

17 (organizational and instructor)

Vi. 2 s / s (operative technician):

Political department

1 section (letter "N" - microphone)

2 (by letter "M" - telephone)

3 (political control)

4 (letter "E")

5 (radio)

6, 7 (experimental laboratories and workshops)

8 (Government "HF" -link)

Vii. 3 s / s (external reconnaissance, undercover information, installation):

Political department

Squad 1 (external intelligence on special assignments of the NKVD leadership)

2, 3 (external intelligence on objects of the 3rd department of the GUGB NKVD - embassies, missions, consulates)

4 (external intelligence on the objects of the 3rd department of the GUGB, developed for terror, espionage, sabotage and other to-r formations)

5 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the 2nd department of the GUGB NKVD)

6 (external intelligence behind objects 1 and 4 of the GUGB NKVD)

7 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the Main Power Administration of the NKVD)

8 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the GGU NKVD)

9 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the UNKVD in the Moscow region)

10 (undercover information on hotels, restaurants, cafes and bars)

11 (undercover information around the city)

12 (agent-setting)

13 (operational, searches-arrests)

14 (processing of intelligence materials and operas)

15 (recruiting, accounting and preparation of ksshrov)

16 (financial)

17 (auto technical)

18 (economic).

VIII. 4 s / s (laboratories).

IX. 5 c / o (under the guidance of Gokhran).

X. Mobilization department.

1 department (organization and acquisition)

2 (operational)

3 (material supply)

4 (evacuation)

XI. The personnel department of the NKVD of the USSR.

Division 1 (recruiting operational KGB personnel: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Voronezh, Ivanovsk, Kalinin, Kursk, Leningrad, Moscow, Murmansk, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Yaroslavl regions; Karelian ASSR and Komi ASSR)

2 (recruiting operational KGB personnel: Bashkir, Mari, Mordovia, Volga Germans, Tatar, Udmurt, Chuvash ASSR; Gorky, Kirov, Kuibyshev, Penza, Perm, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Chkalovsk regions)

3 (on the recruitment of operational-KGB personnel: the NKVD of the BSSR and its local bodies. Crimean ASSR, the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR and its local bodies)

4 (on recruiting operational KGB personnel: NKVD of the Azerbaijan, Armenian, Georgian SSR, Dagestan, Kab.-Balkarian, Kalmyk, Chechen-Ingush ASSR; UNKVD of Krasnodar, Ordzhonikidze regions, Rostov and Stalingrad regions)

5 (on recruiting operational-KGB personnel: NKVD of the Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek SSR)

6 (on recruiting operational KGB personnel: NKVD of Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Chita Regions, Buryat-Mongolian and Yakutsk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics)

7 (cadres of special departments of the NKVD of the Red Army and the fleet)

8 (personnel of transport bodies of the NKVD for railway transport)

9 (GUGB, GUGB, 1 department of the GUGB center)

10 (secretariat, 1 - 4 c / o, OK, Special Commissioner, OTB, UKMK)

11 (according to nomenclature personnel - GURKM, Prison Department, GUPO, GAU, AHU, TsFPO, TsOAGS)

12 (according to the nomenclature cadres - the main military directorates)

13 (for nomenclature personnel - GULAG, GUSHOSDOR, Dalstroy)

14 (preparation and retraining of operas, check frames)

Inspection of military educational institutions

15th department (organizational, staff, location and bonus issues)

16 (mobilization)

17 (accounting and statistical)

18 (keeping personal files)

19 (pension).

XII. Main Prison Administration.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. Political department.

4. General inspection at the beginning. management.

5. Mobinspection.

6.1 section Ch. prisons, exercise. (operational):

1 department (regime, security and combat training)

2 (special)

3 (undercover service z / k)

4 (accounting for w / c)

5 (escorting w / c)

7.2 section Ch. prisons. (Human Resources Department):

1 department (giving sanctions according to the nomenclature of the People's Commissar and staffing the GUGB prisons)

2 (organizational)

3 (accounting)

8. Section 3 Ch. prisons, exercise. (operational and construction):

1 department (construction)

2 (building management)

3 (logistic)

9.4 department Ch. prisons, exercise. (supply)

1 department (accounting and planning)

2 (designation-clothing-food)

3 (art and technical property)

10. Sanitary inspection.

XIII. Central financial planning department.

1 department (organizational)

2 (budget and free balance)

Section 3 (estimated)

4 (calculated)

5 (central accounting)

6 (revision)

7 (planning and financing of capital construction)

8 (planning and financing of production and operation of enterprises and farms)

9 (special)

10 (material balances).

XIV. Administrative and economic management.

Management.

Secretariat.

1 branch of AHU - special service.

Section 2 - mobilization.

Control group.

1. Administrative department of AHU:

1 branch (personnel)

2 (frames)

Accounting and statistical group.

3 department (organizational)

4 (administrative)

5 (weapons and belongings)

6 (according to work books)

7 (educational)

Printing and technical group.

2. Housing department of the AHU.

3. Housekeeping department of AHU.

4. Agricultural department of AHU.

5. Planning and financial department of AHU.

6. Construction department of AHU.

7. Polyclinic of the sanitary department of the AHU.

8. Hospital of the AHU sanitary department.

9. Pharmacy of the AHU sanitary department.

10. Commandant department of the AHU.

11. Autotechnical department of AHU:

Central telephone exchange

12. Department of courier communications of the AHU.

XV. Main Archive Department.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3.1 department (orgmethodical).

4. 2 department (secret funds).

5. 3rd department (scientific and publishing).

6.4 department (administrative-economic).

7. 5th department (financial and planning).

Xvi. Main fire department.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. General department.

4.1 department (state supervision).

5.2 department (services and air defense).

6. 3rd department (training and educational institutions).

7.4 department (orgmob).

8. 5th department (command).

9. 6th department (military equipment and weapons).

10. Political department.

11. Military-economic department.

12. Housing and construction department.

13. Financial department.

14. Sanitary department.

15. Central military warehouse.

16. Central Research Institute.

XVII. Main department of the RK police.

1. Leadership.

2. Operations secretariat.

3. Criminal Investigation Department.

5. Passport and registration department.

6. Service and training department.

7. Railway department.

8. Special department.

9. Department of Visas and Registration.

10. State traffic inspectorate.

11. Political department.

12. Command department.

13. Mobile department.

14. Special inspection.

15. Department of logistics.

16. Administrative department.

17. Sanitary inspection.

18. Financial department

Xviii. General Directorate of Highways.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. Secret part.

4. Inspection at the beginning. management.

5. Technical department.

6. New construction department.

7. Operations department.

8. Planning department.

9. Financial department.

10. Department of educational institutions.

11. Mobile department.

12. Human Resources Department.

15. Political department.

XIX. Main administration of camps.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. Political department.

4. 3rd department.

5. Directorate of the paramilitary security.

6. Management of the timber industry.

7. Management of ITK and agricultural camps.

8. 1 section of the railway construction.

9.2 section of the railway construction.

10. Hydraulic engineering department.

11. Department of Marine Construction.

12. Department of the fuel industry.

13. Non-ferrous metallurgy department.

14. Pulp and paper department.

15. Human Resources Department.

16. Planning department.

17. Accounting and distribution department.

18. Inspection of control of execution.

19. Department of technical supply.

20. Department of General Procurement.

21. Cultural and educational department.

22. Financial department.

23. Central accounting.

24. Sanitary department.

25. Veterinary department.

27. Division for Internal Resource Mobilization.

28. Department of mechanization and motor transport.

29. Reception and Complaints Office.

30. Mobinspection.

31. Department of Labor Settlements.

32. Legal department.

34. Department of special construction.

35. Department of Labor Colonies.

XX. Central Department of Civil Status Acts.

XXI. State storage.

XXII. Central Employee Club.

XXIII. Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin (UKMK).

1. Leadership.

2. The apparatus of the commandant's assistants on duty.

3. Management Secretariat.

4. Expedition.

5. Special group.

6. Department of passes.

7. Service department.

8. Department of combat training.

9. Human Resources Department.

10. Department of technical communication.

11. Financial planning department.

12. Sanitary department.

13. Orchestra.

14. Political department.

15. Commandant's office.

2. Economic department of UKMK:

Leadership and Secretariat

Operational and technical department

Logistics Department

Special Purpose Department

Commandant's Office of the Grand Kremlin Palace

Construction department

3. Regiment of special purpose UKMK

4. Separate battalion GUGB - UKMK

5. A separate transport company.

6. Military fire brigade.

XXIV. Main Directorate of Border Troops.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. 5th department.

4. The headquarters of the troops.

5. Political administration of troops.

6. Aviation department.

7. Marine department.

8. Department for the end. composition.

9. Sanitary department.

10. Veterinary department.

11. Department of logistics.

XXV. Main Directorate of the NKVD Troops for the Protection of the Railway structures.

1. Command.

2. Secretariat.

4. Operations department.

5. Department of combat training.

6. Liaison office.

7. Branch org.-mob. picking.

8. Political department.

9. Command staff department.

10. Department of armaments.

12. Service department.

XXVI. Main Directorate of Convoy Troops.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. The headquarters of the troops.

4. Political department.

5. Department for command staff.

7. Control and inspection group.

XXVII. The main directorate of the NKVD troops for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises.

1. Command.

3. Secretariat.

4.1 department (operational).

5.2 department (organizational staffing).

6. 3rd department (combat training).

7. Communication service.

8. Branch with / dogs.

9. Department for command staff.

10. Military households. inspection.

11. Political department.

12. Sanitary service.

13. Veterinary service.

XXVIII. General Directorate of Military Supply.

1. Command.

2. Secretariat.

3. Political department.

4. Control and inspection group.

5. Sanitary department.

6. 1 department (art-technical weapons).

7. 2 department (auto-armored-tank property).

8. 3 department (planned).

9. 4th department (financial).

10. 5th department (food).

11. 6th department (designation and clothing).

12. 7th department (fuels and lubricants and fire-fighting property).

13. 8th department (communications property).

14. Department of command personnel.

15. Branch of warehouses and workshops.

XXIX. Main Military Construction Directorate.

1. Management

2. Political department.

3. Production department.

4. Design and estimate department.

5. Financial department.

6. Supply department.

7. Human Resources Department.

8. Department of engineering parts.

XXX. Office of the NKVD for prisoners of war and internees.

1. Leadership.

2. Secretariat.

3. Political department.

4.1 department (regime).

5. 2 department (accounting and registration).

6. 3 department (supply).

7.4 department (sanitary).

Introduction

The thirties of the last century is a difficult time not only in the history of our state, but also in the history of the development of internal affairs bodies, the police. At that time, the formation of the organs of the NKVD of the USSR falls.

The theme of the history of the creation of the organs of the NKVD of the USSR is very relevant in our time. This is due to the fact that the study of the modern structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is impossible without knowledge of the historical paths of the development of these bodies in different periods of time. It is necessary to know how these structures developed, what were their positive and negative sides.

Purpose of the work: a comprehensive study of the formation and development of the NKVD organs in the period 1934-1941.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:

Consider the stages of creating the bodies of the NKVD of the USSR;

Describe their functions and main structural elements;

Consider the features of the fight against criminal crime in the 30s.

This topic is well and in detail consecrated by the works of many Russian historians and lawyers. For example: Kuritsyn V.M. (History of State and Law of Russia, 1929-1940), V.V. Korovin (History of domestic security agencies), etc.

Structurally, the work is presented with an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

> Creation of the NKVD of the USSR, its structure and functions

According to historical background published in the reference book "Lubyanka 1917-1960" Lubyanka: Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB - MGB - MVD - KGB, 1917-1960: Directory / Comp. A.I.Kokurin, N.V. Petrov; Ed. R.G. Pikhoya. M., 1997. S. 267., in 1934 the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was formed, it included the OGPU and the Main Police Department at the OGPU. At the same time, the financing of the police was already transferred from the local budget to the union budget in 1932.

At a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on February 20, 1934, I.V. it was decided to organize a union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs with the inclusion of the reorganized OGPU. Important changes consisted in the fact that the draft resolution provided for the abolition of the so-called judicial board of the OGPU. The draft noted that the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR did not have judicial bodies, which should have become evidence of a sharp softening of the punitive policy pursued by the Soviet state.

Finally, on July 10, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the formation of the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs", which included the creation of the Main Directorates of State Security, Workers 'and Peasants' Militia, Border and Internal Security, fire protection, forced labor camps and labor settlements and some other services

The main actors The NKVD of the USSR was appointed: G. Yagoda, N. Yezhov, L. Beria.

According to Kokurin Kokurin A.I., Petrov N.The. Cheka - KGB: Structure, Functions, Personnel (1917-1967) // Free Thought. 1997. No. 6. P. 77., the typical structure of the NKVD and the NKVD was announced by order of the NKVD No. 0044 of August 21, 1934 and was as follows:

Department of State Security (UGB), subdivided into departments (or divisions) of open source, IVF, OO, etc. along the "lines" of work;

Inspection of the internal security troops (where they were provided);

Police Department;

Inspection of reserves;

Fire Protection Inspection;

Department of Civil Status Acts;

Communication department;

Financial department;

Secretariat;

Maintenance department.

In some NKVD departments (divisions) of labor settlements were also provided.

The NKVD was entrusted with ensuring order and state security, protecting public property, registering acts of civil status, and border guards. The NKVD was in charge of managing highways and dirt roads, cartography, managing weights and measures, resettlement and archival affairs. With the creation of the GULAG, the NKVD became the manager of a huge labor army from prisoners of colonies and camps and from "special settlers" (until the 1930s, places of detention were under the jurisdiction of the republican NKVD).

At the time of the formation of the NKVD of the USSR, there was a practice in the relationship between the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR and the OGPU, which was a deviation from the "Instructions to the provincial, military and military transport prosecutors on the supervision of the GPU bodies", approved by the People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR D.I. S. Unshlikht November 1, 1922. The instruction adopted in the development of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee's resolution of October 16, 1922 on granting the GPU the right to extrajudicial reprisals against bandits caught red-handed at the scene of the crime, provided for the notification of the prosecutor's office about arrests made by the GPU, in political and espionage cases no later than 14 days. Thus, the Prosecutor of the USSR proposed not only to significantly limit the extrajudicial powers of the NKVD of the USSR, but also to increase the role of prosecutorial supervision.

Studying the history of the creation of the NKVD of the USSR, it should be noted that it was in 1934, for the second time in the history of the Soviet state, that the state security and internal affairs bodies were merged into one department. The first time this was done in 1922-1923, when the NKVD of the RSFSR and the GPU was headed by F.E. Dzerzhinsky.

A special meeting at the NKVD consisted of: the deputy of the NKVD, the NKVD authorized person for the RSFSR, the head of the GURKM, the USSR prosecutor and his deputy. A special meeting considered the cases in absentia.

Local "troikas" were created from the 1st secretary of the regional committee or the Central Committee, the head of the corresponding NKVD, the prosecutor of a krai, oblast or republic. The creation of special repressive bodies was necessary to intimidate the population; they often passed acquittals and did not violate the procedural order. Military tribunals are becoming more active.

In the union republics, republican people's commissariats of internal affairs were created. The Judicial Collegium of the OGPU was abolished, and all cases at the end of the investigation were to be sent to the judicial authorities according to the jurisdiction. However, under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, a Special Conference was created, which was given the right to administratively apply expulsion, exile, imprisonment in forced labor camps for up to five years and expulsion outside the USSR. Thus, this administrative body was endowed with judicial powers, which could not but lead to violations of the rule of law and the rights of citizens.

The NKVD of the USSR at that time turned into the largest economic and construction department. He also sent prisoners to construction sites and enterprises of other departments.

Also, the development of the militia is closely connected with the history of the formation and development of the NKVD. In 1930, the people's commissariats of internal affairs of the union and autonomous republics were abolished, which were in charge of very diverse branches of management: communal services, fire brigade, the fight against crime, etc. On the basis of their structural divisions, sectoral bodies were created, directly subordinate to the Councils of People's Commissars of the republics, including the police and criminal investigation departments.

In 1931, the Statute on the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia of the USSR was published, which for the first time regulated its organization and activities throughout the Union. The regulation provided for more complete subordination of the police to its central bodies. Centralization was strengthened even more Malygin A.Ya. Development of the system of internal affairs bodies in the pre-war years // Police and militia of Russia: pages of history. M., 1995.S. 146 ..

In 1932, the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia was created under the OGPU, which subordinated the republican police departments. When the USSR People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was formed in 1934, the Main Police Department was included in its composition. center directives.

The NKVD was very swollen, and besides, it had to lead very diverse spheres of government. This explains the separation from the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs at the beginning of 1941 of the Main Directorate of State Security, which became an independent People's Commissariat.

During this period, the control bodies were also reorganized. Independent Party Control Commissions and Soviet Control Commissions were created under the USSR Council of People's Commissars. Party control was thus separated from state control.

In 1940, the Soviet Control Commission was liquidated, and the People's Commissariat of State Control was created in its place.

At the same time, there was a whole sphere in which lawlessness, which took monstrous forms, developed at that time on an enormous scale. This concerned the activities of the NKVD organs, which essentially got out of any party and state control and carried out only the will of the ruling elite, which caused enormous damage to both millions of Soviet citizens and the Soviet state itself. The blame for this lies both with the top leaders of the party and the state, first of all, with Stalin himself, and with the persons who stood at the head of the OGPU-NKVD: G. Yagoda, N. Yezhov, L. Beria. Especially noteworthy is Yezhov, whose short reign was the peak of repression, popularly called “Yezhovism”. This figure, who, according to experts, was "criminally incompetent" in matters of state security, seems to be least interested in the case, it was more important to exterminate more innocent people, including those highly valued for the country and the state. History of the national state and law ... Edited by O.I. Chistyakov. M .: Publishing house BEK, 1999 S. 411 ..